Electric Vehicles

What “State” is this “Art”

Rich Carroll

Past President, Fox Valley Electric Auto AssocMember, Chicago Electric Vehicle Consortium

Objectives EV's are coming here List by vehicle types One slide history of EV's EV Chargers (EVSE) are coming here Understand levels of charging Incentives

Lethality Safety Emergency Response Guides

Electric Vehicles are Coming Here More than a dozen

manufacturers have or will introduce one or more models in the next 12 months

Incentivization Vehicle Tax Credits (Federal) Vehicle Cash Rebates (State) Charger Install Rebates Village Stickers Preferred Parking Lower cost / mile 'Greener'

Electric Vehicles are Coming Tesla® ,Roadster and Model S Nissan Leaf®

Chevrolet Volt®

Chevrolet Spark®

Mitsubishi i-MiEV®

Ford Focus Electric®

Ford Transit Connect®

Honda Fit EV®

Think®

Mini E®

Smart fortwo ED®

Toyota RAV4 EV®

Toyota Prius V® (PHEV) MM NmG®

Fiat 500e®

Citroen C-Zero® and C1 evie® * Peugeot iOn® * Renault Zoe® and Fluence® *

* Europe only for now

Vehicle Type Abbreviations/Acronyms

BEV = Battery Powered (only) Electric Vehicle EREV = Extended Range (by combusion eng.) EV HEV = Hybrid Electric Vehicle (electric+combustion engine) LSV = Low Speed Vehicle (regardless of power) NEV = Neighborhood Electric Vehicle PHEV = Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle ZEV = Zero Emission Vehicle

Short History of Electric VehiclesERA Example Battery

ChemistryLimitations Advantages

1890-1920 (were the best selling

propulsion system in the USA in 1899, 1900)

Nickel IronNickel oxide-hydroxide athode and an iron anode, with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide.

Range <60Slow

Dependable in undependable era. Easy to start. Electricity easier to

find than gasoline. Batteries last > 100 yr.

1960-1999 Lead AcidWhen charged, cell contains neg. plates of elem. lead (Pb) and pos, plates of lead oxide (PbO2) in an electrolyte of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Range usually <40 with rare exceptions.

Effective battery life 2-5 yr.

Low cost per mile, about 2-3 ¢

2000-2004 Ni MHpositive electrodes of nickel

oxyhydroxide, negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy. Alkaline electrolyte, usually KOH

Cannot license NiMH for sole car power, can license

as hybrid, Range < 100High self discharge rate

Need little maint. Little cell to cell regulation

Current LithiumCarbon is neg. electrode,

metal oxide is pos. electrode. Electrolyte is Lithium Salt in organic

solvent.

Range usually <100 (Tesla is exception)

Quiet, low cost per mile, decreased range anxiety

Pros of EVs

Cost to run about 2-3 ¢/ mile (Gasoline 10-20 ¢/ mile)

Most of energy comes from North American Sources

Decline in production of greenhouse gasses (most sources say 50% or less of CO

2 emissions)

Renewable resources increasing in %age. ComEd 10% by 2015, 25% by 2025.

Pollution at source of electricity, monitored 24/7

Quiet

Power companies maintain their grid is ready for normal influx of EV's

Smart Grid and Smart chargers add to reliance, not burden

Potential recyclability

Cons of EV's

“Tethered” to electric outlet

EV's cost more to build

Perhaps not as 'green' as one would think

Battery technology isn't fully developed

Fewer independent mechanics (AST has alternative fuels course)

If needed, multiple chargers are expensive

Infrastructure not completely in place

State revenue plan (road use/ fuel taxes) not in place

First responders are 'getting training'

Vehicle Identification

Emblems - May say “hybrid” or “electric power”

Lettering

License Plates In Illinois,

(pure EV's are eligible for EL

series of plates at a

reduced rate.)

Characters 5,6 and 7 of

VIN could be used, but no

consensus yet.

Electric Vehicles – Drive Motor(s)

AC motors More expensive ?? more efficient Easy to get regenerative

braking

DC motorsSlightly cheaper to buildEasier to rebuild

Both types of motors use a battery pack, usually 72 volts to 350 volts. (Even though the motor is an AC motor, the battery pack is DC)

Vehicles Classed by Drive Power

Electric Motor Propulsion Tesla®, Mitsubishi i®, Nissan Leaf®

Electric Motor Propulsion with aux. onboard source of electricity (Aux. Power can be fuel cell, gas motor, diesel motor)Chevrolet Volt®

Electric Motor Propulsion with Gasoline/Diesel (switching) (Hybrid) New Prius V® (a.k.a. PHEV)

Gasoline/Diesel Power with electric assist. Small electric motor helps acceleration (but never runs by itself) (eAssist® by GM®, Prius®, most hybrids.)

