electrical resistivity sounding for subsurface delineation and evaluation of groundwater potential...

Journal of Environment and Earth Science

ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)Vol 2, No.7, 2012

Electrical Resistivity

Evaluation of Groundwater Potential of Araromi Akungba

Ondo State

Muraina Z. Mohammed1, 2, 3

Department of Geology & Applied Geophysics, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko

PMB 001, Akungba*E-mail of the correspondence author: [email protected]

Abstract

Electrical resistivity sounding of Araromi area of

subsurface units and evaluating the groundwater potential of the area. Forty (40) Schlumberger vertical electrical

resistivity soundings were acquired with ABEM SAS 1000 Resistivity Meter. The elec

varied from 1 – 65 m with maximum spread length

involved partial curve matching and computer iteration technique using WinResist software.

Three to four distinct subsurface geologic layers were identified from the geoelectric layers, aided by borehole

lithological logs. These included a lateritic clay/sandy clay/clayey sand/sandy topsoil, clayey weathered layer,

partially weathered/fractured basement and the fresh baseme

ohm-m and 0.7-1.5 m; 196-472 ohm

respectively.. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 m. The bedrock relief was generally uneven, with

bedrock elevations that varied between 312 and 346 m above sea level. The bedrock relief map delineated two

major parallel basement depressions striking approximately NW

The isopach map of the overburden show

constituted the dominant aquifer units with tendency for low groundwater potential

and thin nature of the overburden. Future groundwater resource developmen

feasible in few places characterized by relatively thick

Keywords: Schlumberger, Sounding, Electrode, Resistivity, Thickness, Groundwater, Rating

1. Introduction

The availability of safe and potable water in an environment is a veritable index of a tremendous role to the

development and growth of a community.

and students of Adekunle Ajasin University in Akungba t

towns of Iwaro- Oka and Etioro -

between Ikare and Owo towns in the northern part of Ondo state southwestern Nigeria.

Araromi-Akungba community has witnessed an exponential increase in population of various groups of

people in recent times. The inhabitants range from students to civil workers and artisans/local traders that

migrated to earn livings with the relocation of a state un

development heralded an increased local economy of the community as well as impacted heavy demands on

potable water for domestic uses. Inhabitants depend primarily on shallow water wells/hand

surface water resources which usually run dry during the dry season. During this period, limited amount of

potable water for consumption is usually sourced from water vendors and few boreholes sunk by the state

government and few individuals. These provisions

individuals and governmental agencies are not meeting expectations as two out of three boreholes sunk for water

supplies usually fail as soon as works are completed on them.

At present, groundwater via shallow hand dug wells and few borehole constructions constitutes a major

source of drinking water supply in this area. The yields are somewhat variable and less than expected average

considered enough for the overall populace. In order to ease the probl

living standard of the community this study was initiated to delineate the subsurface geological sequences and

their hydrogeological characteristics/groundwater potentials in the light of the notably sustainable groundw

yield of typical basement terrains. Generally, surface water accumulates after precipitation under the influence of

gravity in rock cavities as a vast groundwater reservoir supplying wells, boreholes, springs and flowing streams

(Harr 1962). In a typical Precambrian Basement Complex area

within the weathered and the tectonically induced geological features; fractured/fissured, sheared or jointed/faulted

basement columns of the rock unit(s). These

of burial and hence increase the porosity and permeability of such units for groundwater accumulation, discharge

0948 (Online)

29

al Resistivity Sounding for Subsurface Delineation and

Groundwater Potential of Araromi Akungba

Ondo State Southwestern Nigeria

Muraina Z. Mohammed1*

Thompson H. T. Ogunribido2 & Adedamola T. Funmilayo


PMB 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo state. Nigeria.

mail of the correspondence author: [email protected]

sounding of Araromi area of Akungba Akoko was conducted with a view to de

units and evaluating the groundwater potential of the area. Forty (40) Schlumberger vertical electrical

resistivity soundings were acquired with ABEM SAS 1000 Resistivity Meter. The electrode spacing (AB/2) was

65 m with maximum spread length of 130 m. The interpretation of the data was quantitative, and


face geologic layers were identified from the geoelectric layers, aided by borehole


partially weathered/fractured basement and the fresh basement with resistivity and thickness values of 3

472 ohm-m and 3.9-20.1 m; 533-742 ohm-m and 1.8-4.2 m; and infinity ohm

. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 m. The bedrock relief was generally uneven, with


major parallel basement depressions striking approximately NW-SE as the major groundwater collecting centers

The isopach map of the overburden showed generally thin overburden (< 15 m). The weathered/fractured layer

constituted the dominant aquifer units with tendency for low groundwater potential rating

and thin nature of the overburden. Future groundwater resource development in the study area is considered

feasible in few places characterized by relatively thick and sandy column of the overburden

Schlumberger, Sounding, Electrode, Resistivity, Thickness, Groundwater, Rating

of safe and potable water in an environment is a veritable index of a tremendous role to the

development and growth of a community. Araromi area of Akungba Akoko is a new settlement notably for staff

and students of Adekunle Ajasin University in Akungba town. It is bounded in the east and south by neighboring

Supare Akoko respectively, and it is situated southeast of Akungba town

between Ikare and Owo towns in the northern part of Ondo state southwestern Nigeria.

