ei, the magazine of the electroindustry
TRANSCRIPT
n Reforming Electric Utilitiesn Connecting Transportation Systemsn Enabling Access to Smart Healthcaren Stepping Out and Up to Smart Communities
Measuring the Success of
Smart Cities
2015 Hermes Award W
inner
Published by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association | www.NEMA.org | April 2016 | Vol. 21 No. 4
the magazine of the electroindustry
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ECO BOX
Reforming the Energy Vision: New York State Is Writing the Rules for the Utility of the Future ...................8
Connected Transportation Systems: Should NEMA Take the Wheel? ........................................................10
Portable Traffic Signal Standard to Identify Implementation Requirements ...........................................12
Dynamic Message Signs Exceed Industry Standards ..............................................................................13
Powering Tampa International Airport’s Automatic People Mover ..........................................................14
Energy Storage Systems to Recover Braking Energy on SEPTA Network ...................................................15
Smart Healthcare Employs Enterprise Imaging to Enable Ubiquitous Access ...........................................16
Integrated Lighting Systems Reduce Military Base Costs, Meet Security Requirements ...........................18
Stepping Out and Stepping Up to a Smarter Community........................................................................20
Delta Achieves Sustainability Using Its Own Products at Corporate Headquarters....................................22
Did you know…NEMA PAC was established by the NEMA Board of Governors for the express purpose of supporting individuals for federal elective office who champion issues for the electrical equipment and medical imaging industries.
Learn more at www.nema.org/NEMA-PAC
ei, the magazine of the electroindustry Publisher | Tracy Cullen
Editor in Chief | Pat WalshContributing Editors | Ann Brandstadter,
Christine Coogle, William E. Green III
Economic Spotlight | Tim GillCodes & Standardization Trends | Vince Baclawski
Government Relations Update | Kyle PitsorArt Director | Jennifer Tillmann
National Advertising Representative | Bill Mambert
CONTENTS
ei, the magazine of the electroindustry (ISSN 1066-2464) is published monthly by NEMA, the Association of Electrical Equipment and Medical Imaging Manufacturers, 1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 900, Rosslyn, VA 22209; 703.841.3200. FAX: 703.841.5900. Periodicals postage paid at Rosslyn, Va., and York, Pa., and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to NEMA, 1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 900, Rosslyn, VA 22209. The opinions or views expressed in electroindustry do not necessarily reflect the positions of NEMA or any of its subdivisions.
Subscribe to ei, the magazine of the electroindustry at www.nema.org/subscribe2ei.Contact us at [email protected].
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Newsmakers NOTES
DEPARTMENTSGovernment Relations Update ...............................................................................................................5
Building Relationships Strengthens Advocacy.....................................................................................................................................5
NEMA Welcomes DOE Focus on Import Compliance ...........................................................................................................................6
Traffic Management Section Navigates Capitol Hill .............................................................................................................................6
Electroindustry News ..........................................................................................................................23
Charlie Cook to Share Election Insights at Annual Meeting...............................................................................................................23
NEMA Welcomes New Members .......................................................................................................................................................23
Code Actions/Standardization Trends ...................................................................................................25
Adoption Processes Raise Safety Concerns for PV Installations .........................................................................................................25
This Month in Standards .....................................................................................................................................................................26
SGIP Releases White Papers on Grid Definitions and Cybersecurity Information Sharing ................................................................26
Molded-Case Circuit Breaker Product Group Updates Two White Papers ..........................................................................................27
International Roundup .......................................................................................................................28
TPP Carries Benefits for Pacific-Rim Smart Cities ..............................................................................................................................28
Economic Spotlight .............................................................................................................................29
Key Steps in Developing Decision-Quality Analysis...........................................................................................................................29
NEMA Business Conditions Indexes Reflect Lost Ground in February ...............................................................................................30
LED A-Line Lamp Shipments Post Another Strong Quarter to Close 2015 .......................................................................................31
NEMA Officers .......................................................................................................................................................................................3
Comments from the Chairwoman........................................................................................................................................................3
View from a Smart City .........................................................................................................................................................................4
Listen to the Experts ...........................................................................................................................................................................32
I Am NEMA ..........................................................................................................................................................................................32
Calling all NEMA members with STEM/workforce development programs!
Send your success stories to Vi Lilly, Senior Director of Member Services and Value
32Jean Johnson communicates in bits and bytes.
23Charlie Cook to share election insights at annual meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, November 16-17, 2016.
5NEMA members and staff shine at South Carolina Advocacy Day.
FROM THE CHAIRWOMANOfficersChairwoman
Maryrose Sylvester President & CEO GE Lighting
President & CEO Current, Powered by GE
Vice ChairmanMichael Pessina Co-CEO & President Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.
TreasurerDavid G. Nord Chairman, President & CEO Hubbell Incorporated
Immediate Past ChairmanDon Hendler President & CEO Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc.
President & CEOKevin J. Cosgriff
SecretaryClark R. Silcox
The Olympic motto, Citius, Altius, Fortius, is Latin for faster, higher, stronger.
While collecting my thoughts for this column, I thought about the 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil and how much work the city of Rio has undertaken to get ready. In essence, the Olympics venues and supporting infrastructure have had to become “smart.”
Just as athletes display various levels of physical prowess, cities can incorporate varying degrees of intelligence and connectedness to improve performance and cost-effectiveness, whether through the government or the private sector.
In place of running, swimming, and gymnastics, functional infrastructure such as power, water, and transportation constitute the daily “events” of a city. Instead of counting laps on the track, municipalities improve performance by increasing the use of sensors, information analytics, and other modern technologies, focusing on efficiency and efficacy.
Fortunately for the citizens of these cities, NEMA members manufacture many of the products that make these systems work better. In other words, our member companies equip cities so they can “suit up” and improve their fitness.
We cannot all be Olympians, and not every city will incorporate all intelligence capabilities quickly. However, just as ordinary people can and do improve their physical fitness by training, every city can improve its functionality by following a “crawl, walk, run” approach. Even cities that have already made investments in smart-city technologies can continue to improve as new technologies are developed and more data are analyzed in enlightening ways.
Instead of winning gold medals, smart cities do something much more broadly impactful: they enhance the quality of life of their citizens in multiple ways. Smart cities improve day-to-day livability, create attractive environments for new businesses, and hold the promise of materially reducing public and private operating expenditures.
This issue of ei, the magazine of the electroindustry contains examples of how NEMA members are helping communities improve the quality of residential, commercial, and industrial life. The products and services our companies provide are accelerating the adoption of connected technologies in high-performance buildings, efficient and multi-function urban lighting, energy-smart water systems, and much more. For example, intelligent lighting enables cities to better connect with citizens. It also allows city managers to get work done faster at a lower cost by freeing up their capacity to focus on a better city.
As we watch the Olympic Games this summer and consider the training those athletes undertook to reach peak performance, NEMA members might consider ways in which we can play a greater role in equipping and coaching cities to get smarter. ei
Maryrose Sylvester Chairwoman, NEMA Board of Governors
NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 3
It is an exciting time in Schenectady, New York. Emerging smart city technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way Schenectady conducts its operations and brings services to its citizens and visitors.
“Smart” in this context means gathering and using complex data streams to make city operations much more productive and the city environment more livable, workable, and sustainable. Some early applications of this technology replaced city lights with highly efficient LED systems. This yields significant, immediate energy cost savings. At the same time that lights are replaced, light poles can be retrofitted with a variety of sensors that connect with each other through mesh network techniques and ultimately to the Internet and cloud storage for processing.
Wi-Fi or other telecommunication capabilities can be added to provide citywide Internet access for residents at all income levels. All of this can complement advanced information technology systems and applications for productive integration of a multiplicity of city systems.
Mayor Gary McCarthy has positioned Schenectady to lead in the application and development of smart technologies, and he has created a smart city commission to advise him on these technologies. Commission members are leaders in diverse areas, including technology, education, arts, media, project management, and government.
Schenectady has already built out two areas with prototype systems and is pursuing other sites for further development. Multiple big-company vendors are engaged, while smaller-company and academic partners are being solicited to build applications on top of the hardware and software platforms that will be built.
An innovation center is being developed in the heart of the city to encourage inventors to participate. Events expose innovators to city systems so that their work can be properly focused on city needs. The goal is to build a citywide system that will enable all to take exciting new approaches to building. The city is thus a laboratory for innovators to develop applications for the city, the state, and the world.
Our vision is to enhance life in the city in many ways:
• Internetaccessforallandinallplaces: The divide that currently separates socioeconomic groups’ access to information could be bridged, and limitations on Internet connectivity in certain areas of the city could be eliminated.
• Efficienttransportationandparking: Data on public and private traffic flows could be used to minimize congestion, reduce accidents, make parking easier, and make management of parking fees more effective.
• Enhancedpublicsafety: Widespread sensing would allow for faster responses to fires and crime, with significant potential for saving lives and property. Disaster alerts could be spread quickly, and predictive analytics could be used to avoid issues
Ű Watching a Smart City ProgressMark L. Little, Chairman, Schenectady Smart City Commission
before they occur. Code issues could be quickly identified and addressed.
• Effectivewasteandwatermanagement: Monitoring of the volume, types, and location of waste and tracking pickup activity could lead to cost-effective solutions for waste handling. Monitoring water quality and the state of water infrastructure could pay significant dividends in the avoidance of service interruptions and costly emergency repairs.
• Energyefficiency: Emerging distributed generation such as private and commercial solar can be best handled with widespread sensing and smart control systems. Municipal and commercial buildings could be outfitted and controlled more effectively with significant reductions in energy usage.
• Healthandhumanservices: Applications for remote health monitoring and for providing medical reminders to patients show significant promise. Effective responses to emergency issues and avoidance of inappropriate use of emergency systems could significant increase patient safety and yield cost benefits. Providing input and feedback through the Internet has been shown to deliver enriched educational experiences.
• Anengagedcitizenry: Access to new levels of data about the city could be used to more effectively engage the public in improving the city and holding an informed debate about the future of the city.
It will be exciting to watch the progress as Schenectady works to become a smart city. We hope to learn from the experiences of others who have gone before, and we will be delighted to share our learnings as we strive for smart city innovation. ei
Mr. Little retired as the chief technology officer of GE.
4 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
View from a Smart City
Ű Building Relationships Strengthens Advocacy Seasoned government relations professionals are often judged by their connections—not just who they know, but who knows them. Relationships are the cornerstone of influence.
