einstein m theory , string theory and the future
DESCRIPTION
The unification of fundamental forces of nature into a single force occupied Einstein attention for much of his later life. Today thousand of physicist, on the cutting edge of physics is still trying to solve it. Albert Einstein spent his last two decades and during his last hr. he was trying to unify all the theories and laws of universe into a single theory so powerful that can describe all the laws and theories of the universe but Einstein ran out of time unfulfilling his dream, now almost a half century later his dream has become the holy grail of the modern physics we may achieve Einstein dream with a new and radical set of ideas called string theory but if this revolutionary theory is right we are in real quite a shock, String Theory says we may be living in a world where reality meets science fiction, a universe of eleven dimension with parallel universes right next to us i.e.an elegant universe composed entirely of the music of strings, but what would be if we combine Einstein general theory of relatively,Newtonian Mechanics Maxwellian Electromagnetism and quantum mechanics to produce a theory that can explain the cosmic background radiation then it would be really a blockbuster in the history of science. . I have seen that the weak force has ben successfully combined with electromagnetism so that they may be jointly viewed as aspects of a single electroweak force . theories that attempts to add the strong force to this combination-called grand unification theories (GUT) – are being persuade actively . This could be a theory that would seeks to complete the job by adding gravity – sometimes called theories of everything (TOE) .TRANSCRIPT
- 1. Avinash Singh and Bhowar GuptaKalinga Institute Of Industrial TechnologyBhubaneshwar,OrissaEinstein: A Century of RelativityIISC KolkataMarch 5, 2011
2. What is String Theory?29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 2 3. Outline String Theory A Theory looking for observations. The D-Brane revolution. What is the String Scale? Inflation Cosmic initial conditions and fluctuations. Phenomenology looking for a theory. Inflation in String Theory? Braneless attempts. Brane Inflation? OutlookStrings and Inflation 3 4. smallClassical Physics (1687) heavyfastQuantum Mechanics (1905)Special Relativity (1905)General Relativity (1915)Quantum Field Theory (1940s)? String Theory ?29 January 2005Einstein: A Century of RelativityFeng 4 5. In String Theory, Particles are StringsDifferent Vibrations String Combinations Different Particles Particle Interactions updown electronquarkquark String theory realizes Einsteins dream of a unified theory 29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of RelativityFeng 5 6. Extra Dimensions (x, y, z, t) + w, v,? Science fiction? No a major topic in science today:What is our world made of?How does gravity work? How did this happen?29 January 2005Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 6 7. Extra Dimensions Suppose our world is only a slice of the whole universe29 January 2005Einstein: A Century of RelativityFeng 7 8. Structure of Extra Dimensions The properties of the internal spacedetermine the low energy data, such as thespectrum of particles and their interactions. 9. String dualitiesStrings are very useful objects to consider at weak couplingWe like strings because they can deal with graviton exchangeE. WittenDegrees of freedom can change; e.g. consider water and iceSomething similar happens in string theory; at strong coupling dreamA new (weakly coupled) degrees of freedom can be used in an come true! approximate descriptionThis phenomenon is generally called a duality Particle/wave duality Strong/weak coupling duality (electric/magnetic)12/15/01Saturday Morning Physics 9 10. Standard Model of Particle Physics:The Modern Theory of Matter 29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 11 11. Elementary Particles and Interactions 29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 12 12. Albert Einsten1915: Spacetime is an active player: curves, expands, shrinks, 29 January 2005Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 13 13. The Big BangThe universe does not expand into space space itself expandsExtrapolating back, space was small the Big Bang Other dimensions could exist but still be small. Stringtheory requires 6 extra dimensions. How can we test this possibility?29 January 2005Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 14 14. Small Dimensions Suppose all particles propagate in extradimensions, but these are curled up in circles. We will not notice them if the circles are very small.Garden hose29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 15 15. A lot of dark matter isrequired to holdgalaxies together It cannot all be made ofknown particles It must be some newform of matter maybea sign of extradimensions!29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 16 16. Dark Matter at CollidersLarge Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva 29 January 2005Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 17 17. Strong Gravity and Black Holes29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 18 18. Gravity Gravity is the least understood force. Many deep problems, but one obvious one:Gravity is extraordinarilyweak. It is important ineveryday life onlybecause it is alwaysattractive. 29 January 2005 Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 19 19. Strong Gravity In this case, gravity may be strong but appearweak only because its strength is diluted byextra dimensions. Fgravity ~ 1/r 2+n for small lengths, where n isthe number of extra dimensions. Can this betrue?29 January 2005Einstein: A Century of Relativity Feng 20 20. What is M- theory? Membrane, Mystery, M other, Magic, Membranes Eleven dimensionsString theoryP-branes P.K. Townsend: Pea brain democracy!12/15/01Saturday Morning Physics 21 21. 7 + 7 TeV proton proton collider 22. ...and a classic ending. Strings and Inflation 24