electric solar cooking (pv-ecook)...2018/11/08 · • m. leach and r. oduro, “preliminary design...

PV-eCook.org | [email protected] | ENCOSOL & 2nd Intl. Conf. on Solar & Hybrid Mini Grids

ELECTRIC SOLAR COOKING (PV-ECOOK)WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES AND SYNERGIES WITH SOLAR THERMAL COOKING?

ENCOSOL2018 & 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES & HYBRID MINI GRIDS TO IMPROVE ENERGY ACCESS

PALMA DE MALLORCA, SPAIN | OCTOBER 17 – 19, 2018

DR. J. LEARY12, PROF. E. BROWN1, PROF. M. LEACH3, DR. S. BATCHELOR12

1LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY, UK; 2GAMOS LTD., UK; 3UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, UK


FUNDERS, PARTNERS & FOCUS COUNTRIES

LOW COST TECHNOLOGIES

KENYA, BANGLADESH

ECOOK MARKET ASSESSMENTS

ZAMBIA, MYANMAR, TANZANIA

FUNDERS

PARTNERS


OUTLINE

• The opportunity for solar electric cooking (PV-eCook)

• Synergies and divergencies between solar thermal & solar electric cooking

• Energy efficiency vs. behaviour change

• Conclusion & further research (MECS)


THE OPPORTUNITY FOR SOLAR ELECTRIC COOKING (PV-ECOOK)


4

Batchelor (2013, 2015a)


THE OPPORTUNITY EMERGES AROUND 2020

• Leach & Oduro (2015) modelled monthly costs of cooking• Comparable ‘energy in the pot’

• Costs levelised & inclusive of financing

• Are repayments on a battery electric cooker likely to be comparable to current expenditures on HH cooking fuels by 2020?

2015: charcoal & LPG was cheaper for almost everyone

Large HHs cooking high energy foods

Small HHs cooking low energy foods


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

PV-eCook, utility

(DR=5%)

PV-eCook, private sector

(DR=20%)

Charcoal LPG PV-eCook, utility

(DR=5%)

PV-eCook, private sector

(DR=20%)

Charcoal LPG

Cos

t of

coo

king

, $/m

onth

THE OPPORTUNITY EMERGES AROUND 2020

• Leach & Oduro (2015)

2020: PV-eCook becomes cost competitive for a significant number of people

Large HHs cooking high energy foods

Small HHs cooking low energy foods


= PV-eCook+ + +

+ + + = Grid-eCook

= eCook+

eCOOK TERMINOLOGY


COOKING ALSO ENHANCES MINI-GRID FINANCIAL VIABILITY

• Solar lighting substituted for existing expenditure

• Kerosene, candles, disposable batteries

• Solar TVs & refrigeration also low energy consumers

• Enhance quality of life, but no existing expenditure

• Productive applications generate new revenue, but usually much higher energy

• Cooking often has a monthly expenditure that could be re-purposed to pay for modern energy infrastructure

• better returns for investors


MINI-GRID-eCOOK: PEAK LOADING

• Cooking is often banned onmini-grids designed forlighting



• Wiring can burn out and thegenerator can be overloaded

+

+

+



• Battery storage ‘time shifts’ thecooking, mitigating peak loadrestrictions

+ +

+ +

+ +


SYNERGIES & DIVERGENCIES BETWEEN SOLAR THERMAL & SOLAR ELECTRICCOOKING


DIRECT SOLAR ELECTRIC COOKING

• A battery is not essential for cooking during the day (Batchelor et al, 2017)

+


FINANCING

SOLAR THERMAL COOKING

• Low capital cost ($5-50)

• Fuel still required for morning/evening/cloudy cooking

SOLAR ELECTRIC COOKING

• High capital cost ($100-1,000)

• Switching from daily/weekly/monthly fuel purchase to acquiring all ’fuel’ for cooking for 6 years at once

• Pay-as-you-go or utility business models required


MANUFACTURING & REPAIR


• Local manufacture of all components possible

• Repairs by end-users or tradespeople with basic training


• Local assembly of systems possible

• Repairs by trained technicians or manufacturer


BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

SOLAR THERMAL COOKING• Acceptance challenging

• Typically meets 25-33% of cooking needs (Puzzolo et al. 2013)

• Cooking only when sunny• Clouds, cloudy days & rainy season/winter

problematic

• Cooking outside in sunny space only

• Must keep dish aligned with sun

SOLAR ELECTRIC COOKING• Potential to meet 100% of cooking needs,

but fuel stacking still likely as affordable batteries will be sized for everyday needs

• Storage available for several days• Rainy season/winter problematic

• Cooking any time

• Cooking inside or outside


KEY TARGET MARKETS


• Rural off-grid contexts where fuelwood is becoming increasingly scarce


• Peri-urban off-grid contexts where people already pay for biomass


ENERGY EFFICIENCYVS.

