1. Noun Phrase adalah phrase yang headword-nya berupa noun, yang diletakkan di akhir atau di

tengah phrase. Noun phrase dapat diawali oleh article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these,

those), modifier (some, any, dst), atau oleh adjective pronoun (my, your, his, dst).

Adalah phrase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).

Contoh:

Ali went to the store for some books.

My new car near the tree is old enough.

The desk in this room is small.

Form of noun phrase (NP)

N = Maya, tiger, etc

Det + N = a meat, the man, my book, etc

Gerund + N = writing table, etc

N + N = Atlantic ocean, john’s book, etc

Det + Adj + N = - a beautiful girl, a red car, blue eyes, etc

- a small good red old car

( size quality color age noun)

Det + Gerund + N = The meaning word, etc

2. Adjective Phrase

Adalah phrase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective, memberi sifat kepada noun atau

pronoun.

Contoh:

Books in black and red were the clerk's delight.

The girl with long hair is my friend.

The form Adjective Phrase

3. Adverbial Phrase

Adalah phrase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Contoh:

He shouted on house top.

Henry fishes in the big lake.

He put the money into his pocket.

Adverbial Phrase dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan (mengekspresikan) beberapa

hubungan; seperti mengekspresikan hubungan waktu (expressing a relation of time), place

(tempat), manner (cara), degree (tingkat/derajat), cause (sebab akibat), purpose (tujuan/maksud),

condition (syarat), atau concession or contrast (pertentangan).

4. Verb Phrase

Noun clause

a. Form of the noun clause

b. function

Adject clause

a. Form of relative

b. Function of relative

Adverb clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni

menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata

penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

The form of Verb Phrase (VP)

N = Write, run, is, am, was, were.

Auxiliary + N = is writing, do write

Modal + V = can swim, will go, must go, shall go, have written

V + preposition = switch on, switch off

Transitive

Intransitive

Ditransitive

Intensive

Complex-transitive

Prepositional

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata

penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

Shut the door before you go out.

You may begin when(ever) you are ready.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction

seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

They sat down wherever they could find empty seats

The guard stood where he was positioned.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang

saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung)

seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.

Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.

Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like,

in that, dll.

Contoh:

He did as I told him.

You may finish it how you like.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan

menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end

that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.

She bought a book so (that) she could learn English

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk

Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang

berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless,

in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that,

if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.

She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.

Adjective Clause

adjective clause in English will follow one of these patterns:

Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb

This is the ball that I was bouncing.

Relative Adverb + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the house where I grew up.That is the house where I met her.

Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the person who hiccuped.That is the person who saw me.

Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb) + Preposition

That is the person who(m) I was talking about.That is the person who(m) I was telling you about.

Preposition + Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the person about whom I was talking.That is the person about whom I was telling you.

Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)

That is the dog whose big brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.That is the dog whose big brown eyes begged me for another cookie.

Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb

That is the person whose car I saw.

Noun Clouse

Noun clause is the clause is used instead of functioning as a noun or a noun (noun). In addition to this clause Noun, there are actually other clauses such as clause Adverb and Adjective Clause. To explore the explanation of the Noun Clause, please note the following explanation:

According to the original sentence types, noun clause can be classified into 4 types, namely:

    Statement (statement)    Question (a question)    Request (request)    Exclamation (appeal).

Explanation:

1. Statement a. Conjunction used is: "that"

b. The function of this clause is as:

1) Subject Sentences

     Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)     That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)

2) The subject of sentence after "It"

     It is well known to All That Kangaroo lives in Australia

3) Object Complement

     My conclusion is That Kangaroo lives in Australia

4) Objects of Verbs

     Understand well That all people Kangaroo lives in Australia

5) Apositif

     My conclusion is Australia lives Kangaroo That is correct.