NEMA’s affiliations with external organizations foster and strengthen our relationships with elected officials and policymakers, a process that significantly increases NEMA’s ability to advocate for the best interests of its members.
Since the 1980s, NEMA has developed relationships with congressional leaders, affording it the opportunity to shape and guide policies that impact the nation’s electrical system. Following this success, the association dedicated resources at the state level to implement an education and outreach campaign. Whether fighting to protect a three-year code adoption cycle, fending off unduly regulations on button-cell batteries, or promoting the installment of carbon monoxide detection systems, NEMA leverages its resources to achieve a positive outcome. State advocacy represents nearly 45
percent of NEMA’s overall advocacy budget, an investment that is showing positive returns.
Building on its accomplishments with coalitions that promote life safety, energy efficiency, and product stewardship, NEMA embarked on a mission to educate elected officials and advocate for legislation consistent with its core values by expanding its reach through state-level associations.
For instance, NEMA leveraged its connections with the Republican Legislative Campaign Committee and the Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee to highlight the industry’s commitment to life safety through the advancement of innovation and technology. Several of these discussions led to meetings between state legislative leaders, NEMA, and member manufacturers of life-safety products.
Along with these affiliations, NEMA focuses its attention on targeted states where legislation is affecting the electroindustry (see “Expanding State-Level Advocacy,” below). For example, NEMA conducted an Advocacy Day in Columbia, South Carolina, on February 25, which the South Carolina General Assembly recognized as National
Electrical Manufacturers Association Advocacy Day.
Executives from ABB Inc., Prysmian Cables and Systems, and Valcom met with legislators and their staffs to promote the electroindustry, touting its impact on the state economy, research and development, technology and innovation, and the importance of life safety and routine code adoption. NEMA strategically planned the event to delay proposed legislation of South Carolina’s current three-year adoption cycle to a six-year cycle for the International Residential Code and National Electrical Code®.
The event was not only about outreach; it laid the cornerstone of a relationship that promises to strengthen over time. After meeting with members and chairs of the House and Senate committees with jurisdiction over building codes, members invited officials to tour their local facilities.
The salient result was recognition as a partner to be called upon for recommendations and guidance on policy affecting the electroindustry. ei
MichaelL.Belitzky,Manager,StateGovernmentRelations,NEMA|
Expanding State-Level Advocacy
NEMA is a member of the following organizations dedicated to state government. • Council of State Governments• Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee• National Association of State Energy Officials• National Conference of State Legislatures
Foundation• Republican Legislative Campaign Committee• State Government Affairs Council
Upcoming Advocacy Days • April: Pennsylvania• May: Florida, Michigan, North Carolina• June: Indiana, Tennessee
Representing NEMA at an Advocacy Day in South Carolina were (from the left) Scott Roberts, Vice President—Energy, North America, Prysmian Cables & Systems; John Saleeby, Vice President, Corporate Business Development, ABB Inc.; Michael Belitzky, Manager, State Government Affairs, NEMA; and Mike Daniel, CEO, Mike Daniel and Associates, and former Lt. Governor of South Carolina. Not pictured: Denise Pappas, Executive Director, Technical Standards, Valcom. Photo by Wanda Crotwell
NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 5
Government Relations Update
Ű NEMA Welcomes DOE Focus on Import Compliance
Ű Traffic Management Section Navigates Capitol Hill
Ongoing development by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) of a “single window” for submission of import compliance information created an opportunity for the Department of Energy (DOE) to step up activities related to ensuring that imported products meet federal mandatory energy conservation standards.
NEMA, however, found that the DOE, CBP, and NEMA must work more closely together if shared goals are to be achieved without placing undue burdens on manufacturers that comply with the standards and long-standing associated reporting requirements.
Members of NEMA’s Transportation Management Systems Section visited Washington, D.C., on March 16 as part of its regular outreach activities. Led by Section Chair Bryan Mulligan of Applied Information, the NEMA group identified new ideas for joint activities, solidified relationships with some key decision makers, and established several new contacts.
Central themes of the group’s meetings on Capitol Hill were NEMA’s leadership on roadway safety, efficiency, and cybersecurity. Specifically, the group reported on the section’s ongoing development of a security standard for traffic control devices. This private-sector effort was welcomed by offices in the House and Senate, especially as more automated and connected vehicles reach our streets.
Most of the afternoon was spent on the Senate side, where the group met with Sen. Mike Rounds (R-SD), a member of the committees that authorize highway and transit programs, and Sen. Johnny Isakson (R-GA), a member of the Finance Committee. The group also had
NEMA submitted detailed written comments on March 9 in response to a DOE Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published December 29 and a February 19 DOE public meeting. In summary, NEMA recommended that manufacturers of DOE-regulated electric motors, power supplies, lighting products, and distribution transformers be offered multiple methods of providing confirmation of compliance prior to importation and that the DOE consider taking a trusted-trader approach, especially for high-volume importers, that would reduce importers’ and the departments’ burdens while focusing DOE resources on non-compliance.
appointments with senior staff members for Sen. Tom Carper (D-DE), Ranking Member of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, and Sen. James Inhofe (R-OK), Chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee.
Earlier in the day, the group met with the Institute of Transportation Engineers and the American Public Transportation
In addition, NEMA called on the DOE to reformulate its proposed approach to enforcing compliance of regulated components, such as electric motors, embedded in finished equipment; develop a plan to educate importers and customs brokers; and step up its coordination with CBP. NEMA expects a follow-up proposed rule from the DOE later this year. ei
CraigUpdyke,Director,TradeandCommercialAffairs|[email protected]
Association, on the potential to collaborate on standards work in cybersecurity, and with the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, on federal proposals for highway performance metrics. ei
CraigUpdyke,Director,TradeandCommercialAffairs|[email protected]
Navigating Capitol Hill were members of NEMA’s Transportation Management Systems Section, including (from left) Kevin Connelly, NEMA; Serge Beaudry, Ver-Mac; Bryan Mulligan, Applied Information; Jason Morrison, Daktronics; Ray Deer, Peek Traffic; Craig Gardner, Intelight; and Steve Griffith, NEMA. Photo by Craig Updyke
6 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
Government Relations Update
Distribution System PlatformTrack I began as a staff white paper published in 2014 in response to guidance issued by the Public Service Commission and by Governor Andrew Cuomo. The final order, “Order Adopting Regulatory Policy Framework and Implementation Plan,” was issued in February 2015, to achieve six objectives:
• Enhanced customer knowledge and tools that will support effective management of the total energy bill
• Market animation and leverage of customer contributions
• System-wide efficiency
• Fuel and resource diversity
• System reliability and resiliency
• Reduction of carbon emissions
The key structural change to achieve these fundamental objectives is the creation of a DSP operated by utilities that will facilitate transactions at the retail level—similar to how wholesale electricity markets operate in many parts of the country. Third-party owners of DERs (e.g., solar photovoltaic systems, energy storage systems, microgrids, energy efficiency, and demand response) will actively participate in retail markets by providing valuable clean-energy generation and dynamic grid-balancing ancillary services, all while increasing the utilization factor of existing equipment and creating a more efficiently run power system.
Acting as the interface between customers, the distribution system, and the wholesale system, utilities operating the DSPs will create and manage markets for services provided by DERs. Many of these services can only be provided or facilitated by modern equipment, including advanced metering infrastructure, smart inverters for solar photovoltaic systems, energy storage systems, microgrids, connected thermostats, connected lighting systems, and connected appliances for use in demand response programs. How rates are determined to appropriately and accurately value the services provided by these advanced technologies will depend on the outcome of Track II.
Across the United States, annual electricity growth has flattened—from 9.8 percent in the 1950s to 0.5 percent today—due in part to advances
in energy efficiency and distributed renewable energy technologies and accelerated by government policies and demographic trends.1
Many utilities are facing a market where consumers are using less electricity, generating their own electricity, storing their own electricity, relying less on grid-supplied power, or even disconnecting entirely from the electric grid. As electricity sales stall or even decline, utilities will be forced to increase prices to recover the cost of fixed infrastructure investments, thus increasing the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency and distributed generation and further decreasing utility sales—a positive feedback loop referred to as cascading natural deregulation or the “utility death spiral.”
But many in the industry dispute that utilities and utility regulators will let the situation get that dire. Indeed, we are already seeing states planning for a future with increasing levels of energy efficiency, distributed generation, energy storage, and other distributed energy resources (DERs). The New York State Public Service Commission is currently undertaking an ambitious process to rewrite the rules by which New York’s electric utilities will be governed in order to prevent large-scale disruptions to utility business models while allowing utilities to explore new revenue streams that will allow them to remain solvent as they facilitate and operate a more modern electric grid.
Called Reforming the Energy Vision (REV), the New York State Public Service Commission’s regulatory docket has grown to encompass 12 separate proceedings on issues such as net metering, utility energy efficiency programs, and the value of distributed energy resources.
Organized along two tracks—the Track I and Track II frameworks on regulatory and ratemaking reforms, respectively—the details of the REV process are still unfolding, but many of the foundational reforms have been established. These include the creation of a distribution system platform (DSP), a shift to more dynamic rate structures, and opportunities for utilities to diversify their revenues by offering new services to customers.
1. www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2015).pdf
Reforming the Energy Vision: New York State Is Writing the Rules for the Utility of the Future
Patrick Hughes, Senior Director, Government Relations and Strategic Initiatives, NEMA
8 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
Ratemaking and electricity pricing reforms were also proposed to increase the dynamism of rates. Facilitated by the broad deployment of advanced metering infrastructure (i.e., smart meters), these ratemaking and pricing reforms include
• time-of-use rates;
• peak-coincident demand charges;
• smart home rate with more granular price signals for customers seeking a more active role in their own energy management; and
• creation of a new form of dynamic, geographically specific pricing mechanism called LMP+D: the locational marginal price plus the additional value that DER provides to the system (the specific value of “D” has yet to be determined).
This means that customers with solar systems in a congested section of the distribution grid would receive a higher price for their kilowatt-hours than similar customers in an uncongested area, creating price signals for customers to build more DER on the parts of the distribution grid that need them the most.
Next Step: DSIP To show how they plan to achieve the REV objectives, each utility must file an initial distribution system implementation plan (DSIP) by June 30, 2016, followed by a supplemental DSIP by September 1, 2016. The DSIPs are frameworks that lay out exactly how each utility intends to encourage DER deployment and coordinate with third-party DER providers, as well as what tools and information utilities will need to successfully operate the distribution service platform.