ungba community has witnessed an exponential increase in population of various groups of


migrated to earn livings with the relocation of a state university to Akungba Akoko few years ago. This


potable water for domestic uses. Inhabitants depend primarily on shallow water wells/hand

ace water resources which usually run dry during the dry season. During this period, limited amount of


government and few individuals. These provisions are grossly inadequate as further efforts by group of


supplies usually fail as soon as works are completed on them.

shallow hand dug wells and few borehole constructions constitutes a major


populace. In order to ease the problem of water scarcity and improve the


their hydrogeological characteristics/groundwater potentials in the light of the notably sustainable groundw



cal Precambrian Basement Complex area, this groundwater reservoir is usually contained


basement columns of the rock unit(s). These geological processes alter the rock units to reduce resistivity

and hence increase the porosity and permeability of such units for groundwater accumulation, discharge

www.iiste.org

Sounding for Subsurface Delineation and

Groundwater Potential of Araromi Akungba-Akoko

& Adedamola T. Funmilayo3


mail of the correspondence author: [email protected]

Akungba Akoko was conducted with a view to delineating the

units and evaluating the groundwater potential of the area. Forty (40) Schlumberger vertical electrical

trode spacing (AB/2) was

130 m. The interpretation of the data was quantitative, and


face geologic layers were identified from the geoelectric layers, aided by borehole


nt with resistivity and thickness values of 3-174

4.2 m; and infinity ohm-m

. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 m. The bedrock relief was generally uneven, with


as the major groundwater collecting centers.

The weathered/fractured layer

rating arising from the clayey

t in the study area is considered

overburden units.

Schlumberger, Sounding, Electrode, Resistivity, Thickness, Groundwater, Rating

of safe and potable water in an environment is a veritable index of a tremendous role to the

Araromi area of Akungba Akoko is a new settlement notably for staff

own. It is bounded in the east and south by neighboring

and it is situated southeast of Akungba town

ungba community has witnessed an exponential increase in population of various groups of


iversity to Akungba Akoko few years ago. This


potable water for domestic uses. Inhabitants depend primarily on shallow water wells/hand-dug wells and

ace water resources which usually run dry during the dry season. During this period, limited amount of


are grossly inadequate as further efforts by group of


shallow hand dug wells and few borehole constructions constitutes a major


em of water scarcity and improve the


their hydrogeological characteristics/groundwater potentials in the light of the notably sustainable groundwater



groundwater reservoir is usually contained


cal processes alter the rock units to reduce resistivity at depth

and hence increase the porosity and permeability of such units for groundwater accumulation, discharge



and exploitation. This, therefore, constitutes the basis of the choice of geo

this present study.

The method has been successfully employed in the delineation of subsurface geological sequence,

geological structures/features of interest, aquifer units, types and depth extent in almost all g

This is because of the significant resistivity contrasts that exist between different earth materials

Fasuyi 1993). The resistivity method can therefore map interface along which a resistivity contrast exists. This

interface may or may not coincide with geological boundary (Telford

survey / method works on the basis of energizing the subsurface via the use of two current electrodes with the

resulting potential difference measured by another two electrodes termed the potential electrodes.

2. Site Description

2.1 Site Location and Physiography

The study area is located in Araromi

confined within latitudes 70 27’ 5.82” and 7

approximate

Figure 1. Map of Ondo State showing the Study Area and the Layout

OSUN STATE

OGUN STATE

ATLANTIC OCEAN

4 30'E

6 00'N

6 30'

7 00'

7 30'N

4 30'E

Igbokoda/ Ilaje

Okitipupa

Odigbo/Ose

Ondo West

Ile-Oluji/Oke-Igbo

801200 801400 801600 801800

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

LEGEND

Major Roads

Building

Church

Minor Roads

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

Block Industry

Garage

Filling Station

To Supare Akoko

Outcrop

ATIARO QTRS

0948 (Online)

30

and exploitation. This, therefore, constitutes the basis of the choice of geoelectrical resistivity sounding survey in


geological structures/features of interest, aquifer units, types and depth extent in almost all g

This is because of the significant resistivity contrasts that exist between different earth materials

. The resistivity method can therefore map interface along which a resistivity contrast exists. This

ace may or may not coincide with geological boundary (Telford et al. 1990). The electrical resistivity



2.1 Site Location and Physiography

The study area is located in Araromi- Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Southwestern, Nigeria

27’ 5.82” and 70 27’ 41.63” and longitudes 5

0 43’ 41.43” and 5

Map of Ondo State showing the Study Area and the Layout

Abuja

DELTA STATE

KOGI STATE

EKITI STATE

5 00'E 5 30'E 6 00'E

5 00'E 5 30'E 6 00'E

LEGEND

State Boundary

Regional Boundary

SCALE - 1:400, 000

Igbokoda/

Ese Odo

Irele

Odigbo/Ose

Ondo West

Ondo East

Ile-Oluji/Oke-Igbo

Idanre

Ifedore Iju/Itaogbolu

AkureNorth

Owo

AkokoS/W

Isua Akoko

Ikare

Oka

AkokoN/W

Study Area

802000 802200 802400 802600

0m 500m

To AAUA Campus

To Iwaro-Oka

Block Industry

Garage

Filling Station

Outcrop

www.iiste.org

electrical resistivity sounding survey in


geological structures/features of interest, aquifer units, types and depth extent in almost all geological terrains.

