electronic comparators

8/9/2019 Electronic Comparators

1/20

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING, NITW 143506

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

WARANGAL, TELANGANA-506004

A report

On

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC COMPARATORS

Subm!!"# $%

UDAY &UMAR &ESHO'UROLL NO.143506

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Subm!!"# T(

D)* +EN&AIAH N

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CONTENTS

1 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

COMPARATORS


2/20


1* I!)(#u!( !( (m./)/!() 3

1*1*C/2/!(

1**C/)/!")!

* I!)(#u!( !( ""!)/ (m./)/!()

*1* A#/!/7"

** D/#/!/7"

*3* P)." (2 (.")/!(

3* A../!( 1

3*1* E"!)(m"// m"/u)7 !)um"! 8L+DT9

3** E"!)": 7/u7"

3*3* E"!)(m! 7/u7"

4* T" E"!)( (m./)/!() 14

4*1* E"!)( 7/u77

4** E"!)( m"/u)7 ";u.m"!

5* P)(b"m 1<

6* R"2")"" 1

1*INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATORS=


COMPARATORS


3/20


Comparators can g!" pr"cson m"as#r"m"nts$ %t& consst"nt acc#rac' ('

")mnatng man "rror. T&"' ar" "mp)o'"* to +n* o#t$ (' &o% m#c& t&"

*m"nsons o+ t&" g!"n compon"nt *++"r +rom t&at o+ a ,no%n *at#m. I+ t&"

n*cat"* *++"r"nc" s sma))$ a s#ta()" magn+caton *"!c" s s")"ct"* to o(tan

t&" *"sr"* acc#rac' o+ m"as#r"m"nts. It s an n*r"ct t'p" o+ nstr#m"nt an* #s"*

+or )n"ar m"as#r"m"nt. I+ t&" *m"nson s )"ss or gr"at"r t&an t&" stan*ar*$ t&"n

t&" *++"r"nc" %)) (" s&o%n on t&" *a). It g!"s on)' t&" *++"r"nc" ("t%""n act#a)

an* stan*ar* *m"nson o+ t&" %or,p"c". For "-amp)" To c&"c, t&" &"g&t o+ t&"

/o( $%t& t&" stan*ar* /o( o+ &"g&t 1

F7 (*1* ">/m." 2() / (m./)/!() m"/u)"m"!

Inta))'$ t&" comparator s a*/#st"* to 2"ro on ts *a) %t& a stan*ar* /o( n

poston as s&o%n n Fg#r"a. T&" r"a*ng 1s ta,"n %t& t&" &")p o+ a p)#ng"r.

T&"n t&" stan*ar* /o( s r"p)ac"* (' t&" %or,p"c" to (" c&"c,"* an* t&" r"a*ng


COMPARATORS


4/20


s ta,"n. I+ 1an* ar" *++"r"nt$ t&"n t&" c&ang" t&" *m"nson %)) ("

s&o%n on t&" *a) o+ t&" comparator. Ts *++"r"nc" s t&"n magn+"* 1000 to

3000 7 to g"t t&" c)"ar !araton n t&" stan*ar* an* act#a) /o(.

In s&ort$ Comparator s a *"!c" %&c&

18c,s #p sma)) !aratons n *m"nsons.

Magn+"s t.

39sp)a's t (' #sng n*catng *"!c"s$ (' %&c& comparson can (" ma*" %t&

som" stan*ar* !a)#".

1*1* CLASSIFICATION=

1. M"c&anca) Comparator It %or,s on g"ars pnons$ )n,ag"s$ )"!"rs$ sprngs "tc.

. 8n"#matc Comparator 8n"#matc comparator %or,s (' #sng &g& pr"ss#r"

ar$ !a)!"s$ (ac, pr"ss#r" "tc.

3. Optca) Comparator Optca) comparator %or,s (' #sng )"ns$ mrrors$ )g&t

so#rc" "tc.

4. E)"ctrca) Comparator :or,s (' #sng st"p #p$ st"p *o%n trans+orm"rs.

5. E)"ctronc Comparator It %or,s (' #sng amp)+"r$ *gta) sgna) "tc.

6. Com(n"* Comparator T&" com(naton o+ an' t%o o+ t&" a(o!" t'p"s can

g!" t&" ("st r"s#)t.

