el zoo de cristal

63
(O ]RR GH FULVWDO 7(11(66(( :,//,$06 7UDGXFFLyQ GH /HyQ 0LUODV

Upload: leon-sierra

Post on 25-Mar-2016

227 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Amanda Winfield es una mujer sola que cría a sus hijos

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: El zoo de cristal

��������

(O�]RR�GH�FULVWDO��

7(11(66((�:,//,$06��

7UDGXFFLyQ�GH�/HyQ�0LUODV�

Page 2: El zoo de cristal

�3(5621$-(6�

��$PDQGD�ZLQJILHOG��OD�PDGUH��7RP�ZLQJILHOG��HO�KLMR���/DXUD�ZLQJILHOG��OD�KLMD���-LP�R¶FRQQRU��HO�FDQGLGDWR���

(VFHQDULR��8QD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�6DLQW�/RXLV��3$57(�,��3UHSDUDFLyQ�SDUD�XQ�FDQGLGDWR���3$57(�,,��(O�FDQGLGDWR�GH�YLVLWD����eSRFD��$KRUD�\�HO�SDVDGR�����(O�]RR�GH�FULVWDO�IXH�HVWUHQDGD�SRU�(GGLH�'RZOLQJ�\�/RXLV�-��6LQJHU�HQ�HO�3OD\KRXVH�7KHDWUH�GH�1XHYD�<RUN��HO����GH�PDU]R�GH�������

Page 3: El zoo de cristal

�127$6�'(/�$8725�3$5$�/$�5(35(6(17$&,Ï1�'(���(/�

=22�'(�&5,67$/���&RPR� (O� ]RR� GH� FULVWDO� HV� XQD� ©FRPHGLD� GH� UHFXHUGRVª�� VH� OD� SXHGH�UHSUHVHQWDU�FRQ�XQD�LQVyOLWD�OLEHUDFLyQ�GH�WRGR�FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPR��'DGR�VX� PDWHULDO�� PX\� GHOLFDGR� R� WHQXH�� ODV� SLQFHODGDV� GH� DPELHQWH� \� ODV�VXWLOH]DV� GH� GLUHFFLyQ� GHVHPSHxDQ� XQ� SDSHO� SDUWLFXODUPHQWH�LPSRUWDQWH�� (O� H[SUHVLRQLVPR� \� WRGDV� ODV� GHPiV� WpFQLFDV� QR�FRQYHQFLRQDOHV�GHO� WHDWUR� WLHQHQ�XQ�VROR�REMHWR�YiOLGR��\�HV�XQ�PD\RU�DFHUFDPLHQWR� D� OD� YHUGDG�� &XDQGR� XQD� SLH]D� HPSOHD� WpFQLFDV� QR�FRQYHQFLRQDOHV��QR�WUDWD��R��FLHUWDPHQWH��QR�GHELHUD�WUDWDU��GH�HOXGLU�VX�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG� GH� KDEpUVHODV� FRQ� OD� UHDOLGDG� R� GH� LQWHUSUHWDU� OD�H[SHULHQFLD��SUHWHQGH�R�GHEH�SUHWHQGHU�DO�PHQRV�KDOODU�XQ�iQJXOR�GH�HQIRTXH�PiV� SUy[LPR�� XQD� H[SUHVLyQ�PiV� SHQHWUDQWH� \� YtYLGD� GH� ODV�FRVDV� WDOHV� FRPR� VRQ�� R� SRU� OR� PHQRV� LQWHQWDUOR�� /D� FRPHGLD�IUDQFDPHQWH� UHDOLVWD�� FRQ� VX� KHODGHUD� DXWpQWLFD� \� VXV� FXERV� GH� KLHOR�DXWpQWLFRV��FRQ�VXV�SHUVRQDMHV�GH�OHQJXDMH�LGpQWLFR�DO�GH�VX�S~EOLFR��VH�FRUUHVSRQGH� FRQ� HO� SDLVDMH� DFDGpPLFR� \� WLHQH� ODV� YLUWXGHV� GH� XQD�VHPHMDQ]D�IRWRJUiILFD��7RGRV�GHEHQ�FRQRFHU�DKRUD�OD�LQWUDQVFHQGHQFLD�GH�OR�IRWRJUiILFR�HQ�HO�DUWH��\�VDEHU�TXH�OD�YHUGDG��OD�YLGD�R�OD�UHDOLGDG�VRQ�DOJR�RUJiQLFR�TXH�OD�LPDJLQDFLyQ�SRpWLFD�VyOR�SXHGH�UHSUHVHQWDU�R�VXJHULU�� HQ� HVHQFLD��PHGLDQWH� OD� WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�� OD� WUDQVPXWDFLyQ� HQ�RWUDV�IRUPDV�TXH�ODV�H[LVWHQWHV�VLPSOHPHQWH�HQ�VX�DSDULHQFLD��(VWDV� REVHUYDFLRQHV� QR� GHEHQ� FRQVLGHUDUVH� VyOR� XQ� SUHIDFLR� D� HVWD�FRPHGLD�HQ�SDUWLFXODU��6H�YLQFXODQ�D�XQD�FRQFHSFLyQ�GH�XQ�WHDWUR�QXHYR�\� SOiVWLFR�� TXH� GHEH� VXVWLWXLU� DO� DJRWDGR� WHDWUR� GH� ORV�FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRV� UHDOLVWDV�VL� VH�TXLHUH�TXH�HO�DUWH�GUDPiWLFR�UHFREUH�VX�YLWDOLGDG�FRPR�SDUWH�LQWHJUDQWH�GH�QXHVWUD�FXOWXUD���/D�P~VLFD��2WUR�UDVJR�H[WUDOLWHUDULR�GH�HVWD�FRPHGLD�HV�HO�TXH�EULQGD�HO�XVR�GH�OD�P~VLFD��8QD�VROD�PHORGtD�TXH�UHDSDUHFH��(O�]RR�GH�FULVWDO��VH�XWLOL]D� SDUD� VXEUD\DU� HPRFLRQDOPHQWH� ORV� SDVDMHV� DGHFXDGRV�� (VWD�PHORGtD� HV� FRPR� OD� P~VLFD� GHO� FLUFR�� QR� FXDQGR� XQR� HVWi� HQ� ODV�JUDGHUtDV� R� HQ� ODV� LQPHGLDFLRQHV� GHO� HVSHFWiFXOR�� VLQR� FXDQGR� VH�HQFXHQWUD� D� FLHUWD� GLVWDQFLD� \� SHQVDQGR� SUREDEOHPHQWH� HQ�RWUD�FRVD��(Q� HVDV� FLUFXQVWDQFLDV� SDUHFH� SURVHJXLU� FDVL� LQWHUPLQDEOHPHQWH� \� VH�HQWUHWHMH�FRQ�OD�SUHRFXSDGD�FRQFLHQFLD�GHO�R\HQWH��HQWUDQGR�\�VDOLHQGR�GH�HOOD��DGHPiV��HV�OD�P~VLFD�PiV�OHYH�\�GHOLFDGD�GHO�PXQGR�\�TXL]i�OD�PiV� WULVWH�� ([SUHVD� OD� YLYDFLGDG� VXSHUILFLDO� GH� OD� YLGD�� FRQ� OD� YHWD�VXE\DFHQWH� GHO� GRORU� LQPXWDEOH� H� LQH[SUHVDEOH��&XDQGR�XQR�PLUD�XQD�SLH]D�GH�YLGULR�GHOLFDGDPHQWH�KHFKD��SLHQVD�HQ�GRV�FRVDV��HQ�VX�EHOOH]D�\� HQ�VX� IUDJLOLGDG��$PEDV� LGHDV�GHEHQ�HQWUHWHMHUVH�HQ� OD�PHORGtD�TXH�UHDSDUHFH��TXH�HQWUD�\�VDOH�GH�OD�FRPHGLD�FRPR�D�LPSXOVRV�GH�XQ�YLHQWR�

Page 4: El zoo de cristal

YROXEOH��6LUYH�GH�HVODEyQ�\�DOXVLyQ�HQWUH�HO�QDUUDGRU��FRQ�VX�XELFDFLyQ�LQGHSHQGLHQWH� HQ� HO� WLHPSR� \� HQ� HO� HVSDFLR�� \� HO� WHPD� GH� VX� UHODWR��(QWUH�XQR�\�RWUR�HSLVRGLR��YXHOYH�FRPR�XQD�DOXVLyQ�D�XQ�VHQWLPLHQWR��OD�QRVWDOJLD��TXH�HV�OD�SULPHUD�FRQGLFLyQ�GH�OD�FRPHGLD��(V�HVHQFLDOPHQWH�OD�P~VLFD�GH�/DXUD�\�SRU�HVR�DSDUHFH�FRQ�PiV�FODULGDG�FXDQGR�OD�SLH]D�VH� FRQFHQWUD� VREUH� HOOD� \� OD� KHUPRVD� IUDJLOLGDG� GHO� YLGULR� TXH� HV� VX�LPDJHQ���/D�LOXPLQDFLyQ��/D�LOXPLQDFLyQ�GH�OD�FRPHGLD�QR�HV�UHDOLVWD��$�WRQR�FRQ�OD�DWPyVIHUD�GH�UHFXHUGR��HO�HVFHQDULR�HVWi�HQ�OD�VRPEUD��6H�SUR\HFWDQ�KDFHV�GH�OX]�VREUH�]RQDV�R�DFWRUHV�HVFRJLGRV��HQ�FRQWUDGLFFLyQ�D�YHFHV�FRQ�VX�FHQWUR�DSDUHQWH��(Q�OD�HVFHQD�GH�OD�ULxD�HQWUH�7RP�\�$PDQGD��SRU�HMHPSOR��HQ�TXH�/DXUD�QR�GHVHPSHxD�XQ�SDSHO�DFWLYR��HO�KD]�GH�OX]�PiV�QtWLGR�VH�SUR\HFWD�VREUH�OD�ILJXUD�GH�pVWD��/R�PLVPR�SXHGH�GHFLUVH�GH�OD�HVFHQD�GH�OD�FHQD��HQ�TXH�OD�VLOHQFLRVD�ILJXUD�GH�/DXUD�HQ�HO�VRIi�GHEH�VHJXLU�VLHQGR�HO�FHQWUR�YLVXDO��/D�OX]�TXH�LOXPLQD�D�/DXUD�GHEH�VHU�GLVWLQWD�GH�OD�GH�ORV�GHPiV��WHQLHQGR�XQD�FODULGDG�SUtVWLQD�FDUDFWHUtVWLFD��WDO�FRPR�OD�OX]�XVDGD�HQ�ORV�SULPLWLYRV�UHWUDWRV�UHOLJLRVRV�GH�ODV�VDQWDV�R�PDGRQDV�� (Q� WRGD� OD� SLH]D� SRGUtD� XVDUVH� HILFD]PHQWH� FLHUWD�FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD� FRQ� OD� OX]� GH� ORV� FXDGURV� UHOLJLRVRV�� FRPR� ORV� GH� (O�*UHFR�� GRQGH� ODV� ILJXUDV� VH� SUHVHQWDQ� UDGLDQWHV� HQ� DWPyVIHUDV�UHODWLYDPHQWH�VRPEUtDV���(VR�SHUPLWLUi�WDPELpQ�XQ�XVR�PiV�HILFD]�GH�OD�FRUWLQD�GH�JDVD���8Q�XVR�OLEUH�H�LPDJLQDWLYR�GH�OD�OX]�SXHGH�VHU�GH�XQ�YDORU� HQRUPH� SDUD� GDUOHV� XQ� FDUiFWHU�PyYLO� \� SOiVWLFR� D� FRPHGLDV� GH�QDWXUDOH]D�PiV�R�PHQRV�HVWiWLFD����127$6�62%5(�/26�3(5621$-(6��

$PDQGD�:LQJILHOG� �OD�PDGUH���8QD�PXMHU� GH�JUDQ�SHUR�D]RUDGD�YLWDOLGDG�� TXH� VH� DIHUUD� IUHQpWLFDPHQWH� D� RWUR� WLHPSR� \� OXJDU�� 6X�FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ�GHEH�VHU�FUHDGD�FRQ�VXPR�FXLGDGR��QR�FRSLDGD�GHO�WLSR��1R� HV� XQD� SDUDQRLFD�� SHUR� VX� YLGD� HV� XQD� SDUDQRLD�� (Q� $PDQGD� KD\�PXFKR�GH�DGPLUDEOH��\�WDQWDV�FRVDV�GLJQDV�GH�DPRU�\�SLHGDG�FRPR�GH�ULVD�� &LHUWDPHQWH�� WLHQH� FDSDFLGDG� SDUD� VRSRUWDU� VXIULPLHQWRV� \� XQD�HVSHFLH� GH� KHURtVPR�� \� DXQTXH� VX� HVWXSLGH]� VXHOH� KDFHUOD�LQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWH�FUXHO��HQ�VX�IUiJLO�SHUVRQD�KD\�WHUQXUD���

/DXUD�:LQJILHOG� �VX� KLMD���$PDQGD�� GHVSXpV�GH�KDEHU� IUDFDVDGR�HQ� VX� LQWHQWR� GH� HQWUDU� HQ� FRQWDFWR� FRQ� OD� UHDOLGDG�� VLJXH� YLYLHQGR�HVHQFLDOPHQWH�HQ�VXV�LOXVLRQHV��SHUR�OD�VLWXDFLyQ�GH�/DXUD�HV�PiV�JUDYH�D~Q��8QD�HQIHUPHGDG�GH�OD�LQIDQFLD�OD�KD�GHMDGR�WXOOLGD��\D�TXH�XQD�GH�VXV�SLHUQDV�HV�PiV�FRUWD�TXH�OD�RWUD�\�OH�D\XGD�XQ�DSDUDWR��%DVWD�FRQ�VXJHULU�HVWH�GHIHFWR�HQ�HVFHQD��(O�UHWUDLPLHQWR�GH�/DXUD��QDFLGR�GH�HVWD�FLUFXQVWDQFLD�� VH�KD�DFUHFHQWDGR�KDVWD�FRQYHUWLUOD�HQ�XQD�SLH]D�GH�VX�

Page 5: El zoo de cristal

SURSLD� FROHFFLyQ� GH� YLGULR�� GHPDVLDGR� H[TXLVLWDPHQWH� IUiJLO� SDUD�PRYHUOD�GHO�HVWDQWH��

�7RP�:LQJILHOG� �VX� KLMR��� (O� QDUUDGRU� GH� OD� SLH]D�� 8Q� SRHWD� TXH�

WUDEDMD� HQ�XQD� ]DSDWHUtD�� 6X� WHPSHUDPHQWR� FDUHFH�GH�FUXHOGDG��SHUR�SDUD�HVFDSDU�GH�XQD�WUDPSD�GHEH�REUDU�VLQ�FRPSDVLyQ��

�-LP�2¶&RQQRU��HO�FDQGLGDWR���8Q�MRYHQ�FRQYHQFLRQDOPHQWH�JXDSR���

7��:���

Page 6: El zoo de cristal

��

$&72�35,0(52��

Page 7: El zoo de cristal

(6&(1$�35,0(5$���(O�DSDUWDPHQWR�GH�ORV�:LQJILHOG�HVWi�HQ�ORV�IRQGRV�GHO�HGLILFLR��\�HV�XQR�GH�HVRV�YDVWRV�FRQJORPHUDGRV�GH�XQLGDGHV�GH�YLGD�FHOXODU�VHPHMDQWH�D�XQD� FROPHQD�� TXH� IORUHFHQ� FRPR�H[FUHFHQFLDV�HQ� ORV�FHQWURV�XUEDQRV�VXSHUSREODGRV�GH�OD�FODVH�PHGLD�LQIHULRU�\�VRQ�XQ�VtQWRPD�GHO�LPSXOVR�TXH�HPSXMD�D�HVH�VHFWRU�GH�OD�VRFLHGDG�QRUWHDPHULFDQD��HO�PiV�JUDQGH�\�IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH�HVFODYL]DGR��D�HYLWDU�OD�IOXLGH]�\�OD�GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ��\�D�H[LVWLU�\�IXQFLRQDU�FRPR�XQD�HQWUHWHMLGD�PDVD�GH�DXWRPDWLVPR���(O�DSDUWDPHQWR�GD�VREUH�XQD�FDOOHMXHOD�\�SHQHWUD�HQ�pO�XQD�HVFDOHUD�GH�HPHUJHQFLD�SDUD�FDVRV�GH�LQFHQGLR��XQD�HVWUXFWXUD�FX\R�QRPEUH�HV�XQ�UDVJR� GH� YHUGDG� SRpWLFD� DFFLGHQWDO�� SRUTXH� HQ� WRGRV� HVRV� HQRUPHV�HGLILFLRV� DUGHQ� VLHPSUH� ORV� OHQWRV� H� LPSODFDEOHV� IXHJRV� GH� OD�GHVHVSHUDFLyQ� KXPDQD�� /D� HVFDOHUD�GH�HPHUJHQFLD� HVWi� LQFOXLGD�HQ�HO�HVFHQDULR��HV�GHFLU�� OR�HVWiQ�VX�UHOODQR�\�ORV�SHOGDxRV�TXH�EDMDQ�GH�pO��1yWHVH�TXH�HO�FDOOHMyQ�GH�OD�L]TXLHUGD�SXHGH�RPLWLUVH�WRWDOPHQWH��\D�TXH�VyOR�VH�XVD�SDUD� OD�SULPHUD�HQWUDGD�GH�7RP�� OD�FXDO�SXHGH�HIHFWXDUVH�SRU�OD�GHUHFKD���(O� HVFHQDULR� HV� HO� UHFXHUGR� \� SRU� OR� WDQWR� QR� HV� UHDOLVWD�� (O� UHFXHUGR�SHUPLWH� PXFKDV� OLFHQFLDV� SRpWLFDV�� 2PLWH� DOJXQRV� GHWDOOHV�� RWURV� VH�H[DJHUDQ��VHJ~Q�HO�YDORU�VHQWLPHQWDO�GH�ORV�REMHWRV�TXH�WRFD��\D�TXH�OD�PHPRULD� UDGLFD�SUHIHUHQWHPHQWH�HQ�HO� FRUD]yQ��3RU�HVR��HO� LQWHULRU�HV�EDVWDQWH�RVFXUR�\�SRpWLFR����$SHQDV�VH�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV�GH�OD�VDOD��OOHJD�SRU�OD�GHUHFKD�OD�P~VLFD�GH�XQ� VDOyQ� GH� EDLOH�� 9LHMD� P~VLFD� SRSXODU� GHO� SHULRGR� �����������GLJDPRV�� eVWD� FRQWLQ~D� KDVWD� TXH� 7RP� DSDUHFH� HQ� HO� UHOODQR� GH� OD�HVFDOHUD�GH�HPHUJHQFLD��HQFLHQGH�XQ�FLJDUULOOR�\�HPSLH]D�D�KDEODU����$O� OHYDQWDUVH� HO� WHOyQ�� (O� S~EOLFR� VH� HQIUHQWD� FRQ� OD� RVFXUD� \� FHxXGD�SDUHG� GH� ORV� IRQGRV� GH� OD� FDVD� GH� DORMDPLHQWR� GH� ORV� :LQJILHOG�� �(O�HVFHQDULR�SURSLDPHQWH�GLFKR�HVWi�VHSDUDGR�GH�HOOD�SRU�XQD�FRUWLQD�GH�JDVD�� TXH� VXJLHUH� HO� IUHQWH� GHO� HGLILFLR��� (VWH� HGLILFLR�� SDUDOHOR� D� ODV�FDQGLOHMDV��HVWi�IODQTXHDGR�SRU�GRV�FDOOHMXHODV�VRPEUtDV�\�DQJRVWDV�TXH�VH�LQWHUQDQ�HQ�OyEUHJRV�GHVILODGHURV�GH�PDUDxDV�GH�URSD�FROJDGD��ODWDV�FRQ�GHVSHUGLFLRV�\�HO�VLQLHVWUR�HQUHMDGR�GH�ODV�HVFDOHUDV�GH�HPHUJHQFLD�YHFLQDV���/DV�FDOOHMXHODV�HVWiQ�HQ�UHDOLGDG�HQ�ODV�WLQLHEODV�\�ORV�REMHWRV�TXH�DFDEDQ�GH�PHQFLRQDUVH�QR�VRQ�YLVLEOHV���/DV�HQWUDGDV�GH�OD�FDOOH�\�ORV� PXWLV� VH� KDFHQ� SRU� HVDV� FDOOHMXHODV� ODWHUDOHV�� $O� DFDEDU� HO�FRPHQWDULR� LQLFLDO� GH� 7RP�� HO� RVFXUR�PXUR� GH� OD� FDVD� GH� DORMDPLHQWR�PXHVWUD� SRFR� D� SRFR� �SRU� PHGLR� GH� XQ� WUDQVSDUHQWH�� HO� LQWHULRU� GHO�

Page 8: El zoo de cristal

GHSDUWDPHQWR�GH�ORV�:LQJILHOG�HQ�OD�SODQWD�EDMD��/D�FRUWLQD�GH�JDVD��TXH�VXJLHUH�HO� IUHQWH�GHO�HGLILFLR��VH� OHYDQWD�VREUH�HO�GHFRUDGR� LQWHULRU��(Q�SULPHU�WpUPLQR�HVWi�OD�VDOD��TXH�OH�VLUYH�WDPELpQ�GH�GRUPLWRULR�D�/DXUD��DEULpQGRVH�XQ�VRIi�FDPD�TXH�XWLOL]D�GH�OHFKR��0iV�DOOi��KD\�XQ�WDEXUHWH�R�PHVD�HQ�GRQGH�VH�KDOOD�XQ�WHOpIRQR��$O�IRUR��HQ�HO�FHQWUR�\�VHSDUDGR�SRU�XQ�DQFKR�DUFR�R�XQ�VHJXQGR�SURVFHQLR�GH�FRUWLQDMHV�WUDQVSDUHQWHV�\�DMDGRV��R�VHJXQGR�FRUWLQDMH��HO�©VHJXQGR�FRUWLQDMHª�HV�HQ�UHDOLGDG�HO�GH�JDVD�LQWHULRU�LQWHUPHGLR�HQWUH�OD�VDOD�\�HO�FRPHGRU��TXH�VH�KDOOD�HQ�HO�IRUR�� HVWi� HO� FRPHGRU�� (Q� XQD� DQWLFXDGD� ULQFRQHUD� GH� OD� VDOD�� KD\�PXFKRV�DQLPDOHV�GH�YLGULR� WUDQVSDUHQWH��8QD�HPSDxDGD�IRWRJUDItD�GHO�SDGUH�GH�ORV�:LQJILHOG��GH�IUHQWH�DO�S~EOLFR��D�OD�L]TXLHUGD�GHO�DUFR��(V�HO�URVWUR� GH� XQ� MRYHQ� PX\� JXDSR�� FRQ� HO� TXHSLV� GH� XQ� LQIDQWH�QRUWHDPHULFDQR� GH� OD� 3ULPHUD� *XHUUD� 0XQGLDO�� 6RQUtH� YDOHURVDPHQWH��FRQ� XQD� VRQULVLWD� LUUHVLVWLEOH�� FRPR� VL� GLMHUD�� ©6RQUHLUp� VLHPSUH�ª��$GYLpUWDVH�TXH��HQ�FXDQWR�FRQFLHUQH�DO�VDOyQ�GH�EDLOH��VyOR�HV�HVHQFLDO�TXH�VH�YHD�OD�YHQWDQD�LOXPLQDQGR�OD�SDUWH�OHMDQD�GH�OD�FDOOHMXHOD��1R�HV�QHFHVDULR�PRVWUDU�XQD�VHFFLyQ�FRQVLGHUDEOH�GHO�VDOyQ�GH�EDLOH����(O� S~EOLFR� R\H� \� YH� OD� HVFHQD� LQLFLDO� GHO� FRPHGRU� WDQWR� D� WUDYpV� GHO�WUDQVSDUHQWH� FXDUWR� PXUR� �pVWH� HV� OD� FRUWLQD� GH� JDVD� TXH� VXJLHUH� HO�IUHQWH�GHO� HGLILFLR�� \� ORV� FRUWLQDMHV� WUDQVSDUHQWHV�GH�JDVD�GHO�DUFR�GHO�FRPHGRU�� 'XUDQWH� HVWD� UHYHODGRUD� HVFHQD� VXEH� OHQWDPHQWH� HO� FXDUWR�PXUR�� KDVWD� SHUGHUVH� GH� YLVWD�� (VWH� PXUR� H[WHULRU� WUDQVSDUHQWH� QR�YXHOYH� D� EDMDU� KDVWD� HO� ILQDO� GH� OD� SLH]D�� GXUDQWH� HO� GLVFXUVR� ILQDO� GH�7RP���(O�QDUUDGRU�HV�XQ�IUDQFR�FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPR�GH�OD�SLH]D��6H�WRPD�WRGDV�ODV� OLEHUWDGHV�TXH�FRQYLHQHQ�D�VX�SURSyVLWR�FRQ�ORV�FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRV�GUDPiWLFRV���7RP�HQWUD�GH�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�L]TXLHUGD��R�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��VL�VH�RPLWH�OD�GH�OD�L]TXLHUGD���9LVWH�LQGXPHQWDULD�GH�PDULQHUR�GH�OD�PDULQD�PHUFDQWH�\� YD�GHVSDFLRVDPHQWH�SRU�HO� IUHQWH�GHO�HVFHQDULR�KDFLD� OD�HVFDOHUD�GH�HPHUJHQFLD�� �7RP� SXHGH� LQFOLQDUVH� FRQWUD� HO� HQUHMDGR� GH� OD� HVFDOHUD�FXDQGR�HQFLHQGH�HO� FLJDUULOOR���$OOt��VH�GHWLHQH�\�HQFLHQGH�XQ�FLJDUULOOR��/H�KDEOD�DO�S~EOLFR���720��7HQJR�WUXFRV�HQ�HO�EROVLOOR��\�FRVDV�EDMR�OD�PDQJD�SHUR�VR\�WRGR�

OR�FRQWUDULR�GHO�SUHVWLGLJLWDGRU�FRP~Q��eVWH��OHV�EULQGD�D�XVWHGHV�XQD� OLQGD� LOXVLyQ�FRQ� ODV�DSDULHQFLDV�GH� OD�YHUGDG��<R�� OHV�GR\�OD�YHUGDG� FRQ� ODV� JUDWDV� DSDULHQFLDV� GH� OD� LOXVLyQ�� /RV� OOHYR� D� XQD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�6DLQW�/RXLV��/D�pSRFD�HQ�TXH�WUDQVFXUUH�OD�DFFLyQ�HV�HO� OHMDQR� SHUtRGR� HQ� TXH� OD� HQRUPH� FODVH�PHGLD� GH� ORV� (VWDGRV�8QLGRV� VH�PDWULFXODED� HQ� XQD�HVFXHOD� SDUD� FLHJRV��6XV�RMRV� OHV�IDOODEDQ�� R� HOORV� IDOODEDQ� D� VXV� RMRV�� \� SRU� HVR� VH� OHV� RSULPtD�

Page 9: El zoo de cristal

HQpUJLFDPHQWH� ORV� GHGRV� VREUH� HO� IHUR]� DOIDEHWR� %UDLOOH� GH� XQD�HFRQRPtD� HQ� GHVLQWHJUDFLyQ�� (Q� (VSDxD�� KDEtD� UHYROXFLyQ��$TXt��VyOR� KDEtD� JULWRV� \� FRQIXVLyQ� \� FRQIOLFWRV� REUHURV�� D� YHFHV�YLROHQWRV�� HQ� FLXGDGHV� SRU� OR� GHPiV�SDFtILFDV� FRPR�&OHYHODQG����&KLFDJR���� 'HWURLW���� eVD� HV� OD� DWPyVIHUD� VRFLDO� HQ� TXH� VH�GHVDUUROOD� OD� DFFLyQ� GH� HVWD� FRPHGLD�� (VWD� FRPHGLD� VRQ� ORV�UHFXHUGRV���6H�R\H�P~VLFD���&RPR�HV�XQD�FRPHGLD�GH�UHFXHUGRV��KD\�SRFD�OX]��HV�VHQWLPHQWDO��QR�HV�UHDOLVWD��(Q�OD�PHPRULD��WRGR�SDUHFH� DFRQWHFHU� FRQ� P~VLFD�� (OOR� H[SOLFD� HO� YLROtQ� TXH� VH� R\H��HQWUH�EDVWLGRUHV��<R�VR\�HO�QDUUDGRU�GH�OD�FRPHGLD�\�WDPELpQ�XQR�GH�VXV�SHUVRQDMHV��/RV�RWURV�VRQ�PL�PDGUH�$PDQGD��PL�KHUPDQD�/DXUD� \� XQ� FDQGLGDWR� PDWULPRQLDO� TXH� DSDUHFH� HQ� ODV� HVFHQDV�ILQDOHV�� (VWH�HV� HO�SHUVRQDMH�PiV� UHDOLVWD� GH� OD�SLH]D�� SRU�VHU�HO�HPLVDULR� GH� XQ� PXQGR� GHO� FXDO�� HQ� FLHUWR� PRGR�� HVWiEDPRV�VHSDUDGRV�� 3HUR� FRPR� WHQJR� OD� GHELOLGDG� GH� XQ� SRHWD� SRU� ORV�VtPERORV��XVR�D�HVWH�SHUVRQDMH�FRPR�HO�GHPRUDGR�SHUR�VLHPSUH�HVSHUDGR�DOJR�SRU� HO�FXDO�YLYLPRV��+D\�XQ�TXLQWR�SHUVRQDMH�TXH�VyOR�DSDUHFH�HQ�XQD�IRWRJUDItD�FROJDGD�GH�OD�SDUHG��&XDQGR�YHDQ�OD� LPDJHQ� GH� HVWH� VRQULHQWH� FDEDOOHUR�� VtUYDQVH� UHFRUGDU� TXH�HV�QXHVWUR� SDGUH�� TXH� QRV� DEDQGRQy� KDFH� PXFKR� WLHPSR�� (UD� XQ�WHOHIRQLVWD� TXH� VH� HQDPRUy� GH� OD� ODUJD� GLVWDQFLD�� GH�PRGR� TXH�UHQXQFLy� D� VX� HPSOHR� HQ� OD� FRPSDxtD� WHOHIyQLFD� \� KX\y� GH� OD�FLXGDG����/D�~OWLPD�QRWLFLD�TXH�WXYLPRV�GH�pO�IXH�XQD�SRVWDO�GH�OD�FRVWD� PH[LFDQD� GHO� 3DFtILFR�� FRQ� XQ� PHQVDMH� GH� GRV� SDODEUDV��©£+ROD��DGLyV�ª��\�VLQ�GLUHFFLyQ��&UHR�TXH�HO�UHVWR�GH� OD�FRPHGLD�VH� H[SOLFDUi� SRU� Vt� PLVPR�� �6H� HQFLHQGHQ� ODV� OXFHV� HQ� HO�FRPHGRU���

��7RP�VDOH�SRU�OD�GHUHFKD��+DFH�PXWLV�SRU�HO�SULPHU�WpUPLQR��VH�TXLWD�VX�DEULJR� GH� PDULQHUR� \� VX� DMXVWDGR� JRUUR� WHMLGR� \� VH� TXHGD� MXQWR� D� OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD�GHO�FRPHGRU��HVSHUDQGR�HO�PRPHQWR�GH�HQWUDU�HQ�HVFHQD��6H�R\H�OD�YR]�GH�$PDQGD�D�WUDYpV�GH�ORV�FRUWLQDMHV��HVWR�HV��GH�ODV�FRUWLQDV�GH�JDVD�TXH�VHSDUDQ�DO�FRPHGRU�GH�OD�VDOD��$PDQGD�\�/DXUD�HVWiQ�VHQWDGDV�MXQWR�D�XQD�PHVD�OLEUR��$PDQGD�RFXSD�OD�VLOOD�GHO�FHQWUR�\� /DXUD� OD�GH� OD� L]TXLHUGD�� (O�DFWR�GH�FRPHU�VH� LQGLFD�FRQ�JHVWRV�� VLQ�YLDQGDV�QL�XWHQVLOLRV��$PDQGD�HVWi�GH� IUHQWH�DO�S~EOLFR��(O� LQWHULRU�GHO�FRPHGRU�� VH� KD� LOXPLQDGR� VXDYHPHQWH� \� D� WUDYpV� GH� ODV� FRUWLQDV� GH�JDVD�� YHPRV� D�$PDQGD�\� D� /DXUD� VHQWDGDV� D� OD�PHVD�HQ� OD�]RQD�GHO�IRUR����

$0$1'$�� ¢6DEHV� XQD� FRVD�� /DXUD"� (O� GRPLQJR� SDVDGR�� PH� VXFHGLy� DOJR�JUDFLRVtVLPR� HQ� OD� LJOHVLD�� (O� UHFLQWR� HVWDED� DWHVWDGR� \� VyOR� TXHGDED�OLEUH�XQR�GH�ORV�SULPHURV�EDQFRV�\�DOOt�VH�YHtD�DSHQDV�D�XQD�PXMHUFLWD��/H� VRQUHt� PX\� GXOFHPHQWH� \� OH� GLMH�� 3HUGyQHPH� XVWHG���� ¢7HQGUtD�LQFRQYHQLHQWH� HQ� TXH�\R�FRPSDUWLHUD�HVWH� EDQFR"�©6t� �PH�GLMR���(VWH�

Page 10: El zoo de cristal

HVSDFLR� HVWi� DOTXLODGR�ª� ¢6DEHV�TXH�HV� OD�SULPHUD�YH]�TXH�RLJR�GHFLU�TXH� HO� 6HxRU� DOTXLOD� HVSDFLR"� �/DV� FRUWLQDV� GH� JDVD� GHO� FRPHGRU� VH�GHVFRUUHQ�DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH��� £(VRV�HSLVFRSDOHV�GHO�1RUWH��&RPSUHQGR�D�ORV�GHO�6XU��SHUR�D�ORV�GHO�1RUWH��QR���7RP�HQWUD�HQ�HO�FRPHGRU�SRU�OD�GHUHFKD��VH�GHVOL]D�KDFLD�OD�PHVD�\�VH�VLHQWD�D�OD�GHUHFKD���4XHULGR��QR�HPSXMHV� OD� FRPLGD� FRQ� ORV� GHGRV�� 6L� HV� IRU]RVR� TXH� OD� HPSXMHV� FRQ�DOJR�� XVD� XQD� FRUWH]D� GH� SDQ�� 'HEHV� PDVWLFDU� OR� TXH� FRPHV�� /RV�DQLPDOHV�WLHQHQ�HQ�HO�HVWyPDJR�VHFUHFLRQHV�TXH�OHV�SHUPLWHQ�GLJHULU�VX�FRPLGD� VLQ� PDVWLFDUOD�� SHUR� ORV� VHUHV� KXPDQRV�� DQWHV� GH� WUDJDUOD��GHEHQ�PDVWLFDUOD�\�PDVWLFDUOD��2K��FRPH�VLQ�SULVD��&RPH�VLQ�SULVD��8QD�FRPLGD� ELHQ� SUHSDUDGD� WLHQH�PXFKRV� VDERUHV� GHOLFDGRV� TXH� FRQYLHQH�UHWHQHU� HQ� OD� ERFD� SDUD� DSUHFLDUORV�� \� QR� OLPLWDUVH� D� HQJXOOLUORV�� £2K��PDVWLFD�� PDVWLFD�� PDVWLFD�� �$� HVWD� DOWXUD�� OD� FRUWLQD� GH� JDVD� �VL� HO�GLUHFWRU�GHFLGH�XVDUOD���OD�TXH�VXJLHUH�OD�SDUHG�H[WHUQD��VH�OHYDQWD�\�QR�YXHOYH� D� EDMDU� KDVWD� HO� ILQ� GH� OD� FRPHGLD��� ¢1R� TXLHUHV� GDUOHV�RSRUWXQLGDG�GH�IXQFLRQDU�D�WXV�JOiQGXODV�VDOLYDOHV"�

720��0DPi��QR�KH�GLVIUXWDGR�GH�XQ�VROR�ERFDGR�GH�OD�FHQD�D�FDXVD�GH�WXV�FRQVWDQWHV�LQVWUXFFLRQHV�VREUH�OD�PDQHUD�GH�FRPHUOD��(UHV�W~�TXLHQ�PH�REOLJD� D� FRPHU� SUHFLSLWDGDPHQWH�� FRQ� WX� DWHQFLyQ� GH� JDYLOiQ� VREUH�WRGRV�PLV� ERFDGRV�� 5HVXOWD� UHSXOVLYD���� WRGD� HVD� GLVHUWDFLyQ� VREUH� OD�VHFUHFLyQ�GH�ORV�DQLPDOHV����ODV�JOiQGXODV�VDOLYDOHV����£OD�PDVWLFDFLyQ��

��9D�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD�GH�OD�VDOD��HQFLHQGH�XQ�FLJDUULOOR����$0$1'$�� £7LHQHV� WHPSHUDPHQWR�� FRPR� XQ� GLYR� GHO�0HWURSROLWDQ�� 1R� WH� KH�

SHUPLWLGR�TXH�WH�UHWLUHV�GH�OD�PHVD��720��9R\�D�IXPDU�XQ�FLJDUULOOR��$0$1'$��)XPDV�GHPDVLDGR��/$85$��OHYDQWiQGRVH���0DPi��WUDHUp�HO�FDIp��$0$1'$�� 1R�� QR�� QR�� 7~�� VLpQWDWH�� +R\�� \R� VHUp� HO� QHJULWR� TXH� VLUYH� \� W~�

VHUiV�OD�GDPD��/$85$��<D�PH�KH�OHYDQWDGR��$0$1'$�� 3XHV� YXHOYH� D� VHQWDUWH�� 9XHOYH� D� VHQWDUWH�� &RQVpUYDWH� IUHVFD� \�

OLQGD�SDUD�ORV�FDQGLGDWRV���/DXUD�VH�VLHQWD���/$85$��1R�HVSHUR�OD�YLVLWD�GH�QLQJ~Q�FDQGLGDWR��$0$1'$� �TXH� KD� HVWDGR� UHFRJLHQGR� ORV� SODWRV� GH� OD� PHVD� \� SRQLpQGRORV�

VREUH� OD� EDQGHMD��� /R� JUDFLRVR�� HV� TXH� YLHQHQ� FXDQGR� PHQRV� VH� ORV�HVSHUD��5HFXHUGR�XQD�WDUGH�GH�GRPLQJR��HQ�%OXH�0RXQWDLQ��FXDQGR�WX�PDGUH�HUD�QLxD����

�6DOH�HQ�EXVFD�GHO�FDIp��SRU�HO�IRUR�GHUHFKD���720��£6p�TXp�VH�DYHFLQD���/DXUD�VH�OHYDQWD����/$85$�� 6t�� 3HUR�PiV� YDOH� TXH� VH� OR� GHMHV� GHFLU�� �9D�KDFLD� OD� L]TXLHUGD�GHO�

VRIi�FDPD�\�VH�VLHQWD���720��¢'H�QXHYR"�/$85$��/H�JXVWD�GHFLUOR��

Page 11: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$� �HQWUDQGR� SRU� OD� GHUHFKD� DO� FRPHGRU� \� SDVDQGR� D� OD� VDOD� FRQ� OD�EDQGHMD� \� HO� FDIp��� 5HFXHUGR� TXH� XQ� GRPLQJR� SRU� OD� WDUGH�� HQ� %OXH�0RXQWDLQ�� FXDQGR� WX� PDGUH� HUD� XQD� QLxD�� OD� YLVLWDURQ���� £GLHFLVLHWH�FDQGLGDWRV���6H�DFHUFD�D�7RP��OH�GD�FDIp�\�YD�DO�FHQWUR�GHO�HVFHQDULR��/DXUD�VH�OH�DSUR[LPD��WRPD�OD�WDFLWD�\�YXHOYH�D�VX�VLWLR��$PDQGD�SRQH�OD�EDQGHMD�VREUH�OD�PHVLWD�TXH�HVWi�D�OD�GHUHFKD�GHO�VRIi�FDPD�\�VH�VLHQWD�MXQWR�D�HOOD��/D�FRUWLQD�LQWHULRU�VH�FRUUH��ODV�OXFHV�VH�DSDJDQ���

$0$1'$��/R�FLHUWR�HV�TXH��D�YHFHV��QR�KDEtD�VLOODV�VXILFLHQWHV�SDUD�WRGRV�HOORV�\� WHQtDPRV� TXH�PDQGDU� DO� QHJULWR� D� FDVD�GHO� FXUD� HQ�EXVFD� GH� VLOODV�SOHJDEOHV��

720��¢&yPR�FRQVHJXLVWH�HQWUHWHQHU�D�WRGRV�HVRV�FDQGLGDWRV"���7RP�VH�VLHQWD��ILQDOPHQWH��HQ�OD�EXWDFD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD����$0$1'$��£'DED�OD�FDVXDOLGDG�GH�TXH�\R�FRQRFtD�HO�DUWH�GH�OD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ��720��£$SXHVWR�D�TXH�VDEtDV�KDEODU��$0$1'$�� &ODUR� TXH� Vt�� 7RGDV� ODV�PXFKDFKDV�GH�PL� WLHPSR� OR� VDEtDQ�� WH� OR�

DVHJXUR��720��¢'H�YHUDV"�$0$1'$��6DEtDQ�HQWUHWHQHU� D� ORV�FDQGLGDWRV�TXH� ODV� YLVLWDEDQ��1R�EDVWDED�

TXH� XQD� PXFKDFKD� WXYLHUD� XQD� OLQGD� FDUD� \� XQD� ILJXUD� JUDFLRVD����DXQTXH�\R�QR�HVWDED�PDO�GRWDGD�HQ�QLQJXQR�GH�HVRV�VHQWLGRV��7DPELpQ�GHEtD� WHQHU� XQ� LQJHQLR� iJLO� \� XQD� OHQJXD� FDSD]� GH� DIURQWDU� WRGDV� ODV�HPHUJHQFLDV��

720��¢'H�TXp�KDEODEDV"�$0$1'$�� £'H� ODV� FRVDV� LPSRUWDQWHV� TXH� VXFHGtDQ� HQ� HO� PXQGR�� 0LV�

FDQGLGDWRV�HUDQ�FDEDOOHURV����£WRGRV�HOORV��£)LJXUDEDQ�HQWUH�ORV�KRPEUHV�PiV�GHVWDFDGRV�GHO� GHOWD� GHO�0LVVLVVLSt���� HUDQ� KDFHQGDGRV�H�KLMRV� GH�KDFHQGDGRV��(VWDED�&KDPS�/DXJKOLQ��KLMR���6H�R\H�P~VLFD���0iV�WDUGH��&KDPS� OOHJy� D� VHU� YLFHSUHVLGHQWH� GHO� %DQFR� GH� ORV� +DFHQGDGRV� GHO�'HOWD��<�+DGOH\�6WHYHQVRQ��TXH�VH�DKRJy�HQ�HO�ODJR�0RRQ��'LRV�PtR��SRU�FLHUWR�TXH�GHMy�D�VX�HVSRVD�ELHQ�DVHJXUDGD����FRQ�FLHQWR�FLQFXHQWD�PLO�GyODUHV���� HQ� WtWXORV�GHO�*RELHUQR��<� ORV�KHUPDQRV�&XWUHUH����:HVOH\�\�%DWHV��£%DWHV�HUD�XQR�GH�PLV�DOHJUHV�JDODQHV�IDYRULWRV��3HUR�WXYR�XQD�ULxD� FRQ� :DLQZULJKW�� DTXHO� VDOYDMH�� \� OD� HPSUHQGLHURQ� D� WLURV� HQ� HO�FDVLQR�GHO�ODJR�0RRQ��%DWHV�UHFLELy�XQ�EDOD]R�HQ�HO�HVWyPDJR��0XULy�HQ�OD�DPEXODQFLD�FXDQGR�OR�OOHYDEDQ�D�0HQILV��&LHUWDPHQWH��WDPELpQ�pO�GHMy�ELHQ�DVHJXUDGD�D�VX�YLXGD����FRQ�QR�PHQRV�GH�RFKR�R�GLH]�PLO�DFUHV��1R�DPDED�D�VX�PXMHU��HOOD�OR�DWUDSy�SRU�FDVXDOLGDG��GH�UHERWH��/D�QRFKH�HQ�TXH�PXULy��HQFRQWUDURQ�HQ�VX�EROVLOOR�PL�IRWRJUDItD��£2K��£<�DTXHO�MRYHQ�TXH�OHV�KDFtD�SHUGHU�OD�FDEH]D�D�WRGDV�ODV�PXFKDFKDV�GHO�GHOWD��£$TXHO�JXDSR� �VH� H[WLQJXH� OD� P~VLFD�� \� WDOHQWRVR� )LW]KXJK�� GHO� GLVWULWR� GH�*UHHQH��

720��¢4Xp�OH�GHMy�D�VX�YLXGD��pVH"�

Page 12: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$��£1R�VH�FDVy��¢4Xp�WH�SDVD"�£+DEODV�FRPR�VL�WRGRV�PLV�DGPLUDGRUHV�GH�DQWDxR�VH�KXELHUDQ�PXHUWR��

720��¢1R�HV�pVH�HO�SULPHUR�GH�ORV�TXH�KDV�PHQFLRQDGR�TXH�VREUHYLYLy"�$0$1'$��*DQy�PXFKtVLPR�GLQHUR��)XH�DO�1RUWH��D�:DOO�6WUHHW�\�DPDVy�XQD�

IRUWXQD��7HQtD�HO� WRTXH�GH�0LGDV����WRGR� OR�TXH�WRFDED�VH�FRQYHUWtD�HQ�RUR���6H�OHYDQWD���<�\R�KDEUtD�SRGLGR�VHU�OD�VHxRUD�HVSRVD�GH�-��'XQFDQ�)LW]KXJK���� £ItMDWH� ELHQ�� �9D� D� OD� L]TXLHUGD��� 3HUR���� ¢TXp� KLFH"� £0H�GHVFDUULp�\�PH�FDVp�FRQ�WX�SDGUH���0LUD�OD�IRWRJUDItD�TXH�SHQGH�VREUH�OD�SDUHG�� 9D� KDFLD� OD� PHVLWD� YHFLQD� GHO� VRIi�FDPD� HQ� EXVFD� GH� XQ�FHQLFHUR���

/$85$��VH�OHYDQWD���0DPi��GpMDPH�UHFRJHU�OD�PHVD��$0$1'$��UHFRJH�ODV�WDFLWDV�GH�/DXUD�\�GH�7RP���1R��TXHULGD��9H�D�SUDFWLFDU�

WX�GDFWLORJUDItD�DO�WDFWR��2�WX�WDTXLJUDItD��£6LJXH�IUHVFD�\�OLQGD��£(V�FDVL�OD�KRUD�GH�TXH�HPSLHFHQ�D�OOHJDU�WXV�FDQGLGDWRV��¢$�FXiQWRV�FUHHV�TXH�UHFLELUHPRV� HVWD� WDUGH"� �7RP� GHVFRUUH� ODV� FRUWLQDV� TXH� VHSDUDQ� HO�FRPHGRU� GH� OD� VDOD�� TXH� VH� FLHUUDQ� GHWUiV� GH� HOOD�� \� $PDQGD� VDOH��HQWUDQGR�HQ�OD�FRFLQD��7RP�VH�TXHGD�DO�IRUR�HQ�OD�VDOD���

/$85$��D�$PDQGD��TXH�HVWi�GHWUiV�GH�OD�HVFHQD���1R�FUHR�TXH�UHFLEDPRV�D�QLQJXQR��PDPi��

$0$1'$� �WUDV� GH� OD� HVFHQD��� ¢$� QLQJXQR"� ¢1L� XQR� VROR"� £'HEHV� HVWDU�EURPHDQGR�� ¢1L� XQ� FDQGLGDWR� GH� YLVLWD"� ¢4Xp� SDVD"� ¢+D� KDELGR� XQD�LQXQGDFLyQ�R�XQ�WRUQDGR"�

/$85$��\HQGR�KDFLD�OD�PHVD�GH�OD�PiTXLQD�GH�HVFULELU���1L�XQD�LQXQGDFLyQ�QL�XQ� WRUQDGR�� PDPi�� /R� TXH� SDVD�� VLPSOHPHQWH�� HV� TXH� QR� VR\� WDQ�SRSXODU� FRPR� OR� HUDV� W~� HQ�%OXH�0RXQWDLQ��0DPi� WHPH�TXH�VHUp�XQD�VROWHURQD���6H�R\H�P~VLFD��6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV��7RP�VDOH�SRU�HO�IRUR�HQ�ODV�WLQLHEODV��/DXUD�YD�KDFLD�HO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO���

Page 13: El zoo de cristal

�(6&(1$�6(*81'$�

��

(O�HVFHQDULR�HV�HO�PLVPR��6H�LOXPLQD�OD�VDOD��VH�YH�D�/DXUD�MXQWR�DO�]RR��OXVWUDQGR�ORV�DQLPDOHV�GH�YLGULR��9D�KDFLD�HO� IRQyJUDIR��SRQH�XQ�GLVFR���(Q� OD� UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ� SRU� SURIHVLRQDOHV� VH� XVDED� ©'DUGDQHOODª�� SHUR�SXHGH� XWLOL]DUVH� FXDOTXLHU� GLVFR� SRSXODU� GH� OD� GpFDGD� GH� �����������'HEH�VHU�XQ�GLVFR�JDVWDGR���/DXUD�VLQFURQL]D� VXV� DFWRV�SDUD�SRQHU� OD�S~D�VREUH�HO�GLVFR�HQ�HO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR�HQ�TXH�FRQFOX\H�HO�IUDJPHQWR�PXVLFDO�TXH�VH�HVWDED�HMHFXWDQGR�HQ�OD�HVFHQD�DQWHULRU���(QWUD�$PDQGD�SRU�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��6H�R\H�UHFKLQDU�OD�OODYH�GH�OD� FHUUDGXUD�� /DXUD� YD� FRQ� DLUH� FXOSDEOH� D� OD� PiTXLQD� GH� HVFULELU� \�WHFOHD���/D�PHVLWD�FRQ�OD�PiTXLQD�HVWi�D~Q�HQ�HVFHQD��D�OD�L]TXLHUGD�GH�OD� VDOD��� $PDQGD� HQWUD� HQ� OD� KDELWDFLyQ� GH� OD� GHUHFKD�� FHUUDQGR� OD�SXHUWD��9D�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD�\�GHMD�VREUH�HOOD�HO�VRPEUHUR��HO�EROVR�\�ORV�JXDQWHV���$�$PDQGD�OH�KD�VXFHGLGR�DOJR��(VH�DOJR�HVWi�JUDEDGR�HQ�VX�URVWUR��XQD�PLUDGD�FHxXGD�\�GHVHVSHUDGD�\�DOJR�ULGtFXOD��9LVWH�XQR�GH�HVRV�DEULJRV�EDUDWRV� GH� SDxR� TXH� VLPXODQ� WHUFLRSHOR�� FRQ� XQ� FXHOOR� GH� SLHOHV� GH�LPLWDFLyQ��6X�VRPEUHUR�WLHQH�\D�FLQFR�R�VHLV�DxRV�GH�DQWLJ�HGDG��HV�XQR�GH� HVRV� KRUULEOHV� ©FORFKHª� TXH� VH� XVDURQ� HQ� PLO� QRYHFLHQWRV�YHLQWLWDQWRV�� \� RSULPH� XQ� HQRUPH� SRUWDPRQHGDV� GH� FKDURO� QHJUR� FRQ�FLHUUH� H� LQLFLDOHV� GH� QtTXHO�� (VH� HV� VX� XQLIRUPH� GH� JDOD�� HO� TXH� XVD�KDELWXDOPHQWH�FXDQGR�YD�D�OD�VHGH�GH�ODV�'$5���6XV�ODELRV�VH�FRQWUDHQ��VXV�RMRV�VH�GLODWDQ��ORV�SRQH�HQ�EODQFR�\�PHQHD�OD�FDEH]D���$O�YHU�OD�H[SUHVLyQ�ILVRQyPLFD�GH�VX�PDGUH��/DXUD�VH�WRFD�ORV�ODELRV�FRQ�QHUYLRVR�JHVWR���

/$85$��+ROD��PDPi��3UHFLVDPHQWH��\R�HVWDED�����$0$1'$��/R�Vp��6yOR�HVWDEDV�SUDFWLFDQGR�WX�GDFWLORJUDItD��VXSRQJR��/$85$��6t��$0$1'$��£(QJDxR��HQJDxR��HQJDxR��/$85$��FRQ�YR]�WUpPXOD���¢&yPR�HVWXYR�OD�UHXQLyQ�GH�OD�'$5��PDPi"�$0$1'$��DFHUFiQGRVHOH���£/D�UHXQLyQ�GH�OD�'$5���/$85$��¢1R�IXLVWH�D�OD�UHXQLyQ�GH�OD�'$5��PDPi"��$0$1'$� �FRQ�YR]�GpELO�� FDVL� LQDXGLEOH���1R��QR� IXL�D�QLQJXQD�UHXQLyQ�GH� OD�

'$5� �FRQ�PiV�HQHUJtD���1R�WXYH�IXHU]DV����1R�WXYH�HO�YDORU�QHFHVDULR��6yOR�TXHUtD�KDOODU�XQ�DJXMHUR�HQ�HO�VXHOR�\�RFXOWDUPH�HQ�pO�\�TXHGDUPH�

Page 14: El zoo de cristal

DOOt� GXUDQWH� HO� UHVWR� GH� PL� YLGD�� �5DVJD� HO� FXDGUR� XVDGR� SDUD� OD�GDFWLORJUDItD�DO�WDFWR��\�DUURMD�DO�VXHOR�ORV�SHGD]RV���

/$85$��¢3RU�TXp�KDV�KHFKR�HVR��PDPi"�$0$1'$� �VH� VLHQWD� HQ� HO� H[WUHPR�GHUHFKR� GHO� VRIi�FDPD���¢3RU�TXp"�¢3RU�

TXp"�¢4Xp�HGDG�WLHQHV��/DXUD"�/$85$��0DPi��W~�VDEHV�PL�HGDG��$0$1'$�� &UHt� TXH� HUDV� WRGD� XQD� PXMHU�� SHUR� HYLGHQWHPHQWH� HVWDED� PX\�

HTXLYRFDGD���0LUD�ILMDPHQWH�D�/DXUD���/$85$��£3RU�IDYRU��QR�PH�PLUHV�FRQ�ILMH]D��PDPi���&LHUUD�ORV�RMRV�\�EDMD�OD�

FDEH]D��3DXVD���$0$1'$��¢4Xp�YDV�D�KDFHU"�¢4Xp�VHUi�GH�QRVRWURV"�¢4Xp�IXWXUR�QRV�HVSHUD"�

�3DXVD���/$85$��¢+D�VXFHGLGR�DOJR��PDPi"�0DPi����¢+D�VXFHGLGR�DOJR"�$0$1'$��6H�PH�SDVDUi�HQ�VHJXLGD��6yOR�HVWR\�GHVFRQFHUWDGD����SRU�OD�YLGD����/$85$��£0DPi��TXLHUR�TXH�PH�GLJDV�TXp�KD�SDVDGR��$0$1'$��(VWD�WDUGH�IXL�D�OD�'$5��FRPR�VDEHV��GHEtDQ�LQLFLDUPH�FRPR�RILFLDO��

0H� GHWXYH� HQ� OD� HVFXHOD� FRPHUFLDO� 5XELFDP� SDUD� KDEODUOHV� GH� WX�UHVIULDGR�\�SDUD�SUHJXQWDUOHV�VREUH�WXV�SURJUHVRV�DOOt��

/$85$��£2K�����$0$1'$��6t��RK�����RK�����RK��)XL�GLUHFWDPHQWH�HQ�EXVFD�GH� WX�SURIHVRUD�GH�

GDFWLORJUDItD�\�PH�SUHVHQWp�FRPR�PDGUH� WX\D��1L� VLTXLHUD�VDEtD�TXLpQ�HUDV��©¢:LQJILHOG��GLMR�XVWHG"�1L�VLTXLHUD�WHQHPRV�LQVFULWD�HQ�OD�HVFXHOD�D�XQD�HVWXGLDQWH�GH�HVH�DSHOOLGR�ª�/H�DVHJXUp�TXH�Vt��'LMH�TXH�PL�KLMD�/DXUD�KDEtD�HVWDGR�DVLVWLHQGR�D� ODV� FODVHV�GHVGH� ORV�SULPHURV�GtDV�GH�HQHUR�� ©%XHQR�� QR� Vp� �GLMR� OD� SURIHVRUD��� 6DOYR� TXH� VH� UHILHUD� D� HVD�PXFKDFKLWD� WDQ� WtPLGD�TXH�GHMy�GH� YHQLU� DO� FROHJLR�GHVSXpV�GH�YDULRV�GtDV�GH�DVLVWHQFLD�ª�1R��GLMH��1R�PH�UHILHUR�D�pVD��£0H�UHILHUR�D�PL�KLMD�/DXUD�� TXH� KD� HVWDGR� YLQLHQGR� DTXt� WRGRV� ORV� GtDV� GXUDQWH� ODV� VHLV�~OWLPDV�VHPDQDV��©([F~VHPHª��GLMR�HOOD���<�WRPy�HO�OLEUR�GH�DVLVWHQFLDV�\� DOOt� HVWDED�WX�QRPEUH�� LQFRQIXQGLEOH�� LPSUHVR��\�WRGDV� ODV� IHFKDV�HQ�TXH�KDEtDV�IDOWDGR��6LQ�HPEDUJR��OH�UHSHWt�TXH�VH�HTXLYRFDED��/H�GLMH��©£'HEH�GH�KDEHU�DOJ~Q�HUURU��£$OJXQD�FRQIXVLyQ�HQ�ORV�DUFKLYRV�ª�©1R��GLMR� OD�SURIHVRUD���$KRUD� OD�UHFXHUGR�SHUIHFWDPHQWH�� £(UD�WDQ�WtPLGD�\�VXV�PDQRV�WHPEODEDQ�WDQWR��TXH�VXV�GHGRV�QR�ORJUDEDQ�WRFDU�HO�WHFODGR�GH� OD�PiTXLQD��£&XDQGR�KLFLPRV�XQ�H[DPHQ�GH�YHORFLGDG����GHVIDOOHFLy�SRU�FRPSOHWR����HPSH]y�D�GROHUOH�HO�HVWyPDJR�\�WXYLPRV�TXH�OOHYDUOD�DO�ODYDER��'HVSXpV�GH�HVR��\D�QL�YROYLy��7HOHIRQHDPRV�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV�D�VX�FDVD� \� QR� REWXYLPRV� UHVSXHVWD�ª� �6H� OHYDQWD� \� VH� YD� D� OD� GHUHFKD��FHQWUR���(VWR�VXFHGLy� FXDQGR�\R� WUDEDMDED�GXUDQWH� WRGR�HO�GtD�HQ�HVH�ED]DU��VXSRQJR��H[KLELHQGR�HVRV�����+DFH�FRQ�ODV�PDQRV�XQD�DOXVLyQ�DO�FRUSLxR���£2K��£0H�VHQWt�WDQ�GpELO�TXH�QR�SXGH�PDQWHQHUPH�HQ�SLH���6H�VLHQWD�HQ� OD�EXWDFD��� £7XYH�TXH�VHQWDUPH�PLHQWUDV�PH�DOFDQ]DEDQ�XQ�YDVR�GH�DJXD���/DXUD�YD�KDFLD�HO�IRQyJUDIR���&LQFXHQWD�GyODUHV�SRU�ORV�FXUVRV��1R�PH� LPSRUWD�WDQWR�HO�GLQHUR��SHUR�WRGDV�PLV�HVSHUDQ]DV�GH�TXH�WXYLHUDV�XQ�SRUYHQLU�VH�HVIXPDURQ����DVt��FRPR�VL�WDO�FRVD���/DXUD�OH�

Page 15: El zoo de cristal

GD� FXHUGD�DO� IRQyJUDIR��� £2K�� QR�KDJDV� HVR£� £1R� KDJDV� IXQFLRQDU�HVH�IRQyJUDIR��

/$85$��£2K���'HWLHQH�HO�DSDUDWR��YD�KDFLD�OD�PHVLWD�GH�OD�PiTXLQD�GH�HVFULELU�\�VH�VLHQWD���

$0$1'$��¢4Xp�KLFLVWH�WRGRV�ORV�GtDV�HQ�TXH�ILQJLVWH�LU�D�OD�HVFXHOD�5XELFDP"�/$85$��(VWXYH�SDVHDQGR��$0$1'$��£1R�HV�FLHUWR��/$85$��6t��PDPi��3DVHDQGR��QDGD�PiV��$0$1'$�� ¢3DVHDQGR"� ¢3DVHDQGR"� ¢(Q� LQYLHUQR"� ¢&RUWHMDQGR�

GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH� D� XQD� SXOPRQtD� FRQ� HVH� DEULJR� OLYLDQR"� ¢$� GyQGH�IXLVWH��/DXUD"�

/$85$��$�GLYHUVRV�OXJDUHV����0iV�TXH�QDGD��DO�SDUTXH��$0$1'$��¢$XQ�FXDQGR�HPSH]y�HVH�UHVIULDGR"�/$85$�� (UD� HO�PHQRU� GH� ORV� GRV�PDOHV��PDPi�� <R�QR�SRGtD� YROYHU�� £+DEtD�

YRPLWDGR�HQ�HO�VXHOR��$0$1'$�� ¢4XLHUHV� FRQYHQFHUPH� GH� TXH� WRGRV� ORV� GtDV�� GHVGH� ODV� VLHWH� \�

PHGLD� KDVWD� GHVSXpV� GH� ODV� FLQFR� GH� OD� WDUGH�� WH� SDVHDEDV� SRU� HO�SDUTXH�� SRUTXH� TXHUtDV� KDFHUPH� FUHHU� TXH� LEDV� D~Q� D� OD� (VFXHOD�&RPHUFLDO�5XELFDP"�

/$85$��£2K��PDPi��(VR�QR�HUD�WDQ�PDOR�FRPR�SDUHFH��<R�HQWUDED�HQ�DOJXQRV�HGLILFLRV�D�FDOHQWDUPH��

$0$1'$��¢'yQGH"�/$85$��(Q�HO�PXVHR�GH�SLQWXUD�\�HQ�ODV�SDMDUHUDV�GHO�=RR��£9LVLWDED�WRGRV�ORV�

GtDV� D� ORV� SLQJ�LQRV�� $� YHFHV� QR� DOPRU]DED� \� PH� LED� DO� FLQH��ÒOWLPDPHQWH�� SDVp� OD�PD\RUtD� GH�PLV� WDUGHV� HQ� HO� $OKDMHUR�� HVD�JUDQ�FDVD�GH�FULVWDO�GRQGH�FXOWLYDQ�IORUHV�WURSLFDOHV��

$0$1'$��£+LFLVWH�WRGR�HVR�SDUD�HQJDxDUPH��QDGD�PiV�TXH�SDUD�HQJDxDUPH��¢3RU�TXp"�¢3RU�TXp"�¢3RU�TXp"�¢3RU�TXp"�

/$85$�� £0DPi�� FXDQGR� HVWiV� GHVLOXVLRQDGD�� WX� URVWUR� WLHQH� HO� PLVPR� DLUH�VXIULHQWH�GHO�UHWUDWR�GH�OD�PDGUH�GH�-HV~V�HQ�HO�PXVHR���6H�OHYDQWD���

$0$1'$��£&iOODWH��/$85$��YD�KDFLD�VX�]RR���<R�QR�SRGtD�DIURQWDUOR��1R�SRGtD��$0$1'$��OHYDQWiQGRVH���<�ELHQ����¢4Xp�KDUHPRV�DKRUD��TXHULGD��HO�UHVWR�GH�

QXHVWUD� YLGD"� ¢4XHGDUQRV� VHQWDGDV�� VLPSOHPHQWH� PLUDQGR� SDVDU� HO�GHVILOH"�¢'LYHUWLUQRV�FRQ�HO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO"�¢(MHFXWDU�HWHUQDPHQWH�HVRV�GLVFRV� JDVWDGRV� TXH� WX� SDGUH� QRV� GHMy� FRPR� XQ� GRORURVR� UHFXHUGR�VX\R"� �&LHUUD� UXLGRVDPHQWH� HO� IRQyJUDIR��� 1R� SRGHPRV� HVWXGLDU� XQD�FDUUHUD� FRPHUFLDO�� 1R�� QR� SRGHPRV�� (VR� VyOR� QRV� FDXVD� LQGLJHVWLyQ��¢4Xp� QRV� TXHGD� DKRUD� VLQR� GHSHQGHU� GH� RWURV� GXUDQWH� HO� UHVWR� GH�QXHVWUDV� YLGDV"� &UpHPH�� /DXUD�� Vp� SHUIHFWDPHQWH� TXp� OHV� SDVD� D� ODV�PXMHUHV�VROWHUDV�TXH�QR�HVWiQ�SUHSDUDGDV�SDUD�RFXSDU�XQD�SRVLFLyQ�HQ�OD� YLGD�� �9D� D� OD� L]TXLHUGD� \� VH� VLHQWD� VREUH� HO� VRIi�FDPD���+H� YLVWR�FDVRV� WDQ� ODPHQWDEOHV� HQ� HO� 6XU���� VROWHURQDV� DSHQDV� WROHUDGDV� TXH�YLYtDQ� GH� OD� FDULGDG� GH� XQD� FXxDGD���� PHWLGDV� HQ� DOJXQD� UDWRQHUD����KRVWLJDGDV�SRU�OD�FXxDGD�SDUD�TXH�VH�IXHUDQ�D�YLYLU�FRQ�RWUD�FXxDGD����

Page 16: El zoo de cristal

FRPR� JRORQGULQDV���� VLQ� QLGR���� £FRPLHQGR� OD� FRUWH]D� GH� OD� KXPLOODFLyQ�GXUDQWH� WRGD�VX�YLGD��¢(V�pVH�HO� IXWXUR�TXH�QRV�KHPRV�WUD]DGR"� -XUR�TXH� QR� YHR� RWUD� DOWHUQDWLYD�� <� QR� FUHR� TXH� HVD� DOWHUQDWLYD� VHD� PX\�DJUDGDEOH�� 'HVGH� OXHJR���� DOJXQDV� PXFKDFKDV� VH� FDVDQ�� £'LRV� PtR��/DXUD��¢1R�WH�KD�JXVWDGR�QXQFD�XQ�MRYHQ"�

/$85$��6t��PDPi��(Q�FLHUWD�RFDVLyQ��PH�JXVWy�XQR��$0$1'$��¢'H�YHUDV"�/$85$��+DFH�DOJ~Q�WLHPSR��HQFRQWUp�VX�UHWUDWR��$0$1'$��¢7DPELpQ�WH�GLR�VX�UHWUDWR"��6H�OHYDQWD�\�VH�YD�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD���/$85$��1R��VX�IRWRJUDItD�ILJXUD�HQ�HO�DQXDULR��$0$1'$��VH�VLHQWD�HQ�OD�EXWDFD���$K����8Q�MRYHQ�GHO�FROHJLR�GH�VHFXQGDULD��/$85$�� 6t�� 6H� OODPDED� -LP�� �$UURGLOOiQGRVH� HQ� HO� VXHOR�� VDFD� HO� DQXDULR� GH�

GHEDMR�GHO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO���$TXt�HVWi��HQ�/RV�SLUDWDV�GH�3HQ]DQFH��$0$1'$��GLVWUDtGDPHQWH���¢(Q�HO�TXp"�/$85$�� 0H� UHILHUR� D� OD� RSHUHWD� TXH� UHSUHVHQWDURQ� ORV� DOXPQRV� GHO� ~OWLPR�

FXUVR��eO�\�\R�HVWiEDPRV�VHQWDGRV�HQ�ODV�SXQWDV�GH�EDQFR�RSXHVWDV�GHO�SDVLOOR��HQ�HO� VDOyQ�GH�DFWRV��£$TXt�HVWi��FRQ�XQD�FRSD�GH�SODWD�TXH�OH�GLHURQ�SRU�VXV�p[LWRV�HQ�ODV�SROpPLFDV��¢9HV�VX�VRQULVD"�

$0$1'$��¢'H�PRGR�TXH�WDPELpQ�VRQUHtD"��0LUD�OD�IRWRJUDItD�GHO�SDGUH��TXH�SHQGH�GH�OD�SDUHG�GHWUiV�GHO�IRQyJUDIR��/H�GHYXHOYH�HO�DQXDULR���

/$85$��6ROtD�OODPDUPH����%OXH�5RVHV��$0$1'$��¢%OXH�5RVHV"�¢3RU�TXp�WH�GLR�XQ�QRPEUH�WDQ�WRQWR"�/$85$� �DUURGLOODGD�� WRGDYtD��� &XDQGR� WXYH� HVH� DWDTXH� GH� SOHXURVLV���� PH�

SUHJXQWy�TXp�PH�KDEtD�SDVDGR�FXDQGR�YROYt�� /H�GLMH�TXH�KDEtD�WHQLGR�SOHXURVLV����\�pO�HQWHQGLy�©%OXH�5RVHVª��'H�PRGR�TXH��GHVGH�HQWRQFHV��PH� OODPy�DVt��6LHPSUH�TXH�PH�YHtD��JULWDED��©£+ROD��%OXH�5RVHV�ª�/D�PXFKDFKD�FRQ�TXLHQ�VDOtD�-LP�QR�PH�LPSRUWDED��(PLO\�0HLVHQEDFK��£2K��(PLO\�HUD�OD�PXFKDFKD�PHMRU�YHVWLGD�GH�6ROGiQ��3HUR�QXQFD�PH�SDUHFLy�VLQFHUD����(Q�FLHUWD�RFDVLyQ��OHt�HQ�XQ�SHULyGLFR�TXH�HUDQ�QRYLRV���3RQH�HO�DQXDULR�VREUH�XQ�HVWDQWH�GHO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO���(VR�VXFHGLy�KDFH�PXFKR�WLHPSR����(V�SUREDEOH�TXH�\D�VH�KD\DQ�FDVDGR��

$0$1'$��(VWi�ELHQ��TXHULGD��HVWi�ELHQ��1R�LPSRUWD��/DV�PXFKDFKLWDV�TXH�KDQ�QDFLGR� SDUD� ODV� FDUUHUDV� FRPHUFLDOHV� VXHOHQ� WHUPLQDU� FDViQGRVH� FRQ�MyYHQHV�PX\�JXDSRV��£<�\R�FXLGDUp�TXH�WH�VXFHGD�OR�PLVPR��

/$85$��3HUR�PDPi����$0$1'$��¢4Xp�SDVD"�/$85$��6R\�XQD����£WXOOLGD��$0$1'$�� £1R� SURQXQFLHV� HVD� SDODEUD�� �6H� OHYDQWD� \� YD� KDFLD� /DXUD���

£&XiQWDV�YHFHV� WH�KH�GLFKR�TXH�QR� OD�SURQXQFLHV��1R�HUHV�XQD�WXOOLGD��VyOR� WLHQHV� XQ� OHYH� GHIHFWR�� �/DXUD� VH� OHYDQWD���6L� KXELHUDV� YLYLGR� HQ�PLV� WLHPSRV� GH� PXFKDFKD�� FXDQGR� EDUUtDPRV� HO� VXHOR� FRQ� ODUJDV� \�JUDFLRVDV� IDOGDV�� HVR� KDVWD� KDEUtD� VLGR� XQD� YHQWDMD�� &XDQGR� VH� WLHQH�XQD� OLJHUD� GLILFXOWDG� FRPR� pVD�� EDVWD� FRQ� GHVDUUROODU� DOJXQD� RWUD�FXDOLGDG� HQ� VX� OXJDU�� OD� VHGXFFLyQ���� R� OD� YLYDFLGDG���� £R� HO� HQFDQWR���5HIOHFWRU�VREUH�OD�IRWRJUDItD��6H�DSDJD���£(VR�HV�OR�~QLFR�TXH�WHQtD�HQ�

Page 17: El zoo de cristal

DEXQGDQFLD�WX�SDGUH�����£(QFDQWR���6H�VLHQWD�HQ�HO�VRIi�FDPD��/DXUD�YD�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD�\�VH�VLHQWD��6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV�HQ�HVFHQD���

Page 18: El zoo de cristal

�(6&(1$�7(5&(5$�

��(VFHQDULR�� (O� PLVPR�� /DV� OXFHV� YXHOYHQ� D� HQFHQGHUVH�� SHUR� VyOR� HQ� OD�FDOOHMXHOD� GH� OD� GHUHFKD� \� VREUH� OD� HVFDOHUD� GH� HPHUJHQFLD�� HO� UHVWR� GHO�HVFHQDULR�VLJXH� HQ� OD� RVFXULGDG�� �/D�PHVD�GH� OD�PiTXLQD�GH�HVFULELU�\�pVWD�KDQ�VLGR�UHWLUDGDV���(QWUD�7RP��RWUD�YH]�FRQ�VX�DEULJR�GH�PDULQHUR�\�VX�JRUUD�WHMLGD��SRU�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��6H�R\H�P~VLFD��&XDQGR�pVWD�FRQFOX\H��7RP�HPSLH]D�D�KDEODU���720� �DSR\DGR� FRQWUD� HO�HQUHMDGR�GH� OD�HVFDOHUD�GH� HPHUJHQFLD�� IXPDQGR���

'HVSXpV� GHO� IUDFDVR� HQ� OD� (VFXHOD� &RPHUFLDO� 5XELFDP�� OD� LGHD� GH�HQFRQWUDU�XQ�FDQGLGDWR�SDUD�PL�KHUPDQD�/DXUD�HPSH]y�D�GHVHPSHxDU�XQ� SDSHO� FDGD� YH]� PiV� LPSRUWDQWH� HQ� ORV� FiOFXORV� GH� PL�PDGUH�� 6H�FRQYLUWLy� HQ� XQD� REVHVLyQ�� &RPR� XQ� DUTXHWLSR� GHO� LQFRQVFLHQWH�XQLYHUVDO�� OD�LPDJHQ�GHO�FDQGLGDWR�URQGDED�QXHVWUR�DSDUWDPHQWR��5DUD�YH]� WUDQVFXUUtD� XQD� GH� QXHVWUDV� YHODGDV� VLQ� DOJXQD� DOXVLyQ� D� DTXHOOD�LPDJHQ��D�DTXHO�HVSHFWUR��D�DTXHOOD�HVSHUDQ]D����<�KDVWD�FXDQGR�QR�OR�PHQFLRQiEDPRV��VX�SUHVHQFLD�SHUVLVWtD�HQ�HO�DLUH�LQTXLHWR�GH�PL�PDGUH�\� HQ� ORV� PRGDOHV� DVXVWDGRV� GH� PL� KHUPDQD�� HQ� VX� DLUH� GH� H[FXVD��£3HUVLVWtD�� FRPR� XQD� VHQWHQFLD� GLFWDGD� FRQWUD� ORV� :LQJILHOG�� 3HUR� PL�PDGUH�HUD�XQD�PXMHU�GH�DFFLyQ��QR�VyOR�GH�SDODEUD���0~VLFD���&RPHQ]y�D�GDU�SDVRV�OyJLFRV�HQ�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�SUR\HFWDGD��<D�DOJR�PiV�DYDQ]DGR�HO�LQYLHUQR� \� D� FRPLHQ]RV� GH� OD� SULPDYHUD� �FRPSUHQGLHQGR� TXH� VH�QHFHVLWDED�GLQHUR�H[WUD�SDUD�SUHSDUDU�DGHFXDGDPHQWH�HO�QLGR�\�DGRUQDU�DO� SiMDUR��� LQLFLy� XQD� YLJRURVD� FDPSDxD� WHOHIyQLFD�� FRQVLJXLpQGROH�VXVFULSWRUDV�D�XQD�GH�HVDV�UHYLVWDV�SDUD�PDWURQDV�OODPDGD�/D�$PLJD�GH�OD� 'XHxD� GH� &DVD�� TXH� SXEOLFDQ� HQ� IROOHWtQ� ODV� HOXFXEUDFLRQHV� GH� ODV�OLWHUDWDV� TXH� KDEODQ� GH� GHOLFDGRV� VHQRV� TXH� SDUHFHQ� FRSDV�� GH� WDOOHV�GHOJDGRV� \� DKXVDGRV�� GH� PXVORV� DEXQGDQWHV� \� GH� FRORU� FUHPRVR�� GH�RMRV�VHPHMDQWHV�DO�KXPR�GH�OD�PDGHUD�HQ�RWRxR��GH�GHGRV�TXH�FDOPDQ�\� DFDULFLDQ� FRPR� VXDYHV�� VXDYtVLPDV�PHORGtDV�� GH� FXHUSRV�SRGHURVRV�FRPR�HVWDWXDV�HWUXVFDV��

��6DOH�SRU�ORV�EDVWLGRUHV�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV�HQ�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD�\� VH� LOXPLQD� OD�FDEH]D�GH�$PDQGD��TXH�KDEOD�SRU� WHOpIRQR�HQ� OD�VDOD��/D�P~VLFD�FRQFOX\H�FXDQGR�7RP�FHVD�GH�KDEODU����$0$1'$��¢,GD�6FRWW"��'XUDQWH�HVWD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ��7RP�HQWUD�HQ�HO�FRPHGRU�

SRU�HO�IRUR�GHUHFKR�VLQ�VHU�YLVWR�SRU�HO�S~EOLFR�\�VLQ�DEULJR�QL�VRPEUHUR��6REUH� OD�PHVD��KD\�XQD� OiPSDUD�GH� OHHU�QR�HQFHQGLGD��7RP�VH�VLHQWD�MXQWR� D� OD�PHVD� GHO� FRPHGRU�� FRQ� iQLPR� GH� HVFULELU���+DEOD� $PDQGD�:LQJILHOG�� (O� OXQHV�~OWLPR� OD�HFKDPRV�GH�PHQRV�HQ� OD�'$5��2K��DQWHV�

Page 19: El zoo de cristal

TXH� QDGD�� TXLVLHUD� VDEHU���� ¢&yPR� VLJXH� VX� VLQXVLWLV"� £8VWHG� HV�VLPSOHPHQWH�XQD�PiUWLU�FULVWLDQD��%XHQR��DFDER�GH�KRMHDU�PL�OLEUR�URMR�\� KH� YLVWR� TXH� VX� VXVFULSFLyQ� DO� &RPSDQLRQ� HVWi� FDVL� YHQFLGD���� \�SUHFLVDPHQWH�DKRUD��FXDQGR�FRPLHQ]D�HVH�QXHYR�\�PDUDYLOORVR�IROOHWtQ�GH� %HVVLH�0DH�+DUSHU�� (V� HO� SULPHUR�TXH�HVFULEH�GHVGH�/XQD�GH�PLHO�SDUD� WUHV�� TXH� IXH� DOJR� SRFR� FRP~Q���� ¢YHUGDG"� 3XHV� pVWH�� ,GD�� HV�PHMRU�D~Q��6H�UHILHUH�D�ORV�FDEDOORV�PHFiQLFRV�GH�/RQJ�,VODQG�\�D�XQD�PXFKDFKD�TXH�VH�FDH�GHO�VX\R�PLHQWUDV�OR�KDFH�VDOWDU�HQ�ODV����UHJDWDV��6X����VX�FROXPQD�YHUWHEUDO�TXHGD����OHVLRQDGD��/D�FXOSD�HV�GHO�FDEDOOR����TXH� OD�SLVD��$KRUD�ELHQ��HQ�HO�PXQGR�HQWHUR�VyOR�KD\�XQ�FLUXMDQR�TXH�SXHGD� VDOYDUOD� GH� OD� SDUiOLVLV� WRWDO�� \� HV� HO� KRPEUH� FRQ� TXLHQ� HVWi�FRPSURPHWLGD�SDUD�FDVDUVH��\�HV�UXELR�\�JXDSR��7DPELpQ�HVWR�HV�SRFR�XVXDO���� ¢YHUGDG"� 2K�� VX� QRYLR� QR� HV� SHUIHFWR�� &ODUR� TXH� WLHQH� XQD�GHELOLGDG��/D�GHELOLGDG�PiV�WHUULEOH�GHO�PXQGR��%HEH�GHPDVLDGR��¢4Xp"�2K��QR��TXHULGD��1R�GHMH�TXH�VH�TXHPHQ��9D\D�D�HFKDU�XQD�PLUDGLWD�HQ�HO�KRUQR� \�VHJXLUp�KDEODQGR���� £2K�� £(VD�PXMHU��¢6DEHV�TXp�PH�KL]R"�£0H�FROJy�HO�WHOpIRQR���6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV�GHO�FRPHGRU�\�GH�OD�VDOD��$O�PLVPR�WLHPSR��VH�HQFLHQGH�OD�OiPSDUD�GH�OHHU���

/$85$��2K��PDPi��PDPi��7RP�HVWi�WUDWDQGR�GH�HVFULELU����6H� OHYDQWD� GH� OD� EXWDFD� GRQGH� VH� TXHGy� VHQWDGD� DO� EDMDU� HO� WHOyQ� HQ� OD�HVFHQD� DQWHULRU� \� YD� KDFLD� OD� FRUWLQD� TXH� VHSDUD� HO� FRPHGRU� GH� OD� VDOD��GHVFRUULGD�\D����$0$1'$�� £2K�� ¢'H� YHUDV"� �'HMD� HO� WHOpIRQR�� YD� DO� FRPHGRU� \� VH� DFHUFD� D�

7RP���720��MXQWR�D�OD�PHVD���9DPRV����¢4Xp�HVWiV�WUDPDQGR"��$0$1'$��7UDWR�GH�SURWHJHUWH� OD�YLVWD���(VWi�DWDUHDGD�FRQ�OD� OiPSDUD���6yOR�

WLHQHV�XQ�SDU�GH�RMRV�\�GHEHV�FXLGDUORV��2K��\D�Vp�TXH�0LOWRQ�HUD�FLHJR��SHUR�QR�IXH�XQ�JHQLR�SRU�HVR���

720��0DPi���� ¢4XLHUHV�KDFHUPH�HO� IDYRU� GH� LUWH�\� GH�GHMDUPH� WHUPLQDU� GH�HVFULELU"�

$0$1'$� �OH� HQGHUH]D� ORV� KRPEURV��� ¢3RU� TXp� HUHV� LQFDSD]� GH� VHQWDUWH�GHUHFKR����SDUD�TXH�WXV�KRPEURV�QR�DVRPHQ�FRPR�DODV�GH�JRUULyQ"�

720�� 0DPi�� KD]� HO� IDYRU� GH� RFXSDUWH� GH� RWUD� FRVD�� (VWR\� WUDWDQGR� GH�HVFULELU��

$0$1'$� �DWDUHDGD�FRQ�7RP���0LUD��KH�YLVWR�XQ�FXDGUR�DQDWyPLFR�\�Vp�TXp�HIHFWR� FDXVD� HVD� SRVLFLyQ� VREUH� WXV� YtVFHUDV�� ,QFRUSyUDWH� \� WH� OR�PRVWUDUp��7X�HVWyPDJR�RSULPH� WXV�SXOPRQHV�\�WXV�SXOPRQHV�RSULPHQ�WX� FRUD]yQ�\� HVH�SREUH� FRUD]RQFLWR�VH�GHVDOLHQWD�SRUTXH�QR� OH�TXHGD�VLWLR�SDUD�VHJXLU�ODWLHQGR�SRU�WL��

720��¢4Xp�GLDEORV������/DV�FRUWLQDV� LQWHUQDV�TXH�VHSDUDQ� OD�VDOD�GHO�FRPHGRU�VH�FRUUHQ��/DV�OXFHV�GHO� FRPHGRU� VH� DSDJDQ�� /DXUD� VH� SDUD� MXQWR� D� ODV� FRUWLQDV� GH� OD� VDOD��

Page 20: El zoo de cristal

HVFXFKDQGR�OD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ�VLJXLHQWH�HQWUH�7RP�\�$PDQGD��(VWRV�VH�TXHGDQ�HQ�HO�FRPHGRU�PLHQWUDV�GLVFXWHQ����$0$1'$��1R�PH�KDEOHV�DVt����720��FRQFOX\HQGR�VX�IUDVH�DQWHULRU������VH�VXSRQH�TXH�GHER�KDFHU"�$0$1'$��¢4Xp�WH�SDVD"�¢+DV�SHUGLGR�HO�MXLFLR"�720��6t��0H�OR�KDV�TXLWDGR�W~��$0$1'$��¢4Xp�WH�VXFHGH�HQ�HVWRV�~OWLPRV�WLHPSRV��JUDQ����JUDQ�HVW~SLGR"�720�� 0LUD�� PDPi���� (Q� HVWD� FDVD�� QR�PH� TXHGD� XQ� VROR� REMHWR���� XQ� VROR�

REMHWR�TXH�SXHGD�OODPDU�PtR��$0$1'$��£%DMD�OD�YR]��720��£$\HU�VHFXHVWUDVWH�PLV�OLEURV��7XYLVWH�HO�GHVFDUR�GH����$0$1'$��$Vt�HV��/H�GHYROYt�D�OD�ELEOLRWHFD�S~EOLFD�HVD�KRUULEOH�QRYHOD����\�HO�

HVSDQWRVR� OLEUR� GH� HVH�GHPHQWH�TXH�HV�HO� VHxRU�/DZUHQFH��1R�SXHGR�ILVFDOL]DU� OD� SURGXFFLyQ� GH� XQD� PHQWH� HQIHUPD� QL� D� OD� JHQWH� TXH�SURSRUFLRQD� HVH� PDWHULDO�� SHUR� QR� SHUPLWLUp� HQ� PL� FDVD� VHPHMDQWH�LQPXQGLFLD��£1R��QR��QR��QR��QR��

720�� £&DVD�� FDVD�� ¢4XLpQ� SDJD� HO� DOTXLOHU� GH� OD� FDVD�� TXLpQ� YLYH� FRPR� XQ�HVFODYR�SDUD���"�

$0$1'$��£1R�WH�DWUHYDV�D�KDEODUPH�DVt���/DXUD�VH�DFHUFD�D�OD�EXWDFD���720��£1R��\R�QR�GHER�GHFLU�QDGD��£6LPSOHPHQWH��WHQJR�TXH�TXHGDUPH�FDOODGR�

\�GHMDU�TXH�W~�WH�HQFDUJXHV�GH�KDEODU��$0$1'$��£(VSHUD��WH�GLUp�DOJR��720��1R�TXLHUR�RtU�PiV��$0$1'$��2LUiV�PiV������/DXUD�YD�KDFLD�HO�IRQyJUDIR����720��IUDQTXHDQGR�ODV�FRUWLQDV�TXH�VHSDUDQ�HO�FRPHGRU�GH�OD�VDOD��9D�DO�IRUR��

GRQGH�� HQ� XQ� OXJDU� RVFXUR�� VH� VXSRQH� KD\� XQ� DUPDULR��� %XHQR�� QR�VHJXLUp�HVFXFKDQGR��0H�YR\���7RPD�VX�DEULJR���

$0$1'$� �HQWUDQGR�HQ�OD�VDOD��VH�GHWLHQH�HQ�HO�FHQWUR���0H�YDV�D�HVFXFKDU��7RP�:LQJILHOG��(VWR\� FDQVDGD�GH�WX� LQVROHQFLD��<��RWUD�FRVD���� £6H�PH�HVWi�DFDEDQGR�OD�SDFLHQFLD��

720��WRPDQGR�VX�DEULJR�GHO�UHVSDOGR�GH�OD�EXWDFD�\�\HQGR�KDFLD�$PDQGD���¢<�FUHHV�TXH�D�Pt�QR�VH�PH�DFDED��PDPi"�¢6H�VXSRQH�TXH�PL�SDFLHQFLD�HV� LQILQLWD"� <D� OR� Vp�� <D� OR� Vp�� 1R� WH� LPSRUWD� PXFKR� OR� TXH� HVWR\�KDFLHQGR����OR�TXH�HVWR\�WUDWDQGR�GH�KDFHU����£GLIHUHQFLDU�DPEDV�FRVDV��7~��QR�OR�FUHHV�DVt��

$0$1'$��&UHR�TXH�HVWiV�KDFLHQGR�FRVDV�TXH�WH�DYHUJ�HQ]DQ�\�TXH�SRU�HVR�REUDV�DVt���7RP�VH�DFHUFD�DO�VRIi�FDPD�\�VH�VLHQWD���1R�FUHR�TXH�YD\DV�WRGDV� ODV�QRFKHV�DO�FLQH��1DGLH�YD�DO�FLQH�WRGDV�ODV�QRFKHV��1DGLH�TXH�HVWp�HQ�VX�VDQR�MXLFLR�YD�DO�FLQH�FDVL�D�PHGLDQRFKH�\�OD�JHQWH�QR�VDOH�GH�DOOt�D�ODV�GRV�GH�OD�PDxDQD��1L�HQWUD�HQ�FDVD�WURSH]DQGR�\�PXUPXUDQGR�FRPR� ORV� ORFRV�� 'XHUPHV� WUHV� KRUDV� \� WH� YDV� DO� WUDEDMR�� £2K�� PH�

Page 21: El zoo de cristal

LPDJLQR�TXp� KDFHV� DOOt��'RUPLWDV�� WH� SDVDV� ODV� KRUDV�HQ�XQ� FRQVWDQWH�VRSRU��SRUTXH�QR�HVWiV�HQ�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�WUDEDMDU��

720��(V�FLHUWR�����HV�PX\��PX\�FLHUWR��£1R�HVWR\�HQ�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�WUDEDMDU��$0$1'$�� ¢&yPR� WH� DWUHYHV� D� DUULHVJDU� WX� HPSOHR"� ¢$� DUULHVJDU� QXHVWUD�

VHJXULGDG"� ¢&yPR� FUHHV� TXH� SRGHPRV� FRPSRQpUQRVODV� SDUD���"� �6H�VLHQWD�HQ�OD�EXWDFD���

720��2\H��PDPi��¢&UHHV�TXH�HVWR\�ORFR�SRU�OD�]DSDWHUtD"�¢&UHHV�TXH�HVWR\�HQDPRUDGR�GH�OD�&RQWLQHQWDO�6KRHPDNHUV"�¢&UHHV�TXH�TXLHUR�SDVDUPH�FLQFXHQWD�\�FLQFR�DxRV�GH�PL�YLGD�DKt��HQ�HVH�LQWHULRU�GH�FHORWH[����FRQ����WXERV�IOXRUHVFHQWHV��£3DODEUD�GH�KRQRU�TXH�SUHIHULUtD�WRPDU�XQD�SLVWROD�\� VDOWDUPH� ORV� VHVRV���� DQWHV�TXH� YROYHU� SRU� ODV�PDxDQDV�� £3HUR�YR\��£&ODUR�� FDGD� GtD� HQWUDV� JULWDQGR� HVH� PDOGLWR�� ©£/HYiQWDWH� \� O~FHWH��£/HYiQWDWH�\� O~FHWH�ª��£3LHQVR�HQ�FXDQ�GLFKRVRV�VRQ�ORV�PXHUWRV��3HUR�PH� OHYDQWR�� �6H� OHYDQWD� GHO� VRIi�FDPD��� £9R\�� £3RU� VHVHQWD� \� FLQFR�GyODUHV� PHQVXDOHV�� UHQXQFLR� D� WRGR� OR� TXH� VXHxR� FRQ� KDFHU� \� VHU�VLHPSUH��<�GLFHV�TXH�VyOR�SLHQVR�HQ�HVR��£2K��'LRV�PtR��3HUR��PDPi����6L� VyOR� SHQVDUD� HQ� Pt� PLVPR�� HVWDUtD� GRQGH� HVWi� pO���� £0H� KDEUtD�PDUFKDGR�� �9D� D� WRPDU� HO� DEULJR�� FROJDGR� VREUH� HO� UHVSDOGR� GH� OD�EXWDFD���£0H�KDEUtD�LGR�WRGR�OR�OHMRV�TXH�PH�OR�SHUPLWLHUD�HO�VLVWHPD�GH�WUDQVSRUWHV�� �$PDQGD� VH� OHYDQWD�� VH� OH� DFHUFD� \� OR� DIHUUD� GHO� EUD]R���£3RU�IDYRU��QR�PH�DJDUUHV��PDPi��

$0$1'$��VLJXLpQGROR���1R�WH�DJDUUR��4XLHUR�VDEHU�DGRQGH�YDV�DKRUD��720��WRPD�HO�DEULJR�\�VH�GLULJH�KDFLD�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���£9R\�DO�FLQH��$0$1'$��£1R�FUHR�HQ�HVD�PHQWLUD��720� �YD� KDFLD� $PDQGD��� ¢1R"� 3XHV� ELHQ�� WLHQHV� UD]yQ�� 3RU� XQD� YH]� HQ� WX�

YLGD�� WLHQHV� UD]yQ�� 1R� YR\�DO� FLQH�� £9R\� D� ORV� IXPDGHURV�GH�RSLR��6t��PDPi�� D� ORV� IXPDGHURV� GH� RSLR�� JXDULGDV� GHO� YLFLR� \� UHIXJLR� GH� ORV�FULPLQDOHV�� +H� LQJUHVDGR� HQ� OD� EDQGD� GH� +RJDQ�� 6R\� XQ� DVHVLQR�DVDODULDGR�� £/OHYR� XQD� SLVWROD� DPHWUDOODGRUD� HQ� XQ� HVWXFKH� GH� YLROtQ��£3RVHR� XQD� FDGHQD� GH� EXUGHOHV� HQ� HO� YDOOH�� £0H� OODPDQ�HO�$VHVLQR�� HO�$VHVLQR� :LQJILHOG�� (Q� UHDOLGDG�� OOHYR� XQD� GREOH� YLGD�� 'H� GtD�� VR\� XQ�VHQFLOOR� \� KRQUDGR� GHSHQGLHQWH� GH� ]DSDWHUtD�� SHUR� GH� QRFKH� VR\� XQ�GLQiPLFR�]DU�GHO�KDPSD��£9R\�D�ORV�JDULWRV�\�GHUURFKR�DOOt�XQD�IRUWXQD�HQ�OD�UXOHWD��7HQJR�XQ�SDUFKH�VREUH�XQ�RMR�\�XQ�ELJRWH�SRVWL]R��D�YHFHV�SDWLOODV�YHUGHV��(Q�HVDV�RFDVLRQHV��PH�OODPDQ����£(O�'LDEOR��£2K��SRGUtD�GHFLUWH� FRVDV� TXH� WH� GHVYHODUtDQ�� £0LV� HQHPLJRV� SUR\HFWDQ� GLQDPLWDU�DOJXQD� QRFKH� HVWD� YLYLHQGD�� <� HQWRQFHV�� QRV� KDUiQ� YRODU� KDVWD� ORV�FLHORV�� £<� FyPR�PH� DOHJUDUp�� £4Xp� IHOL]�PH� VHQWLUp�� <� W~� WDPELpQ�� 7~�YRODUiV�PX\�DUULED����FDGD�YH]�PiV�DUULED����£SRU�VREUH�%OXH�0RXQWDLQ��FDEDOJDQGR� HQ� XQD� HVFRED�� &RQ� GLHFLVLHWH� FDQGLGDWRV�� £9LHMD� EUXMD�FKDUODWDQD��

��(MHFXWD�XQD� VHULH� GH�PRYLPLHQWRV� YLROHQWRV� \� WRUSHV�� DIHUUDQGR�VX�DEULJR��DEDODQ]iQGRVH�KDFLD�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��WLUDQGR�FRQ�YHKHPHQFLD�GH�HOOD��/DV� PXMHUHV� OR� FRQWHPSODQ� FRQ� HVSDQWR�� (O� EUD]R� GH� 7RP� HVWi� DWUDSDGR�

Page 22: El zoo de cristal

GHQWUR� GH� OD� PDQJD� GHO� DEULJR� FXDQGR� VH� HVIXHU]D� SRU� SRQpUVHOR�� 3RU� XQ�PRPHQWR��TXHGD�VXMHWR�SRU�OD�KROJDGD�SUHQGD��&RQ�XQ�JULWR�GH�IXURU��YXHOYH�D� DUUDQFDUVH� HO� DEULJR�� UDVJDQGR� HO� KRPEUR� GHO� PLVPR� \� OR� WLUD�LPSHWXRVDPHQWH�� (O� DEULJR� FKRFD� FRQWUD� HO� HVWDQWH� GH� OD� FROHFFLyQ� GH�DQLPDOLWRV�GH�/DXUD�\�VH�R\H�HO�WLQWLQHR�GHO�FULVWDO�TXH�VH�KDFH�DxLFRV��/DXUD�JULWD�FRPR�VL�OD�KXELHVHQ�KHULGR����/$85$��£0L�]RR����GH�FULVWDO���6H�WDSD�OD�FDUD�\�OHV�YXHOYH�OD�HVSDOGD���$0$1'$� �FRQ� YR]� WHUULEOH��� £1XQFD� WH� YROYHUp� D� KDEODU� PLHQWUDV� YLYDV�� D�

PHQRV�TXH�PH�SLGDV�SHUGyQ����6DOH� SRU� HQWUH� ODV� FRUWLQDV� GH� OD� VDOD�� 7RP� VH� TXHGD� FRQ� /DXUD�� /D�PLUD�DEVRUWR� \� FRQ� DLUH� HVW~SLGR� GXUDQWH� XQRV� LQVWDQWHV�� /XHJR�� YD� KDFLD� HO�HVWDQWH� GRQGH� HVWi� HO� ]RR� GH� FULVWDO�� 6H� GHMD� FDHU� WRUSHPHQWH� GH� URGLOODV��SDUD� UHFRJHU� ORV� IUDJPHQWRV��PLUDQGR�D�/DXUD�FRPR� VL�TXLVLHUD�KDEODU�\�QR�SXGLHVH�KDFHUOR��6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV���

Page 23: El zoo de cristal

�(6&(1$�&8$57$�

��(O�LQWHULRU�HVWi�D�RVFXUDV��'pELO�OX]�HQ�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���8QD�FDPSDQD�GH�JUDYH�YR]�GD�ODV�FLQFR�HQ�XQD�LJOHVLD�DO�LQLFLDUVH�OD�HVFHQD���7RP� DSDUHFH� HQ� OD� FDOOHMXHOD� GH� OD� GHUHFKD�� 'HVSXpV� GH� FDGD� XQD� GH� ODV�VROHPQHV� FDPSDQDGDV� GH� OD� WRUUH�� DJLWD� XQD� SHTXHxD�PDWUDFD� GH� MXJXHWH��FRPR� SDUD� H[SUHVDU� HO� GLPLQXWR� HVSDVPR� GHO� KRPEUH� HQ� FRQWUDVWH� FRQ� HO�VRVWHQLGR�SRGHU�\�GLJQLGDG�GHO�7RGRSRGHURVR��(VWR�\� OD�SRFD�ILUPH]D�GH�VX�DQGDU��UHYHODQ�LQHTXtYRFDPHQWH�TXH�KD�HVWDGR�EHELHQGR���&XDQGR�VXEH�SRU� ORV�SHOGDxRV�TXH� OOHYDQ�DO� UHOODQR�GH� OD�HVFDOHUD�� OD� OX]�VH�LQVLQ~D�GHQWUR��/DXUD�DSDUHFH�HQ�FDPLVyQ��HQWUDQGR�HQ�OD�VDOD�\�FRQWHPSOD�OD�FDPD�YDFtD��HO�VRIi�FDPD��GH�7RP���7RP� KXUJD� HQ� VXV� EROVLOORV�� EXVFDQGR� OD� OODYH� GH� OD� SXHUWD�� \� VDFD� XQ�KHWHURJpQHR� FRQMXQWR� GH� REMHWRV� GXUDQWH� VX� E~VTXHGD�� LQFOXVLYH� XQD�YHUGDGHUD�OOXYLD�GH�WDORQHV�GH�HQWUDGDV�GH�FLQHPDWyJUDIR�\�XQD�ERWHOOD�YDFtD��)LQDOPHQWH�� HQFXHQWUD� OD� OODYH�� SHUR� FXDQGR� VH�GLVSRQH� D� LQWURGXFLUOD� HQ� OD�FHUUDGXUD�VH� OH�HVFXUUH�GH�HQWUH� ORV�GHGRV��(QFLHQGH�XQ�IyVIRUR�\�VH�LQFOLQD�MXQWR�D�OD�SXHUWD�SDUD�EXVFDUOD���720��FRQ�DPDUJXUD���8QD�KHQGLGXUD����£\�FDH�DO�RWUR�ODGR����/DXUD�DEUH�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��/RV�SiUUDIRV�VLJXLHQWHV�VH�GLFHQ�VREUH�HO�UHOODQR����/$85$��7RP��7RP����¢TXp�HVWiV�KDFLHQGR"�720��%XVFDQGR�XQD�OODYH��/$85$��¢'yQGH�KDV�HVWDGR�KDVWD�DKRUD"�720��(Q�HO�FLQH��/$85$��¢7DQWR�WLHPSR"�720�� (O� SURJUDPD� HUD�PX\� ODUJR�� )LJXUDED� XQD� SHOtFXOD� GH� OD� *DUER� \� XQ�

GLEXMR� DQLPDGR� GHO� 5DWyQ� 0LFNH\� \� XQ� GRFXPHQWDO� GH� XQ� YLDMH� \� XQ�QRWLFLDULR�\�XQD�©FRODª�GH�SXEOLFLGDG�GH�IXWXURV�ILOPHV��£<�KXER�XQ�VROR�GH� yUJDQR� \� XQD� FROHFWD� SDUD� HO� IRQGR� GH� OD� FRSD� GH� OHFKH� �VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH��TXH�FRQFOX\y�HQ�XQD�WHUULEOH�OXFKD�HQWUH�XQD�VHxRUD�JRUGD�\�XQ�DFRPRGDGRU��

/$85$��LQJHQXDPHQWH���¢7XYLVWH�TXH�YHU�WRGR�HVR"�720�� £&ODUR��<���� £2K��PH�ROYLGDED�� £+XER�XQD�JUDQ�SUHVHQWDFLyQ�WHDWUDO��(O�

SULPHU� DFWRU� GH� DTXHO� HVSHFWiFXOR�HUD�0DOYROLR�HO�0DJR��(MHFXWy�XQDV�

Page 24: El zoo de cristal

PDUDYLOORVDV� VXHUWHV� GH�SUHVWLGLJLWDFLyQ��PXFKDV�PDUDYLOORVDV�VXHUWHV��WDO� FRPR� OD� GH� WUDVHJDU� DJXD� LGD� \� YXHOWD� HQWUH� FiQWDURV�� 3ULPHUR� OD�FRQYHUWtD� HQ� YLQR� \� OXHJR�HQ�FHUYH]D�\� ILQDOPHQWH�HQ�ZKLVN\��6p�TXH�FRQFOX\y� SRU� WUDQVIRUPDUOD� HQ� ZKLVN\� SRUTXH� 0DOYROLR� QHFHVLWy� TXH�VXELHUD�XQ�HVSHFWDGRU�D�D\XGDUOH�\�VXEt�\R����£HQ�ODV�GRV�IXQFLRQHV��6H�WUDWDED� GH� ZKLVN\� GH� FHQWHQR� .HQWXFN\� 6WUDLJKW�� 0DOYROLR� HUD� PX\�JHQHURVR��UHJDODED�FRVDV�FRPR�UHFXHUGRV���6DFD�GHO�EROVLOOR�WUDVHUR�GHO�SDQWDOyQ�XQ�WRUQDVRODGR�FKDO��FRQ�ORV�FRORUHV�GHO�DUFR�LULV���0H�GLR�HVWR��6X�FKDO�PiJLFR��3XHGHV�TXHGDUWH�FRQ�pO��/DXUD��6L�OR�DJLWDV�VREUH�XQD�MDXOD� FRQ� FDQDULRV�� FRQVHJXLUiV� XQD� SHFHUD� FRQ� FDUSDV� GH� XQ� URMR�GRUDGR�� $JtWDOR� VREUH� OD� SHFHUD� \� VDOGUiQ� YRODQGR� FDQDULRV���� 3HUR� OD�PiV�PDUDYLOORVD� GH� ODV� VXHUWHV� IXH� HO� WUXFR�GHO� DWD~G�� (QFHUUDPRV� DO�PDJR�GHQWUR�GH�XQ�DWD~G��FODYDQGR�OD�WDSD�\�VDOLy�VLQ�VDFDU�XQ�FODYR���(QWUDQ���+H�DTXt�XQ� WUXFR�TXH�PH�UHVXOWDUtD�PX\�~WLO����£SDUD�VDOLU�GH�HVD�FXHYD�GH�GRV�SRU�FXDWUR���6H�GHMD�FDHU�HQ�HO�VRIi�FDPD�\�HPSLH]D�D�TXLWDUVH�ORV�]DSDWRV���

/$85$��7RP����£&iOODWH��720��¢3RU�TXp�PH�LPSRQHV�VLOHQFLR"�/$85$��£'HVSHUWDUiV�D�PDPi��720��£9D\D��£$Vt�OH�SDJDUp�SRU�WRGRV�HVRV�©/HYiQWDWH�\�O~FHWHª���6H�DFXHVWD��

JUXxHQGR���<D�VDEHV�TXH�QR�KDFH�IDOWD�PXFKD�LQWHOLJHQFLD�SDUD�PHWHUVH�HQ� XQ� DWD~G� GH� WDSD� FODYDGD�� 3HUR���� ¢TXLpQ� GLDEORV� FRQVLJXLy� VDOLU�DOJXQD�YH]�GH�XQ�DWD~G�VLQ�TXLWDU�XQ�FODYR"�

��&RPR� HQ� UHVSXHVWD� VH� LOXPLQD� OD� VRQULHQWH� IRWRJUDItD�GHO� SDGUH�GH�DPERV��/DXUD� VDOH� SRU� HO� IRUR� L]TXLHUGR�� /DV� OXFHV� VH� HVIXPDQ�� VDOYR� HO� UHVSODQGRU�D]XO� GHO� FRPHGRU�� 3DXVD� DO� GHVDSDUHFHU� ODV� OXFHV�� OXHJR�� VH� R\HQ� VHLV�FDPSDQDGDV��6XHQD�HO�GHVSHUWDGRU��6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV�HQ�HO�SURVFHQLR���

Page 25: El zoo de cristal

�(6&(1$�48,17$�

��(O�HVFHQDULR�HV�HO�PLVPR��/D�DFFLyQ�SURVLJXH�LQPHGLDWDPHQWH��/D�FDPSDQD�GH�OD� LJOHVLD� GD� ODV� VHLV�� $� OD� VH[WD� FDPSDQDGD�� VXHQD� HO� GHVSHUWDGRU� HQ� OD�KDELWDFLyQ�GH�$PDQGD��D�OD�GHUHFKD�GHO�FRPHGRU��\�D�ORV�SRFRV� LQVWDQWHV�OD�RtPRV� OODPDU� ©£/HYiQWDWH� \� O~FHWH�� /DXUD�� YH� \� GLOH� D� WX� KHUPDQR� TXH� VH�OHYDQWH�\�VH�OX]FD�ª��720� �VHQWiQGRVH� OHQWDPHQWH�HQ�HO�VRIi�FDPD���0H�OHYDQWDUp����SHUR�QR�PH�

OXFLUp���/D�OX]�VH�DFHQW~D���$0$1'$� �GHWUiV� GH� OD� HVFHQD���/DXUD�� GLOH� D� WX�KHUPDQR� TXH� VX�FDIp� HVWi�

SUHSDUDGR���(QWUD�HQ� OD�VDOD�/DXUD��YHVWLGD�GH�SLHV�D�FDEH]D��FRQ�XQD�FDSD�VREUH�ORV�KRPEURV��7RP�HVWi�WRGDYtD�HQ�OD�FDPD��FXELHUWR�FRQ�XQD�IUD]DGD��KDELpQGRVH�TXLWDGR�VRODPHQWH�ORV�]DSDWRV�\�OD�FKDTXHWD���

/$85$�� £7RP��6RQ�FDVL� ODV�VLHWH��1R� LUULWHV�D�PDPi���7RP� OD�PLUD�DEVRUWR��HVW~SLGDPHQWH�� (OOD� SURVLJXH�� FRQ� DLUH� VXSOLFDQWH��� £7RP�� KiEODOH� D�PDPi�HVWD�PDxDQD��£5HFRQFtOLDWH�FRQ�HOOD��GLVF~OSDWH��KDEOD���

720��SRQLpQGRVH�ORV�]DSDWRV���0DPi�QR�PH�KDEODUi�D�Pt��)XH�HOOD�OD�SULPHUD�HQ�QR�KDEODU���

/$85$��6L�WH�GLVFXOSDV��YROYHUi�D�KDEODUWH���720��¢(V�XQD�WUDJHGLD�WDQ�JUDQGH����HO�KHFKR�GH�TXH�QR�PH�KDEOH"�/$85$��£3RU�IDYRU����SRU�IDYRU��$0$1'$� �JULWDQGR�� GHVGH� OD� FRFLQD��� /DXUD���� ¢9DV� D� KDFHU� OR� TXH� WH� KH�

SHGLGR��R�WHQGUp�TXH�YHVWLUPH�H�LU�\R�PLVPD"�/$85$��£9R\��YR\�����£$SHQDV�PH�SRQJD�HO�DEULJR���6H�OHYDQWD�\�YD�KDFLD�OD�

SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���0DQWHFD����¢\�TXp�PiV"��$�$PDQGD���$0$1'$��VLHPSUH�GHVGH�OD�FRFLQD���0DQWHFD��VRODPHQWH��'LOH�TXH�OD�FDUJXHQ�

HQ�FXHQWD��/$85$��0DPi����£+DFHQ�XQDV�PXHFDV�FXDQGR�OHV�GLJR�HVR���$0$1'$��GHVGH�OD�FRFLQD���2EUDV�VRQ�DPRUHV����£SHUR�ODV�PXHFDV�GHO�VHxRU�

*DUILQNHO�QR�QRV�FDXVDUiQ�GDxR��'LOH�D�WX�KHUPDQR�TXH�VH� OH�HQIUtD�HO�FDIp��

/$85$� �MXQWR�D� OD�SXHUWD���+D]� OR�TXH�WH�KH�SHGLGR����¢/R�KDUiV��7RP"�¢/R�KDUiV"��eO�UHKX\H�KRVFDPHQWH�VX�PLUDGD����

$0$1'$��£/DXUD��YH�GH�XQD�YH]��R�QR�YD\DV�\�VH�DFDEy���/$85$� �SUHFLSLWiQGRVH�DIXHUD��SRU� OD� GHUHFKD��� £9R\���� YR\�� �$O� FDER�GH�XQ�

VHJXQGR��SURILHUH�XQD�H[FODPDFLyQ��6H�KD�FDtGR�GH�OD�HVFDOHUD��7RP�VH�OHYDQWD� GH� XQ� VDOWR� \� YD� KDFLD� OD� GHUHFKD�� $PDQGD� DFXGH� FRUULHQGR�DQVLRVDPHQWH�GHO�FRPHGRU�\�GHMD�ORV�SODWRV�VREUH�OD�PHVD��7RP�DEUH�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���

720��£/DXUD��

Page 26: El zoo de cristal

/$85$�� (VWR\� SHUIHFWDPHQWH�� 0H� FDt�� SHUR� HVWR\� ELHQ�� �6H� YD� SRU� OD�FDOOHMXHOD���

$0$1'$� �VREUH� OD�HVFDOHUD���7H�GLJR�TXH�VL�DOJXLHQ�VH�FDH�\�VH�URPSH�XQD�SLHUQD� VREUH� ORV� SHOGDxRV� GH� OD� HVFDOHUD� GH� HPHUJHQFLD�� KD\� TXH�HQWDEODU� MXLFLR�FRQWUD�HO�GXHxR�GH� OD�FDVD�KDVWD�SRU�HO�~OWLPR�FHQWDYR�TXH�����9H�D�7RP���¢4XLpQ�HV�XVWHG"��'HMD�HO�UHOODQR��YD�DO�FRPHGRU�\�YXHOYH�FRQ�SODWLWRV��XQD�WDFLWD�GH�FDIp��FUHPD��HWFpWHUD��/RV�SRQH�VREUH�OD�PHVLWD�TXH�HVWi�D� OD�GHUHFKD�GHO� VRIi�FDPD��9D�KDFLD� OD�EXWDFD��VH�VLHQWD��6H�R\H�P~VLFD��&XDQGR�7RP�YXHOYH�D�HQWUDU�DSiWLFDPHQWH�SDUD�WRPDU� VX� FDIp�� HOOD� OH� YXHOYH� OD� HVSDOGD�� HQ� VX�EXWDFD�� /D� OX]� TXH� VH�SUR\HFWD� VREUH� VX� VHPEODQWH�� FRQ� VXV� HQYHMHFLGDV� SHUR� SXHULOHV�IDFFLRQHV�� HV� FUXHOPHQWH� VHYHUD�� VDWtULFD� FRPR� XQD� HVWDPSD� GH�'DXPLHU�� 7RP�PLUD� WtPLGDPHQWH� SHUR� FRQ� DLUH� KRVFR� OD� ILJXUD� GH� VX�PDGUH�\�VH�VLHQWD�HQ�HO�VRIi�FDPD��FHUFD�GH�OD�FRPLGD��(O�FDIp�HVWi�WDQ�FDOLHQWH� TXH� TXHPD�� 7RP� OR� VRUEH�� SURILHUH� XQD� H[FODPDFLyQ� \� OR�HVFXSH�HQ�OD�WD]D��$O�RtUOR��$PDQGD�VH�TXHGD�VLQ�DOLHQWR�\�VH�YXHOYH�D�PHGLDV��(QWRQFHV��VH�GRPLQD�\�OH�GD�OD�HVSDOGD�QXHYDPHQWH��7RP�VRSOD�VREUH�VX�FDIp��PLUDQGR�GH�VRVOD\R�D�VX�PDGUH��$PDQGD�FDUUDVSHD��7RP�DO]D�OD�WD]D�FRQ�DPEDV�PDQRV�SDUD�VRSODU�VREUH�HO�FDIp�\�FRQWHPSOD�D�VX� PDGUH� SRU� VREUH� ORV� ERUGHV� GXUDQWH� XQRV� LQVWDQWHV�� /XHJR�� GHMD�OHQWDPHQWH�OD�WD]D�\�VH�OHYDQWD�FRQ�DLUH�WRUSH�\�YDFLODQWH���

720� �FRQ� YR]� URQFD���3HUGyQDPH��PDPi�� /DPHQWR� WRGR� OR� TXH� WH� GLMH��1R�KDEODED�FRQ�LQWHQFLyQ��7H�SUHVHQWR�PLV�H[FXVDV��

$0$1'$��VROOR]DQGR���£0L�GHYRFLyQ�KD�KHFKR�GH�Pt�XQD�EUXMD�\�PH�KD�YXHOWR�DERUUHFLEOH�SDUD�PLV�KLMRV���

720��1R��QR�KD\�WDO�FRVD���$0$1'$��£0H�SUHRFXSR�WDQWR��QR�GXHUPR��HVR�PH�LUULWD�ORV�QHUYLRV��720��FRQ�GXO]XUD���/R�FRPSUHQGR��$0$1'$��7~�VDEHV�TXH�KH�GHELGR�OLEUDU�XQD�EDWDOOD�VROLWDULD�HQ�HVWRV�DxRV��

£3HUR�W~�HUHV�PL�PDQR�GHUHFKD��PL�SDODGtQ��1R�PH�GHVDPSDUHV��1R�PH�DEDQGRQHV���

720��FRQ�GXO]XUD���/R�LQWHQWDUp��PDPi���$0$1'$� �FRQ� JUDQ� HQWXVLDVPR��� £(VR� HV�� 'HEHV� VHJXLU� LQWHQWiQGROR� \�

WULXQIDUiV��3HUR�VL����£VL�WH�VREUDQ�GRQHV�QDWXUDOHV��/HV�VREUDQ�D�PLV�GRV�KLMRV���� VRQ� KLMRV� GH� PXFKD� YDOtD� \� WHQJR� PXFKtVLPDV� UD]RQHV� SDUD�DJUDGHFpUVHOR� D� 'LRV�� 6yOR� GHEHV� SURPHWHUPH� XQD� FRVD�� �&HVD� OD�P~VLFD����

720��¢&XiO�PDPi"�$0$1'$��£3URPpWHPH�TXH�QXQFD�VHUiV�XQ�ERUUDFKR���720��7H�OR�SURPHWR��PDPi��1XQFD�VHUp�XQ�ERUUDFKR���$0$1'$��(VR� HUD� OR�TXH�PH�DVXVWDED�WDQWR���� £HO�TXH�HVWXYLHUDV�EHELHQGR��

&RPH�XQ�SODWR�GH�SXULQD���720��6yOR�WRPDUp�FDIp��PDPi���$0$1'$��¢8Q�EL]FRFKR�GH�WULJR�LQWHJUDO"��720��1R��QR��PDPi��6yOR�FDIp��

Page 27: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$��1R�SXHGHV�DERUGDU�XQD�MRUQDGD�GH�WUDEDMR�FRQ�HO�HVWyPDJR�YDFtR��7H� TXHGDQ� GLH]� PLQXWRV���� £1R� WUDJXHV� HO� FDIp� GH� JROSH�� %HELHQGR�OtTXLGRV�GHPDVLDGR�FDOLHQWHV�VH�IRUPD�XQ�FiQFHU�HQ�HO�HVWyPDJR����3RQ�FUHPD���

720��1R��JUDFLDV���$0$1'$��3DUD�HQIULDUOR���720��£1R��1R��JUDFLDV��/R�TXLHUR�QHJUR���$0$1'$��/R�Vp��SHUR�QR�WH�KDFH�ELHQ��7HQHPRV�TXH�KDFHU�WRGR�OR�SRVLEOH�SRU�

WRQLILFDUQRV�� (Q� HVWRV� WLHPSRV� GLItFLOHV� HQ� TXH� YLYLPRV�� VyOR� GHEHPRV�SHQVDU�HQ����DIHUUDUQRV�ORV�XQRV�D�ORV�RWURV����3RU�HVR�HV�WDQ�LPSRUWDQWH�TXH����7RP�\R����\R�DOHMp�D�WX�KHUPDQD�SDUD�SRGHU�KDEODU�GH�XQ�DVXQWR�FRQWLJR�� 6L� QR� PH� KXELHVHV� KDEODGR� \R� WH� KDEUtD� KDEODGR� D� WL�� �6H�VLHQWD���

720��FRQ�GXO]XUD���¢'H�TXp�TXLHUHV�KDEODUPH��PDPi"�$0$1'$��£'H�/DXUD���7RP�GHMD�OHQWDPHQWH�OD�WD]D���720��2K��/DXUD����$0$1'$��WRFiQGROH�OD�PDQJD���<D�VDEHV�FyPR�HV�/DXUD��7DQ�FDOODGD��SHUR����

£FXLGDGR�FRQ�HO�DJXD�PDQVD��6H�ILMD�HQ�ODV�FRVDV�\�FUHR�TXH����PHGLWD�VREUH�HOODV���7RP�DO]D�ORV�RMRV���+DFH�XQRV�GtDV�OD�HQFRQWUp�OORUDQGR��

720��¢&XiO�HUD�HO�PRWLYR"�$0$1'$��7~��720��¢<R"�$0$1'$��&UHH�TXH�QR�HUHV�IHOL]�DTXt��720��¢&yPR�VH�OH�KD�RFXUULGR�VHPHMDQWH�FRVD"�$0$1'$��¢&yPR�VH�OH�RFXUUHQ�WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV"�'H�FXDOTXLHU�PRGR��QR�FDEH�

GXGD�TXH�REUDV�GH�XQD�PDQHUD�H[WUDxD���7RP�GHMD�FRQ�YHKHPHQFLD�OD�WD]D�VREUH�OD�PHVLWD���<R����£\R�QR�WH�FULWLFR��HQWLpQGHOR�ELHQ��6p�TXH�WXV�DPELFLRQHV� QR� HVWiQ� HQ� OD� ]DSDWHUtD�� TXH� FRPR� WRGD� OD� JHQWH� GHO�PXQGR���� GHEHV� KDFHU���� VDFULILFLRV���� 3HUR� 7RP���7RP���� OD� YLGD� QR� HV�IiFLO�� H[LJH���� £XQD� UHVLVWHQFLD� HVSDUWDQD�� £+D\� WDQWDV� FRVDV� HQ� PL�FRUD]yQ�TXH�QR�SXHGR�GHVFULELUWH��1XQFD�WH�OR�GLMH��SHUR����\R�DPDED�D�WX�SDGUH����

720��FRQ�GXO]XUD���/R�Vp��PDPi��$0$1'$�� <���� £FXDQGR� YHR� TXH� LPLWDV� VXV� FRVWXPEUHV�� $FRVWiQGRWH� PX\�

WDUGH�\����£EXHQR��W~�KDEtDV�EHELGR�OD�QRFKH�HQ�TXH�WH�KDOODEDV�HQ�HVH����HVWDGR�KRUULEOH��£/DXUD�GLFH�TXH�GHWHVWDV�HO�DSDUWDPHQWR�\�TXH�VDOHV�GH�QRFKH�SDUD�KXLU�GH�pO��¢(V�FLHUWR�HVR��7RP"�

720�� 1R�� 7~� GLFHV� TXH� KD\� HQ� WX� FRUD]yQ� PXFKDV� FRVDV� TXH� QR� SRGUtDV�H[SOLFDUPH��/R�PLVPR�SXHGH�GHFLUVH�GH�Pt��£+D\�HQ�PL�FRUD]yQ�WDQWDV�FRVDV�TXH�QR�SXHGR�GHVFULELUWH��'H�PRGR�TXH�UHVSHWpPRQRV�HO�XQR�DO�RWUR�����

$0$1'$�� 3HUR���� ¢SRU� TXp�� SRU� TXp� HVWiV� VLHPSUH� WDQ� LQTXLHWR�� 7RP"�¢$GRQGH�YDV�GH�QRFKH"��

720��9R\����DO�FLQH�����$0$1'$��¢3RU�TXp�YDV�WDQWR�DOOt��7RP"��

Page 28: El zoo de cristal

720�� 9R\� DO� FLQH� SRUTXH����PH� JXVWD� OD� DYHQWXUD�� /D� DYHQWXUD� QR� DEXQGD�GRQGH�WUDEDMR��GH�PRGR�TXH�YR\�DO�FLQH��

$0$1'$��3HUR�7RP����£9DV�GHPDVLDGR�DO�FLQH���720��0H�JXVWD�YHU�PXFKDV�DYHQWXUDV�����$PDQGD� SDUHFH� SHUSOHMD�� OXHJR� KHULGD�� &XDQGR� VH� UHDQXGD� HO� IDPLOLDU�LQWHUURJDWRULR��7RP�YXHOYH�D�PRVWUDUVH�GXUR�H�LPSDFLHQWH��$PDQGD�UHWRUQD�D�VX�DFWLWXG�TXHMXPEURVD�����$0$1'$��/D�PD\RUtD�GH�ORV�MyYHQHV�KDOODQ�DYHQWXUD�HQ�VXV�FDUUHUDV��720��3HUR�OD�PD\RUtD�GH�ORV�MyYHQHV�QR�HVWiQ�HPSOHDGRV�HQ�XQD�]DSDWHUtD��$0$1'$��(O�PXQGR�HVWi�OOHQR�GH�MyYHQHV�HPSOHDGRV�HQ�]DSDWHUtDV�\�RILFLQDV�

GH�IiEULFDV��720��¢(QFXHQWUDQ�WRGRV�HOORV�DYHQWXUD�HQ�VXV�FDUUHUDV"��$0$1'$��£6t��£2�VDOHQ�GHO�SDVR�VLQ�HOOD��1R�WRGRV�WLHQHQ�HVDV�ORFDV�DQVLDV�GH�

DYHQWXUD��720�� £(O� KRPEUH� HV� SRU� LQVWLQWR� XQ� DPDQWH�� XQ� FD]DGRU�� XQ� OXFKDGRU� \�

QLQJXQR� GH� HVRV� LQVWLQWRV� HQFXHQWUD� PXFKR� FDPSR� GH� DFFLyQ� HQ� OD�]DSDWHUtD��

$0$1'$��£4XH�OR�HV�SRU�LQVWLQWR��GLFHV��£1R�PH�FLWHV�HO�LQVWLQWR��£(O�LQVWLQWR�HV� DOJR�TXH� OD� JHQWH� KD�DEDQGRQDGR�� £3HUWHQHFH�D� ORV�DQLPDOHV�� £/RV�FULVWLDQRV�DGXOWRV�QR�OR�QHFHVLWDQ��

720��¢4Xp�TXLHUHQ��SXHV��ORV�FULVWLDQRV�DGXOWRV��PDPi"��$0$1'$�� £&RVDV� VXSHULRUHV�� £&RVDV� GH� OD� PHQWH� \� GHO� HVStULWX�� £6yOR� ORV�

DQLPDOHV� QHFHVLWDQ� VDWLVIDFHU� VXV� LQVWLQWRV�� £&RQ� WRGD� VHJXULGDG� WXV�REMHWLYRV�VRQ�PiV�HOHYDGRV�TXH�ORV�VX\RV��4XH�ORV�GH�ORV�PRQRV����ORV�FHUGRV�����

720��&UHR�TXH�QR��$0$1'$��%URPHDV��3HUR�QR�HV�GH�HVR�GH�OR�TXH�TXLHUR�KDEODUWH��720��OHYDQWiQGRVH��1R�PH�TXHGD�PXFKR�WLHPSR���$0$1'$��DSR\iQGROH�ODV�PDQRV�VREUH�ORV�KRPEURV���6LpQWDWH���720��¢4XLHUHV�TXH�OOHJXH�WDUGH�DO�WUDEDMR��PDPi"��$0$1'$��7H�TXHGDQ�FLQFR�PLQXWRV��4XLHUR�KDEODUWH�GH�/DXUD��720��£3HUIHFWDPHQWH��¢4Xp�SDVD�FRQ�/DXUD"��$0$1'$��7HQHPRV�TXH�WUD]DUQRV�DOJXQRV�SODQHV�SDUD�VX�IXWXUR��7H�OOHYD�GRV�

DxRV�\�QR�KD�SDVDGR�QDGD��9LYH�D�OD�GHULYD��VLQ�KDFHU�QDGD��0H�DVXVWD�WHUULEOHPHQWH�YHU�FyPR�YLYH�D�OD�GHULYD���

720�� &UHR�TXH� /DXUD�HV�XQD�GH� HVDV�PXFKDFKDV�TXH� OD� JHQWH� OODPD�GH�VX�FDVD��

$0$1'$�� £1R� KD\� WDOHV� PXFKDFKDV� \�� VL� ODV� KD\�� HV� XQD� OiVWLPD�� £(VR�� D�PHQRV�TXH�OD�FDVD�VHD�VX\D��FRQ�XQ�PDULGR���

720��¢4Xp�GLFHV"�$0$1'$� �DFHUFiQGRVH� D� OD� EXWDFD��� £2K�� YHR� FRQ� WDQWD� FODULGDG� OD�

DGYHUWHQFLD�GHO�GHVWLQR�� £(V�WHUURUtILFD��£0H�UHFXHUGDV�FDGD�YH]�PiV�D�WX� SDGUH�� £9ROYtD� D� DOWDV� KRUDV� GH� OD� QRFKH�� VLQ� GDUPH� QLQJXQD�

Page 29: El zoo de cristal

H[SOLFDFLyQ�� �6H�VLHQWD�HQ� OD�EXWDFD���/XHJR���� £VH� IXH��£$GLyV��<�\R��D�FDUJDU�FRQ�WRGR��9L�OD�FDUWD�TXH�UHFLELVWH�GH�OD�0DULQD�0HUFDQWH��6p�FRQ�TXp� HVWiV� VRxDQGR�� 1R� HVWR\� FLHJD��0X\� ELHQ�� SXHV�� £+D]OR�� 3HUR� QR�DQWHV�GH�TXH�DOJXLHQ�RFXSH�WX�OXJDU��

720��¢4Xp�TXLHUHV�GHFLU"�$0$1'$��£4XLHUR�GHFLU�TXH��DSHQDV�/DXUD�KD\D�HQFRQWUDGR�D�TXLHQ�FXLGH�GH�

HOOD��DSHQDV�VH�KD\D�FDVDGR�\�WHQJD�VX�KRJDU�LQGHSHQGLHQWH��HVWDUiV�HQ�OLEHUWDG�GH�LUWH�DGRQGH�VH�WH�DQWRMH���6H�OHYDQWD��VH�DFHUFD�D�7RP���£3RU�OD� WLHUUD�� SRU� HO� PDU�� DGRQGH� WH� OOHYH� HO� YLHQWR�� 3HUR� KDVWD� HQWRQFHV�WLHQHV�TXH�FXLGDU�D�WX�KHUPDQD���9D�D�OD�GHUHFKD��VH�XELFD�GHWUiV�GH�OD�EXWDFD���£1R�KDEOR�GH�Pt�SRUTXH�VR\�YLHMD�\�FDUH]FR�GH�LPSRUWDQFLD��/R�GLJR�SRU�WX�KHUPDQD��SRUTXH�HV�MRYHQ�\�FRQILDGD��/D�HQYLp�D�OD�HVFXHOD�FRPHUFLDO����£\�IXH�XQ�ODPHQWDEOH�IUDFDVR��6H�DVXVWy�WDQWR�TXH�WXYR�XQ�YyPLWR��/D�OOHYp�D�OD�/LJD�GH�OD�*HQWH�-RYHQ��GH�OD�LJOHVLD��2WUR�IUDFDVR��1R� KDEOy� FRQ� QDGLH� \� QDGLH� KDEOy� FRQ� HOOD�� �6H� VLHQWD� HQ� OD� EXWDFD���$KRUD��VyOR�MXHJD�HVW~SLGDPHQWH�FRQ�HVRV�SHGD]RV�GH�YLGULR�\�SRQH�HQ�HO� IRQyJUDIR� HVRV� JDVWDGRV� GLVFRV�� ¢4Xp� YLGD� HV� pVD� SDUD� XQD�PXFKDFKD"��

720��¢4Xp�SXHGR�KDFHU�SDUD�UHPHGLDUOD"��$0$1'$�� £6XSHUDU� WX�HJRtVPR�� £<R��\R��\R��£6yOR�SLHQVDV�HQ�HVR�� �7RP�VH�

OHYDQWD�GH�XQ�VDOWR�\�YD�D�OD�GHUHFKD��WRPD�VX�DEULJR�\�VH�OR�SRQH��(V�IHR� \� GHPDVLDGR� JUDQGH�� 6H� HQFDVTXHWD� XQD� JRUUD� FRQ� RUHMHUDV���¢'yQGH�HVWi� WX� EXIDQGD"� £3RQWH� WX� EXIDQGD�GH� ODQD�� �/D� DUUDQFD�FRQ�LUULWDFLyQ� GH� OD� FODYLMD�� OD� DUURMD� VREUH� HO� FXHOOR� GH� 7RP� \� MXQWD� ELHQ�DPERV�H[WUHPRV���£7RP��1R�WH�GLMH�OR�TXH�PH�SURSRQtD�SHGLUWH��

720��(VWR\�GHPDVLDGR�UHWUDVDGR�SDUD����$0$1'$� �DVLpQGROR� GHO� EUD]R�� FRQ� LQVLVWHQFLD�� SURVLJXH� WtPLGDPHQWH��� ¢1R�

KD\�HQ�OD�]DSDWHUtD�DOJXQRV����MyYHQHV�TXH�YDOJDQ�OD�SHQD"��720��£1R��$0$1'$��'HEH�KDEHU����DOJXQRV����720��0DPi�����*HVWR����$0$1'$��%XVFD�D�DOJXQR�GH�YLGD�KRQHVWD����TXH�QR�EHED����£H�LQYtWDOR�SDUD�WX�

KHUPDQD���720��¢4Xp�GLFHV"�$0$1'$��£3DUD�WX�KHUPDQD��£3DUD�TXH�VH�HQFXHQWUHQ�\�VH�FRQR]FDQ��720��\HQGR�FRQ�SHVDGRV�SDVRV�KDFLD�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���£2K��'LRV�PtR��$0$1'$��¢/R�KDUiV"��7RP�DEUH�OD�SXHUWD��6XSOLFDQWH���¢/R�KDUiV"��eO�VDOH���

¢/R� KDUiV"� ¢/R� KDUiV�� TXHULGR"� �7RP� VH� YD� SRU� OD� FDOOHMXHOD� GH� OD�GHUHFKD��$PDQGD�HVWi�HQ�HO�UHOODQR���

720��VLQ�YROYHUVH���£6t��$0$1'$� �YXHOYH� D� HQWUDU� \� YD� DO� WHOpIRQR��� ¢(OOD� &DUWZULJKW"� (OOD�� KDEOD�

$PDQGD�:LQJILHOG��(Q�SULPHU�OXJDU����¢&yPR�VLJXH�GH�ORV�ULxRQHV"�£2K��¢'H� YHUDV"� ¢+DQ� YXHOWR� D� GROHUOH"� %XHQR�� XVWHG� HV� VLPSOHPHQWH�XQD�PiUWLU� FULVWLDQD�� XQD� PiUWLU� FULVWLDQD�� +H� QRWDGR� HQ� PL� OLEUHWD� GH�DSXQWHV� TXH� VX� VXVFULSFLyQ� DO� &RPSDQLRQ� DFDED� GH� WHUPLQDU��

Page 30: El zoo de cristal

MXVWDPHQWH� DKRUD� TXH� HPSLH]D� HO� PDUDYLOORVR� IROOHWtQ� GH� %HVVLH� 0DH�+DUSHU��(O�WHPD�VRQ�HVRV�FDEDOORV�PHFiQLFRV�GH�/RQJ�,VODQG��£2K��¢'H�YHUDV"�¢/R�HVWi� OH\HQGR"�%XHQR��¢&yPR�FUHH�TXH�WHUPLQDUi"�£2K��QR��%HVVLH� 0DH� +DUSHU� QXQFD� OD� GHIUDXGD� D� XQD�� 2K�� QDWXUDOPHQWH�� XQD�QHFHVLWD�FRPSOLFDFLRQHV��/DV�FRPSOLFDFLRQHV�VRQ�LQGLVSHQVDEOHV��RK��QR�VH�FRQFLEH�XQD�QRYHOD�VLQ�HOODV��SHUR�%HVVLH�0DH�+DUSHU�VLHPSUH�GHMD�XQD�VHQVDFLyQ�WDO�GH�H[DOWDFLyQ����¢4Xp�SDVD��(OOD"�6X�YR]�HVWi�WDQ�UDUD��$K����£(V�SRUTXH�VRQ�ODV�VLHWH�GH�OD�PDxDQD��£2K��(OOD��2OYLGp�TXH�XVWHG�QXQFD�VH� OHYDQWD�DQWHV�GH� ODV�QXHYH��2OYLGp�TXH�WRGR�HO�PXQGR�WLHQH�GHUHFKR� D� GRUPLU� KDVWD� HVD� KRUD�� 6yOR� SXHGR� GHFLU� TXH� OR� VLHQWR����¢YHUGDG"� £$K�� ¢/R�KDUi"�¢6H�VXVFULELUi��GH�WRGRV�PRGRV"�%XHQR��TXH�'LRV� OD� EHQGLJD�� (OOD�� TXH� 'LRV� OD� EHQGLJD�� TXH� 'LRV� OD� EHQGLJD�� �6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV���

Page 31: El zoo de cristal

�(6&(1$�6(;7$�

��(VFHQDULR��(O�PLVPR��6yOR�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD�HVWi�LOXPLQDGD��FRQ�XQD�YDJD�OX]���720��HQWUD�SRU�OD�GHUHFKD�\�VH�DSR\D�FRPR�DQWHV�FRQWUD�HO�HQUHMDGR��FRQ�HO�

FLJDUULOOR��YLVWH�VX�DEULJR�GH�PDULQHUR�\�VX�JRUUD���'HO�RWUR� ODGR�GH�OD�FDOOHMXHOD��HVWDED�HO�6DOyQ�GH�%DLOH�(O�3DUDtVR��/DV�QRFKHV�GH�SULPDYHUD�DEUtDQ� WRGDV� ODV� SXHUWDV� \� YHQWDQDV� \� OD�P~VLFD�EURWDED�D� OD�FDOOH��$�YHFHV� DSDJDEDQ� WRGDV� ODV� OXFHV�� VDOYR� ODV� GH�XQ�JUDQ�JORER�GH� YLGULR�TXH�SHQGtD�GHO�FLHOR�UDVR��eVWH�JLUDED�HQWHUDPHQWH�H�LQVLQXDED�D�WUDYpV�GH�OD�RVFXULGDG�GHOLFDGRV�FRORUHV�GH�DUFR�LULV��/XHJR��OD�RUTXHVWD�WRFDED�XQ�YDOV�R�XQ�WDQJR��DOJR�GH�ULWPR�OHQWR�\�VHQVXDO��/DV�SDUHMDV�VDOtDQ�GHO�VDOyQ�� LEDQ� D� OD� UHODWLYD� LQWLPLGDG� GH� OD� FDOOHMXHOD�� 8QR� SRGtD� YHUODV�EHViQGRVH�GHWUiV�GH�ORV�WDFKRV�GH�GHVSHUGLFLRV�\�ORV�SRVWHV�WHOHIyQLFRV��$TXpOOD�HUD� OD� FRPSHQVDFLyQ�SRU� XQDV� YLGDV�TXH� WUDQVFXUUtDQ�FRPR�OD�PtD�� VLQ� FDPELR� QL� DYHQWXUD�� 3HUR� ORV� FDPELRV� \� ODV� DYHQWXUDV� HUDQ�LQPLQHQWHV�� HVH� DxR�� (VSHUDEDQ� D� OD� YXHOWD� GH� OD� HVTXLQD� D� HVRV�FKLTXLOLQHV� EDLODULQHV�� 6H� FHUQtDQ� HQ� OD� QLHEOD� VREUH� %HUFKWHVJDGHQ��TXHGDEDQ�DWUDSDGRV�HQ�ORV�SOLHJXHV�GHO�SDUDJXDV�GH�&KDPEHUODLQ����£(Q�(VSDxD� HVWDED� *XHUQLFD�� $TXt�� VyOR� KDEtD� IUHQpWLFD�P~VLFD� GH� MD]]� \�OLFRU�\�VDORQHV�GH�EDLOH�\�EDUHV�\�SHOtFXODV��\�HO�VH[R�VXVSHQGLGR�HQ�OD�VRPEUD� FRPR� XQ� FDQGHODEUR� \� TXH� DQHJDED� DO� PXQGR� FRQ� EUHYHV� \�HQJDxRVRV� DUFR� LULV���� 0LHQWUDV� WDQWR�� DTXHOORV� FRQILDGRV� FKLTXLOORV�EDLODEDQ� DO� FRPSiV� GH� ©4XHULGR�� HO�PXQGR� HVSHUD� HO� DPDQHFHUª�� (Q�UHDOLGDG�� HO� PXQGR� HVSHUDED� ORV� ERPEDUGHRV�� �2VFXULGDG� HQ� HO�FRPHGRU��OHYH�UHVSODQGRU��6H�YH�DOOt�D�$PDQGD���

$0$1'$��¢'yQGH�HVWiV��7RP"�720� �HQ� OD� PLVPD� SRVWXUD��� 6DOt� D� IXPDU�� �(QWUD� HQWUH� EDVWLGRUHV�� GRQGH�

YXHOYH�D�FDPELDU�GH�FKDTXHWD�\�GHMD�VX�VRPEUHUR����$0$1'$� �7RP� HQWUD� \� VH�TXHGD�SDUDGR�HQ�HO� UHOODQR�� IXPDQGR�� /H�DEUH� OD�

SXHUWD�D�VX�PDGUH��TXH�VH�VLHQWD�VREUH�XQD�EDQTXHWD�GHO�UHOODQR���2K��IXPDV� GHPDVLDGR�� 8Q� SDTXHWH� GLDULR�� D� UD]yQ� GH� TXLQFH� FHQWDYRV� HO�SDTXHWH��¢&XiQWR� UHVXOWD�HVR�SRU�PHV"�¢2�VHD�� WUHLQWD� YHFHV�TXLQFH"�1R� VHUi�PXFKR��'H� WRGRV�PRGRV�� EDVWDUtD� SDUD� D\XGDUWH�D�VHJXLU� XQ�FXUVR�GH�FRQWDELOLGDG�HQ� OD�XQLYHUVLGDG�GH�:DVKLQJWRQ��¢1R�WH�SDUHFH�TXH�HVR�VHUtD�KHUPRVR"��

720��3UHILHUR�IXPDU���$0$1'$�� £/R� Vp�� (VD� HV� WX� WUDJHGLD�� (VH� UHOODQR� HV� XQ� SREUH� VXFHVRU� GHO�

SRUFKH�TXH�WHQtDPRV��¢4Xp�PLUDV"��720��/D�OXQD��$0$1'$��¢+D\�OXQD�HVWD�QRFKH"��

Page 32: El zoo de cristal

720��(VWi�VXELHQGR�VREUH�HO�HGLILFLR�GH�*DUILQNHOV�'HOLNDWHVVHQ���$0$1'$��£$K��£(V�FLHUWR��8QD�OXQD�TXH�SDUHFH�XQD�SHTXHxD�FKLQHOD�GH�SODWD��

¢+DV�SHGLGR�XQ�GHVHR"��720��+XP�����$0$1'$��¢4Xp�GHVHDVWH"��720��(VR�HV�XQ�VHFUHWR��$0$1'$�� 3HUIHFWDPHQWH�� \R� WDPSRFR� WH� UHYHODUp�PL�GHVHR��7DPELpQ� \R�Vp�

JXDUGDU�XQ�VHFUHWR��3XHGR�VHU�WDQ�PLVWHULRVD�FRPR�W~��720��$SXHVWR�D�TXH�DGLYLQDUp�TXp�GHVHDVWH���$0$1'$��£4Xp��¢$FDVR�HV�WUDQVSDUHQWH�PL�FDEH]D"��720��1R�HUHV�XQD�HVILQJH��$0$1'$��1R��QR�WHQJR�VHFUHWRV��7H�GLUp�OR�TXH�KH�GHVHDGR�DO�PLUDU�OD�OXQD��(O�

p[LWR�\� OD�IHOLFLGDG�SDUD�PLV�HQFDQWDGRUHV�KLMRV��/R�GHVHR�VLHPSUH�TXH�KD\�OXQD��\�WDPELpQ�FXDQGR�QR�OD�KD\��

720��&UHt�TXH�GHVHDEDV�XQ�FDQGLGDWR��$0$1'$��¢3RU�TXp�GLFHV�HVR"�720��¢1R�OR�UHFXHUGDV"�0H�SHGLVWH�TXH�WH�WUDMHVH�XQR��$0$1'$�� 5HFXHUGR� KDEHUWH� LQVLQXDGR� TXH� WX� KHUPDQD� VDOGUtD� JDQDQGR� VL�

WUDMHUDV�D�XQ�PHULWRULR�MRYHQ�GHO�QHJRFLR��&UHR�TXH�WH�OR�LQVLQXp�PiV�GH�XQD�YH]��

720��6t��UHSHWLGDV�YHFHV��$0$1'$��¢<�ELHQ"�720��9HQGUi�XQR��$0$1'$��¢4Xp"�720��£8Q�FDQGLGDWR��$0$1'$��¢4XLHUHV�GHFLUPH�TXH�KDV�LQYLWDGR�D�YHQLU�D�XQ�PHULWRULR�MRYHQ�GHO�

QHJRFLR"��720��/R�KH�LQYLWDGR�D�FHQDU���$0$1'$��¢'H�YHUDV"��720��6t��$0$1'$��¢<����DFHSWy"��720��£6t���$0$1'$��¢6t"�720��£6t��$0$1'$��£%XHQR��¢9HUGDG�TXH�HV�PDUDYLOORVR"�720��0H�LPDJLQp�TXH�HVR�WH�DJUDGDUtD���$0$1'$��¢'H�PRGR�TXH�HV�XQD�FRVD�FRQFUHWD"�720��2K��PX\�FRQFUHWD��$0$1'$��¢&XiQGR�YHQGUi"��720��0X\�SURQWR���$0$1'$��¢&XiQGR"��720��3URQWtVLPR��$0$1'$��3HUR����¢FXiQGR"��720��0X\��PX\�SURQWR��$0$1'$��&DGD�YH]�TXH�TXLHUR�VDEHU�DOJR��KDEODV�DVt���

Page 33: El zoo de cristal

720��¢4Xp�TXLHUHV�VDEHU"��$0$1'$��$GLYLQD��9DPRV��DGLYLQD��720�� 3HUIHFWDPHQWH�� $GLYLQDUp�� 4XLHUHV� VDEHU� FXiQGR�YHQGUi� HO� FDQGLGDWR��

9HQGUi�PDxDQD��$0$1'$��¢0DxDQD"�£2K��QR��1R�SXHGR�VDOLU�GHO�SDVR�VL�HV�PDxDQD��1R�SXHGR�

VDOLU�GHO�SDVR�VL�HV�PDxDQD��720��¢3RU�TXp"�$0$1'$��1R�PH�GD�WLHPSR��720��¢7LHPSR�SDUD�TXp"�$0$1'$�� 3DUD� ORV� SUHSDUDWLYRV�� £2K�� GHELVWH� WHOHIRQHDUPH� DSHQDV� OR�

LQYLWDVWH����DSHQDV�DFHSWy���720��1R�WLHQHV�SRU�TXp�KDFHU�WDQWR�DOERURWR���$0$1'$��£&ODUR�TXH�GHER�KDFHUOR��1R�SXHGR�UHFLELU�D�XQ�KRPEUH�HQ�XQD�FDVD�

WDQ� VXFLD�� +D\� TXH� SRQHUOD� HQ� FRQGLFLRQHV�� 7HQJR� TXH� SHQVDU�UiSLGDPHQWH�HQ�OD�QRFKH�GH�PDxDQD���

720��1R�YHR�SRU�TXp�WLHQHV�TXH�PROHVWDUWH�HQ�SHQVDU���$0$1'$��'LFHV�HVR�SRUTXH�QR�VDEHV���(QWUD�HQ�OD�VDOD��YD�KDFLD�HO�FHQWUR��6H�

DSDJDQ� ODV� OXFHV� GH� OD� VDOD��� 1R� VDEHV�� (VR� HV� WRGR�� £1R� SRGHPRV�SHUPLWLU� TXH� XQ� FDQGLGDWR�PDWULPRQLDO� YHQJD�D�XQD� SRFLOJD�� 9HDPRV��£2K�� PH� KDQ� TXHGDGR� HVDV� WUHV� SLH]DV� GH� SODWD� GH� PL� ERGD�� /DV�OXVWUDUp�� ¢&yPR�HVWDUi�HVH�YLHMR�PDQWHO�GH�HQFDMH�GHVSXpV�GH� WDQWRV�DxRV"� £4XLpQ�VDEH��1R�SRGHPRV� OXFLU�EXHQD� URSD��1R� OD� WHQHPRV��1R�WHQHPRV�QDGD�TXH�SRQHUQRV��1DGD���9D�KDFLD�OD�GHUHFKD���

720��£0DPi��(VH�MRYHQ�QR�MXVWLILFD�WDQWDV�DOKDUDFDV���$0$1'$� �\HQGR� DO� FHQWUR��� £1R� Vp� FyPR� SXHGHV� GHFLU� HVR� FXDQGR� HV� HO�

SULPHU�FDQGLGDWR�GH�WX�KHUPDQLWD��£(V�PX\�SHQRVR�TXH�HVD�PXFKDFKD�QXQFD�KD\D�WHQLGR�XQ�VROR�SUHWHQGLHQWH��£(QWUD��£(QWUD���

720��¢3DUD�TXp"�$0$1'$��4XLHUR�SUHJXQWDUWH�XQDV�FXDQWDV�FRVDV��720� �GHVGH� HO� XPEUDO� GH� OD� SXHUWD� GH� OD� GHUHFKD��� 6L� YDV� D� KDFHU� WDQWR�

DOERURWR��FDQFHOR�OD�LQYLWDFLyQ��/H�WHOHIRQHDUp�D�HVH�MRYHQ�TXH�QR�YHQJD��$0$1'$�� £1R�� £1L� VXHxHV� FRQ� KDFHUOR�� /D� JHQWH� GHWHVWD� ORV� FRPSURPLVRV�

FDQFHODGRV�� 1R� WLHQH� GRQGH� LU�� (QWUD�� (QWUD�� ¢(QWUDUiV� FXDQGR� WH� OR�SLGR"�6LpQWDWH���7RP� OR�KDFH�HQ� OD�EXWDFD�GH� OD�GHUHFKD��� £2\H��¢4Xp�KDUp�FRQ�HVWR"��0LUD�HO�VRIi�FDPD���¢9LVWH�DOJXQD�YH]�DOJR�GH�DVSHFWR�WDQ� WULVWH"� $K�� \D� Vp���� &RPSUDUp� XQ� UHWD]R� GH� FUHWRQD� FODUD�� (VR� QR�FRVWDUi� PXFKR�� <� XQ� YHODGRU� GH� SLH� SRU� PHQVXDOLGDGHV�� £$Vt�� SRGUp�OLTXLGDU�HVD�OiPSDUD��7DPELpQ�SXHGR�SRQHUOH�XQD�IXQGD�FODUD�D�OD�VLOOD��2MDOi�WXYLHVH�WLHPSR�GH�HPSDSHODU�HO�DSDUWDPHQWR��¢&yPR�VH�OODPD"�

720��2&RQQRU��$0$1'$��2&RQQRU����(V�LUODQGpV�\�PDxDQD�HV�YLHUQHV����OR�FXDO�VLJQLILFD�TXH�

GHER�SUHSDUDU�SHVFDGR��3HUIHFWDPHQWH��+DUp�VDOPyQ�\�OR�DGHUH]DUp�FRQ�XQ� SRFR� GH� PD\RQHVD�� ¢'yQGH� OR� FRQRFLVWH"� �6H� VLHQWD� HQ� HO� VRIi�FDPD���

720��(Q�OD�]DSDWHUtD��QDWXUDOPHQWH��¢'yQGH�TXHUtDV�TXH�OR�FRQRFLHUD"�

Page 34: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$��3XHV�QR�Vp��¢%HEH"�720��¢3RU�TXp�PH�OR�SUHJXQWDV"�$0$1'$��3RUTXH�WX�SDGUH�EHEtD��720��£9DPRV��QR�HPSHFHPRV�FRQ�HVR��$0$1'$��'H�PRGR�TXH�EHEH��720��1R��TXH�\R�VHSD��$0$1'$��7LHQHV�TXH�DYHULJXDUOR��6L�KD\�DOJR�TXH�QR�TXLHUR�SDUD�PL�KLMD��HV�

XQ�KRPEUH�TXH�EHED��720�� ¢1R� WH� SDUHFH�TXH� WH� DGHODQWDV� XQ�SRFR"�'HVSXpV�GH� WRGR�� HO� VHxRU�

2&RQQRU�QR�KD�DSDUHFLGR�HQ�HVFHQD�D~Q��$0$1'$��3HUR�DSDUHFHUi�PDxDQD��3DUD�FRQRFHU�D�WX�KHUPDQD��¢<�TXp�Vp�\R�

VREUH� VX� FDUiFWHU"� �6H� OHYDQWD� \� YD� KDFLD� 7RP�� TXH� HVWi� D~Q� HQ� VX�EXWDFD��\�OH�DOLVD�HO�FDEHOOR���

720� �UHVLJQiQGRVH� D� HVWR�� FRQ� DLUH� FHxXGR��� 9HDPRV���� ¢4Xp� HVWiV�WUDPDQGR"�

$0$1'$��6LHPSUH�RGLp�HVH�PHFKyQ��1XQFD�SXGH�FRPSUHQGHU�SRU�TXp�QR�VH�DVHQWDED��

720�� 0DPi�� TXLHUR� GHFLUWH� DOJR� \� WH� KDEODUp� FRQ� WRGD� VLQFHULGDG�� FRQ� HO�FRUD]yQ�HQ�OD�PDQR��£+D\�PXFKRV�MyYHQHV�TXH�FRQRFHQ�PXFKDFKDV�FRQ�TXLHQHV�QR�VH�FDVDQ��

$0$1'$��%LHQ�VDEHV�TXH�VLHPSUH�PH� LQTXLHWy�HO�KHFKR�GH�TXH�QR�SXGLHUDV�DWHQHUWH� D�XQ� WHPD�� �9D�KDFLD� HO� VRIi�FDPD���/R�TXH�TXLHUR� VDEHU�HV�FXiO�HV�VX�HPSOHR�HQ�OD�]DSDWHUtD��

720��(V�H[SHGLGRU��$0$1'$�� £2K�� £([SHGLGRU�� (VR� HV� EDVWDQWH� LPSRUWDQWH�� /R�PLVPR� KDEUtDV�

SRGLGR� VHU� W~�� FRQ� PiV� LQLFLDWLYD� \� EUtRV�� ¢&XiQWR� JDQD"� �6H� VLHQWD�VREUH�HO�VRIi�FDPD���

720��1R� OR�Vp�FRQ�FHUWH]D��&UHR�TXH�VX�VXHOGR�HV�GH�XQRV�RFKHQWD�\�FLQFR�GyODUHV�PHQVXDOHV��

$0$1'$��¢2FKHQWD�\�FLQFR�GyODUHV"�3XHV�QR�HV�XQ�VXHOGR�SULQFLSHVFR��720��6RQ�YHLQWH�PiV�GH�OR�TXH�JDQR�\R��$0$1'$��/R�Vp��£2K��YD\D�VL�OR�Vp��£4Xp�ELHQ�OR�Vp��2FKHQWD�\�FLQFR�GyODUHV�

PHQVXDOHV��1R��(V�LQDFHSWDEOH��8Q�KRPEUH�GH�IDPLOLD�QXQFD�SRGUtD�VDOLU�GH�DSXURV�FRQ�RFKHQWD�\�FLQFR�GyODUHV�PHQVXDOHV��

720��0DPi��HO�VHxRU�2&RQQRU�QR�HV�KRPEUH�GH�IDPLOLD��$0$1'$��3HUR�SRGUtD�VHUOR�DOJ~Q�GtD����¢YHUGDG"�720��$K��\D�FRPSUHQGR����7XV�SODQHV��$0$1'$��(UHV�HO�~QLFR�MRYHQ�GH�ORV�TXH�FRQR]FR�TXH�LJQRUD�TXH�HO�IXWXUR�VH�

FRQYLHUWH� HQ� HO� SUHVHQWH�� HO� SUHVHQWH� HQ�HO�SDVDGR�\�HO�SDVDGR�HV�XQ�UHPRUGLPLHQWR�HWHUQR�VL�XQR�QR�KDFH�SODQHV�FRQ�DQWHODFLyQ��

720��£0HGLWDUp�VREUH�HVR�\�YHUp�VL�ORJUR�HQWHQGHU�DOJR��$0$1'$��£'pMDWH�GH�GHVSODQWHV�FRQ�WX�PDGUH��£+iEODPH�PiV�GH�HVR��¢&yPR�

OR� OODPDV"� 6HxRU� 2&RQQRU�� VHxRU� 2&RQQRU�� 'HEH� WHQHU� DOJ~Q� RWUR�QRPEUH�DGHPiV�GH�VHxRU����

720��6X�QRPEUH�FRPSOHWR�HV�-LP�'��2&RQQRU��/D�'��HV�OD�LQLFLDO�GH�'HODQH\��

Page 35: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$��¢'HODQH\"�¢,UODQGpV�SRU�GRQGH�OR�EXVTXHQ�\�QR�EHEH"�720� �VH� OHYDQWD��� ¢/R� OODPR� SRU� WHOpIRQR� \� VH� OR� SUHJXQWR"� �9D� KDFLD� HO�

DSDUDWR���$0$1'$��\HQGR�KDFLD�HO�WHOpIRQR���£1R��720��/R�OODPDUp�\�OH�GLUp�TXH�TXLHUHV�VDEHU�VL�EHEH���'HVFXHOJD�HO�DXULFXODU���$0$1'$� �DUUHEDWiQGROH� HO� UHFHSWRU���1R�� QR� SXHGHV� KDFHU� HVR�� 'HEHV� VHU�

GLVFUHWR�VREUH�HVH� WHPD��&XDQGR�\R�HUD�PXFKDFKD��HQ�%OXH�0RXQWDLQ��7RP� VH� VLHQWD� VREUH� HO� VRIi�FDPD��� VL� VH� VRVSHFKDED� TXH� XQ� MRYHQ�EHEtD� \� HVWDED� IHVWHMDQGR� D� XQD� PXFKDFKD���� VL� IHVWHMDED� D� XQD�PXFKDFKD��pVWD�LED�D�YHU�DO�VDFHUGRWH�GH�VX�SDUURTXLD�\�OH�SUHJXQWDED�SRU� VX� FDUiFWHU���� R� VL� VX� SDGUH� YLYtD� D~Q�� VX� GHEHU� HUD� LU� D� YHU� DO�VDFHUGRWH� GH� OD� SDUURTXLD� SDUD�SUHJXQWDUOH� SRU� VX� FDUiFWHU�� <� DVt�� VH�LPSHGtD� TXH� ODV� PXFKDFKDV� GH� %OXH� 0RXQWDLQ� FRPHWLHUDQ� HUURUHV�WUiJLFRV���6H�DSDJD�OD�OX]�GH�OD�IRWRJUDItD���

720��¢&yPR�OR�FRPHWLVWH�W~"�$0$1'$�� 2K�� QR� Vp� FyPR� VH� ODV� FRPSRQtD� WX� SDGUH�� SHUR� DTXHOOD� FDUD�

HQJDxDED�D�WRGR�HO�PXQGR��/H�EDVWDED�FRQ�VRQUHtU�\�OD�JHQWH�TXHGDED�KHFKL]DGD���9D�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD���1R�FRQR]FR�QDGD�PiV�WUiJLFR�TXH�XQD�PXFKDFKD�TXH�VH�GHMD�VHGXFLU�SRU�XQD�KHUPRVD�DSDULHQFLD�\�FRQItR�HQ�TXH�HO�VHxRU�2&RQQRU�QR�VHUi�GHPDVLDGR�JXDSR��

720��(Q�UHDOLGDG��QR�OR�HV��7LHQH�SHFDV�\�XQD�JUDQ�QDUL]��$0$1'$��¢1R�HV�IUDQFDPHQWH�IHR"�720��1R��\R�QR�GLUtD�TXH�IUDQFDPHQWH����IHR��)HR�D�PHGLDV��PiV�ELHQ��$0$1'$��'H�WRGRV�PRGRV��VL�XQD�PXFKDFKD�WLHQH�EXHQ�VHQWLGR��GHEH�EXVFDU�

FDUiFWHU�HQ�XQ�KRPEUH���720��(VR�HV�OR�TXH�KH�GLFKR�VLHPSUH��PDPi���$0$1'$�� /R� KDV� GLFKR� VLHPSUH���� £OR� KDV� GLFKR� VLHPSUH�� ¢&yPR� SXGLVWH�

GHFLUOR�VLHPSUH�VL�QL�VLTXLHUD�SHQVDVWH�QXQFD�HQ�HVR"�720��9DPRV��QR�GHVFRQItHV�GH�Pt��$0$1'$��6t�TXH�GHVFRQItR��'HVFRQItR�GH�WRGDV�ODV�SDODEUDV�TXH�EURWDQ�GH�WX�

ERFD�FXDQGR�PH�KDEODV��SHUR�TXLHUR�VDEHU�PiV�FRVDV�VREUH�HVH�MRYHQ��¢(V�HPSUHQGHGRU"��

720�� 6t�� 5HDOPHQWH�� FUHR� TXH� HV� SDUWLGDULR� GH� TXH� FDGD� XQR� PHMRUH� VX�VLWXDFLyQ���

$0$1'$��¢3RU�TXp�RSLQDV�HVR"��720��9D�D�OD�HVFXHOD�QRFWXUQD���$0$1'$��¢<�TXp�KDFH�DKt"��720��(VWXGLD�WpFQLFD�UDGLRWHOHIyQLFD�\�RUDWRULD���$0$1'$�� £2K�� £2UDWRULD��2K���� (VR� UHYHOD���� UHYHOD� TXH� VH�SURSRQH� OOHJDU�D�

VHU�GLUHFWRU�GH� DOJXQD�HPSUHVD���� %XHQR�� WRGRV�HVRV�KHFKRV�VRQ�PX\�LOXVWUDWLYRV��6RQ�KHFKRV�TXH�WRGD�PDGUH�GHELHUD�VDEHU�VREUH�WRGR�MRYHQ�TXH�YLVLWH�D�VX�KLMD��FRQ�LQWHQFLRQHV�VHULDV�R�QR���

720��6yOR�XQD�SHTXHxD�DGYHUWHQFLD��PDPi��1R�OH�KH�GLFKR�QDGD�D�2&RQQRU�VREUH� /DXUD�� 1R� OH� KH� LQVLQXDGR� TXH� WHQJDPRV� VRPEUtDV� LQWHQFLRQHV�

Page 36: El zoo de cristal

XOWHULRUHV��6yOR� OH�GLMH��©¢3RU� TXp�QR�WH�YLHQHV�D�FHQDU�D�FDVD�DOJXQD�YH]"ª�<�pO�PH�UHVSRQGLy��©%XHQR�ª�<�pVWD�IXH�WRGD�OD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ���

$0$1'$��$SRVWDUtD�D�TXH�Vt��7H�DVHJXUR�TXH�VXHOHV�VHU�HORFXHQWH�FRPR�XQD�RVWUD��6LQ�HPEDUJR��FXDQGR�pO�YHD�OR�OLQGD�\�GXOFH�TXH�HV�HVD�QLxD��VH�DOHJUDUi�PXFKR��PXFKtVLPR�GH�TXH�OR�KD\DQ�LQYLWDGR�D�FHQDU�DTXt���6H�VLHQWD�HQ�OD�EXWDFD���

720��0DPi��XQD�VROD�FRVD��1R�HVSHUDUiV�GHPDVLDGR�GH�/DXUD����¢YHUGDG"�$0$1'$��1R�Vp�TXp�TXLHUHV�GHFLU���7RP�VH�OH�DFHUFD�OHQWDPHQWH��6H�TXHGD�

XQ�PRPHQWR�PLUiQGROD�\�OXHJR�����720�� %XHQR�� /DXUD� QRV� SDUHFH� GRWDGD� GH� WRGDV� HVDV� YLUWXGHV� SRUTXH� HV�

QXHVWUD�\�OD�TXHUHPRV��1L�VLTXLHUD�DGYLHUWHV�\D�TXH�HVWi�WXOOLGD��$0$1'$��1R�XVHV�HVD�SDODEUD��720��0DPi��KD\�TXH�DIURQWDU�ORV�KHFKRV��OR�HV��\�HVR�QR�HV�WRGR��$0$1'$��¢4Xp�TXLHUHV�GHFLU�FRQ�HVR�GH�©HVR�QR�HV�WRGRª"��7RP�VH�DUURGLOOD�

D�VX�ODGR���720��0DPi����7~�VDEHV�TXH�/DXUD�HV�PX\�GLVWLQWD�GH�ODV�GHPiV�PXFKDFKDV��$0$1'$��6t��OR�Vp��\�FUHR�TXH�FRQ�YHQWDMD�SDUD�HOOD��720�� 1R� GHO� WRGR���� D� ORV� RMRV� GH� ORV� GHPiV���� GH� ORV� H[WUDxRV�� (V�

HVSDQWRVDPHQWH�WtPLGD��9LYH�HQ�XQ�PXQGR�SURSLR�\�SRU�HVR�OD�JHQWH�OD�FRQVLGHUD�DOJR�UDUD��

$0$1'$��1R�XVHV�OD�SDODEUD�©UDUDª��720��7LHQHV�TXH�DIURQWDU�ORV�KHFKRV��/R�HV��$0$1'$��1R�Vp�HQ�TXp�VHQWLGR��720� �GHVSXpV�GH�XQD�SHTXHxD�SDXVD���0DPi�� /DXUD�YLYH�HQ�XQ�PXQGR�GH�

DQLPDOLWRV� GH� FULVWDO�� 3RQH� HQ� HO� IRQyJUDIR� YLHMRV� GLVFRV���� \���� HVR� HV�WRGR��SRFR�PiV�R�PHQRV��

��6H� OHYDQWD� OHQWDPHQWH�� VDOH� HQ� VLOHQFLR� SRU� OD� SXHUWD� GH� OD� GHUHFKD��GHMiQGROD� DELHUWD�� \� VH� YD� GHVSDFLRVDPHQWH� FDOOHMXHOD� DUULED�� $PDQGD� VH�OHYDQWD��YD�KDFLD�HO�UHOODQR�\�PLUD�OD�OXQD����$0$1'$��£/DXUD��£/DXUD��/$85$��GXOFH��GHVGH�OD�FRFLQD���6t��PDPi��$0$1'$��£'HMD�HVRV�SODWRV�\�YHQ�DTXt���/DXUD�DFXGH�FRQ�HO�UHSDVDGRU�HQWUH�

ODV�PDQRV�� $OHJUHPHQWH��� £/DXUD�� YHQ� \� SLHQVD� XQ� GHVHR��PLUDQGR� OD�OXQD��

/$85$��EDMD�DO�UHOODQR���¢/D�OXQD"����¢/D�OXQD"�$0$1'$��8QD�OXQD�TXH�SDUHFH�XQD�SHTXHxD�FKLQHOD�GH�SODWD��£0LUD�SRU�VREUH�

WX� KRPEUR� L]TXLHUGR�� /DXUD�� \� SLHQVD� XQ� GHVHR�� �/DXUD� SDUHFH� DOJR�SHUSOHMD�� FRPR� VL� OD� KXELHUDQ� GHVSHUWDGR� UHSHQWLQDPHQWH�� $PDQGD� OD�DIHUUD�GH�ORV�KRPEURV�\�OD�REOLJD�D�YROYHUVH�HQ�iQJXOR�VREUH�HO�UHOODQR���£9DPRV��£�9DPRV��TXHULGD��SLHQVD�HQ�XQ�GHVHR��

/$85$��¢4Xp�SXHGR�GHVHDU��PDPi"�$0$1'$� �FRQ� YR]� WUpPXOD��PLHQWUDV� VXV� RMRV� VH� OOHQDQ� UHSHQWLQDPHQWH�GH�

OiJULPDV���£/D�GLFKD��£/D�EXHQD�VXHUWH��

Page 37: El zoo de cristal

��6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV�HQ�HO�HVFHQDULR����

7(/Ï1�

Page 38: El zoo de cristal

���

$&72�6(*81'2�

Page 39: El zoo de cristal

�(6&(1$�35,0(5$��

�(VFHQDULR��(O�PLVPR���/DV� FRUWLQDV� LQWHULRUHV� TXH� VHSDUDQ� HO� FRPHGRU� GH� OD� VDOD� HVWiQ� FRUULGDV��$PEDV� KDELWDFLRQHV� VH� HQFXHQWUDQ� HQ� OD� RVFXULGDG�� FRPR� DO� HPSH]DU� OD�FRPHGLD��7RP�OXFH�HO�PLVPR�DEULJR�\�OD�PLVPD�JRUUD���720� �DSDUHFH� LQFOLQDGR� FRQWUD� HO� HQUHMDGR� GH� OD� HVFDOHUD�� FRPR� DQWHV�� \�

IXPDQGR���<�DVt�IXH�FRPR�WUDMH�D�FHQDU�D�-LP��OD�QRFKH�VLJXLHQWH��<R�OR�KDEtD�FRQRFLGR�XQ�SRFR�HQ�HO�FROHJLR�GH�VHFXQGDULD��(Q�HO�FROHJLR��-LP�KDEtD�VLGR�XQ�KpURH��7HQtD�XQD�HQRUPH�ERQKRPtD�\�YLWDOLGDG�LUODQGHVDV��FRQ� HO� DLUH� OXVWURVR� \� SXOLGR�GH� OD� SRUFHODQD�EODQFD�� 3DUHFtD�PRYHUVH�LQFHVDQWHPHQWH�EDMR�XQ�KD]�GH�OX]�TXH�OR�GHVWDFDED��(UD�XQ�DVWUR�GHO�EDORQFHVWR�� FDSLWiQ�GHO�FOXE�GH�SROpPLFDV��SUHVLGHQWH�GHO�FXUVR�GH� ORV�EDFKLOOHUHV�\�GHO�RUIHyQ��\�FDQWDED�HO�SDSHO�GHO�SURWDJRQLVWD�HQ�OD�ySHUD�OLJHUD� DQXDO�� &RQVWDQWHPHQWH� FRUUtD� R� VDOWDED�� QXQFD� VH� OLPLWDED� D�FDPLQDU��3DUHFtD�SURQWR�VLHPSUH�D�GHUURWDU�OD�OH\�GH�OD�JUDYHGDG��&UX]y�SRU� VX� DGROHVFHQFLD� FRQ� XQD� YHORFLGDG� WDQ� PHWHyULFD� TXH� SRGtD�HVSHUDUVH�OyJLFDPHQWH�TXH�D�ORV�WUHLQWD�DxRV�VyOR�VH�FRQIRUPDUtD�FRQ�OD�&DVD�%ODQFD�� 3HUR�� DO�SDUHFHU�� WXYR�PiV� WURSLH]RV�DO� VDOLU�GHO� FROHJLR��SRUTXH� VX� YHORFLGDG� KDEtD� GLVPLQXLGR� D� RMRV� YLVWDV�� 3RU� HVR�� HQ� HVD�pSRFD�GH�QXHVWUDV�YLGDV�� VX� HPSOHR�QR� HUD�PXFKR�PHMRU�TXH�HO�PtR��(UD� HO� ~QLFR� FRPSDxHUR� GH� WUDEDMR� FRQ� TXLHQ� \R� HVWDED� HQ� WpUPLQRV�FRUGLDOHV��<R�OH�UHVXOWDED�YDOLRVR�SRUTXH�UHFRUGDED�VXV�SDVDGDV�JORULDV��SRUTXH�OH�KDEtD�YLVWR�JDQDU�SDUWLGRV�GH�EDORQFHVWR�\�OD�FRSD�GH�SODWD�HQ�ODV�SROpPLFDV��-LP�FRQRFtD�PL�VHFUHWR�KiELWR�GH�UHFOXLUPH�HQ�XQ�UHWUHWH�GHO�ODYDER�SDUD�WUDEDMDU�HQ�PLV�SRHPDV�FXDQGR�DIORMDED�HO�WUDEDMR�HQ�HO�QHJRFLR��0H� OODPDED�6KDNHVSHDUH�� <�PLHQWUDV� ORV� GHPiV� FRPSDxHURV�PH� PLUDEDQ� FRQ� GHVFRQILDGD� KRVWLOLGDG�� -LP� VH� PRVWUDED� MRYLDO�FRQPLJR��3RFR�D�SRFR��VX�DFWLWXG�HPSH]y�D�LQIOXLU�VREUH�ORV�GHPiV�\�OD�KRVWLOLGDG� GH� pVWRV� VH� HVIXPy�� <� SRU� HVR�� GHVSXpV� GH� DOJ~Q� WLHPSR��HPSH]DURQ�D�VRQUHtUPH�WDPELpQ��FRPR�OH�VRQUtH�OD�JHQWH�D�XQ�SHUUR�GH�WLSR�H[WUDxR�TXH�VH�OHV�FUX]D�HQ�HO�FDPLQR�D�OR�OHMRV��<R�VDEtD�TXH�-LP�\�/DXUD�VH�KDEtDQ�FRQRFLGR�HQ�HO�FROHJLR�SRUTXH�PL�KHUPDQD�KDEODED�FRQ�DGPLUDFLyQ�GH�OD�YR]�GH�-LP��1R�VDEtD�VL�-LP�OD�UHFRUGDUtD�R�QR��3RUTXH�HQ� HO� FROHJLR� GH� VHFXQGDULD� /DXUD� KDEtD� VLGR� WDQ� UHFDWDGD� FRPR� -LP�VRUSUHQGHQWH�� <�� VL� UHFRUGDED�D� /DXUD�� -LP�QR� OD� UHFRUGDED�DO�PHQRV�FRPR�D�PL�KHUPDQD��SRUTXH�FXDQGR�OR�LQYLWp�D�FHQDU��PH�VRQULy�\�GLMR��©¢6DEHV� XQD� FRVD�� 6KDNHVSHDUH"� (V� FXULRVR�� SHUR���� £QXQFD� FUHt� TXH�WXYLHUDV�SDULHQWHV�ª�

Page 40: El zoo de cristal

�7RP� VDOH� SRU� OD� GHUHFKD�� /DV� OXFHV�GH� OD� VDOD� VH� HQFLHQGHQ��$PDQGD�HVWi�VHQWDGD�VREUH�OD�PHVLWD��D�OD�GHUHFKD�GHO�VRIi�FDPD��FRVLHQGR�HO�GREODGLOOR�GHO�YHVWLGR�GH�/DXUD��/D�PXFKDFKD�HVWi�GH�SLH�IUHQWH�D�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��$PDQGD� KD� WUDEDMDGR� FRPR� XQD� QHJUD� D� ILQ� GH� SUHSDUDUOR� WRGR� SDUD� HO�FDQGLGDWR��/RV�UHVXOWDGRV�VRQ�VRUSUHQGHQWHV��/D�QXHYD�OiPSDUD�GH�SLH�FRQ�VX�SDQWDOOD�GH� VHGD�URVD�HVWi�HQ�VX� OXJDU��D� OD�GHUHFKD�GH� OD�VDOD��FHUFD�GH� OD�SDUHG�� XQD� SDQWDOOD� GH� SDSHO� GH� FRORU� GLVLPXOD� HO� SRUWDOiPSDUDV� URWR� TXH�SHQGH� GHO� FLHOR� UDVR�� ODV� VLOODV� \� HO� VRIi� OXFHQ� IXQGDV� GH� SHUFDO�� \� KDQ�DSDUHFLGR�SRU�SULPHUD�YH]�XQ�SDU�GH�DOPRKDGRQHV�QXHYRV��/DXUD�HVWi�SDUDGD�HQ� HO� FHQWUR� GH� OD� KDELWDFLyQ� FRQ� ORV� EUD]RV� OHYDQWDGRV��PLHQWUDV� $PDQGD�HVWi�DJDFKDGD��DMXVWDQGR�HO�GREODGLOOR�GHO�QXHYR�YHVWLGR��GHYRWD�ULWXDOLVWD��(O�YHVWLGR� HV� FRORUHDGR� \� GLVHxDGR� SRU� HO� UHFXHUGR�� (O� SHLQDGR� GH� /DXUD� KD�FDPELDGR��HV�PiV�VXDYH�\�OH�VLHQWD�PHMRU��(Q�/DXUD�KD�EURWDGR�XQD�EHOOH]D�IUiJLO� \� TXH� QR� SDUHFH� GH� HVWH�PXQGR�� VH� GLUtD� XQD� SLH]D� GH� WUDQVSDUHQWH�FULVWDO� WRFDGD� SRU� OD� OX]�� TXH� HPLWH� XQD�PRPHQWiQHD� LUUDGLDFLyQ�� LUUHDO�� QR�GXUDGHUD��$PDQGD��VHQWDGD�D~Q��FRVH�HO�YHVWLGR�GH�/DXUD��/D�MRYHQ�HVWi�GH�SLH�IUHQWH�D�HOOD����$0$1'$��¢3RU�TXp�WLHPEODV�DVt��/DXUD"�/$85$��£0H�KDV�H[FLWDGR�WDQWR�ORV�QHUYLRV��PDPi��$0$1'$��¢3RU�TXp�WH�KH�H[FLWDGR�ORV�QHUYLRV"�/$85$�� £&RQ� WRGR� HVWH� DOERURWR�� /H� GDV� D� HVWR� XQD� DSDULHQFLD� WDQ�

LPSRUWDQWH����$0$1'$�� 1R� WH� HQWLHQGR�PX\� ELHQ�� TXHULGD�� &DGD� YH]� TXH� WUDWR� GH� KDFHU�

DOJR� SRU� WL�� DOJR� XQ� SRFR� GLVWLQWR�� SDUHFHV� RSRQHUWH� REVWLQDGDPHQWH��9DPRV�� PtUDWH�� �/DXUD� VH� GLULJH� KDFLD� OD� SXHUWD� GH� OD� GHUHFKD��� £1R��HVSHUD��(VSHUD�XQ�PRPHQWR��QDGD�PiV����+H�ROYLGDGR�DOJR���7RPD�GHO�VRIi�FDPD�GRV�SRVWL]RV�SDUD�UHOOHQDU�HO�EXVWR���

/$85$��¢4Xp�HV�HVR"�$0$1'$�� 8Q� SDU� GH� PHMRUDV�� �$WDUHDGD� FRQ� ORV� SRVWL]RV��� &XDQGR� \R� HUD�

PXFKDFKD��WHQtDPRV�XQRV�REMHWRV�UHGRQGRV�GH�HQFDMH�FRPR�pVWRV�\�ORV�OODPiEDPRV�©DOHJUHV�HQJDxDGRUHVª��

/$85$��£<R�QR�ORV�XVDUp��$0$1'$��&ODUR�TXH�ORV�XVDUiV��/$85$��¢3RU�TXp�KDEUtD�GH�XVDUORV"�$0$1'$��%XHQR��TXHULGD��3DUD�VHUWH�IUDQFD��HUHV�XQ�SRFR�OLVD�GH�SHFKR��/$85$��3DUHFHUtD�TXH�OH�HVWDPRV�SUHSDUDQGR�XQD�WUDPSD��$0$1'$��$Vt�HV��7RGDV�ODV�PXFKDFKDV�OLQGDV�VRQ�XQD�WUDPSD�\�ORV�KRPEUHV�

HVSHUDQ� TXH� OR� VHDQ�� $KRUD�� PtUDWH� HQ� HVH� HVSHMR�� �/DXUD� YD� D� OD�GHUHFKD�\�VH�PLUD�HQ�HO�HVSHMR��LQYLVLEOH�SDUD�HO�S~EOLFR��TXH�HVWi�HQ�OD�RVFXULGDG�D� OD�GHUHFKD�GH� OD�SXHUWD���¢9HV"�6LPSOHPHQWH��SDUHFHV�XQ�iQJHO�GH�WDUMHWD�SRVWDO��¢9HUGDG�TXH�HV�KHUPRVR"�$KRUD��EDVWD�FRQ�TXH�HVSHUHV�� 9R\� D� YHVWLUPH� \R�� 7H� DVRPEUDUi� HO� DVSHFWR� GH� WX� PDGUH���$PDQGD� YD� DO� FRPHGRU�� /DXUD� VH� PLUD� HQ� HO� HVSHMR�� VH� TXLWD� ORV�©DOHJUHV�HQJDxDGRUHVª��ORV�RFXOWD�GHEDMR�GHO�FROFKyQ�GHO�VRIi�FDPD��6H�

Page 41: El zoo de cristal

VLHQWD� VREUH� OD� PHVLWD� D� OD� GHUHFKD� GHO� VRIi� SRU� XQRV� LQVWDQWHV� \�HVFXFKD�XQD�P~VLFD�EDLODEOH��OHMDQD��KDVWD�OD�HQWUDGD�GH�$PDQGD���

$0$1'$� �KDFLD� OD� HVFHQD��� (QFRQWUp� XQ� YHVWLGR� YLHMR� HQ� HO� ED~O�� 3HUR����¢VDEHV�XQD�FRVD"�7XYH�TXH�KDFHUOH�PXFKDV�UHIRUPDV��DXQTXH�PH�GROLy�HO�FRUD]yQ�FXDQGR�KXER�TXH�VROWDUOH�ODV�FRVWXUDV��9DPRV��/DXUD��PLUD�D�WX� PDGUH�� £2K�� £9HQ� D� PLUDUPH� DKRUD�� �(QWUD� HQ� HO� FRPHGRU� SRU� OD�L]TXLHUGD��\�YD�DO�FHQWUR�GH�OD�VDOD���

/$85$� �YXHOYH� D� HQWUDU�� YLHQH� GHO� UHOODQR�� 6H� VLHQWD� VREUH� HO� EUD]R� GH� OD�EXWDFD��� £2K��PDPi��£4Xp�OLQGR���$PDQGD�VH�KD�SXHVWR�XQ�YHVWLGR�GH�PXFKDFKD��7UDH�XQ�UDPLOOHWH�GH�MXQTXLOORV���

$0$1'$��PRVWUDQGR�ODV�IORUHV���$Vt�HUD�DQWDxR�HVWH�YHVWLGR��$Vt�HUD��/XFtD�XQ�PRQWyQ� GH� IORUHV�� SHUR� VH� DMDURQ� PXFKR� \� WXYH� TXH� TXLWiUVHODV�� <R�HQFDEH]DED�HO� FRWLOOyQ�FRQ�pO�KDFH�DxRV��*DQp�GRV�YHFHV�HO�SUHPLR�GH�FDNHZDON�HQ�6XQVHW�+LOO��<�OR�OXFt�WDPELpQ�HQ�HO�EDLOH�GHO�JREHUQDGRU��HQ�-DFNVRQ��(V�XQD�OiVWLPD�TXH�QR�KD\DV�YLVWR�HQWRQFHV�D�WX�PDGUH��<�TXH�QR� OD� YLHUDV� GHVSOD]DUVH� FRQ� OHYHV� SDVLWRV� SRU� HO� VDOyQ� GH� EDLOH�����'DQGR�XQDV�YXHOWDV�������DVt��0H�KDEtD�SXHVWR�HVWH�YHVWLGR�HO�GtD�HQ�TXH�FRQRFt� D� WX� SDGUH�� 7DPELpQ� WXYH� OD� PDODULD�� (O� FDPELR� GH� FOLPD�� GHO�(DVW7HQQHVVH�DO�GHOWD����GHELOLWy�PL�UHVLVWHQFLD��1R�OR�VXILFLHQWH�SDUD�TXH�UHVXOWDUD� SHOLJURVR�� SHUR� Vt� SDUD�TXH�PH� VLQWLHUD� LQTXLHWD� \�PDUHDGD��2K��DTXHOOR�HUD�KHUPRVR��/DV�LQYLWDFLRQHV�PH�OORYtDQ�GH�WRGDV�SDUWHV��0L�PDGUH�PH�GLMR��©1R�SXHGHV�LU�D�QLQJXQD�SDUWH�SRUTXH�WLHQHV�OD�ILHEUH��'HEHV�TXHGDUWH�HQ�FDPD�ª�'LMH�TXH�QR�PH�TXHGDUtD�\�WRPp�TXLQLQD�\�VHJXt� \HQGR�D� WRGDV�SDUWHV�� 7RGDV� ODV�QRFKHV�KDEtD�EDLOHV�\�GH�WDUGH�ODUJRV� SDVHRV� HQ� FRFKH� SRU� HO� FDPSR� \� SLFQLFV�� (VRV� OXJDUHV���� (VRV�OXJDUHV����6RQ�WDQ�EHOORV����WDQ�EHOORV�HQ�PD\R��FXELHUWRV�GH�FRUQHMRV�\�VLPSOHPHQWH� LQXQGDGRV�GH� MXQTXLOORV��0L�PDGUH�PH�GHFtD��©1R�GHEHV�WUDHU� PiV� MXQTXLOORV� D� FDVD�ª� <R� OH� FRQWHVWDED�� ©/RV� WUDHUp�ª� <� ORV�VHJXtD� WUD\HQGR�� GH� WRGRV� PRGRV�� &XDQGR� ORV� YHtD� HQ� DOJXQD� SDUWH��GHFtD�� ©(VSHUHQ� XQ� PRPHQWR�� YHR� MXQTXLOORV�ª� <� OHV� SHGtD� D� PLV�SUHWHQGLHQWHV� TXH� VH� DSHDUDQ� GHO� FRFKH� \�PH� WUDMHUDQ� DOJXQRV�� 3DUD�VHUWH�IUDQFD��/DXUD��KDVWD�PH�KLFLHURQ�EURPDV�FRQ�DTXHOOR��©&XLGDGR��GHFtDQ�� DKt� YLHQH� HVD� PXFKDFKD� \� WHQGUHPRV� TXH� SDVDUQRV� OD� WDUGH�MXQWDQGR� MXQTXLOORV�ª� 0L� PDGUH� PH� GLMR�� ©1R� SXHGHV� WUDHU� PiV�MXQTXLOORV�D�FDVD��\D�QR�KD\� MDUURQHV�GRQGH�SRQHUORV�ª�©$Vt�HV��GLMH���PH�ORV�VXMHWDUp�VREUH�HO�YHVWLGR�ª�/D�PDODULD��WX�SDGUH�\�ORV�MXQTXLOORV���$PDQGD�SRQH�ORV�MXQTXLOORV�VREUH�HO�UHJD]R�GH�/DXUD�\�VDOH�DO�UHOODQR��6H�R\H�WURQDU���&RQItR�HQ�TXH� OOHJDUiQ�DQWHV�GH�TXH�HPSLHFH�D�OORYHU��/H�GL�D�WX�KHUPDQR�XQ�SRFR�GH�GLQHUR�H[WUD�SDUD�TXH�YLQLHUD�HQ�WD[L�FRQ�HO�VHxRU�2&RQQRU���/DXUD�GHMD�ODV�IORUHV�VREUH�OD�EXWDFD�\�YD�KDFLD�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���

/$85$��£0DPi��$0$1'$��¢4Xp�SDVD��DKRUD"��9XHOYH�D�HQWUDU���/$85$��¢&yPR�VH�OODPD��GLMLVWH"�$0$1'$��2&RQQRU��¢3RU�TXp"�

Page 42: El zoo de cristal

/$85$��¢&XiO�HV�VX�QRPEUH�GH�SLOD"�$0$1'$��YD�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD���1R� OR�UHFXHUGR����$K��Vt��Vt��TXH�UHFXHUGR��6H�

OODPD����-LP���7RPD�ODV�IORUHV���/$85$��£2K��PDPi��£1R�VHUi�-LP�2&RQQRU��$0$1'$��£6t��HVR�HV��£6H�OODPD�-LP��1XQFD�FRQRFt�D�XQ�-LP�TXH�IXHVH�JHQWLO��

�9D�D�SRQHU�ODV�IORUHV�HQ�XQ�MDUUyQ���/$85$��¢(VWiV�VHJXUD�GH�TXH�VH�OODPD�-LP�2&RQQRU"�$0$1'$��&ODUR�TXH�Vt��¢3RU�TXp"�/$85$��¢(V�HO�TXH�FRQRFLy�7RP�HQ�HO�FROHJLR�GH�VHFXQGDULD"�$0$1'$��1R�PH� OR� GLMR��&UHR�TXH�VyOR� OR� FRQRFLy� �VH�VLHQWD�VREUH�HO�VRIi�

FDPD��HQ�OD�]DSDWHUtD��/$85$��+XER�XQ�-LP�2&RQQRU�D�TXLHQ�DPERV�FRQRFLPRV�HQ�HO�FROHJLR��6L�HV�

pVH� HO� TXH� WUDH� 7RP� D� FHQDU���� £2K�� PDPi�� (QWRQFHV�� WHQGUiV� TXH�GLVFXOSDUPH����£1R�YHQGUp�D�OD�PHVD��

$0$1'$��¢4Xp�VLJQLILFD�HVWR�DKRUD"�¢4Xp�WRQWHUtDV�PH�HVWiV�GLFLHQGR"�/$85$��(Q�FLHUWD�RFDVLyQ��PH�SUHJXQWDVWH�VL�DOJXQD�YH]�PH�KDEtD�JXVWDGR�XQ�

MRYHQ��¢1R�UHFXHUGDV�TXH�WH�PRVWUp�OD�IRWRJUDItD�GH�HVH�MRYHQ"�$0$1'$��¢7H�UHILHUHV�DO�GHO�DQXDULR"�/$85$��6t��D�pVH��$0$1'$��/DXUD��/DXUD����¢(VWDEDV�HQDPRUDGD�GH�pO"�/$85$��YD�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD���1R�OR�Vp��PDPi��6yOR�Vp�TXH�QR�SRGUp�VHQWDUPH�

D�OD�PHVD�VL�VH�WUDWD�GH�pO��$0$1'$��VH�OHYDQWD��YD�D�OD�L]TXLHUGD�\�DUUHJOD�DOJR�MXQWR�DO�VRIi�FDPD���£1R�

GHEH�GH�VHU�pO��(V�PX\�LPSUREDEOH��3HUR�\D�VHD�TXH�VH�WUDWH�GH�pO�R�QR��YHQGUiV�D�OD�PHVD����1R�SRGUHPRV�H[FXVDUWH��

/$85$��7HQGUiQ�TXH�H[FXVDUPH��PDPi��$0$1'$��1R�WHQJR�LQWHQFLRQHV�GH�FRQWHPSRUL]DU�FRQ�WX�HVWXSLGH]��/DXUD��<D�

WH� KH� DJXDQWDGR�PXFKDV� FRVDV� D� WL� \� RWUDV� WDQWDV� D� WX�KHUPDQR�� 'H�PRGR� TXH� VLpQWDWH� \� VRVLpJDWH� KDVWD� TXH� YHQJD�� 7RP� KD� ROYLGDGR� OD�OODYH��\�WHQGUiV�TXH�DEULUOHV�OD�SXHUWD�FXDQGR�OOHJXHQ��

/$85$��£2K��PDPi�����£ÈEUHOHV�W~���6H�VLHQWD�HQ�OD�VLOOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���$0$1'$��¢&yPR�KH�GH�KDFHUOR�VL�QL�VLTXLHUD�KH�WHUPLQDGR�OD�PD\RQHVD�SDUD�

HO�VDOPyQ"�/$85$��2K��PDPi���� £+D]� HO� IDYRU� GH� DWHQGHU� OD� SXHUWD�� QR�PH�REOLJXHV� D�

KDFHUOR���6H�R\H�XQ�WUXHQR���$0$1'$�� £4XHULGD�� Vp� UD]RQDEOH�� ¢$� TXp� YLHQHQ� WDQWDV� DOKDUDFDV� SRU����

VLPSOHPHQWH��SRU�XQ�FDQGLGDWR�PDWULPRQLDO����HVR�HV��QDGD�PiV�TXH�XQ�FDQGLGDWR"��6DOH�SRU�HQWUH�ODV�FRUWLQDV�GH�OD�VDOD��7RP�\�-LP�HQWUDQ�HQ�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��VXEHQ�DO�UHOODQR�\�HVSHUDQ�MXQWR�D�OD�SXHUWD��FHUUDGD�� $O� RtU� TXH� VH� DFHUFDQ�� /DXUD�DJXDUGD� FRQ�DLUH� GH�SiQLFR��6H�UHWLUD�KDFLD� ODV�FRUWLQDV��6XHQD�HO�WLPEUH�GH�OD�SXHUWD��/DXUD�VH�TXHGD�VLQ�DOLHQWR�\�VH�WRFD�OD�JDUJDQWD��2WUR�WUXHQR���

$0$1'$��GHWUiV�GHO�HVFHQDULR���£/DXUD��TXHULGD��OD�SXHUWD���/$85$�� £0DPi�� SRU� IDYRU�� YH� W~�� �+DFH� JHVWRV� GH� LU� KDFLD� OD� SXHUWD� GH� OD�

GHUHFKD��OXHJR��YXHOYH���

Page 43: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$� �GHWUiV�GH� OD�HVFHQD��FRQ�IXULRVR�PXUPXOOR���¢4Xp�WH�SDVD��WRQWD"��(QWUD�\�VH�GHWLHQH����

/$85$��3RU�IDYRU��iEUHOHV�W~��$0$1'$�� ¢3RU�TXp�KDV�HOHJLGR�HVWH�PRPHQWR�SDUD�SHUGHU� OD�FDEH]D"�9H�D�

DEULU�HVD�SXHUWD��/$85$��1R�SXHGR���$0$1'$��¢3RU�TXp�QR�SXHGHV"�/$85$��3RUTXH�WHQJR�QiXVHDV���9D�KDFLD�HO�VRIi�FDPD�\�VH�VLHQWD���$0$1'$��£7LHQHV�QiXVHDV��¢/DV�WHQJR�\R"�7~�\�WX�KHUPDQR�PH�GHVFRQFHUWiLV�

HVSDQWRVDPHQWH�� 1XQFD� REUiLV� FRPR� VHUHV� QRUPDOHV�� ¢0H� GDUiV� XQD�EXHQD� UD]yQ� SDUD� H[SOLFDUPH� WX� WHPRU� D� DEULU� XQD� SXHUWD"� 9H� D� HVD�SXHUWD��£/DXUD�:LQJILHOG��YH�GHUHFKLWD�D�HVD�SXHUWD��

/$85$��YD�KDFLD�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���6t��PDPi��$0$1'$��OD�GHWLHQH���7HQJR�TXH�LQIXQGLUWH�YDORU�SDUD�OD�YLGD��TXHULGD���6H�YD�

D�OD�FRFLQD��/DXUD�DEUH��(QWUDQ�7RP�\�-LP��/DXUD�VH�TXHGD�RFXOWD�HQ�HO�YHVWtEXOR��GHWUiV�GH�OD�SXHUWD���

720��/DXUD��/DXUD�VH�DFHUFD���7H�SUHVHQWR�D�-LP��-LP��PL�KHUPDQD�/DXUD��-,0�� £<R� QR� VDEtD� TXH� 6KDNHVSHDUH� WXYLHUD� XQD� KHUPDQD�� 0XFKR� JXVWR��

/DXUD��/$85$� �UHWURFHGLHQGR��HQYDUDGD�\� WUpPXOD��/H�HVWUHFKD� OD�PDQR���¢&yPR����

FyPR�HVWi�XVWHG"�-,0�� £3HUIHFWDPHQWH�� £6X� PDQR� HVWi� IUtD�� /DXUD�� �7RP� SRQH� ORV� VRPEUHURV�

VREUH�OD�PHVLWD�GHO�WHOpIRQR���/$85$��6t����%XHQR��HO�FDVR�HV�TXH�HVWXYH�PDQHMDQGR�HO�IRQyJUDIR����-,0��'HEH�GH�KDEHU�HVWDGR�SRQLHQGR�GLVFRV�FOiVLFRV��/H�FRQYHQGUtD�SRQHU�XQ�

SRFR�GH�-D]]�KRWW�SDUD�HQWUDU�HQ�FDORU����/DXUD�VH� DFHUFD� DO� IRQyJUDIR��7RP�YD�KDFLD�HOOD��/DXUD�KDFH� IXQFLRQDU�RWUD�PHORGtD� SRSXODU� GH�PLO� QRYHFLHQWRV� YHLQWLWDQWRV��PLUD� D� -LP�\� VDOLHQGR�SRU�HQWUH�ORV�FRUWLQDMHV�GH�OD�VDOD��VH�YD�SRU�OD�L]TXLHUGD����-,0��¢4Xp�SDVD"�720��2K���� ¢/R�GLFHV�SRU�/DXUD"�/DXUD�HV����HV�HVSDQWRVDPHQWH� WtPLGD���6H�

VLHQWD�HQ�HO�VRIi�FDPD���-,0��\HQGR�DO�FHQWUR�GH�OD�KDELWDFLyQ���&RQTXH�WtPLGD����¢HK"�¢6DEHV�TXH�HV�

DOJR�LQVyOLWR�HQFRQWUDU�KR\�D�XQD�PXFKDFKD�WtPLGD"�6L�PDO�QR�UHFXHUGR��QXQFD�PH�GLMLVWH�TXH�WHQtDV�XQD�KHUPDQD��

720��3XHV�\D�OR�VDEHV��¢4XLHUHV�XQDV�SiJLQDV�GHO�SHULyGLFR"��-,0��DFHUFiQGRVH���%XHQR���720��¢/DV�KLVWRULHWDV"�-,0��¢/DV�KLVWRULHWDV"� £/RV�GHSRUWHV�� �7RPD�HO�SHULyGLFR�\�VH�VLHQWD�HQ�XQD�

VLOOD���9HR�TXH�'L]]\�'HDQ�VH�HVWi�SRUWDQGR�PDO��720��YD�KDFLD�OD�SXHUWD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD�\�VDOH���¢'H�YHUDV"��-,0�� 6t�� ¢$GRQGH� YDV"� �(Q� HVH� PRPHQWR�� 7RP� OOHJD� D� ORV� SHOGDxRV� GH� OD�

GHUHFKD�GHO�UHOODQR����

Page 44: El zoo de cristal

720��GHVGH�HO�UHOODQR���$�OD�WHUUD]D��D�IXPDU���-,0��VH�OHYDQWD��GHMDQGR�HO�SHULyGLFR�VREUH�OD�EXWDFD�\�YD�DO� IRQyJUDIR�SDUD�

DSDJDUOR�� 6DOH� DO� UHOODQR��� ¢6DEHV� XQD� FRVD�� 6KDNHVSHDUH"� £9R\� D�FRQWDUWH�XQ�PRQWyQ�GH�FRVDV���

720��¢4Xp�FRVDV"��-,0��(VWR\�VLJXLHQGR�XQ�FXUVR���720��¢4Xp�FXUVR"�-,0�� £8Q� FXUVR� GH� RUDWRULD�� 7~� \� \R� QR� KHPRV� QDFLGR� SDUD� HPSOHDGRV� GH�

]DSDWHUtD����¢VDEHV"��720�� *UDFLDV�� 0H� GDV� XQD� EXHQD� QRWLFLD�� ¢4Xp� WLHQH� TXH� YHU� FRQ� HVR� OD�

RUDWRULD"�-,0��/R�FDSDFLWD�D�XQR�SDUD����£FDUJRV�GLUHFWLYRV��720��£$K��-,0��7H�DVHJXUR�TXH�PH�KD�KHFKR�PXFKR�ELHQ���720��¢(Q�TXp�VHQWLGR"�-,0��(Q�WRGRV�ORV�VHQWLGRV��3UHJ~QWDWH�D�WL�PLVPR��¢TXp�GLIHUHQFLD�KD\�HQWUH�

QRVRWURV� \� ORV� GHPiV�PXFKDFKRV�GH� OD� RILFLQD"�¢(O� FHUHEUR"� £1R��¢/D�FDSDFLGDG"� £1R�� (QWRQFHV���� ¢TXp"� (Q� HO� IRQGR�� VyOR� VH� WUDWD� GH� XQD�FRVD�����

720��¢4Xp�FRVD�HV�pVD"�-,0��£8QD�FRQGXFWD�ILUPH�HQ�VRFLHGDG��£/D�FDSDFLGDG�GH�DMXVWDU�FXHQWDV�FRQ�

FXDOTXLHUD�\�GH�KDFHUVH�UHVSHWDU�HQ�FXDOTXLHU�SODQR�VRFLDO��$0$1'$��GHWUiV�GH�OD�HVFHQD���£7RP��720��¢4Xp��PDPi"�$0$1'$��¢(VWiV�DKt�FRQ�HO�VHxRU�2&RQQRU"�720��6t��PDPi��$0$1'$��3yQJDQVH�FyPRGRV��720��$Vt�OR�KDUHPRV��$0$1'$��3UHJ~QWDOH�DO�VHxRU�2&RQQRU�VL�TXLHUH�ODYDUVH�ODV�PDQRV��-,0��1R��VHxRUD��*UDFLDV��<D�PH�DFRUGp�GH�KDFHUOR�HQ�HO�QHJRFLR��7RP����720��¢4Xp"�-,0��(O�VHxRU�0HQGR]D�PH�KDEOy�GH�WL��720��¢)DYRUDEOHPHQWH"�-,0��$GLYtQDOR����720��7H�GLUp����-,0��7H�TXHGDUiV�VLQ�HPSOHR�VL�QR�WH�GHVSLHUWDV��720��0H�HVWR\�GHVSHUWDQGR����-,0��6t��SHUR�QR�VH�QRWD��720��/DV�VHxDOHV�VRQ�LQWHUQDV��0H�GLVSRQJR�D�FDPELDU��3UHFLVDPHQWH��YR\�D�

FRQVDJUDUPH� D� XQ� IXWXUR� HQ� TXH� QR� ILJXUD� OD� ]DSDWHUtD� GHO� VHxRU�0HQGR]D��\�QL�VLTXLHUD�HO�FXUVR�GH�RUDWRULD�GH�XQD�HVFXHOD�QRFWXUQD��

-,0��9DPRV����¢4Xp�WRQWHUtDV�HVWiV�GLFLHQGR"�720��(VWR\�FDQVDGR�GH�ODV�SHOtFXODV��-,0��£'H�ODV�SHOtFXODV��

Page 45: El zoo de cristal

720�� £6t�� GH� ODV� SHOtFXODV�� 0tUDODV�� �$JLWD� ODV� PDQRV��� £0LUD� D� WRGRV� HVRV�KpURHV�VHGXFWRUHV����TXH�WLHQHQ�DYHQWXUDV����TXH�OR�HQVXFLDQ�WRGR����TXH�OR�HVWURSHDQ� WRGR�FRQ�VX�YRUDFLGDG��¢6DEHV�TXp�SDVD"�/D�JHQWH�YD�DO�FLQH� D� YHU� DFFLyQ�� SHUR� QR� DFW~D�� £6H� VXSRQH� TXH� ORV� SHUVRQDMHV� GH�+ROO\ZRRG� YLYHQ� ODV� DYHQWXUDV� TXH� OHV� FRUUHVSRQGHUtDQ� D� WRGRV� ORV�KDELWDQWHV� GH� ORV� (VWDGRV� 8QLGRV�� PLHQWUDV� TXH� pVWRV� VH� KDOODQ�VHQWDGRV�HQ�XQ�VDOyQ�RVFXUR�\�ORV�PLUDQ�HQ�SOHQD�DYHQWXUD��6t��D�PHQRV�TXH�KD\D�JXHUUD��£(QWRQFHV��Vt�TXH�OD�DYHQWXUD�TXHGD�DO�DOFDQFH�GH�ODV�PDVDV��£7RGRV�FRPHUiQ�GH�HVWH�SODWR��QR�VyOR�&ODUN�*DEOH��<� OD�JHQWH�GH� OD� VDOD� RVFXUD� VDOH� GH� DOOt� SDUD� YLYLU� DOJXQDV� DYHQWXUDV� SRU� VX�FXHQWD����£%XHQR��EXHQR��£(QWRQFHV�QRV�WRFD�HO�WXUQR�GH�LU�D�ODV�LVODV�GHO�0DU�GHO�6XU����GH�KDFHU�XQ�VDIDUL����GH�VHU�H[yWLFRV��OHMDQRV�����3HUR�\R�QR�VR\�SDFLHQWH��1R�TXLHUR�HVSHUDU�KDVWD�HQWRQFHV��£(VWR\�FDQVDGR�GHO�FLQH�\�PH�GLVSRQJR�D�LUPH���

-,0��LQFUpGXOR���¢$�LUWH"��720��6t���-,0��¢&XiQGR"��720��£3URQWR���-,0��¢$GRQGH"�¢$GRQGH"�720��(VWR\�HPSH]DQGR�D�KHUYLU�SRU�GHQWUR��6p�TXH�WH�SDUH]FR�XQ�VRxDGRU��

SHUR� SRU� GHQWUR���� £EXHQR�� HVWR\� KLUYLHQGR�� £6LHPSUH� TXH� DJDUUR� XQ�]DSDWR�PH�HVWUHPH]FR�DO�SHQVDU�HQ�OD�EUHYHGDG�GH�OD�YLGD�\�HQ�OR�TXH�HVWR\� KDFLHQGR�� £6HD� FXDO� IXHUH� OD� VLJQLILFDFLyQ� GH� HVR�� Vp�TXH� QR� VH�WUDWD� GH� ]DSDWRV���� VDOYR� FRPR� DOJR� TXH� GHEHQ� XVDU� ORV� SLHV� GH� ORV�YLDMHURV���([WUDH�GHO�EROVLOOR�XQD�WDUMHWD���£0LUD���

-,0��¢4Xp"��720��(VWR\�DILOLDGR��-,0��OH\HQGR���©6LQGLFDWR�GH�OD�0DULQD�0HUFDQWH�ª��720�� 3DJR�PL� FXRWD� WRGRV� ORV�PHVHV��HQ�YH]�GH�SDJDU� OD� IDFWXUD�GH� OD� OX]�

HOpFWULFD��-,0��/R�ODPHQWDUiV�FXDQGR�WH�FRUWHQ�OD�OX]���720��1R�HVWDUp�DTXt���-,0��6t��SHUR����¢\�WX�PDGUH"�720�� 6R\� FRPR�PL� SDGUH�� (O� EULEyQ� KLMR� GH� XQ� EULEyQ�� �6HxDOD� HO� UHWUDWR�

SDWHUQR��� ¢9HV� FyPR� VRQUtH"� <� HVWi� DXVHQWH�� SDVHDQGR�� GHVGH� KDFH�GLHFLVpLV�DxRV��

-,0��0HUD�FKDUOD��7RP��¢4Xp�RSLQD�VREUH�HVR�WX�PDGUH"�720��£6LOHQFLR��£$Kt�YLHQH��£1R�FRQRFH�PLV�SODQHV��$0$1'$��HQWUH�EDVWLGRUHV���£7RP��720��¢4Xp��PDPi"�$0$1'$��¢'yQGH�HVWiLV"�720��(Q�OD�WHUUD]D��PDPi��$0$1'$��HQWUD�\�VH�GHWLHQH���¢3RU�TXp�QR�HQWUiLV"��

Page 46: El zoo de cristal

�-LP�\�7RP�DVt�OR�KDFHQ��$PDQGD�VH�DGHODQWD�KDFLD�HOORV��$�7RP�OH�LPSUHVLRQD�HYLGHQWHPHQWH� VX� DVSHFWR��+DVWD� -LP�SDUSDGHD�XQ�SRFR��(QWUD�HQ� FRQWDFWR�SRU� SULPHUD� YH]� FRQ� OD� YLYDFLGDG� GH� ODV�PXFKDFKDV� GHO� 6XU� \�� D� SHVDU� GHO�FXUVR� GH� RUDWRULD� GH� OD� HVFXHOD� QRFWXUQD�� OR� GHVFRQFLHUWD� XQ� SRFR� HVH�LPSUHYLVWR� GHVSOLHJXH� GH� VHGXFFLyQ� VRFLDO�� -LP� HQVD\D� FLHUWDV� UHVSXHVWDV��SHUR�ODV�UHSHOH�OD�DOHJUH�ULVD�\�OD�FKDUOD�GH�$PDQGD��7RP�H[SHULPHQWD�FLHUWR�PDOHVWDU��SHUR�SDVDGD�OD�SULPHUD�LPSUHVLyQ��-LP�UHDFFLRQD�PX\�FRUGLDOPHQWH��6RQUtH�\� UtH�� FRPSOHWDPHQWH�FRQTXLVWDGR��$PERV�HQWUDQ��GHMDQGR�DELHUWD� OD�SXHUWD����720��0DPi��HVWiV�WDQ�OLQGD����$0$1'$�� ¢6DEHV�TXH�HV�HO�SULPHU�FXPSOLGR�TXH�PH�KDV�KHFKR�HQ�WRGD�PL�

YLGD"�0H�JXVWDUtD�YHUWH�XQ�DLUH�DJUDGDEOH�FXDQGR� WH�GLVSRQHV� D�GHFLU�DOJR�DJUDGDEOH��SDUD�SRGHU�HVSHUDUOR��¢(O�VHxRU�2&RQQRU"�

-,0��£(O�PD\RU�JXVWR��$0$1'$��%XHQR��EXHQR��EXHQR��¢'H�PRGR�TXH�XVWHG�HV�HO�VHxRU�2&RQQRU"�

/D�SUHVHQWDFLyQ�HV�WRWDOPHQWH�VXSHUIOXD��/H�KH�RtGR�KDEODU�WDQWR�D�7RP�GH�XVWHG����)LQDOPHQWH�� OH�GLMH��©'LRV�PtR��7RP����¢3RU�TXp�QR�WUDHV�D�FHQDU� GH�XQD�YH]�D� HVH�GHFKDGR�GH�YLUWXGHV"� £0H�JXVWDUtD�FRQRFHU�D�HVH�VLPSiWLFR�MRYHQ�GH�OD�]DSDWHUtD��9HUOR��HQ�YH]�GH�RtUWH�VLPSOHPHQWH�FDQWDU�VXV�DODEDQ]DV�WDQ�D�PHQXGR�ª�1R�Vp�SRU�TXp�HV�WDQ�UHWUDtGR�PL�KLMR����(VD�FRQGXFWD�QR�HV�SURSLD�GHO�6XU��6HQWpPRQRV���7RP�FLHUUD�OD�SXHUWD��YD�D�OD�GHUHFKD�GH�IRUR��VH�GHWLHQH��-LP�\�$PDQGD�VH�VLHQWDQ�HQ�HO�VRIi�FDPD���6HQWpPRQRV��\�FUHR�TXH�QRV�FRQYHQGUtD�XQ�SRFR�PiV�GH�DLUH�DTXt��7RP��GHMD�DELHUWD�OD�SXHUWD��+DFH�XQ�PRPHQWR��VHQWt�DTXt�XQD�IUHVFD�EULVD��¢$GRQGH�VH�KDEUi�LGR"�+XP����£+DFH�WDQWR�FDORU��\D��<�QR�KD� OOHJDGR� HO� YHUDQR� D~Q�� 1RV� YDPRV� D� DFKLFKDUUDU� FXDQGR� OOHJXH�UHDOPHQWH��6LQ�HPEDUJR��WHQGUHPRV����WHQGUHPRV�XQD�FHQD�PX\�OLYLDQD��&UHR�TXH�HV�PHMRU�FRPHU�FRVDV�OLYLDQDV�D�HVWD����D�HVWD�DOWXUD�GHO�DxR��<�WDPELpQ�XVDU� URSD� OLYLDQD��1XHVWUD� VDQJUH�VH�HVSHVD� WDQWR�GXUDQWH� HO�LQYLHUQR���� ¢FRPSUHQGH"���� £GH� PRGR� TXH� QHFHVLWDPRV� DOJ~Q� WLHPSR�SDUD� DGDSWDUQRV� FXDQGR� FDPELD� OD� HVWDFLyQ�� <� KD� OOHJDGR� WDQ� SURQWR�HVWH�DxR����<R�QR�HVWDED�SUHSDUDGD��<�GH� LPSURYLVR���� £VDQWR�FLHOR��£(O�YHUDQR� \D�� &RUUt� DO� ED~O� \���� VDTXp� HVWH� YHVWLGR� OLYLDQR����£HVSDQWRVDPHQWH�YLHMR��£&DVL�KLVWyULFR��3HUR�HV�GH�WDQ�EXHQD�FDOLGDG����WDQ�EXHQR�\�WDQ�IUHVFR����¢FRPSUHQGH"�

720��0DPi����¢<�QXHVWUD�FHQD"�$0$1'$� �\HQGR�KDFLD�7RP��� £4XHULGR��YH�D�SUHJXQWDUOH�D�WX�KHUPDQD�VL� OD�

FHQD�HVWi�SURQWD��<D�VDEHV�TXp�HVWi�D�VX�FDUJR��H[FOXVLYDPHQWH��'LOH�TXH� YRVRWURV� WHQpLV� KDPEUH� \�TXH� OD�HVSHUiLV�� �7RP�VDOH��$PDQGD�VH�YXHOYH�KDFLD�-LP���¢/H�KDQ�SUHVHQWDGR�D�/DXUD"�

-,0��6t��9LQR�D�OD�SXHUWD��$0$1'$��¢0L�KLMD�OHV�DEULy"�-,0��6t��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��\HQGR�KDFLD�OD�EXWDFD�\�VHQWiQGRVH���(V�PX\�OLQGD��

Page 47: El zoo de cristal

-,0��2K��Vt��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��£(V�UDUR�TXH�XQD�PXFKDFKD�WDQ�GXOFH�\�OLQGD�FRPR�/DXUD�VHD�XQD�

PXMHU� GH� VX� FDVD�� 3HUR� /DXUD�� D� 'LRV� JUDFLDV�� QR� VyOR� HV� OLQGD� VLQR�WDPELpQ�PX\�GH�VX�FDVD��<R�QR�OR�VR\��1XQFD�OR�IXL��1XQFD�SXGH�KDFHU�PiV� TXH� XQ� EL]FRFKXHOR�� (V� FLHUWR� TXH� HQ� HO� 6XU� WHQtDPRV� WDQWRV�FULDGRV���� <� HVR�GHVDSDUHFLy�� GHVDSDUHFLy��GHVDSDUHFLy�� £7RGR�YHVWLJLR�GH�YLGD�DPDEOH�KD�GHVDSDUHFLGR�SRU�FRPSOHWR��£<R�QR�HVWDED�SUHSDUDGD�SDUD� OR�TXH�PH� WUDMR�HO� IXWXUR��7RGRV�PLV�SUHWHQGLHQWHV�HUDQ�KLMRV�GH�KDFHQGDGRV��\�SRU� OR� WDQWR�VXSXVH�TXH�PH�FDVDUtD�FRQ�XQR�GH�HOORV�\�FUHDUtD� D� XQD� IDPLOLD� VREUH� XQD� JUDQ� SDUFHOD� GH� WLHUUD� \� FRQ�PXFKRV�FULDGRV��3HUR�HO�KRPEUH�SURSRQH���� £\� OD�PXMHU�DFHSWD�VX�SURSRVLFLyQ��3DUD�YDULDU�XQ�SRFR�HO�YLHMR�GLFKR����£QR�PH�FDVp�FRQ�XQ�KDFHQGDGR��£0H�FDVp� FRQ�XQ� KRPEUH�TXH� WUDEDMDED�HQ�XQD� FRPSDxtD� WHOHIyQLFD�� £&RQ�HVH�YDOHURVR�\�VRQULHQWH�FDEDOOHUR�TXH�HVWi�DKt���6HxDOD�OD�IRWRJUDItD���8Q�WHOHIRQLVWD�TXH����£VH�HQDPRUy�GH�OD�ODUJD�GLVWDQFLD��£$KRUD�YLDMD�\�QL�VLTXLHUD�Vp�GyQGH�HVWi��3HUR����¢SDUD�TXp�OH�HVWR\�FRQWDQGR�PLV�FXLWDV"�&XpQWHPH�ODV�VX\DV����£\�HVSHUR�TXH�QR�ODV�WHQJD��£7RP��

720��YXHOYH�D�HQWUDU���6t��PDPi���$0$1'$��¢&yPR�YD�HVD�FHQD"�720��(VWi�VREUH�OD�PHVD���6H�GHVFRUUHQ�ODV�FRUWLQDV�TXH�VHSDUDQ�OD�VDOD�GHO�

FRPHGRU��/DV�OXFHV�VH�HQFLHQGHQ�HQ�pVWH�\�VH�DSDJDQ�HQ�OD�VDOD����$0$1'$�� £$K�� �6H� OHYDQWD�� YD� KDFLD� OD� PHVD��� £4Xp� ELHQ�� ¢'yQGH� HVWi�

/DXUD"��720��/DXUD�QR�VH�VLHQWH�PX\�ELHQ�\�SUHILHUH�QR�YHQLU�D�OD�PHVD��$0$1'$��£/DXUD���/$85$� �GHWUiV� GH� OD� HVFHQD�� FRQ� YR]� GpELO��� ¢4Xp��PDPi"� �7RP� VHxDOD� D�

-LP���$0$1'$��6HxRU�2&RQQRU���-LP�YD�KDFLD�OD�PHVD�\�OD�VLOOD�GH�OD�L]TXLHUGD�\�VH�

GHWLHQH���-,0��*UDFLDV��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��/DXUD��QR�SRGHPRV�EHQGHFLU�OD�PHVD�VL�QR�YLHQHV��/$85$� �HQWUD� SRU� HO� IRUR� GH� OD� L]TXLHUGD�� HYLGHQWHPHQWH� GHVIDOOHFLGD�� ORV�

ODELRV� WUpPXORV�� ORV� RMRV�PX\�DELHUWRV� \�GH�XQ�PLUDU� ILMR��$YDQ]D�FRQ�LQVHJXURV�SDVRV�KDFLD�OD�PHVD���2K��PDPi����/R�VLHQWR�PXFKtVLPR���6H�WDPEDOHD��7RP�OD�DIHUUD�\�OD�FRQGXFH�DO�VRIi�FDPD�GH�OD�VDOD���

$0$1'$� �PLHQWUDV� VX�KLMD�VH�DFXHVWD���3HUR��/DXUD���� £7H�VLHQWHV�PDUHDGD��TXHULGD��/DXUD��GHVFDQVD�VREUH�HO�VRIi����£%XHQR���$�-LP���£(O�FDORU�GHO�KRUQLOOR�OH�KD�KHFKR�PDO��/H�GLMH�TXH�HVWD�QRFKH�KDFtD�GHPDVLDGR�FDORU��SHUR�����$�7RP���¢(VWi�ELHQ�\D�/DXUD"�

720��(VWi�PHMRU��PDPi���6H�VLHQWD��6H�R\H�XQ�WUXHQR���$0$1'$� �YROYLHQGR� DO� FRPHGRU� \� VHQWiQGRVH� D� OD�PHVD�� FRPR� -LP��� £'LRV�

PtR��VXSRQJR�TXH�OORYHUi�XQ�SRFR��7RP��GL�OD�RUDFLyQ��720��¢/D�TXp"�$0$1'$�� ¢4Xp� KDFHPRV�� SRU� OR� JHQHUDO�� DQWHV� GH� FRPHU� DOJR"� ¢1R�

EHQGHFLPRV�OD�PHVD�FRQ�XQD�RUDFLyQ"�

Page 48: El zoo de cristal

720�� 3RU� pVWDV� \� WRGDV� 7XV� 0HUFHGHV���� HO� 6DQWR� 1RPEUH� GH� 'LRV� VHD�$ODEDGR���6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV���

Page 49: El zoo de cristal

�(6&(1$�6(*81'$�

��(VFHQDULR��(O�PLVPR��0HGLD�KRUD�GHVSXpV��(VWi�FRQFOX\HQGR�OD�FHQD��$PDQGD��7RP�\�-LP�HVWiQ�VHQWDGRV�D�OD�PHVD��FRPR�HQ�HO�ILQDO�GH�OD�~OWLPD�HVFHQD��/DV�OXFHV�VH�HQFLHQGHQ�HQ�DPEDV�KDELWDFLRQHV���$0$1'$� �ULHQGR�� PLHQWUDV� -LP� UtH� WDPELpQ��� ¢6DEH�� VHxRU� 2&RQQRU�� TXH�

KDFH�PXFKtVLPR�WLHPSR�TXH�QR�SDVR�XQD�YHODGD�WDQ�DJUDGDEOH"�-,0��VH�OHYDQWD���%XHQR��VHxRUD�:LQJILHOG��3HUPtWDPH�XQ�EULQGLV��%ULQGR�SRU�

HO�6XU�GH�D\HU��$0$1'$��3RU�HO�6XU�GH�D\HU���6H�DSDJDQ�ODV�OXFHV�HQ�DPEDV�KDELWDFLRQHV���-,0��£(K��VHxRUD�%RPELOOD�(OpFWULFD��$0$1'$�� ¢'yQGH� HVWDED� 0RLVpV� FXDQGR� VH� DSDJDURQ� ODV� OXFHV"� ¢6DEH� OD�

UHVSXHVWD�D�HVD�SUHJXQWD��VHxRU�2&RQQRU"�-,0��1R��VHxRUD��¢&XiO�HV"�$0$1'$��3XHV�\R�Rt�XQD�UHVSXHVWD��SHUR�QR�HUD�PX\�DJUDGDEOH��3HQVp�TXH�

XVWHG�SRGtD�FRQRFHU�RWUD��-,0��1R��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��(V�XQD�VXHUWH�TXH�\R�KD\D�SXHVWR�HVDV�YHODV�VREUH�OD�PHVD��6yOR�

ODV�SXVH�FRPR�DGRUQR��SHUR�HV�JUDWR�TXH�UHVXOWHQ�~WLOHV�WDPELpQ��-,0��6t��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��6L� XQR�GH�XVWHGHV�PH�SURSRUFLRQD�XQ� IyVIRUR��SRGUHPRV� LOXPLQDU�

XQ�SRFR�HVWR��-,0��HQFHQGLHQGR�ODV�YHODV���<R�SXHGR�KDFHUOR��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��*UDFLDV��-,0��YXHOYH�D�OD�GHUHFKD�GH�OD�PHVD���1DGD�GH�HVR��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��&UHR�TXH�GHEH�KDEHUVH�TXHPDGR�XQ�IXVLEOH��VHxRU�2&RQQRU��¢6DEH�

XVWHG�DOJR�GH�HVD�FXHVWLyQ"�-,0��8Q�SRFR��VHxRUD��SHUR����¢GyQGH�HVWi�OD�FDMD�GH�ORV�IXVLEOHV"�$0$1'$�� ¢4XLHUH� VDEHUOR"� (VWi� HQ� OD� FRFLQD�� �-LP� YD� D� OD� FRFLQD��� 7HQJD�

FXLGDGR�� HVWi�D� RVFXUDV��1R� WURSLHFH� FRQ�DOJR�� �(VWUpSLWR�GHWUiV�GH� OD�HVFHQD���£2K��'LRV�PtR��£6HUtD�WHUULEOH�TXH�OR�SHUGLpUDPRV��¢(VWi�XVWHG�ELHQ��VHxRU�2&RQQRU"�

-,0��GHWUiV�GH�OD�HVFHQD���6t��VHxRUD��3HUIHFWDPHQWH��$0$1'$�� &RPR� VDEUi�� OD� HOHFWULFLGDG� HV� DOJR� PX\� PLVWHULRVR�� 7RGR� HO�

XQLYHUVR� HV�PLVWHULRVR� SDUD� Pt�� ¢1R� IXH� %HQMDPtQ� )UDQNOLQ� TXLHQ� DWy�XQD�OODYH�D�XQD�FRPHWD"�0H�KDEUtD�JXVWDGR�YHUOR����)UDQNOLQ�GHELy�WHQHU�HQ�HVH�PRPHQWR�XQ�DVSHFWR�PX\�HVW~SLGR��$OJXQRV�GLFHQ�TXH�OD�FLHQFLD�QRV�DFODUD�WRGRV�ORV�PLVWHULRV��(Q�PL�RSLQLyQ��VyOR�QRV�DxDGH�VLQ�FHVDU�RWURV��¢+D�HQFRQWUDGR�\D�OD�FDMD�GH�ORV�IXVLEOHV"�

-,0� �UHDSDUHFH� SRU� GHUHFKD��� 6t�� VHxRUD�� /D� HQFRQWUp�� SHUR� ORV� IXVLEOHV�SDUHFHQ�HVWDU�HQ�EXHQDV�FRQGLFLRQHV���9XHOYH�D�VHQWDUVH���

Page 50: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$��7RP��720��¢4Xp��PDPi"�$0$1'$��+DFH�XQRV�GtDV��WH�GL�DTXHOOD�IDFWXUD�GH�OD�OX]��$TXHOOD�SRU�OD�FXDO�

PH�PDQGDURQ�OD�QRWLILFDFLyQ����720��$K����6t��¢7H�UHILHUHV�D�OD�GHO�PHV�SDVDGR"�$0$1'$��¢1R�OD�KDEUiV�GHMDGR�LPSDJD��SRU�FDVXDOLGDG"�720��7H�GLUp��<R����$0$1'$��£&ODUR�TXH�QR�OD�SDJDVWH��£'HEt�SUHYHUOR��-,0��2K��TXL]i�6KDNHVSHDUH�KD\D�HVFULWR�XQ�SRHPD�VREUH�HVD�IDFWXUD��VHxRUD�

:LQJILHOG��$0$1'$�� 4XL]i�� £1R� GHEt� ILDUPH� GH� pO�� /D� QHJOLJHQFLD� FXHVWD� FDUD� HQ� HO�

PXQGR�GH�KR\��-,0��4XL]i�HO�SRHPD�REWHQJD�XQ�SUHPLR�GH�GLH]�GyODUHV��$0$1'$�� £7HQGUHPRV� TXH� SDVDUQRV� HO� UHVWR� GH� OD� YHODGD� HQ� HO� VLJOR� ;,;��

DQWHV�GH�TXH�HO�VHxRU�(GLVRQ�LQYHQWDUD�OD�EXMtD�LQFDQGHVFHQWH��-,0��/D�OX]�GH�ODV�YHODV�HV�PL�OX]�IDYRULWD��$0$1'$��£(VR�SUXHED�TXH�HV�URPiQWLFR��3HUR�QR�GLVFXOSD�D�7RP��&UHR�TXH�

KDQ�VLGR�PX\�DPDEOHV�DO�GHMDUQRV�DFDEDU�OD�FHQD�DQWHV�GH�VXPLUQRV�HQ�ODV� WLQLHEODV� HWHUQDV�� 7RP�� FRPR� FDVWLJR� SRU� WX� QHJOLJHQFLD� SXHGHV�D\XGDUPH�D�VHFDU�ORV�SODWRV��

-,0��VH�OHYDQWD��7RP�WDPELpQ���¢3XHGR�D\XGDUOD�HQ�DOJR��VHxRUD"�$0$1'$��OHYDQWiQGRVH���2K��QR��<R�QR�OR�SHUPLWLUtD��-,0��3XHV�\R�GHELHUD�VHUYLU�SDUD�DOJR��$0$1'$��¢4Xp�GLFH�XVWHG"�-,0��6yOR�GLMH��©3XHV�\R�GHELHUD�VHUYLU�SDUD�DOJR�ª�$0$1'$��(V�OR�TXH�PH�SDUHFLy�RtU��%XHQR��/DXUD�HVWi�DKt�VROLWD��4XL]i�XVWHG�

GHELHUD�KDFHUOH� FRPSDxtD�� 3XHGR�GDUOH� HVH�ERQLWR� FDQGHODEUR� DQWLJXR�SDUD�TXH�WHQJDQ�OX]���-LP�WRPD�ODV�YHODV���(Q�RWURV�WLHPSRV��HVWDED�HQ�HO� DOWDU� GH� OD� LJOHVLD� GHO� &HOHVWLDO� 'HVFDQVR�� SHUR� VH� GHUULWLy� \� VH�GHIRUPy�XQ�SRFR�DO�LQFHQGLDUVH�OD�LJOHVLD��(O�UD\R�FD\y�VREUH�HO�HGLILFLR�HQ�SULPDYHUD�\�*LSV\�-RQHV��TXH�UHDOL]DED�XQD�UHXQLyQ� UHOLJLRVD�HQ�HO�SXHEOR��GLMR�TXH�HO�UD\R�VH�GHEtD�D�TXH�ORV�DGHSWRV�GH�OD�VHFWD�HSLVFRSDO�KDEtDQ�HPSH]DGR�D�MXJDU�D�ORV�QDLSHV�HQ�OD�SURSLD�LJOHVLD��

-,0��¢'H�YHUDV��VHxRUD"�$0$1'$��1XQFD�KH�GLFKR�QDGD�TXH�QR�IXHVH�GH�YHUDV��-,0��8VWHG�SHUGRQH��$0$1'$��VLUYH�YLQR�HQ�HO�YDVR�\�VH�OR�WLHQGH�D�-LP���0H�JXVWDUtD�TXH�/DXUD�

EHELHUD�XQ�SRFR�GH�YLQR�GH�DPDUJyQ��¢3RGUtD�XVWHG�OOHYDU�DPEDV�FRVDV"�-,0��/R�LQWHQWDUp��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��YD�D�OD�FRFLQD���9DPRV��7RP��SRQWH�HO�GHODQWDO��720��6t��PDPi���6LJXH�D�$PDQGD�����-LP�PLUD�D�VX�DOUHGHGRU��GHMD�HO�YDVR��EHEH�XQ�WUDJR�GH�OD�JDUUDID�GH�YLQR��OD�GHMD�HQ�VX� OXJDU� UXLGRVDPHQWH�\�HQWUD�HQ� OD�VDOD��/DV�FRUWLQDV� LQWHULRUHV�VH�FRUUHQ�DO�DSDJDUVH� ODV�OXFHV�GHO�FRPHGRU��/DXUD�VH�LQFRUSRUD�QHUYLRVDPHQWH�

Page 51: El zoo de cristal

HQ�HO�VRIi�FDPD�DO�HQWUDU�-LP��$O�SULQFLSLR�KDEOD�HQ�YR]�EDMD��MDGHDQWH��GHELGR�D� OD� FDVL� LQWROHUDEOH� WHQVLyQ� TXH� OH� FDXVD� HVWDU� D� VRODV� FRQ� XQ� H[WUDxR��0LHQWUDV�KDEOD�HQ�HVWD�HVFHQD��DQWHV�GH�TXH� OD�FRUGLDOLGDG�GH�-LP�YHQ]D�VX�SDUDOL]DQWH�WLPLGH]��OD�YR]�GH�/DXUD�HV�GpELO�\�VLQ�DOLHQWR��FRPR�VL�DFDEDUD�GH�VXELU�FRUULHQGR�XQ�HPSLQDGR�WUDPR�GH�HVFDOHUD����-,0��HQWUD�VRVWHQLHQGR�HO�FDQGHODEUR�FRQ�ODV�YHODV�HQFHQGLGDV�HQ�XQD�PDQR�\�

HO�YDVR�GH�YLQR�HQ� OD�RWUD��\�VH�GHWLHQH���¢&yPR�VH�VLHQWH�DKRUD"�¢8Q�SRFR�PHMRU"� �/D� DFWLWXG� GH� -LP� HV� DPDEOHPHQWH� MRYLDO�� $O� LQWHUSUHWDU�HVWD� HVFHQD�� FRQYLHQH� KDFHU� QRWDU� TXH� DXQTXH� HO� HSLVRGLR� FDUH]FD�DSDUHQWHPHQWH�GH�LPSRUWDQFLD��HV�SDUD�/DXUD�OD�FXOPLQDFLyQ�GH�WRGD�VX�YLGD�VHFUHWD���

/$85$��6t��JUDFLDV��-,0��GiQGROH�VX�YDVR�GH�YLQR���$K��WRPH��(VWR�HV�SDUD�XVWHG��8Q�SRFR�GH�YLQR�

GH�DPDUJyQ��/$85$��*UDFLDV��-,0� �YD� KDFLD� HO� FHQWUR���%XHQR�� EpEDOR���� SHUR�QR� VH� HPERUUDFKH�� �5tH� GH�

EXHQD�JDQD���2LJD����¢'yQGH�SRQJR�ODV�YHODV"�/$85$��2K��HQ�FXDOTXLHU�SDUWH����-,0�� ¢4Xp� OH� SDUHFH� VL� ODV� GHMDUD� DTXt� PLVPR�� HQ� HO� VXHOR"� ¢+D\� DOJ~Q�

LQFRQYHQLHQWH"�/$85$��1R��-,0��6LPSOHPHQWH�� OH� SRQGUp�GHEDMR�XQ�SHULyGLFR�SDUD� UHFRJHU�HO� VHER�TXH�

JRWHH�� �7RPD� XQ� SHULyGLFR� GH� OD� EXWDFD�� 3RQH� ORV� FDQGHODEURV� HQ� HO�VXHOR��� 0H� JXVWD� VHQWDUPH� HQ� HO� VXHOR�� �$Vt� OR� KDFH��� ¢+D\� DOJ~Q�LQFRQYHQLHQWH"�

/$85$��2K��QR��1LQJXQR��-,0��¢4XLHUH�GDUPH�XQ�DOPRKDGyQ"�/$85$��¢4Xp"�-,0��£8Q�DOPRKDGyQ��/$85$�� $K���� �'HMD� HO� YDVR� VREUH� OD� PHVLWD� GHO� WHOpIRQR�� OH� WLHQGH� XQ�

DOPRKDGyQ��VH�VLHQWD�VREUH�HO�VRIi�FDPD���-,0��¢<�D�XVWHG"�¢1R�OH�JXVWD�VHQWDUVH�HQ�HO�VXHOR"�/$85$��2K��Vt��-,0��(QWRQFHV����¢SRU�TXp�QR�VH�VLHQWD"�/$85$��0H����VHQWDUp��-,0��£7RPH�XQ�DOPRKDGyQ���$UURMD�HO�DOPRKDGyQ�PLHQWUDV�HOOD�VH�LQVWDOD�HQ�HO�

VXHOR���1R� OD� YHR� FXDQGR� HVWi� VHQWDGD� DKt�� �9XHOYH� D� VHQWDUVH� HQ� HO�VXHOR���

/$85$��<R����OR�YHR��-,0��6t��SHUR�HVR�QR�WLHQH�JUDFLD��<R�HVWR\�DTXt����D�OD�OX]�GH�ORV�FDQGHODEURV��

�/DXUD�VH�OH�DUULPD�XQ�SRFR���£%UDYR��£$KRUD�OD�YHR��¢(VWi�FyPRGD"�/$85$��6t��*UDFLDV��-,0�� <R�� WDPELpQ�� £0iV� TXH� FyPRGR�� 'tJDPH���� ¢/H� JXVWDUtD� XQ� SRFR� GH�

FKLFOH"��/H�RIUHFH�JRPD�GH�PDVFDU���

Page 52: El zoo de cristal

/$85$��1R��JUDFLDV��-,0�� &UHR� TXH� PH� SHUPLWLUi� HVH� JXVWR�� �0HGLWDWLYDPHQWH� GHVHQYXHOYH� HO�

FKLFOH� \� OR� PXHVWUD��� £'LRV� PtR�� £,PDJtQHVH� OD� IRUWXQD� TXH� DPDVy� HO�LQYHQWRU� GHO� FKLFOH��(V�DOJR�VRUSUHQGHQWH���� ¢HK"�¢6DEH�TXH�HO�(GLILFLR�:ULJOH\� HV� XQR� GH� ORV� JUDQGHV� HVSHFWiFXORV� GH� &KLFDJR"� /R� YL� HQ� HO�SHQ~OWLPR�YHUDQR��HQ�(O�6LJOR�GH�3URJUHVR��¢9LR�HO�6LJOR�GH�3URJUHVR"�

/$85$��1R��-,0��3XHV�HUD�XQD�H[SRVLFLyQ�PDUDYLOORVD��FUpDPH��¢6DEH�TXp�PH�LPSUHVLRQy�

PiV"� (O� 6DOyQ� GH� OD� &LHQFLD�� 'D� XQD� LGHD� GHO� IXWXUR� HQ� ORV� (VWDGRV�8QLGRV�� £2K�� VHUi�PiV�PDUDYLOORVR�TXH� OD�pSRFD�DFWXDO��$�SURSyVLWR����6X�KHUPDQR�PH�GLMR�TXH�XVWHG�HV�WtPLGD��¢(V�YHUGDG�HVR��/DXUD"�

/$85$��<R����QR�OR�Vp��-,0�� &UHR� TXH� XVWHG� HV� XQD� PXFKDFKD� D� OD� DQWLJXD�� /R� FXDO� SDUHFH�

HVSOpQGLGR�� 6XSRQJR� TXH� QR� PH� FRQVLGHUDUi� GHPDVLDGR� LQGLVFUHWR����¢QR�HV�DVt"�

/$85$��6HxRU�2&RQQRU����-,0��¢4Xp"�/$85$��&UHR�TXH�OH�DFHSWDUp�XQ�FKLFOH��VL�QR�OH�SDUHFH�PDO���-LP�GHVSRMD�GH�

VX�HQYROWXUD�XQ�FKLFOH��VH�DUURGLOOD��VH�OR�WLHQGH��(OOD�DUUDQFD�XQ�WURFLWR��-LP�PLUD� HO� UHVWR�� VH� OR� SRQH� HQ� OD� ERFD� \� YXHOYH� D� VHQWDUVH���6HxRU�2&RQQRU����¢+D�VHJXLGR�XVWHG�FDQWDQGR"�

-,0��¢&DQWDQGR"�¢<R"�/$85$��6t��5HFXHUGR�VX�KHUPRVD�YR]��-,0��¢8VWHG�PH�R\y�FDQWDU"�/$85$�� 2K�� Vt���� £0X\� D� PHQXGR�� <R���� QR� FUHR� TXH� XVWHG� PH� UHFXHUGH����

¢YHUGDG"�-,0��VRQULHQGR��FRQ�DLUH�LQGHFLVR���/H�GLUp����(Q�UHDOLGDG��PH�SDUHFH�KDEHUOD�

YLVWR�HQ�DOJXQD�SDUWH��&DVL�PH�SDUHFLy�UHFRUGDU�VX�QRPEUH��3HUR�HO�TXH�LED� D� UHFRUGDU���� £QR� HUD� XQ� QRPEUH�� 'H� PRGR� TXH� FDOOp� DQWHV� GH�GHFLUOR��

/$85$��¢1R�VHUtD����%OXH�5RVHV"�-,0��VRQULHQGR���£%OXH�5RVHV��£2K��'LRV�PtR��Vt��£%OXH�5RVHV��¢6DEH�TXH�\R�QR�

OD�DVRFLDED�GH�QLQJ~Q�PRGR�FRQ�HO�FROHJLR"�3HUR�DVt�HUD��£6H�WUDWDED�GHO�FROHJLR�� £'LRV� PtR�� £1L� VLTXLHUD� VDEtD� TXH� XVWHG� HUD� OD� KHUPDQD� GH�6KDNHVSHDUH��£&DUDPED��£3HUGyQHPH��

/$85$��<R�QR�HVSHUDED�TXH�XVWHG�PH�UHFRUGDUD��£$SHQDV�VL�PH�FRQRFtD��-,0��3HUR�QRV�KDEOiEDPRV��/$85$��6t��1RV����KDEOiEDPRV��-,0��$�SURSyVLWR����¢1R�FRQFXUUtDPRV�MXQWRV�D�XQD�PLVPD�FODVH"�/$85$��6t��SRU�FLHUWR��-,0��¢4Xp�FODVH�HUD�pVD"�/$85$��(UD����£OD�GH�FDQWR��£/RV�FRURV��-,0��£$K��/$85$��<R�HVWDED�VHQWDGD�GHO�RWUR�ODGR�GHO�SDVLOOR��HQ�HO�VDOyQ�GH�P~VLFD��$�OD�

PLVPD�DOWXUD�TXH�XVWHG��

Page 53: El zoo de cristal

-,0��£$K��Vt��$KRUD��UHFXHUGR��8VWHG�HUD�OD�TXH�VLHPSUH�OOHJDED�WDUGH��/$85$�� 6t�� PH� FRVWDED� WUDEDMR� VXELU� OD� HVFDOHUD�� 7HQtD� HQ� OD� SLHUQD� HVH�

VRSRUWH�HQWRQFHV��£\�KDFtD�WDQWR�UXLGR�DO�DQGDU��-,0��<R�QR�RtD�HVH�UXLGR��/$85$��FRQ�XQ�VREUHVDOWR��DO�UHFRUGDU���$�Pt�PH�SDUHFtD����£XQ�WUXHQR��-,0��1XQFD�OR�QRWp�VLTXLHUD��/$85$�� 7RGRV� HVWDEDQ� VHQWDGRV� FXDQGR� \R� HQWUDED�� 7HQtD� TXH� FDPLQDU�

GHODQWH�GH� WRGD�HVD�JHQWH��0L� DVLHQWR� HVWDED�HQ� OD�~OWLPD� ILOD�� £'HEtD�UHFRUUHU�HO�SDVLOOR�UXLGRVDPHQWH��PLHQWUDV�WRGRV�PH�PLUDEDQ��

-,0��£$K��FDUDPED�����8VWHG�QR�GHEtD�VXJHVWLRQDUVH�WDQWR��/$85$�� /R� Vp�� SHUR� DVt� HUD�� £0H� VHQWtD� WDQ� DOLYLDGD� FXDQGR� HPSH]DED� HO�

FDQWR��-,0��$KRUD�OR�UHFXHUGR��<�\R�VROtD�OODPDUOD�%OXH�5RVHV��¢&yPR�VH�PH�RFXUULy�

OODPDUOD�DVt"�/$85$�� )DOWp� GXUDQWH� DOJ~Q� WLHPSR� DO� FROHJLR� D� FDXVD� GH� XQD� SOHXURVLV��

&XDQGR� YROYt�� XVWHG�PH� SUHJXQWy� TXp�PH� KDEtD� SDVDGR�� /H� GLMH� TXH�KDEtD� WHQLGR�XQD�SOHXURVLV�\�XVWHG�PH�HQWHQGLy�%OXH�5RVHV�� £<�GHVGH�HQWRQFHV��VLHPSUH�PH�OODPy�DVt��

-,0��¢6XSRQJR�TXH�QR�OD�KDEUp�PROHVWDGR"�/$85$��2K��QR����0H�JXVWDED��/H�GLUp����<R�QR�FRQRFtD�D�PXFKD����JHQWH����-,0��6t��/D�UHFXHUGR�UHWUDtGD�\�VROD��/$85$��1R�WXYH�PXFKD�VXHUWH�SDUD�KDFHU�DPLVWDGHV��-,0��1R�Vp�SRU�TXp��/$85$��/D�YHUGDG�HV�TXH�HPSHFp�PDO��-,0��¢6H�UHILHUH�D�VX���"�/$85$��%XHQR��Vt����$TXHOOR����SDUHFtD�LQWHUSRQHUVH�HQWUH�\R�\����-,0��£1R�GHELy�SHUPLWLUOR���/$85$��/R�Vp��SHUR�DVt�IXH�\�\R�����-,0��£'H�PRGR�TXH�HUD�WtPLGD�FRQ�OD�JHQWH���/$85$��7UDWDED�GH�QR�VHUOR��SHUR�QXQFD�SXGH�����-,0��¢9HQFHUOR"��/$85$��1R��\R����£1XQFD�SXGH��-,0��6t��&UHR�TXH�OD�WLPLGH]�HV�DOJR�TXH�GHEH�YHQFHUVH�JUDGXDOPHQWH��/$85$��6t����FUHR�TXH�����-,0��£([LJH�WLHPSR���/$85$��6t����-,0��2LJD���� ¢6DEH� XQD� FRVD�� /DXUD"� �6H� OHYDQWD� SDUD� VHQWDUVH� HQ� HO� VRIi�

FDPD���/D�JHQWH�QR�HV�WDQ�WHUULEOH�FXDQGR�VH�OD�FRQRFH��£(VR�HV�OR�TXH�GHEH� UHFRUGDU�� /DXUD�� £<� WRGRV� WLHQHQ� VXV� SUREOHPDV�� QR� VyOR� XVWHG��VLQR� SUiFWLFDPHQWH� WRGRV��8VWHG� FUHH� VHU� OD�~QLFD�GHVLOXVLRQDGD��3HUR�PLUH� D� VX� DOUHGHGRU� \���� ¢TXp� YH"� $� PXFKtVLPD� JHQWH� GHVLOXVLRQDGD��7yPHPH�D�Pt��SRU�HMHPSOR��£&DUDPED��FXDQGR�VDOt�GHO�FROHJLR�HVSHUDED�SURJUHVDU�PXFKR�PiV�GH�OR�TXH�SURJUHVp��$�SURSyVLWR����¢5HFXHUGD�HVH�JUDQ�HORJLR�TXH�PH�KLFLHURQ�HQ�©/D�$QWRUFKDª"�

/$85$��£6t���6DFD�HO�DQXDULR�GH�GHEDMR�GHO�DOPRKDGyQ�GHO�VRIi�FDPD���

Page 54: El zoo de cristal

-,0�� £$ILUPDEDQ� TXH� \R� GHEtD� WULXQIDU� HQ� FXDOTXLHU� HPSUHVD� HQ� TXH�LQWHUYLQLHUD�� £6DQWR� 'LRV�� ©£/D� $QWRUFKD�ª� �(OOD� DEUH� HO� OLEUR�� VH� OR�PXHVWUD�\�VH�VLHQWD�D�VX�ODGR���

/$85$��£$TXt�HVWi�XVWHG�HQ�/RV�3LUDWDV�GH�3HQ]DQFH��-,0��£/RV�3LUDWDV��©£2K��PiV�YDOH�YLYLU�\�PRULU�EDMR�OD�YDOLHQWH�EDQGHUD�QHJUD�

TXH� KDJR� RQGHDU�ª�� FDQWDED� \R� DO� HQFDUQDU� DO� SURWDJRQLVWD� GH� HVD�RSHUHWD��

/$85$��£<�GH�XQD�PDQHUD�WDQ�EHOOD��-,0��£2K��/$85$��6t��Vt����£%HOOD��EHOOD��-,0��'H�PRGR�TXH�PH�R\y����¢HK"�/$85$��£1R�PHQRV�GH�WUHV�YHFHV��-,0��£1R��/$85$��£6t��-,0��¢'H�PRGR�TXH�DVLVWLy�D�ODV�WUHV�UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV"�/$85$��6t��-,0��¢3DUD�TXp"�/$85$��4XHUtD����SHGLUOH�TXH����PH�SXVLHUD�VX�DXWyJUDIR�HQ�PL�SURJUDPD���/R�

VDFD�GHO�OLEUR���-,0��¢3RU�TXp�QR�PH�OR�SLGLy"�/$85$��6LHPSUH� OR�URGHDEDQ�WDQWR�VXV�DPLJRV�TXH�QXQFD�WXYH�RSRUWXQLGDG�

GH�KDFHUOR��-,0��2K����/H�KXELHUD�EDVWDGR�FRQ�DFHUFDUVH�\�GHFLUPH��$TXt�HVWi�PL����/$85$��%XHQR��\R����SHQVp�TXH�XVWHG�SRGtD�FUHHU�TXH�\R�HVWDED����-,0��3RGtD�FUHHU�TXH�XVWHG�HVWDED����¢TXp"�/$85$��2K����-,0� �FRQ�PHGLWDWLYD� IUXLFLyQ��� £$K��6t��(Q�DTXpOORV� WLHPSRV�� ODV�PXMHUHV�PH�

DVHGLDEDQ��/$85$��£8VWHG�HUD�SRSXODUtVLPR��-,0��6t����/$85$��7HQtD�XQ�PRGR�GH�VHU����WDQ�FRUGLDO����-,0��2K��HQ�HO�FROHJLR�PH�PLPDEDQ����/$85$��£7RGRV�OH�WHQtDQ�VLPSDWtD��-,0��¢,QFOXVLYH�XVWHG"�/$85$��<R����%XHQR��Vt����<R�WDPELpQ����-,0��'pPH�HVH�SURJUDPD��/DXUD�����(OOD�VH�OR�WLHQGH�\�HO� OR�ILUPD���£<D�HVWi��

£0iV�YDOH�WDUGH�TXH�QXQFD��/$85$��9D\D����£4Xp����VRUSUHVD��-,0�� 0L� ILUPD� QR� YDOH� PXFKR�� DKRUD�� 3HUR� TXL]i�� DOJ~Q� GtD���� £VX� YDORU�

DXPHQWH��&RPR�FRPSUHQGHUi��XQD�FRVD�HV�HVWDU�GHFHSFLRQDGR�\�RWUD�GHVDOHQWDUVH�� %XHQR�� TXL]i� OD� HVWp� GHVLOXVLRQDQGR�� SHUR�QR�PH� VLHQWR�GHVDOHQWDGR��'tJDPH����¢8VWHG�FRQFOX\y�ORV�HVWXGLRV"�

/$85$��2EWXYH�PDODV�FDOLILFDFLRQHV�HQ�ORV�H[iPHQHV�ILQDOHV��-,0��¢'H�PRGR�TXH�GHMy�HO�FROHJLR"�

Page 55: El zoo de cristal

/$85$��OHYDQWiQGRVH���1R�YROYt���9D�KDFLD�HO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO��-LP�HQFLHQGH�XQ�FLJDUULOOR�� VHQWDGR�D~Q�HQ�HO� VRIi�FDPD��/DXUD�SRQH�HO�DQXDULR�GHEDMR�GHO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO��6H�OHYDQWD��WRPD�HO�XQLFRUQLR��XQD�ILJXULWD�GH�FULVWDO��GH�HVSDOGDV�D�-LP���¢&yPR����FyPR�OH�YD�D�(PLO\�0HLVHQEDFK"�

-,0��£(VD�FDEH]D�KXHFD��/$85$��¢3RU�TXp�OD�OODPD�DVt"�-,0��3RUTXH�HVR�HUD��/$85$��¢8VWHG�QR�VDOH�\D����D�SDVHDU�FRQ�HOOD"�-,0��2K��QR�OD�KH�YXHOWR�D�YHU��VLTXLHUD��/$85$��(Q�OD�6HFFLyQ�3HUVRQDO�GHFtDQ�TXH�XVWHGHV����£HUDQ�QRYLRV��-,0��/R�Vp��£3HUR�QR�PH�LPSUHVLRQDED�DTXHOOD����SURSDJDQGD��/$85$��¢1R�HUD����OD�YHUGDG"�-,0��£6RODPHQWH�OR�HUD�SDUD�OD�RSWLPLVWD�RSLQLyQ�GH�(PLO\��/$85$��$K�����6H�YXHOYH�KDFLD�-LP��(VWH�HQFLHQGH�XQ�FLJDUULOOR�\�VH�DFRGD�FRQ�

LQGROHQFLD�� VRQULpQGROH� D� /DXUD� FRQ� XQD� FRUGLDOLGDG� \� VLPSDWtD� TXH�HQFLHQGHQ� HQ�HO� DOPD� GH� OD�PXFKDFKD�YHODV� GH� DOWDU�� /DXUD� VH�TXHGD�MXQWR� DO� ]RR� GH� FULVWDO� \� MXHJD� FRQ� XQD� GH� VXV� SLH]DV� SDUD� GLVLPXODU�WXPXOWXRVRV�VHQWLPLHQWRV���

-,0��¢4Xp�KL]R�XVWHG�GHVSXpV�GHO�FROHJLR"�¢(K"�/$85$��¢4Xp"�-,0��'LMH����¢4Xp�KL]R�XVWHG�GHVSXpV�GHO�FROHJLR"�/$85$��3RFD�FRVD��-,0��+D�GHELGR�GH�KDFHU�DOJR�HQ�WRGR�HVWH�WLHPSR��/$85$��6t��-,0��<�ELHQ����¢4Xp�IXH"�/$85$��6HJXt�XQ�FXUVR�HQ�OD�HVFXHOD�FRPHUFLDO����-,0��¢'H�YHUDV"�¢<�TXp�UHVXOWDGR�OH�GLR"�/$85$� �VH� YXHOYH�KDFLD� -LP���$�GHFLU�YHUGDG�� QR�PX\����EXHQR���� 7XYH�TXH�

GHMDUOR��DTXHOOR�PH�FDXVDED����LQGLJHVWLyQ����-,0��UtH�DPDEOHPHQWH���¢4Xp�KDFH�DKRUD"�/$85$��3RFD�FRVD���� £2K�� QR�FUHD��SRU� IDYRU�� TXH�PH�SDVR� ORV�GtDV�FRQ� ORV�

EUD]RV�FUX]DGRV��0L�FROHFFLyQ�GH�FULVWDO�PH�RFXSD�EDVWDQWH�WLHPSR��(O�FULVWDO�HV�DOJR�TXH�H[LJH�PXFKRV�FXLGDGRV����

-,0��¢4Xp�GLMR�XVWHG����GHO�FULVWDO"�/$85$��FDUUDVSHD�\� OH�YXHOYH�QXHYDPHQWH�OD�HVSDOGD��FRQ�JUDQ�WLPLGH]���0L�

FROHFFLyQ��GLMH���7HQJR�XQD�FROHFFLyQ��-,0� �GHMD� HO� FLJDUULOOR� \� GLFH�� EUXVFDPHQWH��� £2LJD�� ¢6DEH� FXiO� HV� VX�

GHVJUDFLD��D�PL�HQWHQGHU"��6H�OHYDQWD�\�YD�D�OD�GHUHFKD���£8Q�FRPSOHMR�GH� LQIHULRULGDG�� ¢6DEH� TXp� HV� HVR"� £/ODPDQ� DVt� OD� VHQVDFLyQ� TXH� VH�H[SHULPHQWD� FXDQGR� XQD� SHUVRQD� VH� VXEHVWLPD�� 2K�� OR� FRPSUHQGR�SRUTXH� WDPELpQ�\R� OD�WXYH��£+XP��6yOR�TXH�PL�FDVR�QR�HUD�WDQ�JUDYH�FRPR�SDUHFH�VHUOR�HO� VX\R��3DGHFt�GH�HVH�FRPSOHMR�KDVWD�TXH�HVWXGLp�RUDWRULD�\�FXOWLYp�PL�YR]�\�GHVFXEUt�TXH�WHQtD�DSWLWXGHV�SDUD�OD�FLHQFLD��¢6DEH� TXH� KDVWD� HQWRQFHV� QXQFD� PH� KDEtD� FUHtGR� FRQ� FDSDFLGDG�VREUHVDOLHQWH�SDUD�QDGD"�

Page 56: El zoo de cristal

/$85$��£2K��¢6HUi�SRVLEOH"�-,0��1XQFD�HVWXGLp�FRQ� UHJXODULGDG�HVD�PDWHULD���� �6H�VLHQWD�HQ� OD�EXWDFD���

)tMHVH�XVWHG��SHUR�XQ�DPLJR�PtR�GLFH�TXH�Vp�DQDOL]DU�PHMRU�D�OD�JHQWH�TXH�ORV�PpGLFRV�TXH�OR�KDFHQ�SURIHVLRQDOPHQWH��1R�DILUPR�TXH�HVR�VHD�SRU� IXHU]D� FLHUWR�� SHUR� SXHGR� DGLYLQDU� FRQ� VHJXULGDG� OD� SVLFRORJtD� GH�XQD�SHUVRQD��'LVF~OSHPH��/DXUD���6DFD�HO�FKLFOH�GH�OD�ERFD���6LHPSUH�OR�VDFR�FXDQGR�KD�SHUGLGR�HO�VDERU��/R�HQYROYHUp�HQ�XQ�WURFLWR�GH�SDSHO���$UUDQFD� XQ� WUR]R� GH� SDSHO� GHO� SHULyGLFR� TXH� HVWi� GHEDMR� GH� ORV�FDQGHODEURV��HQYXHOYH�HQ�pO�VX�FKLFOH��YD�KDFLD�HO�VRIi�FDPD��REVHUYD�VL�/DXUD�OR�PLUD��3HUR�QR�KD\�WDO�FRVD��-LP�GD�OD�YXHOWD�DO�VRIi�FDPD���<D�Vp� FXDQ� IDVWLGLRVR� HV� TXH� VH� DGKLHUD� D� XQR� HO� FKLFOH� HQ� XQ� ]DSDWR���$UURMD�HO� FKLFOH�GHEDMR�GHO�VRIi�FDPD�\�VH�DFHUFD�D�/DXUD���6t����&UHR�TXH� pVD� HV� VX�SULQFLSDO� GHVJUDFLD�� /D� IDOWD� GH� FRQILDQ]D� HQ� Vt�PLVPD��FRPR�SHUVRQD��$KRUD�ELHQ��IXQGR�HVH�KHFKR�HQ�PXFKDV�GH�VXV�IUDVHV�\�HQ�DOJXQDV�REVHUYDFLRQHV�KHFKDV�SRU�Pt��3RU�HMHPSOR��HQ�HVH�HVWUpSLWR�GH� VXV� ]DSDWRV� FXDQGR� HVWDED� HQ� HO� FROHJLR�� ¢'LFH� XVWHG� TXH� WHPtD�VXELU�SRU�OD�HVFDOHUD"�¢9H�OR�TXH�KD�FRQVHJXLGR"�£$EDQGRQy�HO�FROHJLR�\�UHQXQFLy�D�XQD�HGXFDFLyQ�SRU�FXOSD�GH�XQ�SLVDU�SHVDGR��TXH�D�PL�PRGR�GH�YHU�YLUWXDOPHQWH�QR�H[LVWH��2K��XVWHG�VyOR�WLHQH�XQ�SHTXHxR�GHIHFWR�ItVLFR��£+DVWD�FDVL�LPSHUFHSWLEOH��£6X�LPDJLQDFLyQ�OR�PDJQtILFD�PLO�YHFHV��¢6DEH� TXp� OH� DFRQVHMR"� £/H� FRQYLHQH� FRQVLGHUDUVH� VXSHULRU� HQ� DOJ~Q�DVSHFWR���9D�KDFLD�OD�PHVLWD�TXH�HVWi�D�OD�GHUHFKD�GHO�VRIi�FDPD�\�VH�VLHQWD�VREUH�HOOD��/DXUD�VH�VLHQWD�HQ�OD�EXWDFD���

/$85$��¢&yPR�SRGUtD�SHQVDUOR"�-,0��£&DUDPED��/DXUD��0LUH�XQ�SRFR�D�VX�DOUHGHGRU�\����¢TXp�YH"�£8Q�PXQGR�

OOHQR�GH�SHUVRQDV�YXOJDUHV��£7RGDV�KDQ�QDFLGR�\�WRGDV�PRULUiQ��¢&XiO�GH�HOODV�WLHQH�OD�GpFLPD�SDUWH�GH�ODV�YLUWXGHV�TXH� OD�DGRUQDQ�D�XVWHG"�¢2� GH� ODV� PtDV"� ¢2� GH� FXDOTXLHU� RWUR�� SRU� OR� GHPiV"� &DGD� XQR� VH�GHVWDFD� HQ� DOJ~Q� DVSHFWR���� ¢FRPSUHQGH"� %XHQR���� £$OJXQRV� VH�GHVWDFDQ� HQ�PXFKRV�� 7RPHPRV�PL� FDVR�� SRU� HMHPSOR��0H� LQWHUHVD� OD�HOHFWURGLQiPLFD��6LJR�XQ�FXUVR�GH�WpFQLFD�UDGLRWHOHIyQLFD�HQ�OD�HVFXHOD�QRFWXUQD��DGHPiV�GH�WHQHU�XQ�HPSOHR�GH�EDVWDQWH�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�HQ�OD�]DSDWHUtD��6LJR�HVH�FXUVR�\�HVWXGLR�RUDWRULD�S~EOLFD��

/$85$��£2RRRRK��£4Xp�ELHQ��-,0��£3RUTXH�FUHR�HQ�HO�SRUYHQLU�GH�OD�WHOHYLVLyQ��4XLHUR�HVWDU�SUHSDUDGR�SDUD�

VHJXLU�HO�ULWPR�GH�HVH�SURJUHVR���6H�OHYDQWD��YD�D�OD�GHUHFKD���3UR\HFWR�REWHQHU� XQD� SDUWLFLSDFLyQ� HQ� HO� QHJRFLR� FRQ� ODV�PLVPDV�YHQWDMDV� TXH�VXV�SURPRWRUHV��£2K��\D�KH�WRPDGR�ODV�PHGLGDV�QHFHVDULDV��$KRUD��VyOR�UHVWD�TXH� OD�SURSLD� LQGXVWULD�VH�SRQJD�HQ�PDUFKD����£D�WRGR�YDSRU��£(O�FRQRFLPLHQWR��£=LSSSS��£(O�GLQHUR��£=LSSSS��£(O�SRGHU��£%XP��£+H�DKt�HO�FLHOR� VREUH� HO� FXDO� HVWi� FRQVWUXLGD� OD� GHPRFUDFLD�� �3DXVD��� £6XSRQJR�TXH�XVWHG�GHEH�FRQVLGHUDUPH�PX\�HQJUHtGR��

/$85$��1RRR����(Q�DEVROXWR��-,0��VH�DUURGLOOD�DQWH�OD�EXWDFD���%XHQR��¢<�TXp�PH�GLFH�XVWHG"�¢1R�KD\�DOJR�

TXH�OH�LQWHUHVH�HVSHFLDOPHQWH"�

Page 57: El zoo de cristal

/$85$��2K��Vt����-,0��¢4Xp��SRU�HMHPSOR"�/$85$��0H�GHGLFR����FRPR�OH�GLMH����D�PL�FROHFFLyQ�GH�FULVWDO����-,0��£$K��¢4Xp�FULVWDO�HV�pVH"�/$85$� �WRPD� XQD� SLH]D� GH� OD� FROHFFLyQ� GHO� HVWDQWH��� &RVLWDV� GH� FULVWDO��

DGRUQRV�PiV� TXH� QDGD�� (Q� VX�PD\RUtD�� VRQ� DQLPDOLWRV� GH� FULVWDO�� ORV�DQLPDOLWRV�PiV�GLPLQXWRV�GHO�PXQGR��£0DPi�ORV�OODPD�HO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO��£$TXt�WLHQH�XQR��VL�TXLHUH�YHUOR��(VWH�HV�XQR�GH�ORV�PiV�YLHMRV��WLHQH�FDVL�WUHFH�DxRV���6H�OR�WLHQGH��� £2K��WHQJD�FXLGDGR��%DVWDUtD�XQ�VRSOR�SDUD�URPSHUOR��

-,0��0iV�YDOH�TXH�QR�OR�WRPH��6R\�PX\�WRUSH��/$85$�� £9DPRV�� OH� WHQJR� FRQILDQ]D�� �-LP� WRPD� HO� FDEDOOR��� <D� OR� YH���� £/R�

VRVWLHQH�VXDYHPHQWH��£/HYiQWHOR�D�OD�OX]��HVH�FDEDOOLWR�DPD�OD�FODULGDG���-LP�DO]D�HO�FDEDOOR���¢9H�FyPR�EULOOD�OD�OX]�D�WUDYpV�GH�pO"�

-,0��£<D�OR�FUHR�TXH�EULOOD��/$85$��<R�QR�GHELHUD�VHU�SDUFLDO��SHUR�HV�PL�IDYRULWR��-,0��2LJD����¢4Xp�VH�VXSRQH�TXH�HV�HVWR"�/$85$��¢1R�KD�QRWDGR�HO�FXHUQR�~QLFR�GH�VX�IUHQWH"��-,0��£$K��¢(V�XQ�XQLFRUQLR"��/$85$��£$MD��-,0��¢$FDVR�QR�VH�KDQ�H[WLQJXLGR�ORV�XQLFRUQLRV�HQ�HO�PXQGR�PRGHUQR"�/$85$��£/R�Vp��-,0��(O�SREUHFLWR�GHEH�VHQWLUVH�EDVWDQWH�VROR��/$85$�� 3XHV� VL� VH� VLHQWH� VROR�� QR� VH�TXHMD�� (VWi� HQ� HO�PLVPR�HVWDQWH� FRQ�

RWURV�FDEDOORV�TXH�QR�WLHQHQ�FXHUQRV�\�WRGRV�SDUHFHQ�HQWHQGHUVH�PX\�ELHQ��

-,0��<D�OR�FUHR��'tJDPH����¢'yQGH�SXHGR�GHMDUOR"�/$85$��3yQJDOR�VREUH�OD�PHVD���-LP�YD�KDFLD�OD�PHVLWD�TXH�HVWi�D�OD�GHUHFKD�

GHO�VRIi�FDPD�\�GHMD�HO�XQLFRUQLR�VREUH�HOOD��� £$�WRGRV�HOORV��OHV�JXVWD�GH�YH]�HQ�FXDQGR�FDPELDU�GH�HVFHQDULR��

-,0��PLUDQGR�DO�IRUR��FRQ�ORV�EUD]RV�WHQGLGRV���$Vt�HV��£+ROD��0LUH�TXp�JUDQGH�HV�PL�VRPEUD�FXDQGR�HVWLUR�ORV�EUD]RV��

/$85$��\HQGR�KDFLD�OD�L]TXLHUGD���£2K��Vt��£6H�H[WLHQGH�VREUH�HO�FLHOR�UDVR��-,0��VDOH�SRU�OD�GHUHFKD��GHMDQGR�OD�SXHUWD�DELHUWD�\�VH�SDUD�VREUH�HO�UHOODQR��

&DQWD��VLJXLHQGR�OD�P~VLFD�GHO�GLVFR�SRSXODU�GHO�GtD�GHO�VDOyQ�GH�EDLOH��&XDQGR�-LP�DEUH�OD�SXHUWD��OD�P~VLFD�FUHFH�HQ�YROXPHQ���+D�GHMDGR�GH�OORYHU��¢'H�GyQGH�SURYLHQH�HVD�P~VLFD"�

/$85$��'HO�6DOyQ�GH�%DLOH�(O�3DUDtVR��TXH�HVWi�DO�RWUR�ODGR�GH�OD�FDOOH��-,0� �YXHOYH� D� HQWUDU�� FLHUUD� OD� SXHUWD� \� YD�KDFLD� /DXUD���¢4Xp� OH� SDUHFH� VL�

EDLOiUDPRV� XQ� SRFR�� VHxRULWD� :LQJILHOG"� ¢2� VX� FDUQp� HVWi� FXELHUWR"�3HUPtWDPH�TXH�OR�YHD���9D�KDFLD�HO�FHQWUR��/D�RUTXHVWD��HQ�HO�VDOyQ�GH�EDLOH�� DWDFD� XQ� YDOV�� -LP� KDFH� JHVWR� GH� FRQVXOWDU� VX� FDUQp� GH� EDLOH�LPDJLQDULR��� £2K�� YDPRV�� £7RGDV� VXV� SLH]DV� HVWiQ� WRPDGDV��6LPSOHPHQWH��WDFKDUp�YDULDV�GH�HOODV��£$K��XQ�YDOV���9D�KDFLD�/DXUD���

/$85$��<R����£1R�SXHGR�EDLODU���

Page 58: El zoo de cristal

-,0��£<D�DSDUHFLy�HO�FRPSOHMR�GH�LQIHULRULGDG���/$85$��£1XQFD�KH�EDLODGR�HQ�WRGD�PL�YLGD���-,0��£9DPRV��LQWpQWHOR���/$85$��£2K��OH�GDUtD�SLVRWRQHV���-,0��1R�VR\�GH�YLGULR��/$85$��¢&yPR����FyPR�HPSH]DPRV"��-,0��7LHQGD�XQ�SRFR�ORV�EUD]RV��/$85$��¢$Vt"�-,0��/HYiQWHORV�XQ�SRFR�PiV���7RPD�HQ�VXV�EUD]RV�D�/DXUD���(VR�HV��$KRUD��

QR�VH�SRQJD�UtJLGD��HVR�HV�OR�SULQFLSDO����5HODMH�HO�FXHUSR��/$85$��(V�GLItFLO�QR�HVWDU�UtJLGD��-,0��3HUIHFWR��/$85$��7HPR�TXH�QR�SRGUi�PRYHUPH��-,0� �EDLOD�� DOUHGHGRU� GHO� VRIi�FDPD�� OHQWDPHQWH��� ¢4Xp� DSRVWDPRV� D� TXH�

SXHGR"�/$85$��£'LRV�PtR��£6t�TXH�SXHGH��-,0��$EDQGyQHVH�DKRUD��/DXUD��$EDQGyQHVH��/$85$��<R����-,0��£9DPRV��/$85$��£7UDWR�GH�KDFHUOR��-,0��1R�VH�SRQJD�WDQ�UtJLGD����£+D\�TXH�HVWDU�QDWXUDO��/$85$��£/R�Vp����SHUR�\R�����-,0��£9DPRV��£$IORMH�XQ�SRFR�OD�FROXPQD���&XDQGR�OOHJDQ�DO�ULQFyQ�DO�IRUR�GHO�

VRIi�FDPD��GH�PRGR�TXH�HO�S~EOLFR�QR�OD�YHD�OHYDQWDUOD��HO�EUD]R�GH�-LP�FLxH� IXHUWHPHQWH� HO� WDOOH� GH� /DXUD� \� OD� KDFH� GHVFULELU� WUHV� YXHOWDV�FRPSOHWDV� DO]iQGROD� GHO� VXHOR�� DQWHV� GH� TXH� OOHJXH� D� OD� PHVLWD�� /D�P~VLFD� FUHFH� HQ� YROXPHQ� FXDQGR� -LP� OD� OHYDQWD��� £$OOi� YD�� �-LP�KDFH�FDHU�HO�FDEDOOR�GH�FULVWDO�GH�OD�PHVD��/D�P~VLFD�VH�HVIXPD���

/$85$��2K��QR�LPSRUWD����-,0��OHYDQWD�HO�FDEDOOR���+HPRV�KHFKR�FDHU�HO�FDEDOOLWR�GH�FULVWDO��/$85$��6t��-,0��OH�WLHQGH�HO�XQLFRUQLR���¢(VWi�URWR"�/$85$��$KRUD�HV�LJXDO�D�WRGRV�ORV�GHPiV�FDEDOORV��-,0��¢4XLHUH�GHFLU�TXH�KD�SHUGLGR�VX���"�/$85$�� +D� SHUGLGR� VX� FXHUQR�� 1R� LPSRUWD�� 4XL]i� HVR� VHD� XQD� VXHUWH�

GLVIUD]DGD��-,0��&DUDPED��DSRVWDUtD�D�TXH�XVWHG�QXQFD�PH�SHUGRQDUi��$SRVWDUtD�D�TXH�

HUD�VX�DQLPDOLWR�GH�FULVWDO�IDYRULWR��/$85$��2K�� QR� WHQJR� IDYRULWRV���� �3DXVD��� ����PD\RUPHQWH�� (VWR� QR� HV�XQD�

WUDJHGLD�� (O� FULVWDO� VH� URPSH� WDQ� IiFLOPHQWH���� 3RU� FXLGDGRVR� TXH� XQR�VHD��(O�WUiQVLWR�KDFH�WUHSLGDU�ORV�HVWDQWHV�\�ODV�FRVDV�VH�FDHQ��

-,0��&RQ�WRGR��ODPHQWR�PXFKtVLPR�KDEHUOR�URWR��/$85$�� 0H� LPDJLQDUp�� VLPSOHPHQWH�� TXH� HO� XQLFRUQLR� KD� VLGR� RSHUDGR�� /H�

TXLWDURQ�HO�FXHUQR�SDUD�TXH�VH�VLQWLHUD�PHQRV����£PRQVWUXRVR���9D�D�OD�

Page 59: El zoo de cristal

L]TXLHUGD��VH�VLHQWD�VREUH� OD�PHVLWD���$KRUD��HVWDUi�PiV�D�VXV�DQFKDV�FRQ�ORV�GHPiV�FDEDOORV��ORV�TXH�QR�WLHQHQ�FXHUQRV����

-,0��6H�VLHQWD�VREUH�HO�EUD]R�GH�OD�EXWDFD��IUHQWH�D�/DXUD���0H�DOHJUD�YHU�TXH�WLHQH�VHQWLGR�GHO�KXPRU��¢8VWHG�VDEH����TXH�HV����GLVWLQWD�GH�WRGDV� ODV�PXFKDFKDV� TXH� KH� FRQRFLGR"� ¢/H� PROHVWD� TXH� VH� OR� GLJD"� +DEOR� HQ�VHULR��0H� VLHQWR� DOJR� DVt� FRPR���� £1R� Vp� FyPR�GHFLUOR�� *HQHUDOPHQWH��H[SUHVR�EDVWDQWH�ELHQ�ODV�FRVDV��SHUR����£HVWR�HV�DOJR�LQH[SOLFDEOH��¢/H�GLMR� DOJXQD� YH]� DOJXLHQ� TXH� HUD� OLQGD"� �6H� OHYDQWD�� YD� KDFLD� /DXUD���£3XHV� OR� HV�� <� GH�XQ�PRGR�GLVWLQWR� GH� WRGDV� ODV�GHPiV��<�PiV� OLQGD��SUHFLVDPHQWH�� D� FDXVD� GH� OD� GLIHUHQFLD�� 2K�� RMDOi� IXHVH� XVWHG� PL�KHUPDQD��<R� OH�HQVHxDUtD�D�FRQILDU�HQ�Vt�PLVPD��8QR�QR�WLHQH�SRU�TXp�DYHUJRQ]DUVH� GH� VHU� GLVWLQWR�� 3RUTXH� ORV� GHPiV� QR� VRQ� WDQ�PDUDYLOORVRV�� 6RQ� FHQWHQDUHV� GH� PLOHV�� £<� XVWHG�� HV� ~QLFD�� (OORV�FDPLQDQ� SRU� WRGD� OD� WLHUUD�� <� XVWHG�� VH� TXHGD� DTXt�� 6RQ� YXOJDUHV�FRPR����OD�FL]DxD��SHUR����XVWHG����EXHQR��XVWHG����£HV�%OXH�5RVHV��

/$85$��3HUR�HO�D]XO����QR�VH�SXHGH�DSOLFDU����D�ODV�URVDV����-,0��£(V�DSOLFDEOH�D�XVWHG��£8VWHG�HV�OLQGD��/$85$��¢(Q�TXp�VHQWLGR�OR�VR\"�-,0��(Q�WRGRV�ORV�VHQWLGRV����6XV�RMRV����VX�FDEHOOR����£6XV�PDQRV�VRQ�OLQGDV��

8VWHG� FUHHUi� TXH� OR� GLJR� SRUTXH� XVWHGHV�PH� KDQ� LQYLWDGR� D� FHQDU� \�WHQJR�TXH�VHU�DPDEOH��£2K��SRGUtD�VHUOR��3RGUtD�GHFLU�PXFKDV�FRVDV�VLQ�VHU�VLQFHUR�� £3HUR� OH� KDEOR�FRQ�VLQFHULGDG��+H�QRWDGR�TXH�XVWHG� WLHQH�HVH�FRPSOHMR�GH�LQIHULRULGDG�TXH�OH�LPSLGH�VHQWLUVH�D�VXV�DQFKDV�FRQ�OD�JHQWH�� $OJXLHQ� GHEH� LQIXQGLUOH� FRQILDQ]D� HQ� Vt� PLVPD���� £iQLPR����� \�WRUQDUOD�RUJXOORVD�HQ�YH]�GH�WtPLGD�\�HYLWDU�TXH�YXHOYD�OD�HVSDOGD�D�FDGD�PRPHQWR�\����VH�VRQURMH�����-LP�DO]D�D�/DXUD�\�OD�VLHQWD�VREUH�OD�PHVLWD�DO� GHFLU� ©iQLPRª��� $OJXLHQ���� GHELHUD� �OD� EDMD��� $OJXLHQ� GHELHUD����£EHVDUOD�� /DXUD�� �6H� EHVDQ�� -LP� OD� VXHOWD� \� OH� YXHOYH� OHQWDPHQWH� OD�HVSDOGD�\HQGR�DO�SULPHU�WpUPLQR�D�OD�GHUHFKD��<�GLFH�HQ�YR]�EDMD��FRPR�SDUD� Vt��� 2K�� QR� GHEt� KDFHU� HVR�� )XH� LQRSRUWXQR���� �5HWURFHGH� \� VH�YXHOYH�KDFLD�/DXUD��TXH�HVWi�VHQWDGD�VREUH�OD�PHVLWD���¢/H�JXVWDUtD�XQ�FLJDUULOOR"� 8VWHG�QR� IXPD���� ¢YHUGDG"� ¢4XHUUtD� XQD� SDVWLOOD� GH�PHQWD"�¢'H�DQtV"�0L�EROVLOOR�HV�WRGD�XQD�FRQILWHUtD����¢6DEH�XQD�FRVD��/DXUD"�6L�\R� WXYLHUD�XQD�KHUPDQD�FRPR�XVWHG�KDUtD� OR�PLVPR�TXH�7RP��7UDHUtD�DPLJRV�D�FDVD�SDUD�TXH�OD�FRQRFLHVHQ��4XL]i�QR�GHELHUD�GHFLU�HVR��7DO�YH]�7RP�QR�PH�KD\D�WUDtGR�DTXt�SRU�HVD�UD]yQ��3HUR����¢\�VL�DVt�IXHUD"�(VR�QR�WHQGUtD�QDGD�GH�PDOR��/R�~QLFR�TXH�KD\�GH�PDOR�HV�TXH�HQ�PL�FDVR��PL�VLWXDFLyQ�QR�PH�OR�SHUPLWH��QR�SXHGR�SUHJXQWDUOH�VX�Q~PHUR�\�GHFLUOH� TXH� OD� OODPDUp� SRU� WHOpIRQR�� 1R� SXHGR� WHOHIRQHDUOH� OD� VHPDQD�SUy[LPD����SHGLUOH�XQD�FLWD��3UHILHUR�H[SOLFDUOH�OD�VLWXDFLyQ�SRU�VL�XVWHG����PH�LQWHUSUHWD�PDO�\�KLHUR�VXV�VHQWLPLHQWRV����

/$85$��FRQ�YR]�GpELO���¢8VWHG����QR�YROYHUi����D�YLVLWDUQRV"�-,0� �\HQGR� DO� VRIi�FDPD� \� VHQWiQGRVH���1R��QR� SXHGR�� /H�H[SOLFDUp��(VWR\�

DWDGR��/DXUD��\R�KH����£0H�HVWR\�SRUWDQGR�GH�IRUPD�PX\�MXLFLRVD��6DOJR�VLHPSUH� FRQ� XQD� PXFKDFKD� TXH� VH� OODPD� %HWW\�� 2K�� HV� XQD� EXHQD�

Page 60: El zoo de cristal

PXFKDFKD� GH� VX� FDVD� FRPR� XVWHG�� FDWyOLFD� H� LUODQGHVD�� \� HQ�PXFKRV�VHQWLGRV�� QRVRWURV���� QRV� HQWHQGHPRV� SHUIHFWDPHQWH�� /D� FRQRFt� HO�YHUDQR�SDVDGR�GXUDQWH�XQ�YLDMH�HQ�EDUFR�SRU�HO�UtR�D�OD�OX]�GH�OD� OXQD�KDVWD�$OWRQ��HQ�HO�0DMHVWLF��%XHQR����3XHV��GHVGH�HO�SULQFLSLR��HVR�IXH����£DPRU�� £2K�� HVWDU� HQDPRUDGR� KD� KHFKR� GH�Pt� XQ�KRPEUH�QXHYR�� £/D�IXHU]D�GHO�DPRU�HV�DOJR�WUHPHQGR��(O�DPRU�HV�DOJR�TXH����WUDQVIRUPD�HO�PXQGR�HQWHUR��2FXUULy�TXH�OD�WtD�GH�%HWW\�VH�HQIHUPy�\�%HWW\�UHFLELy�XQ�WHOHJUDPD�\�WXYR�TXH�LU�D�&HQWUDOLD��'H�PRGR�TXH�QDWXUDOPHQWH��FXDQGR�7RP�PH�LQYLWy�D�FHQDU����QDWXUDOPHQWH��DFHSWp�OD�LQYLWDFLyQ��VLQ�VDEHU����PH�UHILHUR����VLQ�VDEHU��0H�JXVWDUtD�TXH�XVWHG����GLMHUD�DOJR���/DXUD�OH�GD�HO�XQLFRUQLR���¢3RU�TXp�KDFH�HVR"�¢4XLHUH�TXH�PH�TXHGH�FRQ�pO"�¢3DUD�TXp"�

/$85$��8Q����UHFXHUGR����9D�KDFLD�HO�]RR�GH�FULVWDO��-LP�VH�OHYDQWD���$0$1'$��GHWUiV�GH�OD�HVFHQD���9R\��KLMRV���(QWUD�HQ�HO�FRPHGRU��YLHQH�GH�OD�

FRFLQD���3HQVp� TXH� OH� JXVWDUtD� XQ� UHIUHVFR�� �'HMD� OD� EDQGHMD� VREUH� OD�PHVLWD��$O]D�XQ�YDVR���6HxRU�2&RQQRU����¢+D�RtGR�HVD�FDQFLyQ�VREUH�OD�OLPRQDGD"�'LFH�����

©£/LPRQDGD��OLPRQDGD��KHFKD�HQ�OD�VRPEUD�\�UHYXHOWD�FRQ�XQD�SDOD�����£\�OXHJR��VLUYH�DSHQDV�SDUD�XQD�VROWHURQD�ª�

-,0��1R��VHxRUD��1XQFD�OD�Rt��$0$1'$��D�/DXUD���¢3RU�TXp�HVWiV�WDQ�VHULD��TXHULGD"�-,0��(VWiEDPRV�VRVWHQLHQGR�XQD�FRQYHUVDFLyQ�VHULD��$0$1'$��1R�FRPSUHQGR�D�ORV�MyYHQHV�PRGHUQRV��&XDQGR�\R�HUD�PXFKDFKD��

WRGR�PH�DOHJUDED��-,0��8VWHG�QR�KD�FDPELDGR�HQ�OR�PiV�PtQLPR��VHxRUD�:LQJILHOG��$0$1'$�� 6XSRQJR� TXH� PH� KDEUi� UHMXYHQHFLGR� OD� DOHJUtD� GH� HVWD� YHODGD��

£%XHQR�� SXHV�� EULQGR� SRU� OD� DOHJUtD� GH� HVWD� YHODGD�� �'HUUDPD� OD�OLPRQDGD� VREUH� VX� YHVWLGR��� £2RRK�� 0H� KH� EDXWL]DGR�� �'HMD� HO� YDVR�VREUH� OD� PHVLWD��� (Q� OD� FRFLQD� KH� HQFRQWUDGR� YDULDV� FHUYH]DV� \� KH�SXHVWR�XQD�HQ�FDGD�YDVR��

-,0��1R�GHELy�PROHVWDUVH�WDQWR��VHxRUD��$0$1'$��1R�IXH�XQD�PROHVWLD��¢1R�QRV�R\y�DOERURWDU�HQ�OD�FRFLQD"�<R�HVWDED�

WDQ�IDVWLGLDGD�FRQ�7RP�SRU�QR�KDEHUOR�WUDtGR�D�XVWHG�DQWHV����3HUR�DKRUD�TXH� KD� DSUHQGLGR� HO� FDPLQR�� VHxRU� 2&RQQRU�� TXLHUR� TXH� YHQJD� D�PHQXGR����QR�GH�YH]�HQ�FXDQGR����VLQR�D�PHQXGR��2K��FUHR�TXH�YROYHUp�D�HVD�FRFLQD���9D�KDFLD�HO�IRUR���

-,0��2K��QR��VHxRUD��/H�UXHJR�TXH�QR�YD\D��(Q�UHDOLGDG��WHQJR�TXH�LUPH��$0$1'$��£2K��VHxRU�2&RQQRU��£/D�QRFKH�HVWi�HPSH]DQGR��DSHQDV��-,0��%XHQR��\D�VDEH�FyPR�VRQ�HVDV�FRVDV��$0$1'$�� ¢4XLHUH� XVWHG� GHFLU� TXH� HV� XQ� HPSOHDGR� \� TXH� GHEH� FXPSOLU� HO�

KRUDULR�GH�ORV�HPSOHDGRV"�-,0��6t��VHxRUD��

Page 61: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$��%XHQR��OR�GHMDUHPRV�LU�WHPSUDQR�HVWD�YH]��SHUR�VyOR�D�FRQGLFLyQ�GH�TXH�VH�TXHGH�PiV�WDUGH�OD�YH]�SUy[LPD��PXFKR�PiV�WDUGH����¢&XiO�HV�OD�QRFKH�LGHDO�SDUD�XVWHG"�¢(O�ViEDGR"�

-,0��£$�GHFLU�YHUGDG��WHQJR�TXH�FXPSOLU�GRV�KRUDULRV��VHxRUD�:LQJILHOG��£8QR�GH�PDxDQD�\�RWUR�GH�QRFKH��

$0$1'$�� 2K���� £4Xp� ELHQ�� £4Xp� DPELFLRVR� HV� XVWHG�� ¢7DPELpQ� WUDEDMD� GH�QRFKH"�

-,0��1R��VHxRUD��1R�VH�WUDWD�GHO�WUDEDMR��VLQR����£GH�%HWW\��$0$1'$��YD�KDVWD�HO�VRIi�FDPD���¢%HWW\"�¢4XLpQ�HV�%HWW\"�-,0��2K��QDGD�PiV�TXH�XQD�PXFKDFKD��£/D�PXFKDFKD�FRQ�TXLHQ�VDOJR��$0$1'$��¢'H�PRGR�TXH�HV�DOJR�VHULR"�-,0��2K��Vt��VHxRUD��1RV�FDVDUHPRV�HO�VHJXQGR�GRPLQJR�GH�MXQLR��$0$1'$� �VH� VLHQWD� HQ� HO� VRIi�FDPD���7RP�QR�QRV�GLMR� TXH� XVWHG� VH� LED� D�

FDVDU��-,0��%XHQR��QR�OR�KH�UHYHODGR�D~Q�HQ�OD�]DSDWHUtD���7RPD�VX�VRPEUHUR��TXH�

HVWi�VREUH�OD�PHVLWD�GHO�WHOpIRQR���8VWHG�VDEH�FyPR�VRQ�ORV�PXFKDFKRV��/R� OODPDQ� D� XQR� 5RPHR� \� WRGDV� HVDV� FRVDV���� /D� YHODGD� KD� VLGR�PDUDYLOORVD�� VHxRUD� :LQJILHOG�� &UHR� TXH� HV� HVR� OR� TXH� OODPDPRV� OD�KRVSLWDOLGDG�GHO�6XU��

$0$1'$��1R�KD�VLGR�QDGD��1DGD��-,0��6XSRQJR�TXH�QR�OHV�SDUHFHUi�GHPDVLDGR�SUHFLSLWDGR��3HUR�OH�SURPHWt�D�

%HWW\�LU�D�EXVFDUOD�D�OD�HVWDFLyQ�GH�:DEDVFK�\�VX�WUHQ�GHEH�OOHJDU�GH�XQ�PRPHQWR�D�RWUR��$OJXQDV�PXMHUHV�VH�PXHVWUDQ�PX\�FRQWUDULDGDV�VL�XQR�ODV�KDFH�HVSHUDU��

$0$1'$��£6t��\D�Vp�WRGR�OR�UHODWLYR�D�OD�WLUDQtD�GH�ODV�PXMHUHV��%XHQR��$GLyV��VHxRU� 2&RQQRU�� �/H� WLHQGH� OD� PDQR�� -LP� VH� OD� WRPD��� /H� GHVHR�IHOLFLGDGHV���� \� EXHQD� VXHUWH�� 7DPELpQ� W~� VH� OR� GHVHDV����� ¢YHUGDG��/DXUD"�

/$85$��6t��PDPi��-,0� �DFHUFiQGRVH� D� /DXUD��� $GLyV�� /DXUD�� 6LHPSUH� FRQVHUYDUp� FRQ� JUDQ�

DSUHFLR� HVH� UHFXHUGR�� <� QR� ROYLGH� HO� EXHQ� FRQVHMR� TXH� OH� KH� GDGR��£+DVWD�SURQWR��6KDNHVSHDUH���9D�DO�IRUR��DO�FHQWUR���*UDFLDV�GH�QXHYR��VHxRUD��£%XHQDV�QRFKHV���6RQUtH�\�VH�YD�JDUERVDPHQWH�SRU�OD�GHUHFKD���

$0$1'$� �FRQ�YR]�GpELO���%XHQR��EXHQR��EXHQR����/DV�FRVDV�VXHOHQ�VDOLU� WDQ�PDO���� �/DXUD� YD� KDFLD� HO� IRQyJUDIR� \� SRQH� XQ� GLVFR��� <R� TXH� W~�� QR�SRQGUtD� XQ� GLVFR�� %XHQR�� EXHQR���� £1XHVWUR� FDQGLGDWR� WLHQH� QRYLD��£7RP��

720��GHWUiV�GH�OD�HVFHQD���¢4Xp��PDPi"�$0$1'$��9HQ�DTXt��4XLHUR�GHFLUWH�DOJR�PX\�JUDFLRVR��720��YLHQH�GH�OD�FRFLQD���¢6H�KD�LGR�HO�FDQGLGDWR"�$0$1'$��(O�FDQGLGDWR�VH�KD�LGR�PX\�WHPSUDQR��£/LQGD�EURPD�OD�TXH�QRV�KDV�

KHFKR��720��¢4Xp�TXLHUHV�GHFLU"�$0$1'$��1R�PH�GLMLVWH�TXH�HO�VHxRU�2&RQQRU�WHQtD�QRYLD��720��¢-LP"�¢1RYLD"�

Page 62: El zoo de cristal

$0$1'$��(V�OR�TXH�DFDED�GH�FRPXQLFDUQRV��720��£4XH�PH�FRQGHQHQ��£<R�QR�OR�VDEtD��$0$1'$��(VR�PH�SDUHFH�PX\�UDUR��720��¢4Xp�WLHQH�GH�UDUR"�$0$1'$��¢1R�PH�GLMLVWH�TXH�HUD�WX�PHMRU�DPLJR�GH�OD�]DSDWHUtD"�720��/R�HV��SHUR����¢FyPR�SRGtD�VDEHUOR�\R"�$0$1'$�� £3DUHFH� PX\� UDUR� TXH� LJQRUDUDV� TXH� WX� PHMRU� DPLJR� HVWDED�

FRPSURPHWLGR�SDUD�FDVDUVH��720��£/D�]DSDWHUtD�HV�HO�OXJDU�GRQGH�WUDEDMR��QR�GRQGH�GHVFXEUR�FRVDV�VREUH�

OD�JHQWH��$0$1'$��£7~�QR�GHVFXEUHV�QDGD�HQ�QLQJXQD�SDUWH��£9LYHV�VRxDQGR��£)DEULFDV�

LOXVLRQHV���7RP�YD�D�GLULJLUVH�KDFLD�OD�GHUHFKD���¢$GRQGH�YDV"�¢$GRQGH�YDV"�¢$GRQGH�YDV"�

720��9R\�DO�FLQH��$0$1'$� �VH� OHYDQWD�\�VH� OH�DFHUFD���0X\�ERQLWR��DKRUD�TXH�QRV�KDV�KHFKR�

SDVDU�SRU�XQRV�WRQWRV��£(O�HVIXHU]R��ORV�SUHSDUDWLYRV��WRGRV�ORV�JDVWRV��£(O� YHODGRU� QXHYR�� OD� DOIRPEUD�� OD� URSD�SDUD� /DXUD�� ¢7RGR�� SDUD� TXp"�£3DUD� DJDVDMDU� DO� QRYLR� GH� RWUD� PXFKDFKD�� £9HWH� DO� FLQH�� DKRUD�� £1R�SLHQVHV� HQ� WX� KHUPDQD� VROWHUD� TXH� HVWi� OLVLDGD� \� VLQ� HPSOHR�� £1R�SHUPLWDV� TXH� QDGD� PROHVWH� WX� SODFHU� HJRtVWD�� £9HWH�� YHWH�� YHWH���� DO�FLQH��

720��3HUIHFWDPHQWH�� LUp�� £<�FXDQWR�PiV�PH�JULWHV�D�FDXVD�GH�PLV�HJRtVWDV�SODFHUHV�� DQWHV� PH� LUp� \�� SRU� OR� GHPiV�� QR� LUp� DO� FLQH�� �7RPD� HO�VRPEUHUR� GH� OD� PHVLWD�� FLHUUD� FRQ� YLROHQFLD� OD� SXHUWD� \� VDOH� SRU� OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD���

$0$1'$� �YD�KDFLD� HO� UHOODQR�\�JULWD��� £9H�� SXHV�� £9HWH�D� OD� OXQD���� VRxDGRU�HJRtVWD���

��/D� OX]� GHO� LQWHULRU� VH� DSDJD�� 6H� R\H� XQD� YDJD� P~VLFD�� $PDQGD� YXHOYH� D�HQWUDU� HQ� OD� VDOD�� FHUUDQGR� FRQ� XQ� SRUWD]R�� /DV� ~OWLPDV� IUDVHV� GH� 7RP� VH�VLQFURQL]DQ� FRQ� OD� SDQWRPLPD� LQWHULRU�� /D� HVFHQD� VH� UHSUHVHQWD� FRPR�VL� VH�YLHUD�D� WUDYpV�GH�XQ�YLGULR�JUXHVR��GHWUiV�GH� ODV�FRUWLQDV�H[WHUQDV�GH�JDVD��$PDQGD��GH�SLH��SDUHFH�GHFLUOH�DOJR�FRQVRODGRU�D�/DXUD��TXH�HVWi�DFXUUXFDGD�VREUH�HO�VRIi�FDPD��$KRUD�TXH�QR�SRGHPRV�RtU�ODV�SDODEUDV�GH�OD�PDGUH��VX�HVWXSLGH]�KD�GHVDSDUHFLGR�\�WLHQH�GLJQLGDG�\�XQD�WUiJLFD�EHOOH]D��(O�FDEHOOR�GH�/DXUD�RFXOWD�VX�URVWUR�KDVWD�TXH��FXDQGR�FRQFOX\H�GH�KDEODU�VX�PDGUH��OR�DO]D�SDUD�VRQUHtUOH��/RV�JHVWRV�GH�$PDQGD�VRQ�OHQWRV�\�JUDFLRVRV��FDVL�FRQ�ULWPR�GH�GDQ]D��FXDQGR�FRQVXHOD�D�VX�KLMD��7RP��TXH�VH�KD�SXHVWR�PLHQWUDV�WDQWR�FRPR� DQWHV� HO� DEULJR� GH� PDULQHUR� \� OD� JRUUD�� HQWUD� SRU� OD� GHUHFKD� \� VH�DGHODQWD�GH�QXHYR�KDFLD�HO�UHOODQR��GRQGH�VH�TXHGD�DO�KDEODU��(Q�HO�tQWHULQ�ODV�OXFHV�VH�SUR\HFWDQ�VREUH�$PDQGD�\�/DXUD��SHUR�VRQ�YDJDV����720�� <R� QR� IXL� D� OD� OXQD�� )XL� PXFKR� PiV� OHMRV�� 3RUTXH� HO� WLHPSR� HV� OD�

GLVWDQFLD�PiV�ODUJD�HQWUH�GRV�OXJDUHV����0H�PDUFKp�GH�6DLQW�/RXLV��%DMp�SRU� ~OWLPD� YH]� HVRV� SHOGDxRV� GH� OD� HVFDOHUD� GH� HPHUJHQFLD� \� VHJXt��

Page 63: El zoo de cristal

GHVGH� HQWRQFHV�� ORV� SDVRV� GH� PL� SDGUH�� WUDWDQGR� GH� KDOODU� HQ� HO�PRYLPLHQWR�OR�SHUGLGR�HQ�HVSDFLR����9LDMp�PXFKR�SRU�WRGDV�SDUWHV��/DV�FLXGDGHV�SDVDEDQ�UiSLGDPHQWH�DQWH�Pt�FRPR�KRMDV�VHFDV��GH�EULOODQWHV�FRORUHV�SHUR�DUUDQFDGDV�GH�OD�UDPD��0H�KDEUtD�GHWHQLGR��SHUR�DOJR�PH�SHUVHJXtD�� $TXHOOR� DFXGtD� VLHPSUH� GH� LPSURYLVR�� WRPiQGRPH� GH�VRUSUHVD�� 4XL]i� IXHVH� XQ� SDVDMH� PXVLFDO� IDPLOLDU�� 4XL]i� VyOR� XQ�IUDJPHQWR�GH� WUDQVSDUHQWH� FULVWDO����4XL]i�PH�HVWp� SDVHDQGR�SRU�XQD�FDOOH� GH�QRFKH�� HQ�DOJXQD�FLXGDG�H[WUDxD�� DQWHV�GH�KDEHU� HQFRQWUDGR�FRPSDxHURV�\�SDVH�MXQWR�D�OD�YHQWDQD�LOXPLQDGD�GH�XQD�SHUIXPHUtD��/D�YHQWDQD� HVWi� OOHQD� GH� SLH]DV� GH� FULVWDO� GH� FRORU�� GH� IUDVTXLWRV�WUDQVSDUHQWHV�GH�GHOLFDGRV�WRQRV��TXH�SDUHFHQ�IUDJPHQWRV�GH�XQ�DUFR�LULV�URWR��(QWRQFHV��UHSHQWLQDPHQWH��PL�KHUPDQD�PH�WRFD�HO�KRPEUR��0H�YXHOYR�\�PLUR�VXV�RMRV����£2K��/DXUD��/DXUD�����£7UDWp�GH�GHMDUWH�DWUiV��SHUR� VR\� PiV� ILHO� GH� OR� TXH� SHQVDED� VHU�� 7LHQGR� OD� PDQR� KDFLD� XQ�FLJDUULOOR��FUX]R� OD�FDOOH��HQWUR�FRUULHQGR�HQ�XQ�FLQH�R�XQ�EDU��3LGR�XQD�FRSD��KDEOR�FRQ�HO�GHVFRQRFLGR�PiV�SUy[LPR��£FXDOTXLHU�FRVD�FDSD]�GH�DSDJDU� WXV� YHODV��� £SRUTXH� KR\� HO� PXQGR� HVWi� LOXPLQDGR� SRU� HO�UHOiPSDJR�� $SDJD� GH� XQ� VRSOR� WXV� YHODV�� /DXUD���� �/DXUD� DSDJD�VRSODQGR�ODV�YHODV�TXH�DUGHQ�D~Q�HQ�ORV�FDQGHODEURV�\�WRGR�HO� LQWHULRU�TXHGD�HQ�OD�RVFXULGDG���<�DKt�WHUPLQD�PL�PHPRULD�\�FRPLHQ]D�YXHVWUD�LPDJLQDFLyQ��£'H�PRGR�TXH�DGLyV������

��6DOH�SRU�OD�FDOOHMXHOD�GH�OD�GHUHFKD��6H�VLJXH�R\HQGR�P~VLFD�KDVWD�HO�ILQDO����

7(/Ï1