This is because of the significant resistivity contrasts that exist between different earth materials ( Olorunfemi &

. The resistivity method can therefore map interface along which a resistivity contrast exists. This

1990). The electrical resistivity



Akoko, Ondo State, Southwestern, Nigeria (Figure 1). It is

43’ 41.43” and 50 44’ 29.43” which

Map of Ondo State showing the Study Area and the Layout

Abuja

KOGI STATE

6 00'N

6 30'

7 00'

7 30'N



northings and eastings of 825739 mN and 802713 mN and 801047 mE and 824429 mE of the Universal

Traverse Mercator (UTM) Minna Zone 31 coordinates respectively. It covers an areal extent of about

The study area is characterized by relatively gentle undulating terrain with

Bordering the site in the far north and south ends are hil

the infrastructural development on the land expanse of the area. The hills trend between 090

mean annual rainfall is about 1300 mm and mean temperature of 27

characterized by wooden shrubs, palms, moist deciduous trees and herbaceous plants. The site is usually with

dense vegetation in the rainy season and sparse in the dry season. However, human interference has reduced the

vegetation. The area is generally drained by river Alatan.

2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology

The survey area is underlain by the Precambrian Basement Complex rock

rock exposures are however found

basement is shallow and erosional activities are active.

underlain by Migmatite - gneiss-quartzite Complex with the granite gneiss and grey

while the minor units include Mafic, granodiorite, pegmatite, garnet

area is sandwiched between two parallel prominent E

north and south ends. The features create a broad vall

typical basement complex area, groundwater is usually contained in the weathered col

sheared or jointed/faulted basement columns. These

hence increase the porosity and permeability of such unit

covered with variety of lateritic soil

Figure 2. Geological Map of Akungba

being a product of in situ weathered of the parent rocks. These weathered zones typically have been the source of

groundwater in hand dug wells. The static water level of wells and few bore

to 8.0 m.

LEGEND

Migmatite

Granite

Gneiss

Granite Gneiss

5 44'0

0948 (Online)

31


a Zone 31 coordinates respectively. It covers an areal extent of about

study area is characterized by relatively gentle undulating terrain with elevations of between 326 and 350 m

Bordering the site in the far north and south ends are hills and inselbergs. The features create a b

infrastructural development on the land expanse of the area. The hills trend between 090

mean annual rainfall is about 1300 mm and mean temperature of 270C (Duze & Ojo 19



s generally drained by river Alatan.

The survey area is underlain by the Precambrian Basement Complex rock of southwestern Nigeria

however found as lowland outcrop in few places within the survey area

basement is shallow and erosional activities are active. However, according to Rahaman (1976 &

quartzite Complex with the granite gneiss and grey gneiss being the major units

while the minor units include Mafic, granodiorite, pegmatite, garnet-sillimanite gneiss and quartzite (Fig

area is sandwiched between two parallel prominent E-W ridges/inselbergs of granite gneiss composition

The features create a broad valley for groundwater resource development

typical basement complex area, groundwater is usually contained in the weathered column and fractured/

basement columns. These geological processes alter rock units to reduce resistivity and

and permeability of such units for groundwater accumulation. The study

covered with variety of lateritic soil

Geological Map of Akungba-Akoko (modified after Farotimi, 2002).

in situ weathered of the parent rocks. These weathered zones typically have been the source of

The static water level of wells and few boreholes in the area range between 1.5

Migmatite

Granite

Gneiss

Granite Gneiss

Major Roads

Minor Roads

Geological (Rock)

Boundary

5 45' E0

www.iiste.org


a Zone 31 coordinates respectively. It covers an areal extent of about 1.5 km sq.

elevations of between 326 and 350 m.

ls and inselbergs. The features create a broad valley for

infrastructural development on the land expanse of the area. The hills trend between 0900 and 125

0. The

1982). The vegetation is



of southwestern Nigeria. The basement

in few places within the survey area particularly where

according to Rahaman (1976 & 1988 a), the area is

gneiss being the major units

sillimanite gneiss and quartzite (Figure 2). The

W ridges/inselbergs of granite gneiss composition found at the

development. Generally, in a

umn and fractured/fissured,

geological processes alter rock units to reduce resistivity and

s for groundwater accumulation. The study area is

Akoko (modified after Farotimi, 2002).

in situ weathered of the parent rocks. These weathered zones typically have been the source of

holes in the area range between 1.5

7 28'N0

5 45' E

7 27'0



3. Methods of Study

3.1 Field Survey/Data Acquisition Technique

Forty (40) Schlumberger vertical electrical resistivity soundings were acquired at selected stations not more than

75 m station – station interval particularly along and/ or few meters away from major / minor roads / footpaths

and built – ups (Figure 3). The electrode spacing (AB/2) was varied from 1

of 130 m. The ABEM SAS 1000 Resistivity Meter was used for the m

ground apparent resistivity measured is a function of electrode spacing, geometry of electrode array, subsurface

layer thickness, angle of dip and anisotropic properties (Ako, 1979). The product of the measured grou

resistance (R) value and the geometric factor (G) of the electrode array for each set up gave the ground apparent

resistivity values.

