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SS 2010Centre for Energy Policy and EconomicsZurichbergstr. 188032 Zurich

Energy Economics and Policy - Term Paper

Electricity generated from wind power inSwitzerland - a potential source for the SBB?

The potential of wind parks and energy supplied in Switzerland as a source forelectrified trains of SBB.

Simon SuhrbeerStudent Management, Technology, and Economics

ETH Zurich

Lecturer: Prof. Thomas F. Rutherford

8th May 2010

Energy Economics and Policy Term paper

Contents

1. Introduction 3

2. Building the framework and modeling 82.1. Actual situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2. Optimal situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3. Suggestions and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3. Conclusion 14

A. Appendix 17

List of Tables

1. Energy prices per kWh for electricity in Switzerland (Swissnuclear, 2010; Rothet al., 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2. Development of the prices for energy from wind power for the years 2015 and 2030and the predicted production per year. Based on assumptions of (Swiss FederalOffice of Energy SFOE, 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3. Extrapolation for the years 2015 and 2030 based on given data and assumptions. 124. Comparison of prices for SBB’s electricity demand per year based on different

power sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136. Potential locations for wind parks separated by cantons with average wind speed

(Wind Data, 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175. Locations of installed wind turbines in Switzerland (Wind Data, 2010) . . . . . . 20

List of Figures

1. Where the turbines are: Installed wind power, largest markets in % end 2007.Countries supplying wind energy and the distribution of their installed windpower. All together 94’005 MW (The Economist print edition, 2008). . . . . . . . 5

2. Map of Switzerland with an overview of wind speeds and potential wind parklocations (Wind Data, 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3. Light blue: Number of potential locations separated by cantons. Light red:Amount of prioritized potential locations in 2010 for a quick realization. Darkblue: Potential yearly mean wind speeds of wind power plants separated by can-tons. Calculation based on data from (Wind Data, 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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1. Introduction

Today, almost everyone is talking about environmental issues - this has many reasons. One

criterion is the apparent increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. To many, it seems

as if the temperature would increase from year to year. Another and more likely reason for the

increased attention is the media coverage that discusses this topic almost every day.

Nevertheless, it is proven that due to an increase of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

a clamatic change had happened. The environment has heated up as compared to some decades

ago (McKibbin and Wilcoxen, 2002).

Politicians all over the world are pressurized to react to those circumstances. They come

together and try to find reasonable and fundamental solutions to overcoming this situation. For

example at the World Economic Forum related topics are thoroughly discussed and a ”Task

Force” with experts for environmental concerns are working on a plan for a clean revolution

(World Economic Forum, 2010).

To counteract these circumstances it is tried to reduce emissions. Therefore, new kinds of

energy generating technologies have to be found which are capable for replacing or at least

supporting the existing power plants.

The SBB has therefore set itself the goal to cover its electricity demand with renewable

resources (SBB, 2010d). They want to substitute their electricity from nuclear power plants.

Biofuel, solar energy, geothermal energy as well as energy from water, and even wind power

are some examples for such substitutes. For such a change also the population needs to be

convinced. It is in this regard that policy intervention becomes necessary.

One of the fastest growing alternative energy sources is the electricity from wind turbines

(International Energy Agency, 2009). In this paper the main focus is on this energy source.

Because of increasing efficiency of the wind turbine components, and new technologies increas-

ing the productivity of electricity generation, wind power is an increasingly favored provider of

renewable energy. Firms requiring lot of electricity - as it is the case for SBB - have recovered

wind power as a potential energy source. There are some advantages for companies choosing

renewable energy sources. They can adjust their CO2 balance with the intention to increase

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their prestige. Also to lower their dependency on electricity in a lack of supply. Some firms even

build their own power plants to be more or less independent from supply and prices. This is

what the SBB did. They built their own hydropower plants (SBB, 2010a).

But there is also a negative side caused by the installation of wind turbines like an increase

of the mortality rate of birds that fly into the propellers (Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE,

2004; Suisse Eole - Schweizerische Vereinigung fur Windenergie, 2010).