1** C/)/!")! (2 G((# C(m./)/!()=

. It s&o#)* (" compact.

3. It s&o#)* (" "as' to &an*)".


COMPARATORS


5/20


4. It s&o#)* g!" ;#c, r"spons" or ;#c, r"s#)t.

5. It s&o#)* (" r")a()"$ %&)" n #s".

6. T&"r" s&o#)* (" no "++"cts o+ "n!ronm"nt on t&" comparator.

. It m#st (" "as)' a!a)a()" n t&" mar,"t.

10.It s&o#)* (" s"nst!" as p"r t&" r";#r"m"nt.

11.T&" *"sgn s&o#)* (" ro(#st.

1.It s&o#)* (" )n"ar n sca)" so t&at t s "as' to r"a* an* g"t #n+orm r"spons".

13.It s&o#)* &a!" )"ss mant"nanc".

14.It s&o#)* &a!" &ar* contact pont$ %t& )ong )+".

15.It s&o#)* (" +r"" +rom (ac,)as& an* %"ar

. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

COMPARATORS=

E)"ctrca) comparators g!" a %*" rang" o+ a*!antag"s. As %" ,no%$

compon"nts )," )"!"rs$ g"ars$ rac,s an* pnons$ act!at" m"c&anca) *"!c"s. T&"

acc#rac' an* )+" o+ t&" nstr#m"nts ar" a++"ct"* as t&"' ar" s#(/"ct"* to %"ar an*

+rcton


COMPARATORS


6/20


F7 (** S/m." #/7)/m (2 ""!)/ (m./)/!()

E)"ctrca) comparators &a!" no mo!ng parts. Ts a &g& *"gr"" o+

r")a()t' s "-p"ct"* +rom t&"s" nstr#m"nts. G"n"ra))' t&"r" ar" t%o mportant

app)catons o+ ")"ctrca) comparators 1. Us"* as m"as#rng &"a*s . Us"* +or

")"ctrca) ga#gng &"a*s$ to pro!*" #s#a) n*caton to c&"c, t&" *m"nsons

%t&n t&" )mts )a* *o%n. T&" +rst app)caton s !"r' mportant %&"n t&"r" s a

r";#r"m"nt +or pr"cs" m"as#r"m"nt +or ".g. C&"c,ng or comparson o+ %or,s&op

s)p ga#g"s aganst nsp"cton s)p ga#g"s. T&" s"con* app)caton s #s"* to

n*cat" %t& a gr""n )g&t + a *m"nson s %t&n t&" )mts. A r"* )amp n*cat"s

an #n*"rs2" *m"nson? a '"))o% )amp n*cat"s an o!"rs2" *m"nson. @o t&"op"rator s not r";#r"* to (" a%ar" o+ t&" act#a) to)"ranc"s on t&" *m"nson. A+t"r

s"ttng t&" nstr#m"nt corr"ct)'$ a)) t&at n""*s to (" *on" s to p)ac" t&" compon"nt

#n*"r t&" p)#ng"r o+ t&" ga#gng &"a*. T&" sgna) )amps pro!*" n stan*ar*

post!" n*caton o+ t&" acc"pta()t' o+ t&" *m"nson #n*"r t"st


COMPARATORS


7/20


*1 A#/!/7"=

1. M"as#rng #nts can (" r"mot" +rom n*catng #nts.

. ara()" s"nst!t' %&c& can (" a*/#st"* as p"r r";#r"m"nt.

3. No mo!ng parts$ &"nc" t can r"tan acc#rac' o!"r )ong p"ro*s.

4. g&"r magn+caton s poss()" as compar"* to m"c&anca) comparator.

5. Compact s2"s o+ pro("s arc a!a)a()".

** D/#/!/7"=

1. T&" acc#rac' o+ %or,ng o+ t&"s" comparators s ),")' to (" a++"ct *#" to

t"mp"rat#r" an* m*t'.

