electronic apex locators
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ELECTRONIC APEX LOCATORSELECTRONIC APEX LOCATORS
LCDR Marc E. ArenaLCDR Marc E. Arena
03 February 200003 February 2000
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Apex Locators Apex LocatorsSIRSIR
EDMUND HILLARY EDMUND HILLARY
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APEX LOCATORS APEX LOCATORS
Locating the ApicalLocating the Apical
Foramen withForamen with
Modern TechnologyModern Technology
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex Locators
HISTORY:HISTORY:
Suzuki (1942)Suzuki (1942)-- Consistent electrical resistanceConsistent electrical resistance
between instrument in a root canal and anbetween instrument in a root canal and an
electrode on the mucosa.electrode on the mucosa.
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex Locators
History:History:
The Resistance MethodThe Resistance MethodSunada (1962)Sunada (1962)
Root Canal Meter (1969)Root Canal Meter (1969)
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex LocatorsHistory:History:
Change in FrequencyChange in Frequency
Inoue (1971)Inoue (1971)
SonoSono--ExplorerExplorer
Not a type of SonarNot a type of Sonar
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex Locators
History:History:High FrequencyHigh Frequency
Hasegawa (1979)Hasegawa (1979)
EndocatorEndocatorable to make correct measurement in theable to make correct measurement in the
presence of conductive fluids withpresence of conductive fluids with
specially coated filespecially coated file
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex Locators
History:History: Voltage Gradient Voltage Gradient
Ushiyama (1983)Ushiyama (1983)
Maximum potential obtained at the apicalMaximum potential obtained at the apicalconstrictionconstriction
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex Locators
History:History:Relative Values of Frequency ResponseRelative Values of Frequency Response
Yamaoka (1984) Yamaoka (1984)
Apit (1989) Apit (1989)detects the apical constriction bydetects the apical constriction by
calculation the difference between twocalculation the difference between two
direct potentialsdirect potentials
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex LocatorsHistory:History:
Ratio MethodRatio Method
Kobayashi (1991)Kobayashi (1991)
Root ZX Root ZX
Simultaneous measurement of the impedanceSimultaneous measurement of the impedance
of two different frequenciesof two different frequenciesthe quotient of which is expressed as thethe quotient of which is expressed as the
position of the electrode in the canalposition of the electrode in the canal
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ReliabilityReliability Apex locator is Apex locator is
more reliablemore reliablethan radiographthan radiograph
-- Pratten and McDonaldPratten and McDonald
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ReliabilityReliabilityRoot ZX Root ZX located Apex withinlocated Apex within
.5mm 84.72% of the time in.5mm 84.72% of the time in Vitro Vitro
--Ounsi and NaamanOunsi and Naaman
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ReliabilityReliabilityRoot ZX Root ZX located Apex withinlocated Apex within
.5mm 96.2% of the time in.5mm 96.2% of the time in Vivo Vivo
--Shabahang and othersShabahang and others
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ReliabilityReliability
Root ZX Root ZX
more accurate than themore accurate than the
Apit Apit
--Weiger and othersWeiger and others
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Using an Electronic Apex LocatorUsing an Electronic Apex Locator
Check electrical connectionsCheck electrical connections
Beware of cervical leakageBeware of cervical leakage Keep the pulp chamber dryKeep the pulp chamber dry
Keep the canal wetKeep the canal wet
Beware of high readings in long rootsBeware of high readings in long roots
Lateral canals may give false readingsLateral canals may give false readings
Not for use with open apex Not for use with open apex
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Using The Root ZX Using The Root ZX
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Using The Root ZX Using The Root ZX Turn on the unit before plugging inTurn on the unit before plugging in
attachmentsattachments
Dry the pulp chamberDry the pulp chamber
Advance the file until an apex reading is Advance the file until an apex reading is
obtainedobtained
Take multiple readings beforeTake multiple readings before
instrumenting the canalinstrumenting the canal
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Trouble ShootingTrouble ShootingCheck Check
BatteriesBatteries ConnectionsConnections
Volume adjustment Volume adjustment
All parts clean and free of corrosion All parts clean and free of corrosion
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Trouble ShootingTrouble Shooting
The meter in the display does not moveThe meter in the display does not move
�� Calcified canalCalcified canal�� Canal obstructedCanal obstructed
�� Dry canalDry canal
�� Root form restricts navigationRoot form restricts navigation�� Apex surrounded by pustule Apex surrounded by pustule
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Trouble ShootingTrouble Shooting
Meter overreacts as file enters the canalMeter overreacts as file enters the canal
Large foramen (self correcting)Large foramen (self correcting)
Pulp chamber wetPulp chamber wet
PerforationPerforation
Small FileSmall File
Pulp in canalPulp in canal
File touching metal restorationFile touching metal restoration
Leaking restorationLeaking restoration
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Trouble ShootingTrouble Shooting
Meter gives erroneous readingsMeter gives erroneous readings
Retreatment of silver pointsRetreatment of silver points Large lateral canalLarge lateral canal
PerforationPerforation
Incomplete apex Incomplete apex
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Electronic Apex LocatorsElectronic Apex Locators
Questions ?Questions ?
Comments ?Comments ?
Complaints ?Complaints ?
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Happy Mardi GrasHappy Mardi Gras