In the meantime, utilities have proposed pilot projects to better understand the business models behind deploying third-party-owned DER and for new services offered by utilities. For example, National Grid proposed a resiliency demonstration project to test the willingness of customers to pay more for enhanced reliability from a microgrid that would provide essential services (e.g., first responders, banking, gas, and groceries) during severe weather events. This pilot is not studying the technologies that make up a microgrid; rather, it is exploring new ways to pay for microgrids.
As the New York State Public Service Commission continues to work through the REV process and utilities begin to implement pilot projects, specific details will emerge about how the electric industry will prepare for a future of flat or declining electricity growth. New York will no doubt pursue these reforms gradually to protect consumers and investors from unintended consequences. Eventually these efforts will result in a transition to a more reliable, cost-effective, and cleaner electric grid, one that can be used as a model for other states. ei
Mr. Hughes ([email protected]) was NEMA’s policy director for high-performance buildings and industrial energy efficiency.
Ratemaking and Utility Business ModelsTo govern transactions and align incentives between utilities and customers, New York State Department of Public Service issued the REV Track II “Staff White Paper on Ratemaking and Utility Business Models” in July 2015. It laid out six fundamental ratemaking principles to achieve the six previously listed objectives:
• Align earning opportunities with customer value
• Maintain flexibility
• Provide accurate and appropriate value signals
• Maintain a sound electrical industry
• Shift balance of regulatory incentives to market incentives
• Achieve public policy objectives
The Track II paper proposes a number of reforms, including allowing utilities to earn revenue from shifting capital expenditures to third-party DER providers and retaining part of the avoided cost as revenue (a change to the so-called “clawback” mechanism that would otherwise refund unspent capital to customers), detailing how costs related to setting up and operating the DSP are approved, and introducing market-based earnings and earnings impact mechanisms.
Market-based earnings (MBEs) are new sources of revenue earned by utilities for providing new services, including services provided through the DSP, and for managing their customers’ utility bills through energy efficiency. These MBEs will provide the financial incentive for utilities to actively encourage third-party DER owners to participate in the DSP and will encourage utilities to offer new services. For example, a utility could generate new revenue by offering engineering and design services for a new customer-owned microgrid.
In addition to MBEs, the REV Track II envisions performance-based regulatory requirements called earnings impact mechanisms (EIMs) to provide a financial incentive or penalty for utilities to meet certain predetermined performance benchmarks. Among the potential EIMs in the white paper were peak reduction, energy efficiency, customer engagement, affordability, and interconnection speed.
In addition to EIMs are scorecard metrics that are tracked but do not have associated financial incentives or penalties. Potential metrics include system utilization and efficiency, carbon reduction, conversion of fossil-fueled end uses (e.g., adoption of electric vehicles and conversions from natural gas to electric heating), distributed generation penetration, energy efficiency penetration, and dynamic load management penetration. Eventually, the individual performance targets, rewards, and penalties for EIMs and scorecards will be determined by the Public Service Commission during utility rate cases.
NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 9
MEASuRINgSuccESS
• Increased mobility and the ability to provide new options, including shared services
• The ability to build systems to meet both current and future demands
The qualitative and quantitative benefits of ITS can be found in a 2003 Mitretek Systems report2 for the U.S. Department of Transportation.
NEMA Takes the WheelAs was the case when NEMA started its cybersecurity strategic initiative, NEMA enters this industry with a clear focus in order to maximize its effectiveness. Its goals are in line with NEMA’s mission to promote safety, innovation, interoperability, environmentalism, and market enhancement through standards, advocacy, and business information.
INtEGRAtIoN of PolIcy REcoMMENDAtIoNSNEMA sees its role as integrating transportation policy recommendations into its overall development and messaging, specifically to generate federal investments in highways, bridges, and transit. Unlike with corporate tax and energy-efficiency tax incentives, NEMA has not taken a position on the appropriate source for funds to support state and local transportation markets into which our members sell and over which all of our members’ manufacturing inputs, components, and final products travel.
According to the 2015 Urban Mobility Scorecard,1 travel delays due to traffic congestion caused drivers to waste more than three billion gallons of
fuel and nearly seven billion hours—42 hours per rush-hour commuter—costing the nation $160 billion, or $960 per commuter. Washington, D.C., tops the list of gridlock-plagued cities, with 82 hours of delay per commuter every year, followed by Los Angeles (80 hours), San Francisco (78 hours), New York (74 hours), and San Jose (67 hours).
This succinctly delineates the need for the development and deployment of a fully connected transportation system that combines clearly defined technologies, interfaces, and processes that ensure safe, reliable, and interoperable system operations that minimize risks and maximize opportunities.
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are devices and services used to integrate transportation management and control systems. They involve signaling devices, traffic controllers, communications interfaces, and associated computing and software products. This technology includes the following enablers:
• Prevention of vehicle crashes and the ability to respond more effectively to incidents
• Management of existing transportation systems to optimize existing capacity and reduce costs, traffic congestion, fuel use, and emissions
Connected Transportation Systems: Should NEMA Take the Wheel?
Steve Griffith, Industry Director, connected Systems Division, NEMA Ryan franks, Senior Program Manager, connected System Division, NEMA
10 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
Economic FactorsThe global connected vehicle market potential by 2020 is larger than the entire U.S. electrical manufacturing market in 2015. It is estimated that more than 95 percent of the spending will be on components, software, and services not currently in NEMA’s product scope. Most of the profit potential will accrue for large information technology and navigation service providers and vehicle manufacturers, which will provide services tied to connected systems. NEMA’s traffic signaling and electric vehicle charging apparatus sections will benefit from this.
The following economic factors inform consideration of connected vehicle market opportunities for NEMA.
• PricewaterhouseCoopers estimates that the global connected vehicles market will grow 29 percent, resulting in revenues rising from $31 billion in 2015 to $113 billion by 2020. The market involving partially or fully automatic driving will make up 49 percent of total market revenue. Functions that warn the driver of external hazards and internal responses of the vehicle to hazards will make up 33 percent. The remaining 18 percent will stem from mobility management, vehicle management, entertainment, and wellbeing functions. 4
• Report Linker estimates that the global market for traffic management is currently around $3.5 billion and is expected to reach $17 billion by 2019. The North American market is somewhere between $800 million and $975 million and includes solutions, displays, and systems. 5
• According to the Federal Highway Administration, there are approximately 315,000 traffic signals in the U.S.; the number increases by about 2,200 per year. The estimated annual market for traffic signals, including controls, is approximately $300 million in the U.S. 6
Although the connected vehicle marketspace is growing fast, it centers on information technology, automotive sensors and devices, and automotive services. Most of the standards, government relations, and marketing efforts occur in automotive and information technology-oriented associations and trade groups. Herein lie many opportunities for NEMA to take the wheel. ei
Mr. Griffith ([email protected]) manages several sections in NEMA’s Connected Systems Division. Mr. Franks ([email protected]) coordinates coordinates NEMA’s connectivity, interoperability, and other strategic interests.
StANDARDS DEvEloPMENtThe industry needs standards that focus on how a vehicle interacts with infrastructure. NEMA member companies make products that, in part, make up the “I” in V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure) communications. While the Intelligent Transportation Society of America advances the research, development, and deployment of ITS to improve surface transportation systems, the organization is not involved with standards. NEMA is considering a spectrum study to identify areas where standards could address proper safeguards associated with the increasing penetration of wireless ITS devices into the narrow 5.9-GHz dedicated short-range communications band. This activity falls under NEMA’s 2016 Internet of Things (IoT) strategic initiative.
ADvocAcyThe Transportation Security Administration and Customs and Border Protection should adopt NEMA IIC 1 v02 Digital Imaging and Communications in Security (DICOS). This standard provides a data-interchange protocol and interoperable, extensible file format to facilitate data information interchange for security screening applications that include demographics, x-ray and computed tomography images, material-specific information, trace signature detection, and threat assessment of objects of inspection (e.g., checked luggage, carry-on luggage, parcels, and personnel).
Sizing Up Adjacent IndustriesThere are a number of adjacent industries in surface transportation that offer NEMA opportunities, including smart parking; autonomous vehicles; railway signaling; and air, bus, and rapid transit.
Smart parking uses sensors to determine if a spot is occupied or vacant. When a vehicle has stayed beyond its allotted time, the technology sends this information to a parking enforcement officer. Challenges for smart parking providers are growth in scale (i.e., number of operators, cities, regions, and customer accounts) and service scope (i.e., number of services, such as bundling merchant items with tickets, dinner reservations, and shopping) in order to attract users first, and then to demonstrate the impact on occupancy rates and revenue.
Most automobile companies are in some stage of research and development for autonomous vehicles, i.e., computer-controlled cars that are also referred to as robot or driverless cars. They have several advantages. Computers can operate vehicles more economically than people can, and accident avoidance is a major incentive because the car can respond faster than a human. The National Highway Safety Administration does not believe that self-driving vehicles are currently ready to be used on public roads for purposes other than testing. However, it recognizes innovations in automated driving and their potential to transform roadways.3
1. mobility.tamu.edu/ums/report
2. ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13772_files/13772.pdf
3. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/Automated_Vehicles_Policy.pdf
4. www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/Strategyand_In-the-Fast-Lane.pdf
5. www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/traffic-management-market-by-solutions-displays--systems-full-pedestrian-parking-space-and-toll-management-above-ground-pedestrian-and-vehicle-detection---global-advancements-projects-worldwide-forecast--analysis-2014---269836081.htm )
6. mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/knowledge/faqs/faq_part4.htm
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There are two types of PTSS:
• TR1 PTSS are trailer-mounted and feature a minimum of two signal heads (the assembly containing a red, yellow, and green traffic light) pointing in the same direction, mounted on an overhead mast arm
• TR2 PTSS are either trailer-mounted or otherwise transportable and feature a minimum of one signal head pointed in one direction, without an overhead mast arm
Draft NEMA TS 5 Portable Traffic Signal Systems identifies various characteristics of PTSS that agencies or other users may require:
• Signal timing plan(s) and ability to configure such plan(s)
• Pedestrian indications
• Battery operation
• Pre-timed and manual control provisions
• Actuated movement and related controls
• Event log and data log provisions
• Malfunction management unit capabilities
NEMA TS 5 will standardize a means for users to identify the PTSS features that may be needed for a particular implementation. ei
Ms. Johnson ([email protected]) develops standards on transportation control devices, NTCIP (a family of intelligent transportation systems communications protocols), and airport baggage and passenger security.
Temporary traffic situations, including work zones, are a fact of life in the traffic management world. One way to manage temporary traffic
situations is with portable traffic signal systems (PTSS).