Nonetheless, to produce electricity out of wind turbines it is compulsory to position these in

areas where sufficient wind is blowing. One of the main handicaps in Switzerland is the fact

that there is no constant wind and most of the time there is even no wind at all. This makes it

very difficult for the electricity vendors to provide sufficient and constant electric current from

wind power. Therefore, it can only be used as an addition to the existing power plants where

- when there is a lot of wind blowing - more of the electricity obtained from wind energy can

be supplied to the power grid. These adjustments providing the right amount of energy from

different sources are very complex.

One of the most difficult criteria for the installation of a wind turbine is where these are placed.

In general, locations with highwind and constant horizontal airflow are preferred. Unfortunately,

those regions are rare. Other factors like the noise level of the rotor and the propeller that

disturbs the neighboring residents with a radius of 150-300m have to be taken into account

during the planning phase (Suisse Eole - Schweizerische Vereinigung fur Windenergie, 2009).

Therefore, if an appropriate place has been found several wind turbines are combined to build

a wind park. In Switzerland it is difficult to find appropriate places for such wind parks. There

are various criteria for identification of good locations: wind appearance, positioning, distance

to residential areas as well as compatibility with nature and the landscape (Swiss Federal Office

of Energy SFOE, 2010).

Abroad, in particular in northern countries bordering the North Sea like Germany, Denmark,

France and Britain, huge wind parks with a huge potential have been build off-shore (see figure

1). There are some advantages for these off-shore wind turbines compared to Switzerland: A

constant wind that blows day and night with very low variation, higher wind speeds, no need to

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care about any noise levels as no population is living nearby. For these reasons, offshore wind

park locations can be chosen more or less freely without respect to noise or aesthetics (The

Economist print edition, 2008).

18%24%

United States

Spain

India18%

24%

United States

Spain

India

China

Denmark

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United States

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Other

Germany

Figure 1: Where the turbines are: Installed wind power, largest markets in % end 2007. Coun-tries supplying wind energy and the distribution of their installed wind power. Alltogether 94’005 MW (The Economist print edition, 2008).

In Switzerland the situation is different. Wind turbines can only be installed on-shore. The

country is small and has only limited space. Places for wind parks which are considerable and

constant in wind are rare. Regarding the currently installed wind parks across Switzerland

mean wind speed at 50m height of v = 3.5ms has been measured (Wind Data, 2010). The yearly

minimum average wind speed at a height of 50m above ground should be vmin = 4.0ms . This

is why the usage of wind power is not economical in Switzerland at the moment. Hence, new

areas have been evaluated for future wind parks. Regions that show such wind speeds are to

be found in particular in the Alps and larger parts of the Jura. Calculating the yearly mean

wind speed for these regions gives a value of vopt = 5.6ms . If electricity from wind power came

from these places a production would be profitable (Suisse Eole - Schweizerische Vereinigung fur

Windenergie, 2009; Wind Data, 2010).

Figure 2(a) shows the distribution of the the wind speeds and figure 2(b) shows the potential

locations of wind parks.

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(a) Wind speeds 70m over ground

(b) Potential places in planning for wind parks with sufficient wind speeds (v ≥ 4.0ms

)

Figure 2: Map of Switzerland with an overview of wind speeds and potential wind park locations(Wind Data, 2010)

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One of the biggest enterprises in Switzerland that is responsible for public transportation

and rail freight is the SBB (Swiss Federal Railways). For their electrified locomotives they are

dependent on a constant availability of electricity. Today, they already have a climate neutral

electricity mix with which they try to reduce CO2 emissions. By 2020 they are aiming to reduce

their CO2 emissions by 30% as compared to 1990.

To achieve this goal they have taken actions such as an electricity feed of hydroelectric power

and adjustments to driving behaviour with an ”EcoDrive-concept” (SBB, 2010b). 2008 the

electricity from hydro power was 74%. As the generation of electricity from hydro power is

dependent on the amount of water available, higher quantities of residual water are now required

by law. The volume of trafic is increasing year by year and in dry periods the demand cannot

be covered. This is why the SBB is looking for new energy sources for a sufficient future supply

(SBB, 2010c).

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2. Building the framework and modeling

Taking all the facts provided into account I will now come up with a new approach and a

possible model of how the SBB could cover their need in electricity for their trains by adding a

new renewable electricity source, wind power. Could the old electricity mix with hydro power

be replaced or supplemented? To answer this I will go through the following steps:

• Actual situation What is the actual situation of the Swiss wind power market, what are

the facts and figures? Is there potential for a sufficient supply of electricity from

wind for the SBB? How much electricity is needed and how much could be supplied

at what prices? It is tried to investigate the current consumption of energy by the

SBB in the year 2010 and how energy from wind power could be integrated.

