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EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany Kardiologie im Spreebogen Berlin, Germany

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Page 1: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls:

Grundlagen

W. HaverkampDivision of Cardiology and Metabolism

Department of CardiologyCampus Virchow Clinic and

Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)

Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany

Kardiologie im SpreebogenBerlin, Germany

Page 2: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG-Analyse und Eye-Tracking

Page 3: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG-Analyse: Eye-Tracking

Breen et al. 2014

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EKG-Analyse: Eye-Tracking

Breen et al. 2014

Bewegungsmodus (ruckartige Bewegungen)

Page 5: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG: Eye-Tracking-Analyse

Breen et al., 2014

Page 6: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG und Eye-Tracking: EKG-Anfänger

Breen et al. 2014

Zeit

(Su

mm

e) in

Sek

.

Einzelner Proband

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EKG und Eye-Tracking: Experte

Bond et al. 2014

Alle Probanden

Page 8: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Qualität der EKG-Auswertung

Breen et al. 2014Je schneller, desto besser.

r = -0,81

Page 9: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Augustus Desiré Waller (1856-1922)

Grundlegende Arbeiten:

1887: Registrierung des ersten

menschenlichen EKGs; ABCD;

1889: Ableitung von der

Brustwand, Dipol-Theorie

Page 10: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Willem Einthoven (1860–1927)

Grundlegende Arbeiten:

1903: Saitengalvanometer;

PQRST; Ableitungen I, II, III

1908: Einthoven-Dreieck, Herzer-

krankungen, Variabilität der

Befunde, inkl. Einflussfaktoren,

Lagetyp, Arrhythmien

1924: Nobel-Preis

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Vektoren und elektrisches Feld

Dipol: zwei benachbarte, nicht zusammenfallende Ladungen; Größe mit Vektorcharakter

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Summationsvektoren während der Depolarisation

Foster, 2007

1: Vorhoferregung2: septale Erregung3: ventrikuläre Erregung4: ventrikuläre Erregungs-

rückbildung

Page 13: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Hauptrichtung der ventrikulären Erregungsausbreitung

Page 14: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Einthoven-Ableitungen und -Dreieck

RA

RVLV

Frontalebene

I

III

+

+

-

-

+

-

II

Page 15: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Einthoven –Ableitungen und -Dreieck

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Polarität der Ableitungen

Dower et al., 1990

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Cabrera-Kreis und Lagetypen

Page 18: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

(Elektrische) QRS-Achsen

Foster, 2007

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Wilson-Ableitungen

Page 20: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Posteriore Herzwand

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Herz: laterale Ansicht

By Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator (Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator), via Wikimedia Commons

Page 22: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG-Standards

1954

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Standard 12-Kanal-EKG

Page 24: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

12-Kanal-EKG

9 Elektroden, 12 Ableitungen

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EKG und Herzregion

www.nottingham.ac.uk

Page 26: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Dower et al., 1990

Page 27: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Dower et al., 1990

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Diagnose

Foster, 2007

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Alter Vorderwandinfarkt

Foster, 2007

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Alter ausgedehnter Vorderwandinfarkt

Giorgio und Bogaert, 2012

Page 31: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Alter ausgedehnter Vorderwandinfarkt

V1

V6

V5

V4V3

V2

• Ein Vektor ist durchBetrag und Richtungdefiniert

Page 32: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Blick in den Kopf hinein …

Page 33: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Diagnostisches Vorgehen: „Erste Blick Ansatz“

Betrachtung einer einzelnen Ableitung

Verdachtsdiagnose

Gezielte Betrachtung weiterer Ableitungen

Stellung der finalen Diagnose

Page 34: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG und Eye-Tracking: Experte

Bond et al. 2014

Page 35: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Ableitung V1: Verdachtsdiagnose?

