electric vehicles : technical and environmental challenges patrick...

CNAM Conference - PBa 20/3/2012 Renault Property

Electric vehicles : technical and environmental

challenges

Patrick Bastard

VP, Advanced Electronics & New technologies

CNAM Conference - PBa 20.3.2012 Renault Property 2

1. Electric vehicles : basics

2. It’s time for EV now

3. But there is still wide room

for improvement





for improvement

CNAM Conference - PBa 20.3.2012 Renault Property

Engine (Diesel or Gasoline)


Engine (Diesel or Gasoline): typical power and torque


Electric motor: basics

Interaction current / magnetic field

Force = I ^ B

Torque = k*Force

Interaction field / field

North pole / south pole

i

B

F

N S N S


N

S

Example: synchronous machine

N

S

« locked » field

Rotating field


1

How to create a rotating field?(example : synchronous machine)

3-phase windings on the stator armature


How to create 3-phase voltages from battery voltage?

1

Energy

conversion

-

INVERTER

MotorUbat


« Locked field »

At the rotor side of the machine, another field has to

be created in order to follow the main field created by

the stator windings

1


Rotor field

A first solution is to use an « electro-magnet »

1


Rotor field

Another solution is to use permanent magnets

1


Other technologies

Induction machines

Reluctance machine

…


Engine vs. electric motor

speed

torque

ICE engine

electric motor

! gear box ?


Driving mode

Charger

Motor Vehicle

Battery

ENERGY

Distribution

Network

(public or home)

Inverter


Charging mode

Charger

Motor Vehicle

Battery

ENERGY

Distribution

Network

(public or home)

Inverter





for improvement


A complete EV line-up designed for mass production

TWIZY

ZOEFLUENCE ZE

KANGOO ZE


Electric Vehicle is a long story

PrototypesSmall series

Fleet

EV Mass

production

Towards a

sustainable ZE

eco-system


Why the Electric Vehicle today ?

1

4

2

3

Environmental positive impact

Technical breakthrough

Growing urbanization

Economical benefit for customer


EV is one of the levers to reach CO2 global objectives through

mass production of zero-emission vehicles

1 Environmental positive impact

128

18

62

12

21 176

133

128

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Fluence électrique

éolienne

Fluence électrique

centrale à charbon

Fluence électrique

mix moyen français

Fluence électrique

mix moyen UE

Fluence Diesel 1.5 dCi 66kW B5

UE

Fluence Essence 1.6 82 kW E5

UE

Emissions de CO2 (g/km)

du puits au réservoir / du puits à la prise

du réservoir à la roue / de la prise à la roue

155

115

GASOLINE 82 kW

DIESEL 66 kW

Electric / Eu mix

Electric / Fr mix

Electric / Coal only

Electric / Wind only

WELL-to-TANK

TANK-to-WHEEL


Li-ion battery technology is now ready for

efficient automotive applications

More Autonomy

More Performance (similar to ICE vehicles)

Charging everytime you need

2 Technical breakthrough


Urban population grows rapidly

% of urban population in 2007

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Wor

ld

Eur

ope

Fra

nce

US

Asi

a

Japa

n

Afr

ica

Source : INSEE (http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&ref_id=CMPTEF01105)

3 Growing urbanization


NEVER make

more than 150 km

Often / Sometimes68%

32% of B-segment cars

are less than

60 km / day

13% > 60 km / day

87% of daily tripsIn Europe

3 150 km is compatible with daily usage


Economical benefit for customer4

ICE

VEHICLE

ELECTRIC

VEHICLE

BONUS

FROM

GOVERNMENT

=

AT PURCHASE

ICE

VEHICLE

CONSUMPTION

ELECTRICITY

BATTERY

RENTAL

COST SAVING

WITH USE


EV : a global strategy for mass production





for improvement


On-board energy

management

BatteriesElectric powertrain

Main R&AE fields for advanced EVs

Smart navigationConnection to

infrastructure

Smart grids


Electric powertrain

INNOVATION

(Machines, power electr.)