2. Question

A. Yes / No Question

a. Conjunction used is: "whether (or not / or if)"

b. The function of this clause is as:

1) Subject Sentences

     She can drive the car? (Question)     Whether She can drive the car does not concern me. (Noun clause)     = Whether or not She can drive the car does not concern me. (Noun clause)    = Whether She can drive the car or not does not concern me. (Noun clause)     = Whether or if She can drive the car does not concern me. (Noun clause)

2) Object Complement

     My question is whether She can drive the car.

3) Objects of Verbs

     I really wonder whether She can drive the car (or not).

4) Objects Word Home

     We discussed about whether She can drive the car.

B. Wh-Question

a. Conjunction used is: "Tanya's own words"

b. The function of this clause is as:

1) Subject Sentences

     What is he doing? (Question)     She is doing what does not concern me. (Noun clause)

2) Object Complement

     My question is what She is doing.

3) Objects of Verbs

     I really wonder what She is doing.

4) Objects Word Home

     We discussed about what She is doing.

Note:

Position back to normal, not like the position of a normal question.

3. Request

a. Conjunction used is: "that"

b. The function of this clause is as:

1) Objects of Verbs

    Read the book! (Request)    He suggested that i read the book. (Noun clause)

Note:

An exclamation mark is missing.

4. Exclamation

a. Conjunction used is: "Tanya is used in the sentence itself"

b. The function of this clause is as:

1) Objects of Verbs

   -  What a pretty girl She is? (Exclamation)   -  I never realize what a pretty girl She is. (Noun clause)

2) Objects Word Home

     - We are talking about what a pretty girl She is.

Additional Notes:  - Noun clause with "that" is used as the subject of a sentence only with certain verbs. And verbs (verb) what is important is the linking verb, especially BE.

- Noun clause with "that" often the object of the verb (verb), some of the following verb usually has a subject that shows humans. The words are mainly verbs used in Indirect Speech Berta verb that states of mental activity.

Sentences Verbs Indirect

Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, Boast, claim, complaint, Confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, INSIST, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, Predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, Swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn

Verbs of Mental Activity

Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (for negative or interrogative sentences), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, Decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, Hear, hold (think), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (for negative or interrogative sentences), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, PROVE, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, Reflect, regret, Rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish

Example:

    Alex thinks That Mary is ill.    Bob Had toll me that he finished breakfast.    Henry Says That He is very busy.    He insists That there is a mistake.    He complained to his friend That his wife could not cook.

- In an unofficial conversation (informal) "that" is often omitted from the objects clause if it means (meant) is clearly understandable in the absence of "that".

Example:

   1.  I am sorry (that) I could not meet you at the station.   2.  He says (that) They plan to come to the dance.   3.  We thought (that) Had you already left for abroad.   4.  The reason We returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.

    Noun Clause of the question (questions) located after the verb that requires two objects may serve as one or two objects of the verb.

Example:

    1. Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)    2. Give what is in the envelope to the man.

    Noun Clause of the questions may be preceded by the words asked that serves as: pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The words used are: Pronoun = WHO (ever), what (ever (, the which. (Ever), Adjective = Whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), Pls (ever) , where (ever), why.

Example:1. We do not know who Will be coming from the employment agency. (WHO is the subject of Will be coming)    2. We do not know Whom Will send the employment agency. (Whom is the object of Will send)    3.We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (Whoever is the subject of comes)    We will ask whomever sends the employment agency. (Whomever is the object of sends)

    In the Noun Clause of the question, the subject and verb have a common structure, ie, located after the introductory word.    Noun Clause of the request starts with That-clause is most often the object of the verb that states the request, suggestion, or desire, and so on.

Example:

    1. Requesting That He is a car company be placed at his disposal.    2. That the doctor recommended he take a vacation.

    3. It was suggested That She leave IMMEDIATELY.    4. It was proposed That the meeting be adjourned.

    Sometimes "that" which is a word beginning clause can be replaced with an array of infinitive after verbs that show the request as advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.    -That the subject of the clause is often in the passive form of verbs of anticipatory arrangement Requesting with it.