• Optimal situation Assuming a positioning of electricity generating wind turbines at opti-

mal places in Switzerland, what electricity could be produced and is it sufficient to

supply the whole fleet of the SBB? Would it be economically efficient? How much

electricity has to be covered with other renewable or non-renewable energy sources?

How much does this cost? These facts are evaluated with an approach based on

assumptions and given data.

• Suggestions and improvements Can the situation be improved with a better mix of elec-

tricity at lower costs? Is an increase in efficiency in electricity production possible?

What form might that take? What impact would a better performance of wind

turbines have on supply and at what costs for the SBB?

2.1. Actual situation

As already seen before, the actual market for wind power is poor. Nevertheless, the state is

heavily investing to support new renewable energy sources especially from wind power.

Just a few small wind turbines are installed today. Mostly there are just one or two at each

location instead of a whole wind park (there are only two wind parks in Switzerland; one of

them consisting of 8 turbines producing 8.5GWh per year). The wind blows inconstantly, with

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the result that a mean wind speed of v = 3.5ms is attained which is not enough to run those

wind turbines efficiently.

Analyzing production of all Swiss wind turbines in recent years gives these results: The power

installed is 15.6kW. The electricity production in 2009 was 22.6GWh (Wind Data, 2010). For

detailed information on data see appendix p.20, table 5.

On the basis of the facts of electricity consumption by only electrified trains of the SBB

(whereby it is assumed that this is the same as the total energy consumption (SBB, 2008))

my calculation comes to the following results: Their total consumption in energy is 2300GWh

per year whereas four fifths or 1840GWh is for the railway service. Assuming their predicted

reduction in energy consumption by 2015 this results in 1656GWh (SBB, 2010e).

SBB’s own electricity production from hydro power is 1600GWh per year. The supply by

third parties is 700GWh per year.

Comparing the energy needed with the energy produced by wind power it is obvious that

the demand cannot be covered and a full supply from wind power cannot be guaranteed at all.

There is a difference of 1817GWh per year which has to be covered with alternative energies

like hydro power. Subtracting 1600GWh gives still an uncovered amount of 217GWh per year

which has to be bought from third parties.

Table 1 shows the prices per kWh for different electricity sources.

Table 1: Energy prices per kWh for electricity in Switzerland (Swissnuclear, 2010; Roth et al.,2009)

energy source price (CHF per kWh) mean price (CHF per kWh)

Nuclear power 0.04-0.05 0.05Hydro power 0.08-0.35 0.22Wind power 0.17-0.20 0.19Solar energy (photovoltaics) 0.50-0.90 0.70Geothermal energy 0.22-0.30 0.26Biogas 0.08-0.39 0.24

As can easily be seen the cost per kWh for nuclear energy is the cheapest followed by wind

power. Calculating an electricity mix from wind power, hydro power, and nuclear power gives

an approximated amount of CHF 358 mil. per year which is extremely high.

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2.2. Optimal situation

I will now focuse on the development of the market for 2015 and 2030. Prices for electricity are

assumed to stay more or less the same (as it is just a mean value which takes the price deviations

into account). All other data is going to change.

Until the year 2030 it is assumed to have wind parks at places where a sufficient wind speed

of vmin = 4.0ms is given. Calculating the mean wind speed over one year with the available

data results in vopt = 5.6ms (Wind Data, 2010). This wind speed makes wind power production

reasonable.

Figure 3 shows the potential wind parks and the mean wind speed separated by cantons. For

more details see table 6 in the appendix.

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Figure 3: Light blue: Number of potential locations separated by cantons. Light red: Amountof prioritized potential locations in 2010 for a quick realization. Dark blue: Potentialyearly mean wind speeds of wind power plants separated by cantons. Calculationbased on data from (Wind Data, 2010).

It can be seen that efficient and sustainable locations for wind parks will be possible in the

cantons Bern, Neuchatel, Jura, and Vaud. For future wind park constructions there are in total

12 prioritized locations which are in the cantons Bern, Vaud, Wallis, but also Ticino and Uri

which provide Switzerlands highest wind speeds. Wind speeds of 5 − 6ms can be expected.