Automotive

applications

Mass

production


Main innovation fields for powertrain design

Objective #1 : how to decrease the cost of electric powertrain

Process

improvement

New technologies

(ex : reluctance

machines, GaN

semiconductors, …)

Row material

(copper,

rare earth, …)

Machine & power

electronics

integration€


Batteries

INNOVATION

(1st life, 2nd life, recycling)

Chemical

innovation

Battery

management system

Packaging and

system integration


Batteries

EnvironmentLife Cycle, Recycling

Performances Energy and Power

Safety & Security

MaterialsAvailability, Cost,

Environmental Impact

CostInvestment,

Manufacturing

Recycling

Lifetime

Cyclability and Aging


Vehicle architecture

INNOVATION

(new mobility concepts)

Think EV !

Think globally

( EV + Infrastructure

+ services)

Take advantage of all the

known-how of ICE car

manufacturers


Infrastructure connection

INNOVATION

(technical and

business issues)

Energy

flows

Cash

flows

Data

flows


3 main solutions to charge the battery

Standard charge

Standard electrical network (AC)

Quick Charge

Quick charge station (AC or DC)

Quick drop

Battery exchange station

3 kW

---

~ 8h

22 kWh

40 kW

---

~ 30 mn

Full batt.

---

~ 3 mn


From standard charge to quick charge

Charging power

Standard

charge

5 kW 40 kW

Quick

charge

Domestic spots

Public spots

Available power depends on countries

(home plugs and power)

Medium

power solutions


Quick charge : DC vs. AC (simplified approach)

DC charging

battery

Off-board

infrastructure On-board

AC charging

battery

Off-board



Quick charge : DC vs. AC

battery

Off-board


battery

Off-board


Technical differences can be managed in both solutions :

EMC

Communication car/infrastructure

Sockets

…

DC AC

But one of the main stakes is

about economics:

Cost for

vehicle

Cost for

Infrastructure

DC AC

"

"

#

#


AC charging: a key solution for the development

of infrastructureCharging power

Standard

charge

5 kW 40 kW

Quick

charge

Domestic spots

Public spots

AC Charging

Medium

range

DC Charging

AC Charging is a flexible solution for infrastructure development

for slow charge but not only (possible extension towards quick charge)

with limited infrastructure investment

AC Charging can be a key solution in order to cover quickly a region or a

country with charging terminals

AC Charging could be cost-efficient with innovative solutions in the car to

master the cost of the global electric powertrain, including power electronics


Advanced solutions for EV charging

Induction B Flux lines

d

A’A

x

z

0

0

d

r

r

Primary coil

Secondary coil

Contactless induction solutions could be developed in the future, together with

conventional systems.


Power grids + EV synergy

INNOVATION

(Charging, V2H, V2G)

Load management

(smart charging)

Value of storage

(regarding power market,

value of reserve, …)

Renewable energy

management


At a country scale, how to ensure

balance between electricity

production and consumption ?

Forecast

Load forecast

Power plants forecast

Real time balancing

With balance mechanisms

Power reserve

Balancing market

http://www.rte-france.com/fr/developpement-durable/maitriser-sa-consommation-

electrique/la-consommation-en-temps-reel

€

Electric Vehicles: key devices in smart grids

Example : France / March 8th, 2010

(© RTE – France)


What could be the flexibility of a big EV fleet in a wide

electric T&D system ?

Step 1 :

Ability to stop charging

Step 2 :

Ability to limit home consumption

Step 3 :

Ability to supply the power network

Peak management

V2G

V2H

Economic value

CO2 management


Renewable energy + EV + smart grids = value

Random production

Storage capacity

Load curve

+


Conclusion


Towards EV 3rd generation for a completely new

eco-system

1st GenerationElectrified versions

of ICE models

< 2011

2nd GenerationSpecific EV’s

2011-2012

3rd GenerationOptimised EV’s

2015-2020


From horses to cars


« I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial

navigation other than ballooning or of expectation of

good results from any of the trials we hear of. »

(1896 )

(Clément Ader, 1897)

electric vehicles : technical and environmental challenges patrick...

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