Figure 3

3.2 Data Processing/Analysis

The data obtained from each station

curve for subsequent interpretation by manual partial curve matching. The partial curve matching technique

involved the matching of successive segments of the field curve by a set of

curves (Orellana and Mooney, 1966) and the corresponding auxiliary curves.

from the partial curve matching were

Velpen, 1988). The interpretation

computer-graphic display system (Ghosh, 1974; Sharma, 2000). The system made use of a fast computer to

calculate an apparent resistivity curve for a given layer

the partial curve matching interpretation was obtained

less than 10 % .

V19

V20

V21

V22

V23

V24

801200 801400

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

LEGEND

Major Roads

VES Stations

Building

Church

Minor Roads

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

To Supare Akoko

G

I

0948 (Online)

32

3.1 Field Survey/Data Acquisition Technique


al particularly along and/ or few meters away from major / minor roads / footpaths

ups (Figure 3). The electrode spacing (AB/2) was varied from 1 – 65 m with maximum spread length

of 130 m. The ABEM SAS 1000 Resistivity Meter was used for the measurement of the ground resistance. The


layer thickness, angle of dip and anisotropic properties (Ako, 1979). The product of the measured grou


Figure 3. Data Acquisition Map of the Study Area.

The data obtained from each station were plotted on transparent bi-logarithms graph paper to obtain a smooth


involved the matching of successive segments of the field curve by a set of two-layer theoretical Schlumberger

curves (Orellana and Mooney, 1966) and the corresponding auxiliary curves. The geoelectric parameters obtained

from the partial curve matching were refined by computer iteration technique using WinRESIST software (

ion by forward and inverse modeling techniques was an interactive

graphic display system (Ghosh, 1974; Sharma, 2000). The system made use of a fast computer to

calculate an apparent resistivity curve for a given layer sequence. From the above, the refinement of the results of

the partial curve matching interpretation was obtained and found satisfactory with the root square mean (rsm) of

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

V13

V14

V15

V16

V17

V18

V19

V25

V26

V27 V28

V29

V30

V31

V32

V33

V36

V37

V38

V39

V40

801600 801800 802000 802200 802400

Major Roads

VES Stations

Minor Roads

0m

To AAUA Campus

Block Industry

Garage

Filling Station

Outcrop

ATIARO QTRS

A

C

D

E

F

H

J

K

L

M

Study Area

www.iiste.org


al particularly along and/ or few meters away from major / minor roads / footpaths

65 m with maximum spread length

easurement of the ground resistance. The


layer thickness, angle of dip and anisotropic properties (Ako, 1979). The product of the measured ground


logarithms graph paper to obtain a smooth


layer theoretical Schlumberger

The geoelectric parameters obtained

computer iteration technique using WinRESIST software (Vander

by forward and inverse modeling techniques was an interactive

graphic display system (Ghosh, 1974; Sharma, 2000). The system made use of a fast computer to

the refinement of the results of

and found satisfactory with the root square mean (rsm) of

V33V34

V35V36

802400 802600

500m

To Iwaro-Oka

B

M



4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Results Presentation

The results of the data obtained from the field are presented as tables, depth sounding curves, geo

sections and maps. However, the qualitative interpretation applied to the quantitative interpretation results of the

depth sounding curves enabled the classifi

simple two electrical layers to four layer

4.2 Field Curves and Geoelectric Sections

The field curves obtained within the stu

A-type being the dominant. The typical VES c

Seven geoelectric sections were drawn in the NW

The sections generally delineate three to

topsoil, the weathered layer, fractured basement and the fresh bedrock (Fig

first layer ranges from 38 - 3533 Ωm with thickness of 0

and laterites. The resistivity of the underlying

that vary between 0 and 8.5 m. It is composed of clay, sandy clay and sand. The weathered layer is underlain by

the fractured basement in few places. The resistivity of the fractured zones varies between 432 and 90

the thickness ranges from 4.2-10.7 m. The basal unit is the fresh bedrock with resistivity that varies from 1050 to

infinity ohm-m and the depth to the bedrock ranges from 0 to 14.1 m.

overburden is generally thin. The overburden/weathered basement is absent in places particularly beneath VES

station 39 and beneath VES stations 16, 25, 26 and 28 where basement rock outcropped/thin overburden

respectively. The generally thin nature of the overburden of less tha

hydrogeologically appeal except where exist a significantly saturated thickness column of greater than 10 m in

the area.

.

0948 (Online)

33

of the data obtained from the field are presented as tables, depth sounding curves, geo


depth sounding curves enabled the classification of the VES data into curve types. The classification ranged from

simple two electrical layers to four layered curves arising from the layer resistivity combinations.

4.2 Field Curves and Geoelectric Sections

The field curves obtained within the study area are the H (6), A (16), HA (8), AA (1) and KH (7) types with the

. The typical VES curve types are shown in Figures 4 (a & b).

Seven geoelectric sections were drawn in the NW-SE and approximately SW-NE directions within the study area.

three to four major geoelectric/subsurface geologic layers which include; the

red basement and the fresh bedrock (Figures 5 a – g).

3533 Ωm with thickness of 0 - 3.7 m. The topsoil is composed of clay, sandy clay

underlying weathered layer ranges from 32 - 632 Ωm with thickness values


places. The resistivity of the fractured zones varies between 432 and 90

10.7 m. The basal unit is the fresh bedrock with resistivity that varies from 1050 to

and the depth to the bedrock ranges from 0 to 14.1 m. The geoelectric sections show that the

thin. The overburden/weathered basement is absent in places particularly beneath VES


generally thin nature of the overburden of less than 10 m in most places make the area less

ally appeal except where exist a significantly saturated thickness column of greater than 10 m in

Figure 4 a: Typical HA Curve Type.

