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Page 1: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for
Page 2: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for
Page 3: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

Electromagnetic Theory Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 

Copyrights © All Rights Reserved GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS®

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

Printing of books passes through many stages - writing, composing, proof reading, printing etc. We try our level best to make the book error-free. If any mistake has inadvertently crept in, we regret it and would be deeply indebted to those who point it out. We do not take any legal responsibility.

Cover Design : Tarun Tank

Type & Setting : Vikas Deshmukh

First Edition   : May 2019 

Book Code   : GATE‐EMT‐633 

ISBN  : 978‐93‐86699‐63‐3 

GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS® A/114‐115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai ‐ 490 020 (C.G.) 

Phone : 0788 ‐ 4034176 

Help Desk No. ‐ +91‐97131‐13156    

For Feedback & Suggestions...  

[email protected] 

Price : ` 750/‐ 

Page 4: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

  

GATE examination has been emerging as one of the most prestigious competitive exam for engineers. 

Earlier it was considered to be an exam just for eligibility for pursuing PG courses, but now GATE exam 

has gained a lot of attention of students as this exam open an ocean of possibilities like : 

1. Admission into IISc, IITs, IIITs, NITs 

  A good GATE score is helpful for getting admission into IISc,  IITs,  IIITs, NITs and many other 

renowned  institutions  for M.Tech./M.E./M.S.  An M.Tech  graduate  has  a  number  of  career 

opportunities in research fields and education industries. Students get ` 12,400 per month as 

stipend during their course.  

2. Selection in various Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) 

  A  good  GATE  score  is  helpful  for  getting  job  in  government‐owned  corporations  termed 

as Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in India like IOCL, BHEL, NTPC, BARC, ONGC, PGCIL, DVC, 

HPCL, GAIL, SAIL & many more. 

3. Direct recruitment to Group A level posts in Central government, i.e., Senior Field Officer (Tele), 

Senior  Research  Officer  (Crypto)  and  Senior  Research  Officer  (S&T)  in  Cabinet  Secretariat, 

Government of India, is now being carried out on the basis of GATE score. 

4. Foreign universities through GATE 

  GATE  has  crossed  the  boundaries  to  become  an  international  level  test  for  entry  into 

postgraduate engineering programmes in abroad. Some institutes in two countries Singapore 

and  Germany are  known  to  accept  GATE  score  for  admission  to  their  PG  engineering 

programmes. 

5. National Institute of Industrial Engg. (NITIE) 

NITIE  offers  PGDIE  /  PGDMM  /  PGDPM on  the  basis  of  GATE  scores.  The  shortlisted 

candidates are then called for group Discussion and Personal Interview rounds. 

NITIE  offers  a  Doctoral  Level  Fellowship  Programme  recognized  by  Ministry  of  HRD 

(MHRD) as equivalent to PhD of any Indian University. 

Regular full time candidates those who will qualify for the financial assistance will receive 

` 25,000 during 1st and 2nd year of the Fellowship programme and ` 28,000 during 3rd, 4th and 5th year of the Fellowship programme as per MHRD guidelines. 

6. Ph.D. in IISc/ IITs 

IISc and IITs take admissions for Ph.D. on the basis of GATE score. 

Earn a Ph.D. degree directly after Bachelor’s degree through integrated programme. 

A fulltime residential researcher (RR) programme. 

7. Fellowship Program in management (FPM) 

Enrolment through GATE score card 

Stipend of ` 22,000 – 30,000 per month + HRA 

It is a fellowship program 

Application form is generally available in month of sept. and oct. 

Note :  In near future, hopefully GATE exam will become a mandatory exit test for all engineering 

students, so take this exam seriously. Best of LUCK ! 

IMPORTANCE of GATE 

Page 5: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

  

Section  Question No.  No. of Questions  Marks Per Question  Total Marks 

General Aptitude 

1 to 5  5  1  5 

6 to 10  5  2  10 

Technical 

Engineering Mathematics 

1 to 25  25  1  25 

26 to 55  30  2  60 

Total Duration : 3 hours   Total Questions : 65   Total Marks : 100 

Note : 40 to 45 marks will be allotted to Numerical Answer Type Questions 

 

Pattern of Questions : 

(i)  Multiple  Choice Questions  (MCQ)  carrying  1  or  2 marks  each  in  all  the  papers  and 

sections. These questions are objective in nature, and each will have a choice of four 

answers, out of which the candidate has to select (mark) the correct answer. 

