ejgc2 1.6 - seed activism edit 444

8/6/2019 EJGC2 1.6 - Seed Activism Edit 444

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Environmental Justice

&

Global Citizenship

Edited by

Catherine Phillips

Oxford, United Kingdom


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Conserving and Growing Alternatives: Theorising Seed Saving and Exchange Networks

Catherine Phillips

Abstract

After an overview of some of the relevant (and sometimes contradictory) international policyagreements, such as the International Treaty on Plant and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and theWorld Trade Organisations Trade-Related Aspects of International Property Rights, I argue that seed saving and

exchange networks are individual and collective claims (or reclaims) of specific rights (such as the right to foodand farmers rights) and that the practices of seed saving and exchange are enactments of citizenship. Thisargument is explored through the conception (and model) of food sovereignty as articulated through and bycivil society organisations.

Keywords: seed saving, citizenship, food sovereignty, farmers rights

1. Introduction

I am going to begin with what, for a Canadian, may be a fairly controversial statement: I like Januaryand February. In Canada, January and February are usually the most dreaded of months. It is when the snowsand the cold have been around a little too long, and when many feel that hibernation and migration are excellentmeans of dealing with winter. While it is true that I rather enjoy winter (not always a welcome statement in the

frequent conversations about weather that I seem to have with people), this time my reasons for enjoying thesemonths has little to do with their winteriness. This is the time of year that seed catalogues arrive and foodgardeners begin to think seriously about what is to come. Its a time full of promise, expectation, and planning.

Only in the last few years has the question what did I save from last year? entered into my winterconsiderations. The question was initially spurred by the generosity of a friend, who upon hearing that I had joined a community garden group again (the first time in a couple of years since I had been moving too

frequently to make the commitment), opened a closet filled with boxes, jars and packets and began selectingseeds he had saved in previous years and thought interesting or useful to pass along. Each gift of seeds camewith bits of information: These are wonderfully tasty, but they need lots of space; These take a long time tosprout, but they germinate well so dont think theyre lost too early; Well, I had forgotten about these, but youcould give em a shot; and so on. By the time he was finished, I needed a box of my own to carry it all home.My friend has always been very generous, so leaving his home with something more than what I had walked in

with was not unusual, but this time his enthusiasm, knowledge and commitment were inspiring and infectious.The next week when I shared the seeds with my community gardening group, there were smiles all around the

table. Aside from the money we would save - and yes, money was that tight that even seeds seemed anextravagance - these seeds offered options and came with information that otherwise would have been absent. Itwas decided that as part of our thanks we would begin saving some of our own seed from the garden to sharewith others.

We considered this an excellent continuation of our project to grow nutritious, organic, ecologically-responsible, local foods and to (at least partially) step outside of the dominant agri-food system. I should say that

these commitments are not necessarily shared by all seed savers or gardeners, and each can and should bedebated. However, at no point did it occur to us that our decision to save and exchange seed would be

particularly controversial or even illegal. Given that we were a small group of people, growing a small amount offood, mostly for ourselves or for demonstration purposes, and not marketing our seeds, our seed saving and

exchanging activities would likely still be ignored by authorities; however, this may not always be the case asquestions about who has access to seeds and for what purposes, who can save seed and how, and whos

knowledge is valued and how are being asked in international, national and local arenas.In the following paper I argue that the saving and exchanging of open-pollinated food seed are tactical

acts that undermine dominant political, economic and scientific rationalities of everyday food practices. Byparticipating in seed saving and exchange people claim (or reclaim) specific rights (such as the right to food orfarmers rights) and enact citizenship, redefining it in the process. In order to make this argument though, I

should first clarify my meaning of citizenship, after which I will return to seed saving and exchange specifically.

2. Defining Citizenship

I argue that citizenship should be understood critically not only as a set of rights granted by governmentto individuals, but also as the individual and collective practices that enact, reaffirm and redefine the boundaries

of these rights. In this sense, citizenship may be seen as both the practices and claims that are mounted within


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3. International Context

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4. Citizenship, Seed Activism and Food Sovereignty

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Table 1: Comparing Dominant Food System and Food Sovereignty Approaches on Various Issues*

Issue Dominant Model Food Sovereignty Model

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6/6

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ejgc2 1.6 - seed activism edit 444

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