ELA Final Review

Prefixes/SuffixBase- basic form of a word that you can

build upon. “Meter”- base word meaning to measure example” barometer- instrument used to measure wind pressure.

Suffix: ending three letters of a word indicating whether the word is a noun, verb etc.

Suffix ending for nouns- “ion”

Suffix ending for verbs- “ing”

Prefixes• Three letters in the BEGINNING of a

word, signaling meaning• “re” –again ex: retype, redo• “Pre”- before, example: preview

Noun/Verb Patterns• Every sentence has a noun verb pattern. Most

simple sentences follow in this pattern (SV) or (Subject, Verb)

• The cat played with the ball. • Compound sentences (sentences with 2 or more

independent clauses) have a (SV, and SV) or (SV; however, SV) pattern. FANBOYS join clauses (for and nor but or yet so)

• Complex sentences have one independent clause PLUS one or more dependent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways: (SV because SV.) or (Because SV, SV.) or (S, because SV, V.)

Examples of Sentences

• Simple: The boy played ball.

• Compound: Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 

• Complex: Although chicken always appeals to me, I still feel skeptical about frog legs.

Connectors

• Connectors are always at the beginning of the dependent clause. They show how the dependent clause is related to the independent clause. This list shows different types of relationships along with the connectors that indicate those relationships:

• Cause/Effect: because, since, so that• Comparison/Contrast: although, even though, though,

whereas, while• Place/Manner: where, wherever, how, however• Possibility/Conditions: if, whether, unless• Relation: that, which, who, whom• Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while,

until

Predicate Completer

• Remember subject/predicate?? • Your predicate is the action of the

sentence. • Therefore, a predicate completer

elaborates, explains, or modifies the predicate.

• Example: Mary enjoyed playing in the mud. (In the mud clarifies WHERE Mary likes to play!)

When to Use Who/Whom

• "Who" is a subject pronoun like "he," "she" and "we“. We use "who" to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way. Example: Who made the birthday cake?

Whom

• "Whom" is an object pronoun like "him," "her" and "us." We use "whom" to ask which person receives an action.

• Example:

• Whom are you going to invite?

Whose

• "Whose" is a possessive pronoun like "his," "her" and "our." We use "whose" to find out which person something belongs to.

• Example:

• Whose camera is this?

Adverbials

• Adverbial: any structure, no matter what its form, that functions as a modifier of a verb. Follows your adverb.

• Example: I couldn't sleep well throughout the night.

Relative Pronouns/Clauses• The most common relative pronouns

are who/whom, whoever/whomever, whose, that,and which. (Please note that in certain situations, "what," "when," and "where" can function as relative pronouns.)

• Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a word, phrase, or idea in the main clause. The word, phrase, or idea modified is called the antecedent. In the following examples, that and whom modify the subject:

• Ex: The house that Jack built is large.

Psalms of David• The Psalms are useful for singing praises

to God. They are also useful for teaching and confirming that Jesus is the Christ or Messiah. Each have a “mood” expressed (joy, thanksgiving, anger, love)

• The form of Psalms follows

• “thought rhyme” or parallelism.

• There are several types…

• Synonymous parallelism (REPITITION) - The thought of first line is repeated in the second line, expressed in different words for the sake of emphasis. A good example is found in Ps 24:2...

• For He has founded it upon the seas, And established it upon the waters. (same idea, reworded)

• Antithetical parallelism (COMPARE/CONTRAST) - The truth presented in one line is strengthened by a contrasting statement in the next line. Consider this example from Ps 1:6... For the LORD knows the way of the righteous, But the way of the ungodly shall perish. (note the contrast)

• Synthetic parallelism (CAUSE/EFFECT) - The first and second lines bear some definite relation to each other (such as cause and effect, or proposition and conclusion). A good example is Ps 119:11... Your word I have hidden in my heart, (cause) That I might not sin against You! (effect)

Types of Psalms• Alphabetic (Acrostic), Ethical, Hallelujah, Historical,

Imprecatory, Messianic, Penitential, Songs Of Ascent (Degrees), Suffering, Thanksgiving