NEMA TS 5 Portable Traffic Signal Systems is a new standard in development under the auspices of NEMA’s Transportation Management Systems & Associated Control Devices Section.
PTSS commonly facilitate the safe flow of traffic in normal activities, as well as that of atypical congestion related to highway construction or other temporary work zones. PTSS may also be deployed in other circumstances, such as during or after emergencies, for planned events, or to accommodate other signal timing needs that are outside the norm.
When PTSS temporarily replace permanent traffic signals, they minimize bottlenecks and contribute to road safety. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is approved by and incorporated by reference in Federal Highway Administration regulations. As such, the manual is recognized as the national standard for traffic control devices used on all public roads.
According to the MUTCD, “…PTSS address many of the factors related to the design and application of temporary traffic control systems, and provide much of the functionality, described in MUTCD 6F.84(08).”
Portable Traffic Signal Standard to Identify Implementation Requirements
Jean M. Johnson, technical Program Manager / NtcIP Project Manager, NEMA
When you see an easy-to-read sign, a bright edgeline marking on a foggy night, a countdown timer at a crosswalk, or a well-placed bike lane, take a moment to reflect on the 80 years of progress and innovation that the MUTCD has made possible. This progress has resulted in safer, more efficient travel on our nation’s roads since November 7, 1935.
Over the years, the MUTCD has become the traveler’s best friend and silent companion, guiding us along streets, bikeways, back roads, and
highways. As a direct means of communication with the traveler, traffic control devices speak to us softly, yet effectively and authoritatively. From glass “cat’s-eye” reflectors to glass beads and microprismatic sheeting, nighttime sign visibility has advanced significantly.
The next time you hit the pavement, the path, or the pedals, you can be sure that the MUTCD, through its dedicated professionals, will help you get where you want to go safely, efficiently, and comfortably.
MUT
CD Tu
rns 8
0!
Deployment at an intersection (as inspired by MUTCD)
Deployment in a one- lane situation (as inspired by MUTCD) Images courtesy of Horizon Signal Technologies
12 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
• display familiar graphics from the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices but with better visibility;
• warn drivers of hazardous conditions, accidents, or detours;
• provide drivers with time estimates for travel between important points; and
• announce upcoming work zones, which gives drivers time to react and decelerate and protects construction workers.
With an all-weather case design, LED signs can operate for 10 years or more. Content can be updated
remotely by computer, eliminating the need to send workers to adjust the sign itself, ultimately saving
taxpayers money.
Customizing Your MessagingWhen exploring potential solutions, environmental needs should be considered. A high-quality dynamic message sign (DMS) should provide multiple layers of protection.
Look for a sign that uses an internal mixing fan that turns on and cools the electronics. If the fan is not sufficient to cool the enclosure, an additional layer of protection
is recommended that draws in outside air to lower the internal temperature.
The long life and versatility of LED displays make them ideal for a variety of ITS requirements: over-the-road DMS, variable speed limit signs, and trailblazer signs, in amber or full-color ITS display options.
The broad DMS product range covers virtually every messaging application from ITS to airports, buses, and rail. ei
Mr. Swinea is active in the NEMA Transportation Management Systems & Associated Control Devices Division. Ms. Bansemer specializes in product marketing.
Cities across the nation are embracing the needs of smart transportation through light-emitting diode (LED) displays for intelligent transportation
systems (ITS). While adoption was initially slow, an increasing number of cities have discovered their benefits. If you are involved in civic planning or highway development in your city, LED traffic signs may be the solution you need.
While some municipal officials may hesitate at the slightly higher up-front cost of LED traffic signs, the signs more than pay for themselves in the long run. With lower energy consumption, better visibility, longer lifespan, and great versatility, LED signs have served and will continue to serve cities well for years. Reliability, long life, and low power consumption make LED displays more cost-effective than traditional lighting, despite the higher initial cost.
LED signs and displays have wide-ranging benefits. They
• nearly eliminate the possibility of catastrophic failure because they continue to be readable even if several individual lighting elements fail;
• use up to 93 percent less power than conventional bulbs;
• operate off battery backups in the case of power failure, increasing reliability;
• are easier for drivers to see and read, allowing them to focus more attention on traffic and pedestrians; and
• are more easily seen at night, reducing confusion in low-lighting conditions.
LED traffic signs have multipurpose functionality. Large metropolitan areas can use them on local roadways to direct traffic for open and closed lanes, bike lane notifications, and no-parking regulations. On the highway, they can
Dynamic Message Signs Exceed Industry Standards
Jay Swinea, vice President, transportation Sales, Adaptive Displays Michelle Bansemer, Marketing Manager, Adaptive Displays
Large metropolitan areas use LED DMS to customize traffic lanes, as seen here in Madison, Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Adaptive Displays
Adaptive Displays is a member of the NEMA Business Innovation Council.
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The future is urban. How we define this future will depend on how we enable growing cities to manage public transportation sustainably.
GE and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc. are teaming up to provide Tampa International Airport with an automated people mover (APM). GE Power Conversion will provide power equipment and be responsible for system integration, engineering expertise, and installation of the traction power substation, which will provide around-the-clock delivery of power to the APM.
Reliability is the key to ensuring the safety and smooth transition of passengers. Incoming 13.2 kilovolts of power will be converted to the 750 volts DC that is required to operate
the APM. The system enjoys high availability and efficiency in power conversion. ei
Sascha Heinecke, Global Sales Leader for Rail Applications, GE Energy Connection
Powering Tampa International Airport’s Automatic People Mover
14 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
energy costs, reduces peak power demand and penalties, stabilizes the voltage for better acceleration, and provides emergency traction power.
According to Derek Monk, Power Conversion general manager for ABB in Canada, “Transit authorities across North America are faced with increased energy costs and pressure to achieve sustainability objectives. ESS for DC rail transportation is an effective and economical solution that addresses these issues.”
The project is among the first commercially deployed battery storage systems in a transit operation.
Learn more about train-braking energy recovery at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAjcdHK_Gyw. ei
As the director of the Transportation Market Segment for North America, Mr. Simounet leads the industry sector initiative across all ABB divisions that are active in the rail and transportation industries.
Under a recent contract negotiated between ABB and Constellation, a subsidiary of Exelon Corporation, ABB will engineer, manufacture, and
commission seven energy storage systems (ESSs) with lithium-ion battery storage from Saft America for the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) train network.
The ESSs will provide 8.75 MW of frequency regulation support on the PJM electric grid and recover train-braking energy on the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) train network. This contract brings ABB’s installed base of commercially operating ESS train-braking energy recovery systems to 15 MW, the largest of any supplier.
SMARt PowER, SuStAINABlE PowER.Whenever a train brakes, energy is returned to the traction line, but with an ESS, this energy can be saved and reused for acceleration. ESS is a wayside energy management system that stores and returns the braking energy, which lowers
Energy Storage Systems to Recover Braking Energy on SEPTA Network
Daniel Simounet, Director, transportation Market Segment, North America, ABB
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In 1994, as access to intranet and Internet technology became ubiquitous, the American College of Radiology and NEMA
published the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 3.0 standard. Its goal was to
create a vendor-agnostic digital image format, containing standardized image metadata
and defining a transmission protocol for radiology, cardiology, and other ologies.
DICOM enables multiple vendors to create specialized viewers and storage management processes without having to deal with a multitude of digital formats. A DICOM image is a matrix composed of digital values stored in pixels going from left to right and from top to bottom. The metadata in the DICOM object contains patient identification, physical properties of the image, and how to display it for optimal presentation.
DICOM 3.0 was invaluable in enabling the development of a picture
archiving and communication system (PACS). PACS is a technology for
short- and long-term storage, retrieval, viewing, and distribution of images. Until
1994, PACS was exclusive to academics’ and manufacturers’ research departments. By 2010,
99 percent of hospitals were using PACS routinely.
Enterprise Imaging Allows AccessChanges in today’s healthcare ecosystem are characterized by improving the quality of care while decreasing healthcare costs. This is achievable by embracing quality standards, standardizing the care delivery processes, and seeking economies of scale.
Integrated delivery networks (IDNs) were established by consolidating hospitals through mergers and acquisitions. Consolidation increases the negotiation power of IDNs with payors and vendors.1 Hospitals with consolidated datacenters manage and staff one datacenter instead of ten in a ten-hospital IDN.
Ever since the x-ray was first used for medical imaging in 1896, image sharing has been intrinsic to the practice of medicine.
In the early days, viewing the film on a light box for diagnostic purposes was the task of the radiologist, but sharing the film and the diagnostic report was essential to discussing a patient’s treatment in a team setting. The films were located in radiology departments, which became busy consulting hubs. A major problem arose when physicians left radiology; they relinquished access to the film, as an analog film can be in only one physical location at one time. Furthermore, films could easily be lost or misplaced.
When patients were referred to care locations, film folders seldom traveled with them. Patients would forget to bring them or doctors would not even give them to the patients because the film had been archived. In the interest of providing quality care, medical professionals would repeat x-rays, which unfortunately increased dose exposure, delayed the start of care, and added costs to the patient care process.
DICOM Changes the ParadigmDespite all efforts to streamline film-sharing practices, image sharing in the analog film world was never ideal. The same problem of “only one image in one place at one time” applied to patient photos, dermatology pictures, pathology slides, drawings, and other images that are instrumental in defining the right care.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the availability of digital imaging modalities created the opportunity to finally change the film paradigm. Nuclear medicine, digital subtraction angiography, computed radiology, echography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging were digital modalities from their inception. Digital solutions for plain x-ray images followed soon. The patient’s images were stored as digital data sets in the modality’s computer backend on digital storage media.
Smart Healthcare Employs Enterprise Imaging to Enable Ubiquitous Access
Henri “Rik” Primo, chair, MItA Medical Imaging Informatics Section
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NEMA recently published Cybersecurity for Medical Imaging,3 a white paper that identifies a set of best practices and guidelines that healthcare providers and medical imaging manufacturers can implement to prevent cybersecurity incidents. MITA believes that the adoption of best practices and standards by manufacturers and healthcare providers presents the clearest line of defense.
The Future of Enterprise ImagingEnterprise imaging through the EMR is a reality in only a small number of institutions. The Health and Human Services Office of the National Coordinator includes image access as a menu option in the Stage 2 Meaningful Use (MU) criteria of the U.S. government’s healthcare IT stimulus program.4
While this is encouraging, the news carries a flip side. EMR deployments required by the MU program are expensive, often costing $50 million or more, and have taken priority over imaging investments in the past years. With the wave of EMR implementations flattening, we see a trend toward revisiting the legacy PACS. These systems may be more than five years old, which in the world of IT is an eternity. Replacement and upgrade decisions are now being made with the goal of implementing enterprise imaging.
