eitf25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … layer-2-user applications 2015, lecture 10...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Application Layer-2-
UserApplications
2015,Lecture 10Kaan Bür
EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 2: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PreviouslyonEITF25
• FromdomainnamestoIPaddresses:DNS
• Hostconfiguration:DHCP
• Debuggingtools:ICMP,ping,traceroot
• World-wideWeb:HTTP2015-12-07 2EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
ApplicationLayer(1)
![Page 3: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Today:ApplicationLayer (2)
• FileTransferProtocol,FTP[F26.2]
• Electronicmail,SMTP,POP,IMAP[S24.1][F26.3]
• Peer-to-peernetworks,P2P[F29.1,F29.5]
• VoiceoverIP,VoIP[S25.2-3][F28.4.4-5]
*[Kihl&Andersson:12.3,12.5-6,12.8]2015-12-07 3EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 4: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Worldwideweb(www)
• 1989-1990:HTTP,HTMLbyTimBerners-Lee• 1991afirstwebbrowser• 1991wwwgoespublic– http://info.cern.ch– Firstwebsite
• 1991:TheTrojanRoomcoffeepot– http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/coffee.html– Firstwebcam(realtimeimages)
• 1993:Mosaicbecomespublic2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 4
![Page 5: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Worldwideweb(www)
• 1994:PizzaHut(firstonlinewebshop)• 1994:Yahoo• 1995:AltaVista• 1997:AOLinstantmessanger• 1997:sixdegrees.com(firstmodernsocialnet)• 1997:Google
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 5
![Page 6: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Thencamethedigitalage...• 1999:Napster• 1999:Blogger• 2001:BitTorrent• 2001:Wikipedia• 2003:Skype• 2003:WordPress• 2004:Gmail• 2004:Flickr• 2005:YouTube• 2005:Facebook• 2006:Twitter• 2008:Spotify• 2009:GoogleDocs• 2009:AngryBirds
See: 10 surprising social media statistics... (2013)2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 6
![Page 7: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Client/serverparadigm
• Mostearlyapplicationswerebasedonit– http– ftp– e-mail
Request
Reply
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 7
![Page 8: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FileTransferProtocol(FTP) - 1971
• Filetransferbetweentwocomputers• TCP/IP
• Notsostraightforward– Fileconventions– Datarepresentations– Directorystructures
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 8
![Page 9: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Controlconnection
Dataconnection
FTP:basicmodel
Controlconnection• Openforentiresession• Commands&responses
– ASCII
Dataconnection• Newoneforeachfile
20
21
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 9
![Page 10: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FTP:Dataconnection
• Clientissuespassiveopen– SendsPORT#toserver
• Serverissuesactiveopen– server:port20↔client:port#
• Allpreparationsthrough controlconnection
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 10
![Page 11: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
FTP:Controlconnection
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 11
CO
MM
AN
DS
RES
PON
SES
![Page 12: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
FTP
• Session
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 12
![Page 13: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Electronicmail(e-mail) - 1971
• Thefirste-mailwassentbetweentwocomputersinthesameroom.
• Toseparatetheuserfromthehostcomputer,[email protected]. 132015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 14: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1
2
3
4 5 6
7
8
9
E-mail:basicmodel
pull
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 14
![Page 15: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
E-mail:protocolsused• SMTP– Simplemailtransferprotocol
• POP– Postofficeprotocol
• IMAP– Internetmailaccessprotocol
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 15
![Page 16: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
E-mail:serverarchitecture
Sender&receiverinone
• Notaverygoodrepresentation!
Aholisticview
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 16
INTERNET
Localclient
SMTP(in/out)
POP
Local client
Inte
rnet
SMTP
SMTP
POP
SMTP
![Page 17: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
E-mail:Web-basedservices
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 17
![Page 18: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Seeyouin15’:)
• Afterthebreak– P2P,BitTorrent– VoIP,Skype
2015-12-07 18EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 19: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Performancechallenges
• Client/serverarchictures– StandardizedprotocolslikeHTTP– Heavytrafficloadonnetworkinfrastructure– Unicasttransmission– Delaysduetooverloadedaccessnetworks– Singlepointoffailure
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 19
![Page 20: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Onesolution:P2P(andcaches)
• Spotify
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 20http://www.csc.kth.se/~gkreitz
![Page 21: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Result:betterloaddistribution
212015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplicationshttp://www.csc.kth.se/~gkreitz
![Page 22: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Peer-to-peer(P2P)paradigm
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
• Userssharingdataformnetworkofpeers• FirstP2Pfilesharing1987–WWIVnetbulletinboardbyWayneBell
• Gainedpopularity1999– NapsterbyShawnFanning
22
![Page 23: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
P2Pnetworks
Centralised• Directoryserver
Decentralised• Overlaynetwork
– Logicalontopofphysical
• A)unstructured– Nodeslinkedrandomly– Queries floodnetwork
• B)structured– Nodeslinkedwithrules(DHT)– Moreefficientqueryresolving
• Initiallistofnodesprovided
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 23
![Page 24: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
DistributedHashTables(DHT)
• Ahashfunctionisanalgorithmthatmapsdataofvariablelengthtodataoffixedlength. (m bits)
– NodeID=hash(peerIPaddress)– Key=hash(filename)
• DHTdistributesdataamongasetofnodes.– Eachpeerisresponsibleforaportionofdata.
