electric shock therapy
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Electric Shock Therapy. Good or bad?. Katie Robinson. History. Traces back to Hippocrates Malaria-induced convulsions cure the insane Convulsions and insanity cannot coexist. Julius Wagner- Jauregg. Austria. 1917. Noticed patients that survive high fevers become more sane - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Electric Shock TherapyGood or bad?
Katie Robinson
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HistoryTraces back to Hippocrates
Malaria-induced convulsions cure the insane
Convulsions and insanity cannot coexist
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Austria
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
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1917Noticed patients that survive high fevers
become more sane Injected 9 chronic paresis patients with
malariaFour completely recovered, two improved
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Performed complicated treatment on 275 people at risk for paresis
83% of people did not develop paresis
Awarded Nobel Prize in 1927 for his work
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Berlin, Germany
Manfred J. Sakel
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1927Working as an internist at Lichterfelde
Hospital for Mental Diseases Injected morphine addict with insulinCaused an artificial coma – showed
improvement mentally
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Overdose of insulin cause convulsions
Improved technique became “Sakel’s Technique”
Significant for psychiatry – first effective treatment for schizophrenia
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Survey - 1939American
Psychiatric Association
1757 schizophrenic patients
11.00%
26.50%
26.00%
Improvement
Immediate & CompleteLargleySome
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Pennsylvania Hospital performed survey
63% improved immediately
42% improved within two years
More studies found results were temporary
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Budapest
Ladislaus von Meduna
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1933Unaware of Sakel’s discoveries
Experimented on animals first
Metrazol induced convulsions
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110 people – 50% improved, some cured
Violent seizures – spine fractures in 42% of patients
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Ugo Cerletti
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Previously studied epileptics
Worked with Lucio Bini and L. B. Kalinowski
Tested electric shocks on mice
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Vast improvement in patients
10-20 shocks on alternating days
Caused memory loss and distorted memory of shock
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1970’sUsed on unruly patients
Unstrapped and unmedicated
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Now
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General anesthesia and muscle relaxers
Typical number of shocks: 6-12
Electrodes place on the head
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Side effectsMemory loss – short & long term
Studies shown memories can be retrieved
Some patients still have memory loss
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Study in July 2007 – some cognitive problems
Concerns about effects on brain structure
Inconclusive studies
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Famous peopleWho have received electric shock therapy
Ernest Hemingway (writer)– committed suicide
Silvia Path (poet) – committed suicide
Robert Lowell (poet)
Lou Reed (rock star)