Until 2030 it is predicted to have a total production of 600GWh per year from wind power. It is

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assumed that a growth in wind power plants of 20% per year will occur and the strongest criteria

in choosing the best location and equipment following the ”wind power concept Switzerland” is

applied (Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE, 2004). This seems to be very high and today quite

difficult to reach. Choosing a constant growth in electricity production gave a total production

of approximately 47GWh for 2015 per year (see table 2).

The prices per kWh are assumed to decrease. The wind power prices are following a learning

curve effect. Specific prices depend on cumulative installation amounts and follows a relationship

in the form of sc = α · caβ, where ca is the cumulative installation amount and sc the specific

costs (Kuemmel, 1999). As parameters α and β are unknown for this case a linear function has

been applied. For the year 2015 the price is calculated at 0.17 CHF per kWh and for 2030 at

0.12 CHF per kWh (see table 2).

Table 2: Development of the prices for energy from wind power for the years 2015 and 2030 andthe predicted production per year. Based on assumptions of (Swiss Federal Office ofEnergy SFOE, 2010).

Year Price (CHF/kWh) GWh/year

2010 0.19 232015 0.17 472030 0.12 600

The amount of electricity demanded by the SBB is estimated to decrease until 2015 by another

10% in five years. This makes sense as the SBB is striving to reduce electricity consumption

by adjusting the driving behaviour of train sets (EcoDrive) and some other economy measures

(SBB, 2010d). As well for the year 2030 these assumptions of a decreasing demand were applied.

Unfortunately, the result is not very realistic. SBB reckons that there will be an increase in

traffic volume and a change to more electrified trains which in turn increases their demand

for electricity. This fact has not been taken into consideration for these simulating calculations

(SBB, 2010c). The demand resulted to decrease to 1656GWh for the year 2015 and to 1490GWh

for the year 2030 (see table 3).

The supply from wind power cannot cover the demand of electricity by the SBB. Subtracting

the given supply from demand gives a deficit of 1609GWh for the year 2015 and 890GWh for

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2030, respectively. It is assumed that this difference is covered by electricity from hydro power

and if necessary with nuclear energy. It was assumed that there is a shortage of approximately

10% for 2015 and 2030 (as water supply shrinks due to regulations by law). Electricity from

hydro power can be assumed to be 1440GWh in 2015 and 1050Gwh in 2030. Substracting those

values from the demand needed still gives a requirement of 169GWh in 2015 which has to be

covered by nuclear power, but an excess of 159GWh in the year 2030. This surplus means that

no additional energy from nuclear power is needed (see table 3).

Based on these facts for supply and demand, a price for the required electricity has been

calculated. As can be seen from table 3 the price for electricity decreases from initially CHF

358 mil. to CHF 326 mil. in 2015 and finally to CHF 302 mil. in the year 2030 (prices per kWh

for this calculation are taken from table 2).

Table 3: Extrapolation for the years 2015 and 2030 based on given data and assumptions.

year demand difference to electricity from to be covered price forper year production hydro power by third parties electricity(GWh) (GWh) (GWh) (GWh) (mil. CHF)

2010 1840 1817 1600 217 358.02015 1656 1609 1440 169 325.92030 1490 890 1050 -159 302.4

2.3. Suggestions and improvements

As can be seen, to increase the production of electricity from wind power it is not sufficient

to expose the turbines to places with higher wind speeds. Instead, a modification on the wind

turbines itself may be have an influence on performance.

Regarding a research program for wind power (Horbaty, 2009) the performance of a wind

turbine could be increased by several changes in material and coating. In detail this is a reduction

in weight with new materials resulting in a concurrent energy yield at lower wind speeds. Also

the application of nano-technology as coating for the wings and rotor against pollution and

glaciation or the positioning of the wind turbines into regions with higher air density would

increase performance and engine output.

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These actions would indirectly increase electricity supply. The wind turbines would (caused

by the nano-technology) even turn in frosty regions which is of high importance for locations in

Switzerland like the Alps. This would result in a higher energy production because the turbines

would turn without interruption no matter what weather conditions. The degree of efficiency

could be increased.