• DHTroutesaquerytoresponsiblenode– Peershavepartialknowledgeaboutwholenet.
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 24
![Page 25: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DHTaddressspace
• NodeID=hash(peerIPaddress)• Key=hash(filename)
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 25
![Page 26: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
DHTexample
• Examplem=5– NodeID(5)– Key(14)– Ref(17)
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 26
![Page 27: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
P2Pexample:BitTorrent
• Groupofpeersworktogethertogiveallpeersacopyofsharedfile.– Torrent– Swarm– Seed– Leech– Tracker
• Nodownloadingwholefilefromonepeer
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 27
![Page 28: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tracker
• Provideslistofpeersforgiventorrent
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 28
BitTorrent Server
New peer
![Page 29: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
VoiceoverIP(VoIP)
SIP
• SessionInitiationProtocol
• IETFstandard
H.323
• Communication(telephone,computer)
• ITU-Tstandard
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 29
• Internettelephony– Usestwoprotocols
![Page 30: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SessionInitiationProtocol(SIP)
• Applicationlayerprotocol• Multimediasessionmanagement• Text-basedmessages
• Variousaddresstypes
2015-12-07 30EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 31: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
AsimpleSIPsession
2015-12-07 31EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 32: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Trackingthecallee
2015-12-07 32EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 33: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
H.323
• Communication(telephone,computer)– Gateway=5-layertranslationdevice– Gatekeeper=registrar
2015-12-07 33EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 34: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
H.323protocols
2015-12-07 34EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
ResourcereservationCompressionmethodnegotiation
Connection setupAudioexchange&management
![Page 35: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
H.323session
2015-12-07 35EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
![Page 36: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Counter-example:Skype
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 36
![Page 37: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
EvolutionofInternetusage
• Trafficvolumesgeneratedbyusers
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
2007
2011
J. Li, A. Aurelius, V. Nordell, M. Du, Å. Arvidsson, M. Kihl: A five year perspective of traffic pattern evolution in a residential broadband access networkFuture Network & Mobile Summit 2012
37
![Page 38: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Contentdistributionarchitectures
• Multimedia– Contentstoredinback-endserverclusters(cloud)– Distributedtoclientsuponrequested
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
Internet
Content Clients 38
![Page 39: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Example:LivesportchannelatTV4
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
National ISPAccess network Modem
Speakers
Cache servers(http)
Production Transmission control
IP multicast network
EncodingEncryption Ingest servers Origin servers
(http)
PC / CE device (TV /
bluray)
Content Distribution
Network (CDN)Ingest servers
(http)39
![Page 40: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Summary: ApplicationLayer (2)
• AlittlehistorybehindWWW• Client/serverapplications– ftp,filetransfer– e-mail,messageexchange
• P2Papplications– Bittorrent,filesharing– Skype,Internettelephony
• Streamingmultimediaapplications
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 40
![Page 41: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Appendix
ConnectingDevices
![Page 42: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Connectingdevices (1)
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetwork
LinkPhysical
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetwork
LinkPhysical
LinkPHY PHY
Sender Receiver
Switch
ProtocolData
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 42
![Page 43: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Switch
• usedwithinalocalnetwork
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 43
![Page 44: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Connectingdevices (2)
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetwork
LinkPhysical
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetwork
LinkPhysical
NetworkLink LinkPHY PHY
Sender ReceiverProtocolData
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
Router
44
![Page 45: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Router
• usedbetweennetworksusingthesamenetworkprotocol
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
IP network IP network
45
![Page 46: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Connectingdevices (3)
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetwork
LinkPhysical
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetwork
LinkPhysical
ApplicationP. P.S. S.T. T.
Net NetLink LinkPHY PHY
Sender ReceiverData
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
Gateway
46
![Page 47: EITF25 -20151207-10 application layer -2- user … Layer-2-User Applications 2015, Lecture 10 KaanBür EITF25 –Internet: Technology and Applications](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0bc4c47f8b9ae61b8e760f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Gateway
• usedbetweennetworksofdifferenttypes
2015-12-07 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
IP-network Mobile network
47