. It s not a s")+ contan"* #nt? t n""*s sta()2"* po%"r s#pp)' +or ts

op"raton.

3. "atng o+ co)s can ca#s" 2"ro *r+ts an* t ma' a)t"r ca)(raton.

4. It s mor" "-p"ns!" t&an m"c&anca) comparator.

*3* PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL COMPARATORS=

T&"s" comparators *"p"n* +or t&"r op"raton on :&"atston" (r*g" crc#t. In

*.c.crc#t$ a c&ang" o+ (a)anc" o+ t&" ")"ctrca) r"sstanc" n "ac& arm o+ t&" (r*g"


COMPARATORS


8/20


s ca#s"* (' t&" *sp)ac"m"nt o+ an armat#r" r")at!" to t&" arm #n*"r t&" acton o+

t&" m"as#rng p)#ng"r. Onc" o#t o+ (a)anc" s ca#s"* n t&" (r*g"$ t s m"as#r"*

(' a ga)!anom"t"r gra*#at"* to r"a* n #nts o+ )n"ar mo!"m"nt o+ p)#ng"r. T&s

crc#t s op"rat"* (' (att"r'. For t&" (r*g" to (a)anc"$ t&" ratos o+ t&" r"sstanc"s

n t%o arms m#st (" ";#a). I+ a)t"rnatng c#rr"nt s app)"* to t&" (r*g"$ t&"

n*#ctanc" an* capactanc" o+ t&" arms m#st a)so (" acco#nt"* +or a)ong %t&

r"sstanc". In act#a) m"as#rng nstr#m"nts$ on" par o+ n*#ctanc"s s +orm"* (' a

par o+ co)s n t&" m"as#rng &"a* o+ t&" nstr#m"nt. T&" mo!"m"nt o+ t&" p)#ng"r

*sp)ac"s an armat#r"$ ts ca#sng a !araton n t&" n*#ctanc" o+ a par o+ co)s

+ormng on" arm o+ a.c. (r*g".

Fg no. 3. :&"atston" (r*g" crc#t

Fg. No. 4. @c&"matc *agram o+ ")"ctrca) comparator

E"!)/ (m./)/!()=


COMPARATORS


9/20


10/20


Ln"ar !ara()" *++"r"nta) trans+orm"r L9T s t&" most pop#)ar ")"ctro

m"c&anca) *"!c" #s"* to con!"rt m"c&anca) *sp)ac"m"nt nto ")"ctrca) sgna).

It$ n "++"ct$ s a trans+orm"r consstng o+ t&r"" s'mm"trca))' spac"* co)s

car"+#))' %o#n* on an ns#)at"* (o((n. It %or,s on m#t#a) n*#ctanc" prncp)"

an* conssts o+ a prmar' co) %o#n* on an ns#)atng +orm (o((n an* t%o

*"ntca) s"con*ar"s s'mm"trca))' spac"* +rom t&" prmar'. AC carr"* "-ctaton

s app)"* to t&" prmar' an* t%o s"con*ar"s ar" conn"ct"* "-t"rna))' n a s"r"s

opposton crc#t. T&" )"a* %r"s "-t t&ro#g& an op"nng n t&" o#t"r s&")*$

#s#a))' n t&" "n*co!"r %as&"rs. A c')n*rca) s&")* o+ +"rromagn"tc mat"ra) s

sp#n o!"r t&" m"ta))c "n*%as&"r a+t"r t&" %n*ngs &a!" (""n !ac##m

mpr"gnat"* %t& a pottng compo#n* s#ta()" +or t&" app)caton "n!ronm"nt.