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE


LED VS. INCANDESCENT90% REDUCTION

ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCES

WHAT IS THE ‘LED OF SOLAR ELECTRIC COOKING’?


KEY BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE BARRIERS

Single pot onlyMany complicated buttons

Outdoor, sunny, daytime cooking

onlySteel pots only

Restricted access to pot whilst cooking

Water boiling only

Slow

Flat bottomed pots only Requires other stove for initial heating


KEY DRIVERS FOR SUSTAINED ADOPTION

Speeds up long cooking foods

High power frying

Simple reheating

Fast boiling

Can use almost any shape pot

Insulation keeps contents warm after cooking

Can leave unattended

Saves fuel on primary stove


ENERGY SAVING POTENTIALU

sefu

llnes

s

Energy efficiency


+

THE MULTI-COOKER

=+


THE BEAN BOILING CHALLENGE

RANK UNITS (kWh)

1 0.0942 0.1403 0.1434 0.1475 0.1666 0.1757 0.1858 0.1909 0.23710 0.24311 0.26512 0.26813 0.38014 0.40915 0.41216 1.00117 1.1218 2.019 Unavailable20 Unavailable

• 1 cup of beans, including sauce, with the least energy possible

• Energy saving techniques employed included:

• Soaking the beans overnight (in salty water)

• Pressure cooking beans with the sauces at the start (tomatoes, onions, chilies, spices, salt and oil)

• Choosing quicker cooking varieties of beans

• Avoid depressurizing the pressure cooker while cooking

• Starting with hot water


CONCLUSION

• ’Acceptance’ by users is a major challenge for thermal solar cooking

• Electric solar cooking can go beyond ’acceptable’ and is likely to be ‘aspirational’

• Financing likely to be the major challenge

• follow in the footsteps of solar home systems

• sizing of the battery critical

= eCook+

= smarter eCook++


WHAT’S NEXT?


MODERN ENERGY COOKING SERVICES (MECS)

• Existing strategies are struggling to solve the problem of unsustainable, unhealthy but enduring cooking practices which place a particular burden on women.

• The MECS programme aims to break out of this “business-as-usual” cycle by investigating how to rapidly accelerate a transition from biomass to genuinely ‘clean’ cooking (e.g. electric, gas).

• New UK Aid funded 5 year research programme to be launched later this month.

• Led by Loughborough University, bringing together world-leading UK universities & innovators, World Bank multi-donor trust fund, ESMAP & GACC.

• Creating a stronger evidence base for transitions to modern energy cooking services in DFID priority countries

• Socio-technical innovations that will drive the transition forward.


PV-ECOOK.ORGThank you for listening!


REFERENCES

• Batchelor S, 2013, Is it time for Solar electric cooking for Africa?, Gamos Concept Note, May 2013, Reading, UK; 2013

• Batchelor S, 2015a, Africa cooking with electricity (ACE), Gamos Working Paper (Draft as at August 2015). Reading, UK; 2015

• Batchelor S, 2015b, Solar electric cooking in Africa in 2020, A synthesis of the possibilities. Evidence on Demand, UK;.v + 44 pp. [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_cr.december2015.batchelors]

• Batchelor, S., Khan, R., Scott, N., Leary, J., 2017, eCook: the Near Future Landscape of Cooking in Urban Areas in Africa . International Research Conference on Strategies for Sustainable Urban Transitions in Urban Sub-Saharan Africa (SETUSA), 19-20 June 2017, ISSERConference Facility, Legon, Accra.

• Institute for Transformative Technologies (ITT), 2016. Achieving Universal Electrification in India: A roadmap for rural solar mini-grids.

• M. Leach and R. Oduro, “Preliminary design and analysis of a proposed solar and battery electric cooking concept : costs and pricing,” Evidence on Demand (prepared at the request of the UK Department for International Development), 2015.

• E. Puzzolo, D. Stanistreet, D. Pope, N. Bruce, and E. Rehfuess, “Systematic review Factors influencing the large-scale uptake by households of cleaner and more efficient household energy technologies,” London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, 2013.

electric solar cooking (pv-ecook)...2018/11/08 · • m. leach and r. oduro, “preliminary design...

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