Figure 4 b: Typical KH Curve Type.

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of the data obtained from the field are presented as tables, depth sounding curves, geo-electric


cation of the VES data into curve types. The classification ranged from

arising from the layer resistivity combinations.

dy area are the H (6), A (16), HA (8), AA (1) and KH (7) types with the

4 (a & b).

NE directions within the study area.

layers which include; the

g). The resistivity of the

3.7 m. The topsoil is composed of clay, sandy clay

632 Ωm with thickness values


places. The resistivity of the fractured zones varies between 432 and 907 Ωm and

10.7 m. The basal unit is the fresh bedrock with resistivity that varies from 1050 to

The geoelectric sections show that the

thin. The overburden/weathered basement is absent in places particularly beneath VES


n 10 m in most places make the area less

ally appeal except where exist a significantly saturated thickness column of greater than 10 m in



Figure 5 a: A NW-SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line A

Figure 5 b: A NW-SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line C

Figure 5 c: A NW-SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line E

Figure 5 d: A NW-SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line G

Figure 5 e: A SW-NE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line I

Figure 5 f: A SW-NE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line J

20

15

10

5

0

De

pth

(m

)

V30 V39

LEGEND

A

38

133

30

20

10

0

Depth

(m

)

V18

124101

432

6488

C

20

15

10

5

0

Depth

(m

)

V16

11010419

E

20

15

10

5

0

Depth

(m

)

V21 V24

93

375

2677

124

352

G

30

20

10

0

Depth

(m

)

V22

98

383

I

20

15

10

5

0

Dep

th (

m)

V26 V29

2875487

237

298

5787

J

0948 (Online)

34

SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line A-B (Resistivity values in

SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line C-D (Resistivity values in

SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line E-F (Resistivity values in

SE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line G-H (Resistivity values in

NE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line I-C (Resistivity values in

NE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line J-K (Resistivity values in

V31 V32 V33 V34

LEGEND

91

159

163 63220

271

127

213730

254

V17 V14 V12

222

205

91

70

696

33598

182

59

527

V15 V13

123207

86

302

51

942

V25 V26 V28

1294869

2875487 1224

8257

V21 V20 V19

93

375

2677

79270

67

95

1413

V4 V3 V1

125

57

2294

312479

75

13115

252

1528

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B (Resistivity values in Ωm).

D (Resistivity values in Ωm).

ues in Ωm)

H (Resistivity values in Ωm)

C (Resistivity values in Ωm).

K (Resistivity values in Ωm)

V35 B

430

32

V11

219413

94

4145

D

V3

312479

75

13115

F

V28 V8

322

1224

8257

626

487

10347

H

V18

124101

432

6488

C

V1 V31

106

252

1528

91

159

K



Figure 5 g: A SW-NE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line L

4.3 Geo-electrical Maps

The isoresistivity map of the topsoil in Araro

shows the variation in the resistivity of the topsoil within the study area. The topsoil resistivity varies from 38 to

greater than 1000 ohm-m typical of hard

ohm-m) at VES 23 stations and 39 nearest to an outcrop. The resistivity is moderately high (between 300 and

1000 ohm-m) in the eastern part of the area particularly at the extreme north

of the topsoil is generally low with resistivity

northeastern portions of the area. The

within the study area. It shows that the

that the topsoil in the area rarely goes beyond 1 m thickness except in the western portion and in the extreme

north (beneath VES station 30), including

This thin nature of the topsoil is a reflection of basement highs in most places thus hinders hand

hydrogeologically unappealed.

The isoresistivity map of the weathered layer is shown in Figure

resistivity of the weathered layer within the study area. The

ohm-m. The region which shows resistivity values greater than 700 ohm

VES station 39) and southwest (beneath VES

the fresh basement. The resistivity of the w

the central portion of the study area

southern portions of the area. The low resistivity may be indicative of a clayey

resistivity may be indicative of a sandy

of the weathered layer within the study area. The

the weathered layer is generally thin

stations 23 and 39. Nevertheless, it shows pockets of f

VES stations 3, 8, 38, etc.

The distribution of the overburden thickness within the

Appreciable overburden thickness zones are possible groundwater collecting zones. Hence, unconsolidated

materials could contain reliable aquifer if thick and sandy. (Satpathy and Kanungo, 1976; Olorunfemi and

Olorunniwo, 1985; Dan Hassan and Olorunfemi, 1999;

Ojo et al., 2007). Also related geophysical studies in a typical basement terrain identified thick overburden as

zone of high groundwater potential (Olorunfemi and Okhue, 1992; Bala and Ike, 2001; Mohamm

The map shows overburden thickness with values that vary from 0

observed throughout the study area with overburden that is very thin and rarely greater than 10 m in most places.

The overburden is relatively fair in thickness (10

vicinity of VES stations 14, 18 and 37. These zones are suggestive of possible groundwater potential zones in the

area.