    Negative Marking for Wrong Answers : For a wrong answer chosen in a MCQ, there will 

be negative marking. For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. 

Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. 

(ii)  Numerical Answer Type (NAT) Questions carrying 1 or 2 marks each in all the papers 

and sections. For these questions, the answer is a signed real number, which needs to 

be entered by the candidate using the virtual numeric keypad on the monitor (Keyboard 

of the computer will be disabled). No choices will be shown for these type of questions. 

The answer can be a number such as 10 or – 10 (an integer only). The answer may be in 

decimals as well,  for example, 10.1  (one decimal) or 10.01  (two decimal) or –10.001 

(three decimal). These questions will be mentioned with, up to which decimal places, 

the candidates need to make an answer. Also, an appropriate range will be considered 

while  evaluating  the  numerical  answer  type  questions  so  that  the  candidate  is  not 

penalized due to the usual round‐off errors. Wherever required and possible, it is better 

to give NAT answer up to a maximum of three decimal places. 

 

Note : There is NO negative marking for a wrong answer in NAT questions. 

 

 

GATE Exam Pattern

Page 6: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

  

It is our pleasure, that we insist on presenting “Electromagnetic Theory (EMT)” 

authored for Electronics & Communication Engineering to all of the aspirants 

and  career  seekers.  The  prime  objective  of  this  book  is  to  respond  to 

tremendous  amount  of  ever  growing  demand  for  error  free,  flawless  and 

succinct but conceptually empowered solutions to the subject Communication 

System. 

This book serves to the best supplement the texts for Electronics & Communication Engineering 

but shall be useful to a larger extent for Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation Engineering 

as well. Simultaneously having its salient feature the book comprises : 

  Step by step solution to all questions. 

  Detailed explanation of all the questions. 

  Solutions are presented in simple and easily understandable language. 

  Video solutions for good questions.  

The authors do not sense any deficit in believing that this title will in many aspects, be different 

from the similar titles within the search of student. 

  We  would  like  to  express  our  sincere  appreciation  to  Mrs.  Sakshi  Dhande  Ma’am 

(Co‐founder, GATE ACADEMY Group) for her constant support and constructive suggestions and 

comments in reviewing the script. 

  The final manuscript has been prepared with utmost care. However, going a line that, there 

is always room for improvement in anything done, we would welcome and greatly appreciate the 

suggestions and corrections for further improvement. 

 

         Umesh Dhande  

 (Founder ‐ GATE ACADEMY Group) 

PREFACE

Page 7: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

  

  We are glad of this opportunity to acknowledge the views and to express with all the 

weaknesses of mere words the gratitude that we must always feel for the generosity of them.  

  We now express our gracious gratitude to the persons who have contributed a lot in 

order to put  forth this  into device. They are to be mentioned here and they are Koushalya 

Chandrawanshi, Reena Sahu, Vikas Athe and Shashikant Pandey. 

  Special thanks to Mr. Saket Verma Sir, who has been involved in this project from the 

beginning and has given his best effort on his part. This book was not possible without his 

unconditional effort. 

  Lastly,  we  take  this  opportunity  to  acknowledge  the  service  of  the  total  team  of 

publication and everyone who collaborated in producing this work. 

 

GATE ACADEMY  

   

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Page 8: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

  

         

  Chapter 1 

      Coordinate System & Del Operators ……………..…….………..  1.1 – 1.32 

  Chapter 2 

      Electrostatic ……………………………….…………..…………………….  2.1 – 2.80 

  Chapter 3 

      Magnetostatic ……………………..…………………..…………………..  3.1 – 3.44 

  Chapter 4 

      Plane Wave Propagation & Polarization ……..………………..  4.1 – 4.92 

  Chapter 5 

      Transmission Line & S‐Parameter ………………………………….  5.1 – 5.94 

  Chapter 6 

      Waveguide…………………………………….…………….………………..  6.1 – 6.46 

  Chapter 7 

      Antenna …………………………..………………………….………………..  7.1 – 7.72 

  Chapter 8 

      Basics of Radar & Optical Fiber ……………………….…………….  8.1 – 8.40 

CONTENTS

Page 9: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

  

  Electrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation, 

boundary  conditions,  wave  equation,  Poynting  vector;  Plane  waves  and  properties: 

reflection  and  refraction,  polarization,  phase  and  group  velocity,  propagation  through 

various  media,  skin  depth;  Transmission  lines:  equations,  characteristic  impedance, 

impedance matching, impedance transformation, S‐parameters, Smith chart; Waveguides: 

modes, boundary conditions, cut‐off frequencies, dispersion relations; Antennas: antenna 

types, radiation pattern, gain and directivity, return loss, antenna arrays; Basics of radar; 

Light propagation in optical fibers. 

 

 

  Elements of vector calculus, Maxwell’s equations‐basic concepts; Gauss’, Stokes’ theorems; 

Wave  propagation  through  different  media;  Transmission  Lines‐different  types,  basics, 

Smith’s chart, impedance matching/transformation, S‐parameters, pulse excitation, uses; 

Waveguides‐basics,  rectangular  types,  modes,  cut‐off  frequency,  dispersion,  dielectric 

types; Antennas‐radiation pattern, monopoles/dipoles, gain, arrays‐active/passive, theory, 

uses. 

 

 

  Maxwell's  equations,  Time  varying  fields,  Wave  equation  and  its  solution,  Rectangular 

waveguide, Poynting vector, Antenna parameters, Half‐wave antenna, Transmission lines, 

Characteristic of Impedance matching, Smith chart.  

 

 

 

 

 

GATE SYLLABUS

ESE SYLLABUS

UGC‐NET SYLLABUS

Page 10: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

© Copyrightwww.gateacademy.co.inH Oead ffice : A/114-115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.), Contact : 9713113156, 9589894176

B Oranch ffice : Raipur : 79743-90037, Bhopal : 83198-88401

Learning Objectives :

After reading this chapter you should be able to :

understand basics of vector algebra

explain different coordinate system

transform vectors in different coordinate system

define differential length, surface and volume in all coordinate system

describe del operators and their significance

1.1  Scalars and Vectors 

1.2  Unit Vector   

1.3  Vector Addition and Subtraction   

1.4  Position and Distance Vectors   

1.5  Vector Multiplication   

1.6  Co‐ordinate Systems   

1.7  Transformation of Coordinate Systems   

1.8  Relationship between Cylindrical and Cartesian Unit Vector   

1.9  Relationship between Spherical and Cartesian Unit Vector   

1.10  Del Operator   

1.11  Gradient of Scalar   

1.12  Divergence of a Vector   

1.13  Curl of a Vector   

1.14  Laplacian of a Scalar 

 

   

Coordinate System & Del Operators

1CHAPTER

Table of Contents

Page 11: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

© Copyrightwww.gateacademy.co.inH Oead ffice : A/114-115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.), Contact : 9713113156, 9589894176

B Oranch ffice : Raipur : 79743-90037, Bhopal : 83198-88401

Learning Objectives : After reading this chapter you should be able to : describe Coulomb’s law and its application explain electric field intensity due to various charge distribution describe Gauss’s law and concept of Gaussian surface describe potential difference and potential gradient explain capacitive system and capacitance of different capacitors understand electric boundary conditions apply method of images

2.1  Coulomb’s Law  

2.2  Electric Field Intensity and Electric Flux 

Density  

2.3  Continuous Charge Distribution      

2.4  Electric Field Due to Various Charge 

Distribution  

2.5  Gauss’s Law   

2.6  Applications of Gauss’s Law 

2.7  Electric  Field  Intensity  Due  to 

Conducting Sphere 

2.8  Electric  Field  Intensity  Due  to  Non‐

conducting Sphere  

2.9  Potential  Difference  and  Absolute 

Potential   

2.10  Potential  Due  to  Various  Charge 

Distributions  

2.11  Potential Difference Due to Infinite Long 

Line Charge  

2.12  Potential  Difference  and  Potential  Due 

to Conducting Sphere of Radius ‘R’ 