The future of enterprise imaging is closely related to that of of patient care and medicine as a whole. Images now serve many purposes; acadmic institutions and manufacturers have created vast imaging informatics applications libraries. These advanced applications actually process the information contained in images. The output of these algorithms is used in computer-aided detection, 3D reconstructions, surgery and radiation therapy planning, clinical decision support, and quantification of physical processes.
Enterprise imaging will no longer be constrained to images produced in radiology and cardiology departments. Patient data provided by enterprise imaging systems will be an essential enabler of the goal to improve care and manage costs.
Mr. Primo is director of strategic relationships at Siemens Healthcare. He is also a member of the MITA Board of Directors. The opinions expressed in this article are entirely those of the author and not his employer.
Administrative IT applications such as billing, scheduling, electronic medical records (EMRs), and patient portals are deployed enterprise-wide, thereby simplifying support logistics and creating more flexibility with staffing. An enterprise PACS deployment, also called enterprise imaging, gives mandated access to the patient images across the enterprise.2
A PACS manages imaging data not only from radiology and cardiology but also from pathology, ophthalmology, dermatology, endoscopy, and other specialties. These departments may have their own imaging repositories, which are often shelves stacked with printed images. In other cases, images may be stored in digital format, but not in DICOM. Accessing these images may be complicated or impossible.
With the advent of enterprise imaging, hospitals can change the old model for image access and create a new paradigm: access to all images by all specialties, anytime, anywhere.
Interoperability and CybersecurityThis consolidated, multispecialty, single-repository PACS strategy facilitates the integration of imaging information in the EMR. The goal is to create a model in which a healthcare provider can retrieve all patient information by simply providing the patient name and ID.
Achieving this goal requires seamless connectivity between IT applications.
Interoperability is facilitated by standard data formats and data exchange protocols. Standards developing organizations like NEMA/MITA are committed to provide future-oriented technologies to facilitate interoperability in healthcare.
In recent years we have seen a staggering increase in cybersecurity issues in healthcare. Data breaches of electronic protected health information (ePHI) may be caused by cyberattacks, but they can also be caused by poor cybersecurity processes, such as storing ePHI on an unencrypted laptop computer.
Medical imaging devices, like all computer systems, are subject to risks that might harm the software, hardware, data security of the device, and even patient safety if a hacker interferes with the secure operation of the device. As devices become increasingly connected to networks, security risks move beyond the system to intrusions across digital networks.
Advancing cybersecurity measures within healthcare and public health relies on a whole community approach, requiring manufacturers, installers, service staff, and providers to accept shared ownership and responsibility. MITA seeks to foster collaboration so that current and emerging threats can be appropriately addressed across the lifecycle of imaging devices—from design to installation and through end of life. The FDA agrees that this problem requires a collaborative approach.
1. www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/johns_hopkins_researchers_sound_off_on_the_dangers_of_hospital_consolidation
2. www.bassberry.com/~/media/Files/News/2014/06/Healthcare_Life_Sciences_MA_Outlook.pdf See more at www.dicardiology.com/article/my-pacs-your-pacs#sthash.ZeNZCAK9.dpuf
3. www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Cybersecurity-for-Medical-Imaging.aspx
4. www.auntminnie.com/index.aspx?sec=ser&sub=def&pag=dis&ItemID=98424
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term performance. LED lighting offers advantages for the many applications typical of most military installations, most notably energy efficiency and reduced maintenance.
Solid-state luminaires use far less energy than traditional technology and typically reduce energy consumption by 40 to 65 percent. The fixtures’ long service life eliminates the need to change lamps and replace ballasts to further reduce costs.
Most LED luminaires are rated for 100,000 hours versus 24,000 hours for high-pressure sodium (HPS) and 10,000 hours for metal halide sources. Table 1 provides a value comparison for an LED luminaire and a metal halide unit.
In today’s world, military bases must implement very high security measures to ensure the safety and security of all personnel. These
facilities require high-quality, reliable lighting and real-time reporting and diagnostics so that energy and security personnel know when and where luminaires are down and why, allowing them to re-establish the security perimeter more quickly.
Modern military installations are also concerned with conserving energy and reducing maintenance as strategies to decrease overall operating costs. An energy-efficient lighting system helps minimize the military’s energy footprint and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
There are, however, challenges associated with these efforts. Most military bases sprawl across thousands of acres and include a range of applications requiring a broad portfolio of luminaires—from roadways and intersections to security checkpoints, substations, motor pools, and office and medical buildings.
They also include a mix of personnel that reside and work on base. Some military personnel and civilians arrive in the morning and leave at night. Others, including soldiers manning security checkpoints, require illumination for tasks performed after dark.
In addition, many military installations are located near residential areas or wildlife refuges where sky glow and light pollution must be avoided.
LEDs Meet Base NeedsMilitary bases are beginning to convert aged high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting systems to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to achieve high levels of efficiency and reliable, long-
Integrated Lighting Systems Reduce Military Base Costs, Meet Security Requirements
Rob Drago, vice President, Infrastructure vertical Marketing, Acuity Brands lighting
Residential roads and walkways throughout a military base, such as those in this base housing complex, use a combination of decorative LED lanterns and luminaires to enhance driver and pedestrian safety. Photos courtesy of Acuity
Military base access roads and security checkpoints require illumination for tasks performed after dark.
18 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
LED system, integrated with a control system for dimming and monitoring, had the potential to reduce energy consumption by 60 percent over the previous HPS luminaires, which did not incorporate a control system.
Most lighting manufacturers offer control systems using either wired or wireless interconnects to link light fixtures, switches, and dimmers to a centralized controller. Wireless systems also offer benefits such as reduced installation costs and increased flexibility.
A wireless system consists of a mesh network of intelligent photocontrols or nodes that control luminaires. The nodes monitor fixture performance and operating conditions and execute commands such as dimming based on schedules and daylight levels, as appropriate.
This capability allows a military base or utility that owns or operates the outdoor power system to target specific areas for dimming at specified times. One base, for example, saves energy by employing a control system with dimming capabilities that reduce luminaire output in the parking areas for office and medical buildings, motor pools, and other structures that remain unoccupied at night.
The control system dims LED luminaires to 75 percent output at 10 p.m. and 50 percent output at midnight. It returns luminaires to full brightness at 5 a.m. before workers begin to arrive.
The base, which recently installed the integrated lighting and control system, is considering dimming luminaires in areas such as basic training that are closed during certain times of the year (holidays) for further energy savings. The facility also uses the monitoring and control system to check for luminaire outages resulting from storms to improve service efficiency.
Building a Smart MilitaryThe potential exists now for a single integrated solution that will transform energy-efficient LED lighting into a smart platform for data-driven applications such as public safety, security, and location analytics. The smart lighting network will have the ability to transform LED luminaires into sensor-equipped, smart devices capable of capturing data in near-real time, which will enable a broad array of applications and services.
Military bases can reap the benefits of the efficient, reliable illumination provided by intelligent lighting systems. Integrated solutions are a greener choice and offer advanced monitoring and control capabilities for longevity, reduced costs, and a safer and more secure environment. ei
Mr. Drago’s 23-year career with Acuity Brands includes over 15 years in lighting sales and sales leadership roles. He spent the past five years in Outdoor Infrastructure Product.
Details Lighting Watts Energy Maintenance Total
400W MH Over 3x required RP-20 levels 460W $171 $57 $228
LED Product Meets RP-20 enhanced security 200W $74 0 $74
Table 1. Value Comparison for LED Luminaire and Metal Halide Unit
LED luminaires offer these additional advantages:
• A bright white light that resembles daylight and improves visibility and color-rendering index (CRI). Illumination levels from LED sources generally exceed Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recommendations.
• Directional nature of LED luminaires provides superior control of light distribution. Better system efficacy avoids trapped light, wasteful covers, and shields.
• Enhanced optics minimizes light trespass and glare and significantly reduces sky glow. The absence of dark and bright spots creates a safer, more comfortable environment.
• There is nearly instantaneous operation, especially compared to HID lamps. HID sources require several minutes for warm up.
• Sustainability is achieved in the form of lower CO2 emissions and minimized light pollution.
• Greater asset management is possible since LED systems are highly compatible with electronic dimming and other controls.
LED lighting systems are highly flexible and include luminaire styles and technology to replace HID cobrahead luminaires, floodlights and high mast units in a range of applications. Architectural styles are also available to illuminate a variety of roadway applications, walkways and base housing.
Monitoring, Controlling Reduces Costs, Improves ReliabilityThe transition to LED lighting has spurred interest in lighting control systems, as lighting represents a large portion of any installation’s energy costs. LED luminaires are also easy to dim.
Lighting control systems offer the ability to control individual luminaires or groups of luminaires from a single user interface device to reduce energy consumption and extend service life. Available technology can transform LED luminaires into sensor-equipped smart devices capable of capturing data in near-real time and providing unprecedented insight for a broad range of applications and services.
One utility company, for instance, that purchased the outdoor power system for a large military base made the decision to replace existing HPS luminaires with an LED system because there were complaints about luminaire outages and costs associated with maintaining the HPS units. The change to an
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“Rosslyn already has strong sustainability attributes and is in a position to become even more sustainable,” Mr. Fisette said, while explaining the RSP. “Over the last century, Rosslyn has experienced an incredible transformation greatly influenced by its exceptional location and access, combined with county planning and development policies. With more than eight million square feet of commercial office development, it emerged as a major employment center, with a large share of federal government and contractor tenants.”
The plan envisions the Rosslyn sector as
• a global destination with a dynamic skyline, unique vistas, and exceptional value;
• accessible through a number of reliable transportation connections;
• a walkable neighborhood, connecting people with the community;
• a good neighbor to adjacent communities, making sensitive building form transitions and offering complementary housing and service options;
When the ei editorial staff decided to explore a real smart city, we simply looked outside our office into Rossyln, an unincorporated
neighborhood in Arlington County, Virginia.
Just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., Rosslyn is accessible to tourists, policymakers, and world leaders by train, plane, and automobile. In 2015, the Arlington County Board adopted the Rosslyn Sector Plan (RSP), a blueprint to making it a smart community. The plan parallels many of the priorities NEMA established in its Smart Cities Strategic Initiative (see “Promoting Smart Cities,” page 21).