Figure 6 f shows the variation in the bed

have identified hydrogeological significance of bedrock depressions (

and Okhue, 1992; Dan Hassan and Olorunfemi, 1999; Bala and Ike, 2001

Akintorinwa, 2007; Omosuyi., 2010

overburden. Conversely,

20

15

10

5

0D

ep

th (

m)

V28 V7 V6

322

1224

8257

725

257 907

LEGEND

L

0948 (Online)

35

NE Geoelectric Section obtained along Line L-M (Resistivity values in

The isoresistivity map of the topsoil in Araromi area of Akungba-Akoko is shown in (Figure


m typical of hard-pan laterite and/or bedrock. The resistivity is generally high (>1000

m) at VES 23 stations and 39 nearest to an outcrop. The resistivity is moderately high (between 300 and

m) in the eastern part of the area particularly at the extreme north-east and south

f the topsoil is generally low with resistivity that is less than 300 ohm-m in the western, central and

The map in Figure (6 b) shows the variation in the thickness of the topsoil

within the study area. It shows that the thickness of the topsoil varies from 0 to 3.8 m. This generally indicates


30), including VES stations 2 and 9 where the thickness values go beyond 1.6 m.

This thin nature of the topsoil is a reflection of basement highs in most places thus hinders hand

The isoresistivity map of the weathered layer is shown in Figure 6 c. The map shows the distribution in the

d layer within the study area. The resistivity varies from 32 to greater than 1000

m. The region which shows resistivity values greater than 700 ohm-m is observed in the north (beneath

39) and southwest (beneath VES station 23). No weathered layer was encountered in these areas but

the fresh basement. The resistivity of the weathered layer is generally less than 200 ohm-

ral portion of the study area while the resistivity is moderately high (200-700 ohm

of the area. The low resistivity may be indicative of a clayey matrix while the moderately high

of a sandy nature of the column. Figure 6 d shows the distribution in the thickness

layer within the study area. The thickness varies from 0 to 8.5 m. The isopach map shows that

the weathered layer is generally thin and averagely (< 4 m) and absent in some places especially b

stations 23 and 39. Nevertheless, it shows pockets of fairly thick weathered layer (> 7 m)

The distribution of the overburden thickness within the study area is generally shown in

reciable overburden thickness zones are possible groundwater collecting zones. Hence, unconsolidated


Olorunniwo, 1985; Dan Hassan and Olorunfemi, 1999; Bala and Ike, 2001; Mohammed and Olorunfemi,

). Also related geophysical studies in a typical basement terrain identified thick overburden as

zone of high groundwater potential (Olorunfemi and Okhue, 1992; Bala and Ike, 2001; Mohamm

shows overburden thickness with values that vary from 0 - 14.1 m. A relatively uniform thickness is


s relatively fair in thickness (10-14 m) in the northwestern and southeastern portions in the


shows the variation in the bedrock topography of the study area. Previous geoelec

hydrogeological significance of bedrock depressions (Satpathy & Kanungo,

and Okhue, 1992; Dan Hassan and Olorunfemi, 1999; Bala and Ike, 2001; Mohammed, 2007

2010) as groundwater collecting centers and are usually characterized by thick

V6 V9

179134

907

352116

2980

Fractured Basement

0100m

10m

LEGEND

Topsoil

Weathered Layer

Fresh Basement

www.iiste.org

M (Resistivity values in Ωm).

Akoko is shown in (Figure 6 a). The map


tivity is generally high (>1000

m) at VES 23 stations and 39 nearest to an outcrop. The resistivity is moderately high (between 300 and

east and south-east. The resistivity

the western, central and

shows the variation in the thickness of the topsoil

thickness of the topsoil varies from 0 to 3.8 m. This generally indicates


e thickness values go beyond 1.6 m.

This thin nature of the topsoil is a reflection of basement highs in most places thus hinders hand-dug wells and

map shows the distribution in the

resistivity varies from 32 to greater than 1000

m is observed in the north (beneath

23). No weathered layer was encountered in these areas but

-m and it is observed in

700 ohm-m) in the north and

while the moderately high

shows the distribution in the thickness

thickness varies from 0 to 8.5 m. The isopach map shows that

absent in some places especially beneath VES

airly thick weathered layer (> 7 m) especially beneath

study area is generally shown in (Figure 6 e).

reciable overburden thickness zones are possible groundwater collecting zones. Hence, unconsolidated


Bala and Ike, 2001; Mohammed and Olorunfemi, 2007;

). Also related geophysical studies in a typical basement terrain identified thick overburden as

zone of high groundwater potential (Olorunfemi and Okhue, 1992; Bala and Ike, 2001; Mohammed et al., 2012).

14.1 m. A relatively uniform thickness is


14 m) in the northwestern and southeastern portions in the


rock topography of the study area. Previous geoelectrical studies

Satpathy & Kanungo, 1976,.Olorunfemi

Mohammed, 2007; Oladapo and

) as groundwater collecting centers and are usually characterized by thick

V36

206127

1702

M



(a)

(b)

Figure 6. (a) Isoresis

V19

V20

V21

V22

V23

V24

801200 801400

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

To Supare Akoko

V19

V20

V21

V22

V23

V24

801200 801400

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

LEGEND

Major Roads

VES Stations

Building

Church

Minor Roads

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

To Supare Akoko

0948 (Online)