2.13  Equipotential Surfaces   

2.14  Relationship  between  Electric  Field 

Intensity E and Electric Potential V  

2.15  Electric  Field  and  Electric  Potential Due 

to Dipole 

2.16  Electric Current Density 

2.17  Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields  

2.18  Dielectric Material  

2.19  Capacitances  for  Different  Types  of 

Capacitors  

2.20  Energy Stored in a Capacitor   

2.21  Conductors 

2.22  Continuity  Equation  :  Conservation  of 

Charge 

2.23  Electric Boundary Conditions 

2.24  Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations 

2.25  Method of Images 

Electrostatic

2CHAPTER

Table of Contents

Page 12: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

© Copyrightwww.gateacademy.co.inH Oead ffice : A/114-115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.), Contact : 9713113156, 9589894176

B Oranch ffice : Raipur : 79743-90037, Bhopal : 83198-88401

Learning Objectives : After reading this chapter you should be able to : explain Biot Savart’s law and Ampere’s law define scalar and magnetic vector potential define force on moving charges and current elements understand magnetic boundary conditions

3.1 Biot-Savart’s Law

3.2 Ampere’s Circuital Law-Maxwell’s Equation

3.3 Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law

3.4 Magnetic Field Intensity H

due to Straight Conductor of Finite Length

3.5 Magnetic Field Intensity H

at the Centre of a Circular Conductor

3.6 Magnetic Flux Density : Maxwell‘s Equation

3.7 Scalar Magnetic Potential

3.8 Force on a Charged Particle and Lorentz Force Equation

3.9 Force Equation Between Parallel Conductors

3.10 Magnetic Torque and Moment

3.11 Magnetic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic

3CHAPTER

Table of Contents

Page 13: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

© Copyrightwww.gateacademy.co.inH Oead ffice : A/114-115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.), Contact : 9713113156, 9589894176

B Oranch ffice : Raipur : 79743-90037, Bhopal : 83198-88401

Learning Objectives : After reading this chapter you should be able to :

define wave equation and its propagation characteristics

explain wave propagation in different mediums

understand reflection of plane wave at normal incidence and oblique incidence

describe Poynting vector and power density

describe polarization and its type

understand polarization at media interface

4.1  Introduction  

4.2  Maxwell’s Equations    

4.3  Representation of Wave Equation  

4.4  Uniform Plane Wave Equation    

4.5  Solution of Plane Wave Equation 

4.6  Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectric    

4.7  Wave Propagation in Lossless Dielectric    

4.8  Wave Propagation in Free‐space    

4.9  Wave Propagation in Good Conductor    

4.10  Reflection of Plane Wave at Normal 

Incidence  

4.11  Electric and Magnetic Field Patterns for 

Two Different Media 

4.12  Poynting Vector and Poynting Theorem  

4.13  Power Density Vector in Two Different 

Media  

4.14  Reflection of Plane Wave due to Oblique 

Incidence  

4.15  Parallel Polarization    

4.16  Brewster Angle for Parallel Polarization  

4.17  Perpendicular Polarization  

4.18  Brewster Angle for Perpendicular 

Polarization  

4.19  Polarization  

4.20  Polarization at Media Interface 

Plane Wave Propagation & Polarization

4CHAPTER

Table of Contents

Page 14: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

© Copyrightwww.gateacademy.co.inH Oead ffice : A/114-115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.), Contact : 9713113156, 9589894176

B Oranch ffice : Raipur : 79743-90037, Bhopal : 83198-88401

Learning Objectives :

After reading this chapter you should be able to :

write transmission line equation

describe lossless and distortionless transmission line

understand reflection coefficient and standing wave pattern for different load conditions

explain stub matching

understand smith chart

describe scattering parameters of two port

5.1  Introduction  

5.2  Equivalent Circuit  

5.3  Types of Transmission Lines  

5.4  Equation of Transmission Line  

5.5  Transmission Line Parameters  

5.6  Lossless Transmission Line  

5.7  Distortionless Transmission Line  

5.8  Low Loss Transmission Line 

5.9  Input Impedance of Transmission Line  

5.10  Reflection Coefficient  

5.11  Standing Wave Ratio  

5.12  Maximum & Minimum Input Impedance 

5.13  Relations for Reflection and 

Transmission Coefficients 

5.14  Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 

for Different Load  

5.15  Location of Voltage Maxima and Minima  

5.16  Stub Matching  

5.17  Single Stub Matching 

5.18  Transient Analysis in Transmission Line 

(Repeated Reflection)  