T&" +ns&"* trans+orm"r t&"r" a+t"r ("com"s ;#t" mp"r!o#s to m*t' or

or*nar' magn"tc n+)#"nc"s. T&" *"!c" ts a)so ("com"s "-tr"m")' r#gg"* an*

r")a()". T&"r" s a noncontactng magn"tc cor"$ ma*" +rom a #n+orm)' *"ns"

c')n*"r o+ nc,")ron a))o'$ car"+#))' ann"a)"* to mpro!" an* &omog"ns" ts

magn"tc p"rm"a()t'$ %&c& mo!"s n t&" c"ntr" o+ t&"s" co)s %o#n* on t&"

ns#)atng +orm an* t&" moton o+ t&s cor" !ar"s t&" m#t#a) n*#ctanc" o+ "ac&


COMPARATORS


11/20


s"con*ar' to t&" prmar'$ %&c& *"t"rmn"s t&" !o)tag" n*#c"* +rom t&" prmar'

to "ac& s"con*ar'. I+ t&" cor" s c"nt"r"* n t&" m**)" o+ t&" t%o s"con*ar'

%n*ngs$ t&"n !o)tag" n*#c"* n "ac& s"con*ar' %n*ng %)) (" *"ntca) an*

1=0B o#to+p&as"$ an* t&" n"t o#tp#t %)) (" 2"ro. I+ t&" cor" s mo!"* o++ m**)"

poston$ t&"n t&" m#t#a) n*#ctanc" o+ t&" prmar' %t& s"con*ar' %)) (" gr"at"r

t&an t&" ot&"r$ an* a *++"r"nta) !o)tag" %)) app"ar across t&" s"con*ar"s n

s"r"s. For o++c"ntr" *sp)ac"m"nts %t&n )n"ar rang" o+ op"raton$ t&" o#tp#t s

"ss"nta))' a )n"ar

F7* N(* ?*S"m/! A))/7"m"! (2 L+DT

8()"-(@ !" m##" .(!(9*

F7* N(*


12/20


F7* N(*


13/20


s#ta()" +or ta,ng m"as#r"m"nts +or on)n" mac&nng. F#rt&"r as t s not

a++"ct"* (' o!"r)oa*$ ts r")a()t' s &g&.

A#/!/7" (2 L+DT

@om" o+ t&" a*!antag"s o+ L9T ar" g!"n (")o%.

• It g!"s &g&"r o#tp#t +or sma)) c&ang" n magn"tc cor" poston.

• It s &g&)' s"nst!" trans*#c"r %&c& can (" #s"* +orm t&" rang" o+

50m!mm to 300m!mm.

•

It can op"rat" o!"r a t"mp"rat#r" rang" +rom 650CB to 600CB.

A../!( (2 L+DT

T&"s" ar" som" man app)catons o+ t&" L9T.

• It s #s"* to contro) t&" /"t "ngn" n arcra+ts

• It s #s"* +or t&" m"as#r"m"nt o+ t&" t&c,n"ss an* %"g&t n t&" st"") m)s.

• It s #s"* +or t&" m"as#r"m"nt o+ t&" %"g&t on t&" &g&%a's.

3.. E"!)": G/u7"*

T&s ga#g" smp)' s&o%s %&"t&"r t&" *m"nson o+ a compon"nt +a))s %t&n a

pr"*"t"rmn"* to)"ranc" rang" %t&o#t m"as#rng t&" act#a) *m"nsons. It can a)so

(" #s"* as an a#tomatc c&"c, on mac&n"s n op"raton to stop t&" too) %&"n t&"

*m"nson s o#t o+ pr"scr("* )mts. It "mp)o's r""* m"c&ansm n ts m"as#rng

&"a* an* r""*s ar" ca#s"* to ("n* %&"n t&" +)oatng mo!a()" ()oc, s mo!"*.

T&" ("n*ng mo!"m"nt ca#s"s t&" "-t"nson arm to (r"a, an ")"ctrc crc#t.

E)"ctrc contacts contro) sgna) to n*cat" %&"t&"r t&" *m"nson s %t&n


COMPARATORS


14/20


to)"ranc" or not. T&" ga#g" &as +rst to (" s"t (' pr"cson s)p ga#g"s to t&"

ma-m#m an* mnm#m )mts o+ to)"ranc".