36

(a) Isoresistivity Map, (b) Isopach Map of the Topsoil of the Study Area

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

V13

V14

V15

V16

V17

V18

V19

V25

V26

V27 V28

V29

V30

V31

V32

V37

V38

V39

V40

801600 801800 802000 802200 802400

To AAUA Campus

ATIARO QTRS

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

V13

V14

V15

V16

V17

V18

V19

V25

V26

V27 V28

V29

V30

V31

V32

V37

V38

V39

V40

801600 801800 802000 802200 802400

Major Roads

VES Stations

Minor Roads

0m

To AAUA Campus

Block Industry

Garage

Filling Station

Outcrop

ATIARO QTRS

Study Area

www.iiste.org

of the Topsoil of the Study Area

V33V34

V35V36

802400 802600

To Iwaro-Oka

V33V34

V35V36

802400 802600

500m

To Iwaro-Oka



(c)

(d)

Figure 6. (c) Isoresistivity Map

V19

V20

V21

V22

V23

V24

801200 801400

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

To Supare Akoko

V19

V20

V21

V22

V23

V24

801200 801400

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

LEGEND

Major Roads

VES Stations

Building

Church

Minor Roads

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

To Supare Akoko

0948 (Online)

37

Isoresistivity Map, (d) Isopach Map of the Weathered Layer of the Study Area

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

V13

V14

V15

V16

V17

V18

V19

V25

V26

V27 V28

V29

V30

V31

V32

V33

V36

V37

V38

V39

V40

801600 801800 802000 802200 802400

To AAUA Campus

ATIARO QTRS

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

V13

V14

V15

V16

V17

V18

V19

V25

V26

V27 V28

V29

V30

V31

V32

V33

V36

V37

V38

V39

V40

801600 801800 802000 802200 802400

Major Roads

VES Stations

Minor Roads

0m

To AAUA Campus

Block Industry

Garage

Filling Station

Outcrop

ATIARO QTRS

Study Area

www.iiste.org

of the Weathered Layer of the Study Area

V33V34

V35V36

802400 802600

To Iwaro-Oka

V33V34

V35V36

802400 802600

500m

To Iwaro-Oka



(e)

(f)

Figure 6. (e) Overburden Thickness Map, (f) Bedrock Relief Map of the Study Area

V18

V19

V20

V21

V22

V23

V24

V25

801200 801400

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

To Supare Akoko

ATIARO QTRS

V18

V19

V20

V21

V22

V23

V24

V25

801200 801400

824600

824800

825000

825200

825400

825600

LEGEND

Major Roads

VES Stations

Building

Church

Minor Roads

From Akure

V.C. Lodge

To Supare Akoko

ATIARO QTRS

0948 (Online)

38

(e) Overburden Thickness Map, (f) Bedrock Relief Map of the Study Area

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

V13

V14

V15

V16

V17

V18

V25

V26

V27 V28

V29

V30

V31

V32

V33V34

V36

V37

V38

V39

V40

801600 801800 802000 802200 802400

To AAUA Campus

ATIARO QTRS

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

V13

V14

V15

V16

V17

V18

V25

V26

V27 V28

V29

V30

V31

V32

V33V34

V36

V37

V38

V39

V40

801600 801800 802000 802200 802400

0m

To AAUA Campus

Block Industry

Garage

Filling Station

Outcrop

ATIARO QTRS

Study Area

www.iiste.org

(e) Overburden Thickness Map, (f) Bedrock Relief Map of the Study Area

V34

V35

802600

To Iwaro-Oka

V34

V35

802600

500m

To Iwaro-Oka



ridges are usually associated with

characteristic features are observed in (Figure

depression. The depression found sandwiched betwe

approximately NW-SE direction of the study area

serves as groundwater collecting centre in this area and is suggestive of a major NW

in-filled with weathering products. This

5. Conclusions

Three to four geoelectric layers were delineated within the study area. These include; the topsoil, the weathered

layer, partially weathered/fractured basement and the

that its composition varies from clay to laterite. Maps generated using the obtained geoelectrical parameters

revealed the variation of the different layer resistivity and thicknesses within the

there exists a variable potential for groundwater development in the area

thickness of saprolite/weathered/fractured columns within a short distance.

weathered/fractured column is generally thin across the area except for the fairly thick columns as pockets of

sandy materials found scattered the

weathered/fractured layer constituted the dominant aquifer units wit

rating arising from the clayey and thin nature of the overburden. Future groundwater resource development in

the study area is considered feasible in few places characterized by relatively thick and sandy column of

overburden units. Hence, the groundwater potential of the study area

very best.

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Ako, B. D. (1979). Geophysical prospecting for groundwater in parts of Southwestern

Ph.D Thesis. O.A.U, Ife. Pp. 70

Bala, A. E. and Ike, E. C. (2001

North-Western Nigeria”. Journal of Mining and Geology

Dan Hassan, M. A. and Olorunfemi, M.

North central part of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, Vol. 35 (2), pp. 189

Duze, M. and Ojo, A. (1982). Senior School Atlas Macmillan. Pp. 113.