5.19  The Smith Chart  

5.20  Constant Resistance Circles  

5.21  Constant Reactance Circles  

5.22  Microstrip Transmission lines  

5.23  S‐Parameter 

5.24  S‐Matrix for Lossless Transmission Line 

Transmission Line & S-Parameter

5CHAPTER

Table of Contents

Page 15: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

© Copyrightwww.gateacademy.co.inH Oead ffice : A/114-115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.), Contact : 9713113156, 9589894176

B Oranch ffice : Raipur : 79743-90037, Bhopal : 83198-88401

Learning Objectives :

After reading this chapter you should be able to :

derive waveguide equation

understand different modes of propagation

dispersion relation of waveguides

understand field pattern in waveguides

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Comparison Between Waveguide and Twin Wire Transmission Line

6.3 Modes of Wave Propagation

6.4 Rectangular Waveguide

6.5 Rectangular Waveguide Equations

6.6 Modes of Propagation in Rectangular Waveguide

6.7 Field Components in TM Mode

6.8 Field Components in TE Mode

6.9 Rectangular Waveguide Parameters

6.10 Summary of Guided Parameters in Rectangular Waveguide

6.11 Power Transmission and Attenuation in Waveguide

6.12 Power Loss in Waveguide

6.13 Degenerate Modes

6.14 Mode Filter

6.15 Circular Waveguide

Waveguide

6CHAPTER

Table of Contents

Page 16: Electromagnetic Theory - Gate Academy Publication s… · For 1‐mark MCQ, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise for, 2‐marks MCQ, 2/3 mark will be deducted for

© Copyrightwww.gateacademy.co.inH Oead ffice : A/114-115, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai (C.G.), Contact : 9713113156, 9589894176

B Oranch ffice : Raipur : 79743-90037, Bhopal : 83198-88401

Learning Objectives :

After reading this chapter you should be able to :

understand concept of radiation

derive equation of radiation

describe characteristic of antenna

describe antenna array and its parameter

define polarization loss factor

apply the Friis transmission equation to a free space

7.1  Introduction    

7.2  Concept of Radiation    

7.3  Isotropic Radiator  

7.4  Hertzian Dipole 

7.5  Power Radiated From a Hertzian Dipole   

7.6  Half Wave Dipole Field Expressions  

7.7  Quarter Wave Monopole Antenna 

7.8  Small Loop Antenna  

7.9  Antenna Parameters    

7.10  Antenna Arrays  

7.11  Uniform Linear Arrays 

7.12  Array Factor For Different Patterns  

7.13  Parabolic Reflector or Parabolic Microwave Dish  

7.14  Principle of Pattern Multiplication  

7.15  Polarization Loss Factor & Efficiency  

7.16  Friis Equation 

Antenna

7CHAPTER

Table of Contents

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Learning Objectives : After reading this chapter you should be able to : describe basics of Radar and block diagram of Radar system tell frequency bands used in Radar explain radar range equation define optical fiber and its applications understand light propagation through optical fiber

8.1 Introduction to Radar

8.2 Principle of Radar

8.3 Block diagram of Radar

8.4 Common Parameters of Radar Pulse

8.5 Pulse Repetition Frequency

8.6 Pulse Radar

8.7 Applications of Radar

8.8 Limitations of Radar

8.9 Radar Frequency Bands

8.10 Resolution

8.11 Radar Range Equation

8.12 Optical Fiber Fundamentals

8.13 General Optical Fiber Communication System

8.14 Advantages of Optical Fiber Communications

8.15 Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Communications

8.16 Electromagnetic Spectrum

8.17 Applications of Optical Fiber Communication System

8.18 Ray Transmission Theory

Basics of Radar & Optical Fiber

8CHAPTER

Table of Contents

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