3.3.E"!)(m! G/u7"*

It com(n"s m"c&anca) ga#gng %t& ")"ctrca) magn+caton (' :&"atston"

(r*g". T&" *"gr"" o+ magn+caton o+ nstr#m"nt s a*/#sta()" an* arrang"m"nts

+or 2"ro s"ttng ar" a)so pro!*"*. T&s ga#g" ")mnat"s t&" "rrors *#" to s"ns" o+

+"") n ta,ng m"as#r"m"nts an* pro!*"s t&" acc#rac' n""*"* +or statstca)

;#a)t' contro). It &as %*" rang" o+ app)catons an* sp""* o+ ga#gng proc"ss s

ncr"as"* !"r' m#c& (' ts #s".

4*THE ELECTRONIC COMPARATOR=

It s (as"* on t&" prncp)" o+ app)caton o+ +r";#"nc' mo*#)aton or ra*o

osc))aton. A sp"ca) rato osc))ator s #s"* %&c& pro*#c"s mp#)s"s o+ a *"+nt"

!a)#" at a *"+nt" +r";#"nc'. T&" +r";#"nc' s contro))"* (' t&" m"as#rng &"a*.

:&"n t&" m"as#rng &"a* s app)"* to t&" part to (" m"as#r"*$ t&" +r";#"nc' o+

t&" nstr#m"nt osc))ator s mo*+"* ("ca#s" o+ t&" !araton o+ t&" *m"nson

+rom t&at o+ t&" pr"s"t stan*ar*. T&" mo*+"* +r";#"nc' s ann#)"* (' s#ta()"

contro)s to r"stor" t (ac, to t&" (asc !a)#". T&" m"as#rng nstr#m"nt *a) s

gra*#at"* *r"ct)' n t"rms o+ t&" p&'sca) stan*ar*s o+ )"ngt& %&c& compar"

%t& t&" ")"ctronc stan*ar*s o+ %a!")"ngt&. D' #sng !aro#s a*aptors to s#t t&"%or,$ t&" comparator can (" p#t to man' app)catons s#c& as "-t"rna) an*

nt"rna) ga#gng$ +)atn"ss$ t"stng$ t&c,n"ss ga#gng$ t#(" %a)) t&c,n"ss$

m"as#r"m"nt o+ ")"ctrop)at" coatng$ ga#gng on c#r!"* or +)at s#r+ac"s "tc.$ to a

!"r' &g& )mt o+ m"as#rng pr"cson. In Fg#r" (")o%$ t&" comparator s s&o%n


COMPARATORS


15/20


16/20


P)." (2 (.")/!( ""!)( 7/u77

T&" trans*#c"r con!"rts t&s mo!"m"nt nto an ")"ctrca) sgna) %&c& s t&"n

amp)+"* an* +"* !a an osc))ator to t&" *"mo*#)ator. T&" c#rr"nt n 9.C. +orm$

t&"n pass"s to t&" m"t"r an* t&" pro(" tp mo!"m"nt s *sp)a'"* as a )n"ar

m"as#r"m"nt. aro#s m"as#rng an* contro) #nts can (" ncorporat"* %&c&

pro!*" +or an "-tr"m")' %*" rang" o+ sng)" or m#)tp)" m"as#r"m"nts to ("

ma*" sm#)tan"o#s)'. Fg#r" s&o%s anot&"r *"sgn o+ ")"ctronc n*cator capa()"

o+ r"a*ng ("tt"r t&an 1mcron. It conssts o+ a ga#gng &"a* an* an amp)+"r. T&"

m"c&anca) mo!"m"nt o+ t&" contact pro(" a)t"rs t&" o#tp#t or !o)tag" o+ t&" ga#g"

&"a* proportona) to *sp)ac"m"nt. T&" sma)) a)t"raton n !o)tag" s amp)+"* ('

m"ans o+ a s"nst!" m"t"r$ ca)(rat"* n t"rms o+ #nts o+ )"ngt&. @%tc&ngs")"cton "na()"s a con!"n"nt rang" o+ magn+caton. @#c& an nstr#m"nt

&as man' +#nctona) a*!antag"s )," &g& magn+caton$ rang" o+ magn+catons$

)g&t ga#gng +orc" 40 grams or )"ss$ r#gg"* constr#cton$ mm"*at" r"spons"$

#n)mt"* app)ca()t' to nsp"cton proc"*#r"s.


