electron transport chain stage 4:. how far have we come? we began with our simple glucose molecule...
DESCRIPTION
Energy Totals GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OXIDATION KREBS CYCLE ATP USEDATP produced NADH produced FADH 2 produced ATP USEDATP produced NADH produced FADH 2 produced 2440 ATP USED ATP produced NADH produced FADH 2 produced 2420TRANSCRIPT
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Stage 4:
How far have we come?
• We began with our simple glucose molecule• Through the processes of...– GLYCOLYSIS– PYRUVATE OXIDATION– KREBS CYCLE
...we have used the energy stored in the C-C bonds of glucose to help ATP
• Directly (substrate-level phosphorylation)• Indirectly (oxidative phosphorylation)
Energy Totals • GLYCOLYSIS
• PYRUVATE OXIDATION
• KREBS CYCLE
ATP USED ATP produced
NADH produced
FADH2
produced
2 6 10 2
ATP USED ATP produced
NADH produced
FADH2
produced
2 4 4 0
ATP USED
ATP produced
NADH produced
FADH2
produced
2 4 2 0
So what’s the deal with ATP??
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
• We need to produce 36 ATP in Cell. Resp.• After 3 stages, we have only produced 6 ATP
through substrate-level oxidation• Thus, there are 30 ATP left to create– We produce the remaining 30 ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation in the ETC
ELECTRON-TRANSPORT-CHAIN
• In this step, we will utilize the energy provided by the electron carriers NADH and FADH2
•Extremely EXERGONIC∆G = -2870 kJ/Mol
How it works• NADH + FADH2 eventually transfer the electrons they carry to a
series of proteins that are located in the inner membrane
• The components of the ETCare arranged in order of increasing electronegativity
• Thus, allowing the electrons toflow, or BE TRANSPORTED, between the compounds
• Every step involves oxidationand reduction rxns.
How it works• Every time an electron moves from one molecule to the next,
free energy is released
• The free energy is used to pump H+ ions, or PROTONS, from the mitochondrial matrix into theINTERMEMBRANE SPACE
• The ETC needs a highly electronegative compound to oxidize the last protein– OXYGEN is used here, as it is one
of the most electronegative compounds on earth
How it works• An oxygen atom removes two é from the final protein complex • Oxygen then combines with 2 protons (H+) in the mitochondrial
matrix to form an H2O molecule
Diagram• The red path shows the path
that é travel through the ETC• KNOW NAMES OF THESE
MOLECULES
How it works
NADH DEHYDROGENASE
CYTOCHROME b-c1 COMPLEX
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE COMPLEX
UBIQUINONE (Q) cytochrome C
NADH + FADH2... Not so similar• NADH passes its electrons to the first protein complex
– NADH DEHYDROGENASE
• FADH2 passes its electrons to Q (or ubiquinone)
• This distinction means that:– NADH = 3 H+ pumped out– FADH2 = 2 H+ pumped out
• SO...
– NADH produces 3 ATP– FADH2 produces 2 ATP
NADH + FADH2... Not so similar• The NADH you produced in glycolysis works differently than the
NADH produced in pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle– Why?
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, thus NADH has to travel through the double membrane of mitochondria– it can’t pass the inner membrane
• NADH passes its é through a protein transport to FAD thus forming FADH2
ATP PRODUCTION• Electrochemical Gradient: A concentration gradient created by
pumping ions into a space surrounded by a membrane that is impermeable to the ions– This is exactly what we are doing when we pump H+ ions into the
intermembrane space using the ETC– Thus, the inner membrane becomes a H+ reservoir – An potential difference, or VOLTAGE, is created across the
membrane• +ve charge in the intermembrane space • –ve charge in the mitochondria matrix +
-------
-
ATP PRODUCTION• H+ ions can not diffuse back through the innermembrane • They need to be pumped back by the transport protein
ATP SYNTHASE• As H+ ions are passed through
ATP SYNTHASE, the free energy of the gradient is reduced, thus releasing enough energy to produce ATP
• ADP + Pi ATP
ATP PRODUCTION• This process was coined: CHEMIOSMOSIS• ATP synthesized was caused by the ‘osmosis of H+ ions’
• Chemiosmosis is said to be COUPLED to the ETC
Final Energy Tally
Theoretical Yield vs. Actual Yield
• It is possible that we will not always obtain 36 ATP for every glucose molecule that we used
• 2 reasons:1. Some H+ ions may make it through the inner mitochondrial
membrane reducing the number of H+ ions that pass through ATP synthase.
2. Some of the protons in the H+ reservoir might get used up in other cellular reactions