V1

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Ableitung V1: Rechtsschenkelblock

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RSB: EKG-Kriterien

• QRS-Dauer > 120 ms (definiert die Schenkelblockierung)

• rSR´-Komplex in V1, so genannte M-Form (verspätete

rechtsventrikuläre Aktivierung)

• Verspätung der größten Negativitätsbewegung in V1 (> 50

ms)

• Breite S-Zacken in I, aVL und V5/6 (Spiegelbild der

verspäteten rechtsventrikulären Aktivierung)

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Ableitung V1 – Verdachtsdiagnose?

lifeinthefastlane.com

V1

Page 39: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Ableitung V1: kompletter Linksschenkelblock

lifeinthefastlane.com

Page 40: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

LSB: EKG-Kriterien

• QRS-Dauer > 120 ms, oft >150 ms (definiert die Schenkel-

blockierung)

• Plumpe und breite QRS-Komplexe in V5/V6, I und aVL, Q-

Zacken fehlen (verspätete linksventrikuläre Aktivierung)

• rS- oder QS-Komplexe in V1 bis V4 (Spiegelbild der verzö-

gerten linksventrikulären Aktivierung)

• Abrupter Übergang zu den positiven QRS-Komplexen in V5

bis V6

• Verlängerung des Intervalls vom Beginn des QRS-Komplexes

bis zum Punkt der endgültigen Negativitätsbewegung in

V5/V6 (>60 ms)

Page 41: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Ableitung V1: Verdachtsdiagnose?

Page 42: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Brugada-Syndrom

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Brugada-Syndrom

RSB

Page 44: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Ableitung V1: Verdachtsdiagnose?

lifeinthefastlane.com

V1

Page 45: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Ableitung V1: Epsilon-Welle

lifeinthefastlane.com

V1

Page 46: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Arrhythmogene rechtsventrikuläre Kardiomyopathie

lifeinthefastlane.com

Page 47: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Arrhythmogene rechtsventrikuläre Kardiomyopathie

Diez u. Brugada, 2008

• Epsilon-Welle in V1 (V2-V3)• Negative T-Welle in V1 – V3

Page 48: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

T-Inversion rechtspräkordial

achd-library.com

Page 49: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

T-Inversion rechtspräkordial bei Trichterbrust

achd-library.com

Page 50: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

T-Inversion rechtspräkordial

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T-Inversion rechtspräkordial als Normvariante

Aro et asl. 2012

bei 0,5% der mittelalten finnischenBevölkerung

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T-Inversion rechtspräkordial

lifeinthefastlane.com

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T-Inversion rechtspräkordial als Normvariante

Gesunder Schwarzafrikanerlifeinthefastlane.com

Page 54: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Ableitung V1: Verdachtsdiagnose?

García-Niebla et al. 2012

V1

Page 55: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Ableitung V1: Elektrodenfehlplatzierungen

García-Niebla et al. 2012

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Ableitung V1: Elektrodenfehlplatzierungen

García-Niebla et al. 2012Brugada-EKG Typ II?

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Ableitung V1: Verdachtsdiagnose?

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Ableitung V1: AV-Knoten-Reentry-Tachykardie

Pseudo-R-Zacken

Page 59: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG und Eye tracking: Experte

Bond et al. 2014

Page 60: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG-Grundlagen I

Dipol: zwei benachbarte, nicht zusammenfallende Ladungen; Größe mit Vektorcharakter

Page 61: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

EKG-Grundlagen II

Einthoven-Dreieck: I + III = II

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12-Kanal-EKG: Wo das QT-Intervall messen?

Zur Verfügung gestellt: J. Reisinger, 2016

QTc: 524 ms; 6.3.2016

Page 63: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Wo messen?

• Ableitung II – Standardableitung für Intervall- und

Komplexvermessungen

• Ggf. auf die Brustwandableitung V5(V6) ausweichen

• Vorsicht bei der unkritischen Übernahme von vom Gerät

gemessenen Intervallen (Regel: je niedriger die Signal-

amplitude, desto größer wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit für

Fehlmessungen)

Page 64: EKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen fileEKG - Pearls and Pitfalls: Grundlagen W. Haverkamp Division of Cardiology and Metabolism Department of Cardiology Campus Virchow Clinic and

Sherlock Holmes

Watson …

– You know my methods, Watson!

– You did not know where to look, and so you missed all that

was important.