COMPARATORS


17/20


4**E"!)( M"/u)7 E;u.m"!=

T&s pro!*"s a r")a()" m"ans +or ma,ng "-t"rna) an* nt"rna) m"as#r"m"nts %t&

a r"mar,a()" acc#rac' an* "as". T&s ";#pm"nt "mp)o's a &g&)' *"p"n*a()"

:&"atston" (r*g" crc#t n t&" +orm o+ a stran ga#g". 9#" to t&" *"+)"cton o+

ga#gng pont ("ca#s" o+ c&ang" o+ *m"nson$ a mn#t" c&ang" s "-p"r"nc"* n

t&" ")"ctrca) r"sstanc" o+ t&" (r*g" crc#t. T&s cr"at"s !o)tag" sgna)s %&c& ar"

amp)+"* an* t&"' n t#rn op"rat" t&" n*catng m"t"r. It can (" #s"* +or a !ar"t'

o+ nt"rna) an* "-t"rna) m"as#r"m"nts an* sp"ca) attac&m"nts ar" pro!*"* to

ma," t mor" !"rsat)".

F7*N(* 11* E"!)( #/!()


COMPARATORS


18/20


5* P)(b"m=

S("# ">/m." 1 In :&"atston" (r*g" 8 > o&m$ 11 o&m$ R 4 o&m an* @

6 o&m. o% m#c& r"sstanc" m#st (" p#t n para))") to t&" r"sstanc" @ to

(a)anc" t&" (r*g"

A 4 o&m D 44> o&m C 6.4 o&m 9 1=.< o&m

S(u!(= C For (a)ancng (r*g"

⇒ @ 4H11> 44> ⇒ 1@ 1r 16

⇒ >44 J 16 1r ⇒ r 135 6.4 K

:&"atston" Dr*g"

T&" +o))o%ng #n(a)anc"* :&"atston" Dr*g" s constr#ct"*. Ca)c#)at" t&" o#tp#t

!o)tag" across ponts C an* 9 an* t&" !a)#" o+ r"sstor R 4 r";#r"* to (a)anc" t&"

(r*g" crc#t.

For t&" +rst s"r"s arm$ ACD


COMPARATORS


19/20


For t&" s"con* s"r"s arm$ A9D

T&" !o)tag" across ponts C9 s g!"n as

T&" !a)#" o+ r"sstor$ R 4 r";#r"* to (a)anc" t&" (r*g" s g!"n as

:" &a!" s""n a(o!" t&at t&" W"/!!(" $)#7" &as t%o np#t t"rmna)s AD

an* t%o o#tp#t t"rmna)s C9. :&"n t&" (r*g" s (a)anc"*$ t&" !o)tag" across

t&" o#tp#t t"rmna)s s 0 !o)ts. :&"n t&" (r*g" s #n(a)anc"*$ &o%"!"r$ t&" o#tp#t

!o)tag" ma' (" "t&"r post!" or n"gat!" *"p"n*ng #pon t&" *r"cton o+

#n(a)anc".

REFERENCES=

1. an$ R.. 00>. Engineering Metrology. N"% 9")& &anna 8#()s&"rs

. M"tro)og' (' D"%oor$Tata McGra%)) E*#caton$ 00>


COMPARATORS


20/20


3. &ttp%&at%&"n&o%.comm"tro)og'")"ctrca)an*")"ctronccomparators

m"tro)og'

4. &ttp")"arnng.!t#.ac.n1="not"[email protected]*+

5. &ttp"n.%,p"*a.org%,Comparator


COMPARATORS
http://what-when-how.com/metrology/electrical-and-electronic-comparators-metrology/http://what-when-how.com/metrology/electrical-and-electronic-comparators-metrology/http://elearning.vtu.ac.in/18/enotes/10ME42/Unit3-KVSRR.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparatorhttp://elearning.vtu.ac.in/18/enotes/10ME42/Unit3-KVSRR.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparatorhttp://what-when-how.com/metrology/electrical-and-electronic-comparators-metrology/http://what-when-how.com/metrology/electrical-and-electronic-comparators-metrology/

electronic comparators

Documents