While Rosslyn’s early history saw battles, bridges, and brothels, the neighborhood boomed in the 1960s, complete with a few skyscrapers, and remained intrinsically unchanged until 1992, when the county decided to transform it into a modern urban center that would attract corporations, upscale retail, and a mix of residential housing. Because of its location, there were key challenges to overcome in order to achieve its full potential as a great, distinctive urban place, according to Jay Fisette, vice chairman of the Arlington County Board of Supervisors.
“Quill,” a perimeter enhancement for the Dominion Virginia Power substation, was inspired by the successful return of the bald eagle to the nearby Potomac River.
20 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
Stepping Out and Stepping Up to a Smarter Community
Pat walsh, Editor in chief, NEMA
visitors to use alternatives to private cars. Rosslyn is served by three subway lines operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (Metro), public and private buses, and shuttles that connect Rosslyn with neighboring municipalities, airports, and rail systems. Significant upgrades to the current Metro station will transform it from a simple depot into a transportation hub.
Rosslyn’s streetscape plan encourages pedestrian- and bike-friendly streets and accessible recreation areas. The county’s public art plan incorporates installations like the mural on page 20. The mural, “Quill,” created by Christian Moeller, employs solar reflectors to ensconce the Dominion Virginia Power substation with feathers, a nod to the recent successful return of the bald eagle to the nearby Potomac River.
It seems an apt image for a community that soars to new heights as a smart, reinvigorated downtown district. ei
Ms. Walsh ([email protected]) is the director of publications at NEMA.
• an urban district that celebrates the experience of nature and recreation through its diverse network of public parks, open spaces, and tree-lined streets; and
• a dynamic place inspired by its diverse mix of people and activity.
Implementing the plan is the bailiwick of the Rosslyn Business Improvement District (BID), which provides a variety of services that create a clean, safe, and vibrant environment. Because Rosslyn is a dense urban district, Lucia deCordré, BID’s director of urban design, sees opportunities everywhere for a modern, vibrant urban community.
“BID has numerous missions to support retailers, property owners, and residents with beautification, urban design, walkable streets, and great infrastructure,” she said, citing the community’s dense, mixed-use, transit-oriented development pattern as being well suited for energy-efficient buildings, water conservation, and transportation. It’s all related to BID’s pivotal setting between Washington and Virginia, or as Ms. deCordré summarized, “location, location, location!”
With so much happening in the world of energy, she says, property owners see distinct advantages to incorporating energy efficiency into their projects. Sustainability recommendations are focused on two levels: neighborhood and site- or building-specific. By applying sustainability standards, great advancements can be made in maximizing energy efficiency, minimizing carbon footprints, effectively managing stormwater, and dramatically reducing generated waste in Rosslyn.
“Many are taking it upon themselves to design LEED-certified buildings,” Ms. deCordré said, referring to the rating system developed by the U.S. Green Building Council. “While most are Silver, the newest ones are Platinum-rated. One building, which was originally designed to Silver specifications, has been already been renovated to Platinum.”
One of the benefits of urban density, Ms deCordré says, is sharing resources. For example, five separate buildings in one block undergoing redevelopment will share energy systems. Other buildings employ new technologies, such as parking lifts, daylighting, and solar installations, as well as new methodologies, such as rainwater harvesting systems and planting native, drought-tolerant plant species.
The RSP also calls for the pursuit of combined heat and power (CHP), or cogeneration, as a strategy that produces electrical power and heating and cooling in a single unit. Integrating CHP with the district’s energy system can increase a building’s energy efficiency from 35 percent to more than 80 percent.
As of 2012, buildings in Arlington County accounted for more than 60 percent of its greenhouse gas emissions. Transportation accounted for the balance. The county’s transportation demand management program encourages residents, employees, and
Promoting Smart Cities The NEMA Strategic Initiatives Program was established to seize emerging market opportunities, solve impending challenges, and address issues involving multiple NEMA product sections and divisions.
The 2016 Smart Cities Strategic Initiative contains four components:
• Energy and water: An initiative to quantify the energy efficiency of water supply, delivery, and treatment systems; to analyze the market potential to improve efficiency by using member products; and to evaluate the viability of energy savings performance contracts and other finance vehicles for energy efficiency upgrades to water systems. Contact Alex Boesenberg to get involved.
• Smart cities: An initiative to explore the market potential of the city as a “system of systems” connecting the energy, water, transportation, buildings, and communications sectors. This initiative seeks to ensure that NEMA members’ interests are protected as domestic and international bodies develop codes, standards, regulations, and rating systems for smart cities. Contact Ryan Franks to get involved.
• High-Performance Buildings: An initiative to promote the adoption of high-performance technologies and systems that increase the energy efficiency, safety, sustainability, and security of government-owned, commercial, and multi-family buildings. Activities focus on adoption of municipal energy efficiency policies to incentivize the installation of energy-efficient products in buildings; providing building-owners with educational resources on how to achieve greater efficiencies and save money; and the adoption of favorable provisions in building codes and standards. Contact Paul Rodriguez, Program Manager, to get involved.
• urban lighting Systems: To conduct an analysis of new market opportunities and new standards regimes for lighting systems, or other vertical components of smart cities. Contact Maria Northup to get involved.
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When Delta Products Corporation opened its new Americas headquarters in Fremont, California, in October 2015, the state-of-the-
art, 180,000-square-foot facility met LEED1 Platinum and net-zero standards while incorporating many of Delta’s own technologies to achieve an elite level of sustainability.
The new facility is built on a 15.5-acre campus and has three structures, including an office building, warehouse, and lobby. To meet net-zero criteria, the complex is powered by a 616-kW solar system using the company’s own solar inverters that have an energy conversion efficiency of up to 98.5 percent. It expects to generate more than 1,000 MWh of electricity per year. Additionally, the headquarters boasts a geothermal heating and cooling system that reduces HVAC energy consumption by 60 percent compared to traditional systems.
The facility’s geothermal heating and cooling system uses a ground source heat pump connected to a loop field of pipes located up to 30 feet underground. The pipes cover an area greater than five football fields. Heat is transferred to or from the ground to boost efficiency and achieve the 60-percent reduction in energy consumption compared to traditional HVAC systems. The ground-source heat pump loops into the building’s bidirectional radiant floor and ceiling tubes embedded in the concrete slabs. In total, there are more than 92 miles of pipe circulating 12,000 gallons of water.
1. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a third-party certification program developed by the U.S. Green Building Council.
According to Bruce Cheng, Delta’s founder and honorary chairman, all of Delta’s new buildings around the world have been built to high standards of sustainability since 2005.
“In the past 10 years, we have commissioned the construction and renovation of 21 green buildings,” he said. “This aligns with the company’s mission to provide innovative, clean, and energy-efficient solutions for a better tomorrow.”
On the campus, there are also 19 7-kW electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and a site management system with features that include delay timers for off-peak EV charging, radio-frequency identification (RFID) card readers for user identification, and wired and wireless network communication capabilities for back-office integration. There is also a 50-kW duel-standard DC fast charger, capable of providing a full charge in less than 30 minutes for passenger EVs.
Other Delta products and solutions include
• photovoltaic inverters,
• energy-saving variable frequency drives,
• industrial automation products,
• datacenter infrastructure solutions, and
• wireless outdoor LED lighting.
In addition to optimizing energy usage, the facility features a 140,000-gallon rainwater harvesting system for irrigation, while the uncollected rainwater will be directed to a bioswale. Moreover, 20 percent of the building materials are reclaimed. ei
Prior to joining Delta, Mr. Oberle was a general manager at General Electric for 25 years, working in lighting technologies and transportation.
Delta Achieves Sustainability Using Its Own Products at Corporate Headquarters Joe oberle, vice President, corporate Development, Delta Products corporation
More than 92 miles of pipe circulate 12,000 gallons of water throughout the facility.
The building uses a 616 -kW rooftop solar system capable of producing more than 1,000 Mwh annually. Photos courtesy of Delta Products Corporation
22 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
ElectroindustryNews Ű Charlie Cook to Share Election Insights at Annual Meeting
Ű NEMA Welcomes New Members
NEMA’s 90th annual meeting will bring together top executives from across the electrical manufacturing industry to focus on several relevant topics, including the presidential election and its current and expected impact on the electroindustry. Charlie Cook, widely regarded as one of the nation’s leading authorities on U.S. elections and political trends, will join the NEMA Board of Governors as a speaker at the meeting, which will take place in Cleveland, Ohio, on November 16 and 17.
Mr. Cook is editor and publisher of The Cook Political Report and a political analyst for National Journal, where he writes a biweekly column. He also writes a regular column for Washington Quarterly, published by the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He is a frequent political and election-night analyst for CBS, CNN, and NBC and has appeared on Meet the Press and This Week.
The following companies were approved by the Executive Committee of the Board of Governors.
REGulAR MEMBERSHIP
CarlingTechnologies,Inc. www.carlingtech.com Ground Fault Personnel Protection, Low Voltage Distribution Equipment, Switchgear, and Wiring Device sections
EnergyFocus,Inc. www.energyfocusinc.com Light Source Section
EnerlitesInc. www.enerlites.com Lighting Controls and Wiring Device sections
In the spring of 2013, Mr. Cook served as a resident fellow at the Institute of Politics at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. In 2010, he was a co-recipient of the
as a resident fellow at the Institute of Politics at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. In 2010, he was a co-recipient of the American Political Science Association’s
Liebel-Flarsheim,awhollyownedsubsidiaryofGuerbetGroup www.guerbet.com Magnetic Resonance, Medical Imaging Informatics, and X-Ray Imaging Products sections
Mar-Bal,Inc. www.mar-bal.com Insulating Materials Section
PACSHealth,LLC www.pacshealth.com Medical Imaging Informatics Section
UnitedImagingHealthcare www.united-imaging.com Molecular Imaging and X-Ray Imaging Products sections
American Political Science Association’s prestigious Carey McWilliams Award, which honors a “major journalistic contribution to our understanding of politics.”
Few national political experts monitor elections the way Mr. Cook does. His assessment promises an in-depth perspective on the broad implications of the presidential and congressional elections that will have been held just a few days earlier.
For up-to-date developments on the meeting schedule, visit www.nema.org/annual-meeting. Early registration opens June 1.