Nevertheless, a better performance would not cover the demand needed by SBB. Assuming

an increase of electricity output of all wind parks in Switzerland by 10% resulting from the

actions discussed to increase wind power performance, this would not lead to a dramatic change

in electricity generation.

Today, one wind turbine in average generates 0.58GWh electricity per year. As seen before the

demand of SBB in 2010 is 1840GWh. This means that 3177 wind turbines would be necessary to

cover SBB’s demand. It is very unlikely that so many turbines would be installed in Switzerland.

Therefore, to support SBB’s ecological way of electricity production from renewable energy

sources it could be useful for SBB to buy additional electricity from wind parks in the North

Sea, as an alternative.

Assuming SBB would only demand energy from nuclear power, the total price would be

dramatically smaller compared to the price for electricity from an energy mix or wind power.

The ratio of prices for an energy mix to energy from nuclear power is ∼4.5 (see table 4 for a

comparison in prices).

Table 4: Comparison of prices for SBB’s electricity demand per year based on different powersources

Price energy mix Price wind power Price nuclear power RatioYear (mil. CHF) (mil. CHF) (mil. CHF) mix/nuclear

2010 358.0 340.4 82.8 4.32015 325.9 306.4 74.5 4.42030 302.4 275.7 67.1 4.5

The price for nuclear power is much cheaper than for wind power or the mix consisting of

wind, hydro, and nuclear power. SBB will certainly choose a mix in between.

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3. Conclusion

Today, the energy supply from wind turbines in Switzerland is very poor. Even an increase in

efficiency due to material improvements would not result in significant higher electricity output.

A coverage of SBB’s electricity demand is a distant prospect. The Swiss market seems not ready

for a sufficient supply of electricity from local wind power.

There are several reasons for this like insufficient wind and irregular speeds, as well as limited

locations for the installation of big wind parks. Also the price per kWh for electricity from wind

power is almost four times as high as from nuclear energy. SBB as a big consumer of electricity

could not afford to spend so much money on energy from alternative energy sources. Instead,

they could buy electricity abroad which comes from renewable sources, i.e. from wind parks in

the North Sea. Prices per kWh would be even lower. Although, it is very unlikely that energy

from renewable resources will reach the same price level as for nuclear power. The quantity of

renewable electricity produced is too small to lower the prices. For SBB as a huge consumer of

electricity a higher price per kWh will carry weight.

In this case a decreasing energy demand by the year 2030 is unrealistic. SBB wants to exchange

old operated diesel with electrified trains. This instead will result in an increase in electricity

demand even if modern trains consume less energy and the driving behavior is modified. Also

the number of guests travelling by train will increase as a result of modal shifts. More and more

people switch from their car to the train as favored travel service. This too, will result in a

higher demand for electricity.

The aim to supply 600GWh from wind power seems to be very unrealistic. At the moment

such an amount is not imaginable by the year 2030. Calculating on an assumed basis of best

conditions for these wind parks is not appropriate. Compared to the energy from hydro power

the total amount gained from wind turbines is less than from SBB’s own hydro power plants.

SBB should therefore rather concentrate on the development of their existing plants, increase

the supply of electricity from water as energy source, and extend to new locations.

Another possibility for SBB could be to invest in own wind parks as the retrieval of electricity

from hydro power is limited. The price per kWh is even lower than for the energy from hydro

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power. After several years this could payoff. As seen before after the year 2030 SBB could be

theoretically independent from third party suppliers.

For an advancement of wind power in Switzerland the government could introduce a subsidy

per kWh produced and bought by the SBB. The production of regenerative electricity from wind

power would be stimulated and a sensitization of the population might occur. SBB would lead

the way resulting in higher prestige also abroad.

With this strategy in the end the whole population would have to pay for such a subsidy.

Instead, SBB could introduce a ”green ticket” which would be a bit more expensive but would

support the production of electricity from renewable resources. With this method the customer

can choose if he wants to support green energy or not and is therefore on a voluntary basis.

The extra revenue for SBB with this possibility to choose tickets by the customer is probably

smaller, but establishes understanding of the population in a informally way.