Farotimi, A. (2002). Geological Map of Akungba

Ghosh, D. P. (1971). The application of linear filter theory to the direct interpretation of

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Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, F. C.,

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corrosivity and the vulnerability of porous media aquifers in parts of the Chad Basin F

Northeastern Nigeria. Journal of S. Dev., Vol. 5, No. 7; Canadian Center of Sc.& Ed.,

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Ojo, J. S., Olorunfemi, M. O. & Omosuyi, G.

the Coastal Plain Sands of Okitipupa

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0948 (Online)

39

associated with thin overburden cover and are groundwater diverting centers.

characteristic features are observed in (Figure 6 f). The zone with a relatively low relief

found sandwiched between two highs/bedrock ridges run

SE direction of the study area where contours are closed. Hence, the lone major depression

serves as groundwater collecting centre in this area and is suggestive of a major NW-SE suspected regional fault

filled with weathering products. This result correlates with that obtained from the overburden thickness map


layer, partially weathered/fractured basement and the fresh basement rock. The resistivity of the topsoil reveals


revealed the variation of the different layer resistivity and thicknesses within the area. The study revealed

l for groundwater development in the area. This is because of the variable

thickness of saprolite/weathered/fractured columns within a short distance. The weath

d column is generally thin across the area except for the fairly thick columns as pockets of

sandy materials found scattered the study area particularly towards the northwestern part

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the study area is considered feasible in few places characterized by relatively thick and sandy column of

roundwater potential of the study area is generally of a low

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www.iiste.org

water diverting centers. These two

with a relatively low relief is indicative of a

runs parallel and trends

. Hence, the lone major depression

SE suspected regional fault

result correlates with that obtained from the overburden thickness map.


fresh basement rock. The resistivity of the topsoil reveals


area. The study revealed that

. This is because of the variable

he weathered/ partially

d column is generally thin across the area except for the fairly thick columns as pockets of

area particularly towards the northwestern part. The

h tendency for low groundwater potential


the study area is considered feasible in few places characterized by relatively thick and sandy column of the

s generally of a low level rating, at the

Geophysical prospecting for groundwater in parts of Southwestern Nigeria. Unpublished

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Copyright © 2004, ITC, IT

Acknowledgements

Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko

available in the Department of Geology/Applied Geophysics

reviewers is also acknowledged.

Muraina Z. Mohammed born in Ogbagi Akoko Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria.

He received a B. Tech. (1992) and an M. Tech. (1997) Degrees in Applied/Exploration Geophysics from the

Federal University of Technology, Akure and a Ph.D (2007) Degree in Applied Geophysics from O

Awolowo Univesity, Ile – Ife, Nigeria. His major field of study is Exploration and

His other interests are in Applied /Exploration Geophysics

Hydrocarbon Exploration and GPR studies of active faults.

0948 (Online)

40

T. (1991). Hydrogeological and Geologic Significance of a Geoelectric Survey

Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geosciences Society, Vol. 28, pp. 221-229.

O. and Olorunniwo, M. O. (1985). Geoelectric Parameters and Aquifer Characteristics of some

parts of Southwestern, Nigeria. Geologic Applicate E. Hydrogeological XX, Part 1, pp. 99

S. and Akintunde, O. M. (1999). “Hydrogeophysical Evaluation of the Groundwater

Potential of Akure Metropolis, South-Western Nigeria”. Journal of Mining and Geology.

. Geoelectric Assessment of Groundwater Prospect and vulnerability of overburden

aquifer. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences 3(1), pp. 123-132.

Orellana, E. and Mooney, H. M., (1996). Two-Layer Master Curve for Vertical Electrical Sounding over

. “Review of the Basement Geology of Southwestern Nigeria”. In:

Kogbe, C.A. (ed). Elizabethan Publishing: Lagos, Nigeria.

. Recent advances in the study of the basement complex of Nigeria. In: P. O. Oluy

ordinator), Precambrian Geology of Nigeria. Geol. Surv. Nigeria. Publ., p. 11

Sharma, P. V. (2000). Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Cambridge University Press.

N. (1976). Groundwater Exploration in Hard Rock, A Case Study; Geoph.

Prosp. Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 725-736.

RESIST Software Version 1.0. M. Sc Research Project. ITC, Delft, Netherlands.

Copyright © 2004, ITC, IT-RSG/DSG.

Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko is gratefully acknowledged for the use of her

in the Department of Geology/Applied Geophysics. The encouraging comment from the anonymous

born in Ogbagi Akoko Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria.


Federal University of Technology, Akure and a Ph.D (2007) Degree in Applied Geophysics from O

Ife, Nigeria. His major field of study is Exploration and Environmental

in Applied /Exploration Geophysics; Control Source Electromagnetic (

and GPR studies of active faults.

www.iiste.org

. Hydrogeological and Geologic Significance of a Geoelectric Survey

229.

. Geoelectric Parameters and Aquifer Characteristics of some

parts of Southwestern, Nigeria. Geologic Applicate E. Hydrogeological XX, Part 1, pp. 99-109.

. “Hydrogeophysical Evaluation of the Groundwater

Journal of Mining and Geology. 35(2):207 –

Groundwater Prospect and vulnerability of overburden

Layer Master Curve for Vertical Electrical Sounding over

. “Review of the Basement Geology of Southwestern Nigeria”. In: Geology of Nigeria.

. Recent advances in the study of the basement complex of Nigeria. In: P. O. Oluyide

ordinator), Precambrian Geology of Nigeria. Geol. Surv. Nigeria. Publ., p. 11-43.

Cambridge University Press.

ater Exploration in Hard Rock, A Case Study; Geoph.

t. ITC, Delft, Netherlands.

use of her field facilities

encouraging comment from the anonymous


Federal University of Technology, Akure and a Ph.D (2007) Degree in Applied Geophysics from Obafemi

Environmental Geophysics.

Control Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) for

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electrical resistivity sounding for subsurface delineation and evaluation of groundwater potential...

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computer iteration

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dominant aquifer

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