We look forward to seeing you in Cleveland! ei
MalloryRood,MeetingsManager,NEMA|[email protected]
YokogawaCorporationofAmerica www.yokogawa.com/us Industrial Automation Control Products & Systems Section
ASSocIAtE MEMBERSHIP
Stober Drives Inc. www.stober.com
ChristineShattuck,MemberRelationsManager,NEMA|
NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 23
fIElD REP REPoRt
Jack Lyons
Code Actions/Standardization Trends
Ű Adoption Processes Raise Safety Concerns for PV Installations Photovoltaic (PV) system installations around the country have increased tremendously. Installers, inspectors, and designers keep their eyes open for any National Electrical Code® (NEC) changes relevant to these systems.
Code adoptions are critical in order to enforce changes and create safer installations. These changes are based on past practices that are constantly evaluated. Wiring techniques and electrical products that provide protection from shock and fire are addressed in Article 690 (Solar PV Systems) of the NEC. Electrical personnel are not the only stakeholders who contribute to the safety of a solar system; thus, there have been many changes to fire codes over the past few cycles.
Firefighters’ fears of exposure to voltages associated with a solar panel array, even when the system is disconnected led to an NEC requirement for rapid shutdown of panel output at the array level. Fire codes also address the array layout of PV panels to allow responders to move around the roof of a building on fire. Responders may only be able to vent a rooftop if they can get to the affected area.
Builders also must be involved to evaluate both the strength of a roof for the array and the integrity of the roofing materials. The structural design provides the safe support of the complete array while the life of the roofing materials helps eliminate the need for removing the array for roof replacement, thereby creating unnecessary or possible hazards by removing and reinstalling the array. Proper roof design based on current building codes assures sound installations for future use.
REflEctING INDuStRy tRENDSWe have seen more than 100 changes within Article 690 between the 2011 and 2014 versions. Using data of past practices and experiences with fires and failures of PV systems, the subject material experts who make up the NFPA Code Making Panel for Article 690 have adjusted, tweaked, and created new rules that provide better safety for the stakeholders involved around any PV installation. NEMA representatives on this panel provide the manufacturers’ perspective during these proceedings.
These changes are critical for installers, inspectors, and designers to understand and implement. In states that have
not kept up with adoption, there may be unintended consequences. Serious challenges position PV businesses that want to meet maximum safety installation requirements against those that simply install to a current code that provides for minimum safety installation requirements. This leaves the conscientious business owner at a market disadvantage.
NEMA members’ products provide some of the latest safety features required by the newest code edition.
A few product areas that manufacturers provide to the industry that also enhance the safety of PV installations include cable systems and wiring methods; marking and labeling in accordance with ANSI Z535; and enclosures, switches, and disconnects that meet the requirements of Article 690.
These efforts, combined with the field reps challenging postponement of code adoption in their territories, assure consumers that safety enhancements are met in all PV installations. ei
JackLyons,NortheastFieldRepresentative,NEMA|
New York UpdateThere is promising news that the state of New York will be moving to the 2014 NEC early this summer. New York City is now in the review process for the 2014 NEC. While this is great news for both areas, which are both currently on the 2008 NEC, it also brings to light the importance of training of stakeholders in the electroindustry.
Having to be trained on two versions of the NEC is a challenge. States can provide better transitions for all parties by staying current with adopting codes and why NEMA supports all activities that support current code adoption.
NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 25
Code Actions/Standardization Trends
Ű SGIP Releases White Papers on Grid Definitions and Cybersecurity Information SharingThe Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP), an industry consortium, released two industry white papers that will help guide the acceleration of grid modernization. Both are available for download at no charge.
Local Grid Definitions reviews key terms and definitions related to power distribution infrastructures in buildings or campuses that enable some local grid functionality. Developed by SGIP’s Home Building and Industrial Working Group, the
paper makes recommendations about which definitions are preferable. It includes a discussion about the merits and limitations of existing and alternate definitions and clarifies the terms microgrid, picogrid, and nanogrid. It also offers questions about how local grids relate to the utility grid and utility meter.
Cybersecurity Information Sharing in Electric Utilities provides an overview of various sharing programs and standardized approaches for
sharing, as well as an overview of the recently enacted law, the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015. Written by Ramesh Reddi, cybersecurity consulting manager at SGIP, the paper outlines the importance of developing a solid framework for securing the electric grid, with a good balance between liability and privacy protections.
For more information and to download the papers, visit www.sgip.org. ei
Ű This Month in StandardsThe following standards are available on the NEMA website.
ANSIC136.15-2015 Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment—Luminaire Field Identification provides a simple, uniform method for identifying the type and wattage rating of luminaires used for roadway and area lighting, $40
ANSI/NEMAWC67-2015 Standard for Uninsulated Conductors Used in Electrical and Electronic Applications contains requirements for uninsulated conductors for aerospace, electrical, electronic and other high-performance applications, $87.
NEMAABP8-2016 Avoid Arc-Flash Occurrences by Following Industry Standards introduces the nature of arc-flash hazard and the industry codes and standards that address arc flash, available at no cost.
NEMAABP11-2016 Compatibility between Smoke Alarms and Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters explains that an arc-
fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) provides increased fire protection for electrical installation, available at no cost.
ANSI Accredited Standards Committee C78 reaffirmed the following standards:
• ANSIC78.5-2003(R2008,R2015)American National Standard for Electric Lamps—Specifications for Performance of Self-ballasted Compact Fluorescent Lamps, $50
• ANSIC78.391-2004(R2009,R2016)American National Standard for Electric Lamps—Characteristics of Subminiature Lamps of T1 and T1-3/4 Shapes, $75
• ANSIC78.1401-2004(R2009,R2016) American National Standard for Electric Lamps—Dimensions for Projection Lamps—Double-Contact, Medium Ring (Special B), Base-up Type, $50
• ANSIC78.1460-2004(R2015)American National Standard for Electric Lamps—Single-Ended Tungsten-Halogen Lamps GZ9.5 Base, T6 Bulb, 36.5mm LCL, 76.2mm MOL with Proximity Reflector, $50
• ANSI C78.LL 3-2003 (R2008, R2015) American National Standard for Electric Lamps— Procedures for High Intensity Discharge Lamp Sample Preparation and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, $50
• ANSI C78.LL 1256-2003 (R2008, R2015) American National Standard for Electric Lamps—Procedures for Fluorescent Lamp Sample Preparation and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, $105 ei
AnnBrandstadter,Manager,StandardsPublicationandMarketing,NEMA|
26 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
Code Actions/Standardization Trends
Ű Molded-Case Circuit Breaker Product Group Updates Two White PapersThe Molded Case Circuit Breaker Product Group of the NEMA Low-Voltage Distribution Equipment Section updated two white papers. NEMA ABP 6-2015 What Is the Purpose of a Molded-Case Circuit Breaker? and NEMA ABP 10-2015 Arc Flash Analysis—Utility System Parameters Critical for Accurate PPE are available at no charge on the NEMA website.
NEMA ABP 6, originally published in 1994, provides a summary of the advancements of molded-case circuit breakers (MCCBs) and their ability to provide protection for conductors used in residences, office buildings,
and sophisticated commercial and industrial systems. MCCBs have become so commonplace that their purpose may be taken for granted and is often misunderstood. These devices are constructed to meet the requirements of UL 489 and are suitable to protect conductors as required by the National Electrical Code® (NEC).
The purpose of NEMA ABP 10, originally published in 2002, is to highlight the importance of establishing safe methods for conducting inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment for electrical workers. This paper focuses on the need to understand the
relationship between the NEC field-marking requirements and NFPA 70E Electrical Standard for Safety in the Workplace for implementing an arc-flash safety program. NEMA encourages that electrical equipment be de-energized and subsequent maintenance performed in accordance with NFPA 70E.
These papers are among several documents that the Molded-Case Circuit Breaker Product Group is updating. ei
KenRempe,P.E.,ManagerofStandardsandIndustry
Relations,SiemensIndustry,Inc.|[email protected]
AD_Nema_KI_0316.indd 1 2016-03-09 16:30 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 27
International Roundup
Ű TPP Carries Benefits for Pacific-Rim Smart CitiesAmong the 12 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) member economies,1 Singapore may be the best known for its ambitions to apply smart-city technologies to improve the wellbeing of its citizens.
According the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA), the city-state government’s Smart Nation Platform will enable “greater pervasive connectivity, better situational awareness through data collection, and efficient sharing of collected sensor data.”
Malaysia has plans to transform the Iskandar region (just north of Singapore) into a smart city, while Japan is promoting the purpose-built smart town of Fujisawa and, in part, assessing the results of four smart-city pilot projects that concluded in 2014. In South America, Chile’s capital of Santiago has a smart-city initiative, while the traffic congestion in Lima, Peru, has driven that capital city to a low ranking among its peers.
For its part, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Smart City Challenge program is soliciting ideas from mid-size communities in this country to demonstrate how advanced data and intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technologies can be used to smooth traffic, promote safety, and protect the environment.
What does a regional trade liberalization agreement have to do with any of these smart-city activities? In summary, many TPP provisions hold the potential to break down barriers, prevent new barriers, promote competition and
1. Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, United States, Vietnam.
service delivery, and prepare the ground for even more innovations.
U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman told the Economic Club of Minnesota on March 7, 2016, that the “TPP is the first trade agreement with rules that take on the issues of the digital economy with a commitment to make the Internet open and free. Rules that make sure that data can flow freely across borders and countries can’t force
companies to locate their infrastructure in that country in order to serve that market.”
In summary, smart city-related commitments made by the 12 TPP countries include the liberalization of telecommunications services, promotion of electronic commerce, and enabling of cross-border data flows.
Chapter 13 of the TPP’s legal text, agreed on October 5, 2015, contains commitments related to telecommunications services, which are critical to the delivery of smart-city data and information to individual citizens
through smartphone and home-based systems. In part, the chapter facilitates the opening of incumbent carriers’ infrastructure to interconnection by new service providers, promoting the broadening of networks, connectivity, and competition. According to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the chapter also “ensures that regulation is impartial across different technologies, helping to ensure that freedom to innovate is the rule.”
In the area of electronic commerce, the TPP “includes commitments ensuring that companies and consumers can access and move data freely (subject to safeguards, such as for privacy), which will help ensure free flow of the global information and data.”
The agreement also prevents member countries from requiring companies to build physical data centers in every TPP market, conserving resources, securing economies and scale, and optimizing footprint based on business decisions rather than government regulation. The practical utility of these provisions is that, unless
subject to potential local government restrictions, the massive amount of data generated by a smart city need not be kept within the boundaries of that city or country in order to be consolidated and analyzed.
