Electricity network Electricity network and and electric vehicles electric vehicles

High Level Event European Green Cars Initiative

©IBERDROLA

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1. EVs are NOT threatening the electrical system: in Transmission…

Basic considerations

Example: steel manufacturing

• Energy consumption : > 100.000 MWh/year (equivalent

to 50.000 VE @ 2.000 kWh/año)

• Peak Power demand: >100 MW (equivalent to 30.000 VE

@ 3kW charging power)

And runs in peak!

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2. …or in Distribution: their consumption is comparable to the one of a household

Basic considerations

Annual consumption EV: 2.000 kWh

Annual consumption in a household:

5.000 kWh (no heating-A/C loads)

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3. In any case it will have an impact. The impact is higher at Distribution

Basic considerations

Transmission network in Spain (400kV and 220 kV). EV load is spread, no local concentration.

6M EV possible in Spain, charged in the valley

Distribution network in Spain (13KV and LV). Local bottlenecks could arise.

1M EV possible in Spain, charged in the valley

300 kms 0,2 km

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demanda

hipotesis 1

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4. EVs present some specific characteristics (not so applicable to PHEV):

• Power >> Energy (ex 44kW charger for a total energy of 25 kwh) (thermal storage: 3kW for a total load of 20 kwh)

• Criticality: mobility is affected!

They present excellent storage capacity… but also a very strong demand of instant power in urgencies! (we have to understand user’s behaviour)

5. Size of the electrical load of the EV is not a problem… cost effectiveness is the problem! (due to costs of charging infrastructure and network extensions, and related processes, like billing). This could limit EV deployment.

Basic considerations

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Charging alternatives

• Exceptional charge: electro-stations, public parkings, shops, streets:

- needed, to eliminate range anxiety- charging will take place in peak hours

Short time to charge, maximum demand: no obvious opportunities to charge control

• Daily charge:- Private garages: charge at night in valley. Flexibility- Office garages: charge at peak. Flexibility

Opportunities for charge control

• Daily Street charging:- will come later, due to infrastructure costs, for users

without garage

Dem

and Control

Control TSO

Control DSO

MV network

LV network

Demand Control

ControlSmartGrids

Local control

Intelligent meter

Transmission network

Distribution Network

Dem

and

Con

trol

Public Garage

Dem

and

Con

trol

Market

System balance

Dem

and Control

Control TSO

Control DSO

MV network

LV network

Demand Control

ControlSmartGrids

Local control

Intelligent meter

Transmission network

Distribution Network

Dem

and

Con

trol

Public Garage

Dem

and

Con

trol

Market

System balance

Intelligent Meters , communicated upstream, can

transmit network status to the loads

MV/LV secondary substations can

implement intelligent load

control downstream (including DG)

Hierarchical control from system level to

Distribution level should be applied

Network Control and Commercial Control, Power and Energy, have to be coherent

Conclussions

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• The electricity system (production, transmission and distribution network) is ready to charge, in a managed way, the electric vehicle.

• The slow charging at night has the minimal impact to the system.

• The electrical system should be developed, in any case.

• By nature, EV charge has some degree of flexibility. It should be “activated”:

• management will have to be done by price signals and by technical means.

• metering usage and telecommunications will allow such management within the distribution networks.

• regulatory issues will influence the final result

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