Illinois Low Speed Vehicle Restrictions Vehicle must be capable of not more

than 25 MPH Vehicle must be capable of at least 20

MPH Must have title and license plates Most, but not all, are electric Can only be driven on streets with 30

MPH speed limit or less May only cross streets with 45 MPH

limit or less. May be further regulated locally Operator must have driver's license. Public Act . . . . 96-0653

EV Charging Stations are Coming Here

273 Public Charging stations by 6/30/12 (CEVC) Stage II & III

37 Ultra Fast charge, Direct DC stations by 6/30/12 (permitting pending)

Chicago and six collar counties

This is from Green Cities Grant (14.99M)

EV Charging Stations in Chicago Metro Area

263 stations on ChargePoint https://na.chargepoint.com/charge_point

140 stations on Carstations http://carstations.com/ http://www.driveelectricillinois.org/ILstations.cfm 17 stations from Blink http://

www.blinknetwork.com/blinkMap.html Hundreds of private or semi-private at employers,

apartment/condo buildings, garages, car dealers Best online resourse now is plugshare.com

EV Charging, by LevelsAC Voltage Input Current

(Amps)Input Power

(kW)Outlet

Level 1 120V <= 16 <= 2 NEMA5-15R

Level 2 208/ 240V

<= 80

(some cases, 70, 30)

<= 20 J1772

Level 3 480V 125+ 60+ CHAdeMO

Other EV Charging (Not CEVC)

Private Personal Businesses that do not want

24/7 availability Employers who want to offer

free or discount charging

Businesses that need to valet cars

Car dealers who put the charging equipment behind a lock

Purchasers who do not want the higher charging passed on to their clients

In¢entive$

Federal Tax Credit of up to $7,500 for purchase of new EV. (obviously applies only if you can use a tax credit)(amount of credit may vary with size of battery pack)

Illinois Rebate of $4,000 for purchase of new EV, or conversion of gasoline vehicle to EV. Rebate sent as state check. (does not apply to gas powered hybrids, even if plug in)

Illinois Rebate of $3,000 or $3,500 for purchasing outside charging equipment. Rebate sent as state check.

Illinois Vehicle Registration $17.50/year (2 year plate) vs. $99/year normal passenger car/B truck registration

Other states vary widely.

Electricity can be

117V AC gives electric shock, seldom lethal, causes muscles to contract/extend 60 times a second

240V AC can be lethal. Causes muscles to contract/extend. Increase in fatalities if current passes through body, stops heart (or causes arrhythmia)

AC - Above 0.03 Amps (30 milliamps) can be fatal (lungs)AC – Above 0.1 Amps (100 milliamps) → Card. V. Fib.

120V DC can be lethal. (Anything over 50V DC can be lethal) Even very small ampere rates: Muscles contract and hold.

AC current has no + terminal, no – terminal DC current always has terminals + and –, including lightning

EV and Hybrid Safety

Press has reported two fires in Volt cars One car was not a source of fire, but in a garage that burned, possibly

due to the charging of two EV's at the same time on limited wiring

EV and Hybrid Safety One was at a vehicle 'test track' run

by MGA Research in Burlington, WI. (old AMC test area)

Vehicle was rammed from side in crash test, removed to storage yard

Caught fire after 5-1/2 weeks Volt never deenergized, per testing

specifications.

No Other Fires Have Been Noted

Batteries do stay charged for many months A De-energization procedure exists for vehicles in serious

crashes Battery and component warranty is 8 years, 100,000 miles Nissan Leaf, and

Mitsubishi-i offer the

same 8 yr/ 100K

warranty

Safety in a Crash - Emergency Response Guides

Available from each major manufacturer Wide variation in quality of information No central production, each manufacturer does their own Central repository (?) http://www.evsafetytraining.org/ Not a optimized for speed of information, not always the most

current.

How to use ERG's

Available from each major manufacturer All are available as PDF files (with .pdf extension) Readable on almost all computers Readers available for iPhone®, Android® devices Keeping files updated is critical. Each first

responder must have latest files available In SOME areas, these can be downloaded in the

field.

There are variations between ERGs

Some manufacturers have specific suggestions

A good level of understanding of these will increase your safety

Consider each situation is different, but try to find more universal solutions, and understand why some solutions were offered.

There are variations between ERGs

BMW Diagram of High Voltage Cable

BMW Diagram of High Voltage Cable

Ford (Escape and Mariner) Cable

Think it's coming? No, it's here Senior editor Joe

Wiesenfelder, of Cars.com, brought a Volt to Chicago in 2011

Wiring chewed through by city rat in February 2011 (cost $750)

Staff member has minor crash in May 2011

Repair = $14,187

Take away lessons

EV's are here Charging stations will be

common Both EV's and chargers are

quite safe, . . . but Everyone needs additional

information, not just those making purchase decisions

Do not expect EV's to only be sold to those with garages, or with sufficient electrical service

Expect EV customers to charge at the mall, at the cinema, in a Tollway Oasis, at a business or college

While the high DC voltage can pose a safety hazard, it isn't an order of magnitude beyond a tank of gasoline

On the whole, EV's are safer than gasoline vehicles.

Questions for Rich

http://rcc.us/EV.ppt