Layered on top of these commitments are schedules to eliminate customs duties on imports of smart city technologies from TPP countries. If approved by Congress, the TPP stands to help U.S. companies compete to provide the future. ei
CraigUpdyke,Director,TradeandCommercialAffairs,NEMA|
28 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
Economic SpotlightInternational Roundup
Ű Key Steps in Developing Decision-Quality AnalysisEconomists famously rely on an assumption of perfect information when theorizing how economic agents will react to exogenous shocks.
In a world of perfect information, equilibrium is restored in all markets with no loss of efficiency because the impact of such shocks is anticipated. The perfect information assumption allows economists to simplify theoretical relationships by ignoring inefficiencies that result from such a shock in the real world of imperfect information. The use of assumptions to focus on underlying relationships is the essence of model building.
Modelling is often the first step in developing decision-quality analyses such as economic forecasts. The process starts with a theory about the relationship between a dependent variable, such as gross domestic product (GDP), and a set of independent and random variables. Rather than determining that changes in GDP depend on everything, economic theory hypothesizes that movements in GDP are correlated with investment, consumption, government spending, and net exports, each of which are based on theorized relationships to other variables.
The next step is to test this hypothesis with an econometric model using historic data. Economists test theoretical relationships by assuming that the correlation between variables is null. If analysis indicates that the correlation between two variables is statistically significant, then the null hypothesis (that no relationship exists) is rejected. Thus, a variable may be a statistically significant predictor of the behavior of the dependent variable.
Relying on theory and data, economists construct an econometric model using a set of explanatory variables that are usually significant and account for as
much variation as possible. Once the best fit of the model is achieved, the next step is to test its predictive capabilities by using the model to forecast historical data series not used as part of the original empirical analysis. Analysis of the forecast errors fine-tunes the basic model to create the most accurate forecast of the dependent variable’s future behavior.
tHE ARt of tHE ScIENcEMoving from a well-developed model of an economic relationship to an accurate forecast is part science and part art. Simplified models of complex systems seldom account for all variations in a dependent variable. Moreover, underlying relationships with independent variables change, and the independent variables themselves may be correlated with each other. In addition, data selection may have resulted in a sample that was not representative of the entire population, or historical data may be inaccurate.
Merging data with theoretical
models through empirical
analyses yields forecast models
that provide decision-quality
information.
Reshaping a theoretical model into a forecast model is fraught with trip wires. Hands-on experience helps artful forecasters adjust a purely statistically derived forecast to account for anomalies not captured in the data. For example, as the Federal Reserve drove interest rates towards zero after the Great Recession, economic models predicted an increase in inflation. But the models failed to capture the fact that most of the liquidity that the Fed injected into the system was sent back to the Fed by banks to cover potential bad debts. Forecasters who
recognized this anomaly maintained that inflation would not spike.
Forecast errors may be used to adjust forecast models. Although forecasts for some variables and markets may be reliably accurate, a forecast may be wrong. Since no one wants to make a decision on an incorrect forecast, decision-makers often rely on scenarios to quantify the probability that a baseline forecast may be wrong and identify other possibilities.
Typically, forecasters offer a baseline scenario as the most probable outcome, as well as more optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. These scenarios are often structured around a theme, such as a rebound in the oil industry or a Chinese recession, and allow for a statistical hedge against forecast error.
Merging data with theoretical models through empirical analyses yields forecast models that provide decision-quality information. Although the baseline forecast may not be accurate, probabilities assigned to a range of possible outcomes help the decision-maker set expectations that may serve to minimize the adverse effects that a missed forecast may have on a given decision. In other words, it may inform a hedging-like decision or perhaps a quickly executable Plan B if real-world results undermine Plan A.
Over time, the growing supply of data and new quantitative techniques may improve forecast accuracy, but they will likely also add layers of complexity. Thus, the usefulness of developing simplifying models is likely to endure.
For assistance in developing decision-quality information for your company, contact NEMA/BIS. ei
DonaldR.Leavens,PhD,VicePresidentandChiefEconomist,NEMA/BIS|
NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 29
Economic Spotlight
Ű NEMA Business Conditions Indexes Reflect Lost Ground in February NEMA’s Electroindustry Business Conditions Index (EBCI) for current conditions in North America fell in February, dropping to 44.4 from 50 the previous month, as more panelists reported conditions eroded than improved.
Compared to January, smaller shares of the survey panel reported that business conditions improved (22 percent in February compared to 41 percent in January) and they deteriorated (33 percent in February compared to 41 percent in January). A plurality of panelists (44 percent) claimed that conditions were unchanged in February. A considerably smaller 18 percent held this view a month ago.
The survey’s measure of the intensity of change in electroindustry business conditions remained in negative territory in February, slipping to –0.2 from –0.1 in January. Panelists are asked to report intensity of change on a scale ranging from –5 (deteriorated significantly) through 0 (unchanged) to +5 (improved significantly).
Even though more panelists than not expect the business environment to improve over the next six months, the EBCI for future North American conditions also dropped in February, falling to 52.8 from 67.6 in January. A smaller share of the panel (33 percent) reported positive expectations than was the case last month (53 percent), while a larger share (28 percent) reported negative expectations than was the case in January (18 percent). The share expecting to see no change in business conditions over the next six months rose to 39 percent in February from 29 percent in January.
Visit www.nema.org/ebci for the complete February 2016 report. ei
TimGill,DeputyChiefEconomist,NEMA|[email protected]
30 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
Economic Spotlight
Ű LED A-Line Lamp Shipments Post Another Strong Quarter to Close 2015Light-emitting diode (LED) A-line lamps surged 226.7 percent during Q4 2015 on a year-over-year (y/y) basis. Meanwhile, halogen A-line lamps posted a y/y increase of 8.7 percent, incandescent A-line lamps increased by 7.8 percent, and compact fluorescents lamps (CFLs) dropped 56.0 percent.
Compared to Q3 2015, LED shipments rose 18.4 percent, halogen A-lines increased 0.8 percent, and CFL shipments saw a quarter-to-quarter (q/q) increase of 6.5 percent. In contrast, incandescent A-line lamp shipments decreased 16.7 percent on a q/q basis.
Halogen A-line lamps accounted for almost half of all consumer lamp shipments in Q4 2015, at 49.7 percent, followed by CFLs at 23.4 percent and incandescent A-lines at 7.8 percent.
LED A-line lamps increased their sales share by three percentage points between Q3 2015 and the end of 2015 and now comprise 17.1 percent of the consumer lamp market. ei
Laurie Miller, Director, Statistical Operations, NEMA |
NEMA electroindustry • April 2016 31
Stock ARt cREDItSCover, 1: ©iStockphoto.com/TERADAT SANTIVIVUT8: ©iStockphoto.com/Alex Belomlinsky10: ©iStockphoto.com/narvikk10: ©iStockphoto.com/AAGGraphics
14: ©iStockphoto.com/A-Digit16, 17: ©iStockphoto.com/tmeks18: ©iStockphoto.com/DigtialStorm22: ©iStockphoto.com/wuttichok28: ©iStockphoto.com/redmal
NEMAI AM
Communicating in Bits and BytesAs part of NEMA’s Industry Operations team, my primary role is to help groups develop or revise standards in two product areas: transportation, including various intelligent transportation systems (ITS) subjects, and airport security examination equipment.
In both areas, many NEMA product standards define an interface as a means of promoting interoperability.
Transportation, ITS, communication interfaces, and technology in general have fascinated me for some time—something about bits and bytes in the virtual sphere monitoring, controlling, and representing things in the physical sphere where we live. Airport security,
and metadata associated with security exams, is equally interesting, in that cybersecurity, privacy, and near-real-time data analysis each have an effect on the design of communication interfaces and data transmission.
There is an inherent dichotomy in standards development—at least in the three industries in which my experience lies. Standards development requires individuals with a technical bent (those who have chosen to interface with the outside world using numbers) to communicate with their peers (other humans, not devices) using words.
Because standards development relies on consensus, positions on technical issues need to be both technically sound and persuasive. Even in the world of bits and bytes, people express strongly held core beliefs. At the end of the day, people in the standards arena need to reach consensus for the standard to proceed. The bits and bytes have no opinion.
At NEMA, my greatest challenge is to encourage consensus among competing technical interests and complete a project according to the demanding schedule that the digital age requires. It is particularly rewarding to assist in the development of NEMA standards in transportation and airport security that are increasingly important in the digital age. ei
Jean Johnson, Technical Project Manager
RF CORDLESS REMOTE ACCESSORY
WIRELESS LIGHTING CONTROLDRIVE
NEW! TCM MODULE• Gives OEMs easy options for offering energy savings and user comfort!
• ON/OFF switching and full 0-10V dimming
• For 100-277V Circuits
• ZigBee and RF Versions
• Control up to 4 groups of TCM RF Modules
1225 Bowes Rd. Elgin, IL 60123 USA T 847-515-3057, F 847-515-3047 trpssl.com/wireless-driver-control.html©2016
Easy Installation • Energy Saving OEM Components • Designed for LED Luminaires powered by TRP LED driversRichard Fillion Guy Benjamin
MonthCOMING NEXT
May is National Electrical Safety Month, and while electrical safety is a yearlong priority, it is important to devote time to spotlighting safe electrical practices that should be commonplace at home and on the job. Safety encompasses the entire spectrum of the electroindustry. Look for features on:
• smart meters,• healthcare communications,• medical imaging,• the role of the insurance industry,
• and more.
Plus, NEMA@Home looks at electric vehicle charging systems and other updates to make your home smarter and safer.
Understanding Emergency Lighting SystemsRichard Fillion and Guy Benjamin, from Thomas & Betts highlight the importance of properly functioning emergency lighting systems, explain the requirements and applicable installation codes, and give a brief overview of how the latest technology can help ensure code compliance.
www.nema.org/emergency-lighting-pt1
32 NEMA electroindustry • April 2016
We Are NEMA
ExpertsLISTEN TO THE
RF CORDLESS REMOTE ACCESSORY
WIRELESS LIGHTING CONTROLDRIVE
NEW! TCM MODULE• Gives OEMs easy options for offering energy savings and user comfort!
• ON/OFF switching and full 0-10V dimming
• For 100-277V Circuits
• ZigBee and RF Versions
• Control up to 4 groups of TCM RF Modules
1225 Bowes Rd. Elgin, IL 60123 USA T 847-515-3057, F 847-515-3047 trpssl.com/wireless-driver-control.html©2016
Easy Installation • Energy Saving OEM Components • Designed for LED Luminaires powered by TRP LED drivers
Functional SafetyVertified