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A. Appendix

The following data was used as basis for the calculations:

Table 6: Potential locations for wind parks separated by cantons with average wind speed (WindData, 2010)

Nr. of plant priority location name canton wind speed (m/s)

39 no Ins BE 4.510 yes Buhl BE 4.625 no Fraschels BE 4.635 no Hagneck BE 4.641 no Kallnach BE 4.660 no Le Landeron BE 4.64 no Bargen BE 4.786 yes Montagne de Moutier BE 5.140 yes yesunpass BE 5.29 no Bozingenberg BE 5.5

105 no Pres de Macolin Derriere BE 5.5118 no Tramelan BE 5.659 no Le Jean Brenin BE 5.791 no Moron I BE 5.7115 no Sur la Chevre BE 5.713 yes Chalet Neuf BE 5.885 no Montagne de Diesse BE 5.889 no Montoz Est BE 5.882 no Mont Raimeux BE 5.992 no Moron II BE 5.938 no Hundsrugg BE 687 no Montagne de Romont BE 629 no Graitery BE 6.173 no Mont Crosin BE 6.190 no Montoz Ouest BE 6.293 yes Moron III BE 6.2104 no Pre Richard BE 6.237 yes Horntube BE 6.395 no Niderhorn BE 6.364 no Les Bugnenets BE 6.526 no Fremont BE 6.971 no Mannlichen BE 71 no Alp Nova GR 4.8

127 no Vorderalp GR 4.82 no Arosa GR 56 no Bischolpass GR 5.2

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42 no La Bosse JU 4.663 no Les Bois JU 4.6110 no Sous les Craux JU 4.68 no Bourrignon II JU 4.765 no Les Chenevieres JU 4.723 no Epiquerez JU 4.969 no Les Sairains JU 4.943 no La Chaux-des-Breuleux JU 57 no Bourrignon I JU 5.166 no Les Enfers JU 5.188 no Montmelon JU 5.1101 no Plain de la Cernie JU 5.1119 no Vacherie Mouillon JU 5.124 no Faux d’Enson JU 5.261 no Le Peuchappatte JU 5.353 no Lajoux JU 5.4111 no St. Brais I JU 5.4116 no Sur le Rochet JU 5.4112 no St. Brais II JU 5.812 no Cerniers de Rebevelier JU 6125 no Val de Ruz VI NE 4.549 no La Rota NE 4.778 no Mont de Couvet NE 4.9121 no Val de Ruz II NE 4.9122 no Val de Ruz III NE 4.947 no La Mosse NE 5120 no Val de Ruz I NE 556 no Le Cerneux Pequignot NE 5.199 no Paturage des Endroits NE 5.1123 no Val de Ruz IV NE 5.162 no Les Bayards NE 5.255 no Les Beneciardes NE 5.3124 no Val de Ruz V NE 5.321 no Cret de Sapel NE 5.477 no Mont de Buttes NE 5.494 no Mont Cornu NE 5.436 no Combes Dernier NE 5.650 no La Sagne NE 5.676 no Mont de Boveresse NE 5.6103 no Pouillerel NE 5.6107 no Rotel NE 5.644 no La Cote-aux-Fees NE 5.883 no Mont Sagne NE 5.830 no Grand Sommet Martel NE 6.1

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58 no Le Gurnigel NE 6.4117 no Cret Meuron NE 6.480 no Montagne de Buttes NE 6.5128 no Vue des Alpes NE 6.7102 no Grande Sagneule - Mont Racine NE 7.128 yes Gotthard TI 5.334 yes Gutsch UR 6.45 no Bassins VD 4.711 no Burtigny VD 4.770 no Longirod VD 554 no L’Auberson VD 5.498 no Nouvelle Censiere III VD 5.4114 yes Sur Grati VD 5.619 no Col du Mollendruz VD 5.818 no La Gittaz Dessus VD 5.996 no Nouvelle Censiere I VD 5.93 yes Arzier - La Raisse VD 6.175 no Mont de Baulmes VD 6.231 no Grandevent VD 6.497 no Nouvelle Censiere II VD 6.432 no Grange Neuve VD 6.579 no Mont des Cerfs VD 6.617 no Col de la Givrine VD 6.915 no Chasseron II VD 7.6109 no Sonnailley VD 7.714 no Chasseron I VD 8.4106 no Riddes VS 4.720 yes Collonges VS 533 yes Grimselpass VS 5.446 no La Foilleuse VS 5.9

19

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electricity generation from wind power in switzerland - a ... · ss 2010 centre for energy policy...

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