egovernment and governance: the danish‐japanese timelines and models compared
TRANSCRIPT
PUBLICPOLICY:
CeDEM ASIA2016
MortenMeyerhoffNielsenUNU-EGOV/TTU-RNSDaegu(SK),6-9December2016
eGOVERNMENT ANDGOVERNANCE:THEDANISH-JAPANESEMODELSANDTIMELINESCOMPARED
BACKGROUNDANDKEYQUESTION
• AuthorscomparedtheeGovernment efforts,achievementsandgovernancemodelsofDenmarkandJapan• FoundthatJapancomparedtoDenmarkhad:
- Superiorinfrastructure- Similar%ofcitizenonline
• ConcludedthatJapancouldlearnfromtheDanishapproachto:- Standardizedformatsandprocesses- Sharecomponentsandcontents,esp.uniqueidentifiersanddigitalsignatures- Coordinatedandconvenientservicesfortheusers- Involveuserstodevelopuser-centricservices- Inter-agencycollaborationtoachievethosegoals
• Questioniswhetherthisstillholds?
MEYERHOFF&IGARI2012
THEMETHODOLOGY
Step1:Classic literaturereviewwith“berrypicking”toidentifytheoreticalandconceptualmodeland/orresearchgaps
Step2:Classic qualitative multi-casecountrystudieson
governance andcooperationmodels(iterations)
Step3:Updatecountrystudies(iterations),conceptual model,
conclusions
OVERALLAPPROACH
BACKGROUNDINDICATORS• Internetaccess• Internetuse• eBanking use• eCommerce use• eServiceuse
NATIONALGOVERNANCEANDCOOPERATIONMODEL• Institutionalframeworkandgovernance• Decentralisation ofgovernmentauthority
EFFECTS• eServices inplace• Servicedeliveryvolumesperchannel
CONCEPTURALFRAMEWORK
NATIONALAPPROACHTOeGOVERNMENTResponsibilityforeGovernment:• Strategy• Actionplan• Initiation,development,coordination,
monitoringandevaluation• Chair• Hostorganisation andsecretariate• MemberoragnisationseGovernment elements:• StrategyunderpinnedbyactionplanandKPIs• Legalityofstrategyandactionplan
Regionaladministrations
MunicipalitiesMinistriesandagencies
CENTRAL REGIONAL LOCAL
KEYINFLUENCINGFACTORS
Governance structure(e.g.entralised /top-downvs.federal,top-down)
Levelofautonomy(e.g.high vs.low)
Proportionofserviceprovisionateachlevel ofgovernment
(e.g.centralvs.decentral)
Society,pre-conditions,attitudes,level ofinfluence(e.g.high vs.low)
STAKEHOLDERS
Privatesectorvendors,academia,civicsociety,end-
users
SOCIETY
Publicserviceisserviceprovidedbygovernmenttopeople livingwithinitsjurisdiction,eitherdirectly(throughthepublicsector)
orbyfinancingprovisionofservices(McGregoret.al.,1982).
Twotypesofpublicservice:Corepublicservices(i.e.whatyoumustdoasacitizen,thuslegallyrequired),and;
Publicvalueaddingservice (i.e.whatyouliketodoasanindividualoroutofcivicduty)
Serviceconsistofacombinationofinformation,transaction anddata.
DEFINITIONS
eGovernment istheuseofITandtechnologyintheprovisionofinformationandservicestocitizens
andbusinesses.
…eGovernance encompassallprocessesofgoverning,thusrelatingtotheprocessesanddecisionsorientedtowarddefiningactions,grantingpowerandverifyingperformance.
…thee isforelectronic.
DEFINITIONS
CONTEXTSANDFINDINGSDENMARK,JAPAN
Denmark[41] Japan[41]Population 5,581,503 126,919,659Territorialsize 43,094km2 377,915km2Populationdensity 129.5perkm2 335.8perkm2Officiallanguages Danish JapaneseGDP(billion) €260.74bill(est’15) 3,697.82(est’15)GDPpercapita €46,715(est’15) €29,315(est’15)GDPgrowth 1.6%(est’15) 0.6%(est’15)Unemployment 4.7%(est’15) 3.3%(est’15)Imports(billion) €75.12(est’15) €560.45(est’15)Exports(billion) €84.32(est’15) €559.03(est’15)
SIMILARBUTDIFFERENT,SOCIO-ECONOMICDATA2015
Denmark[52,53] Japan[52,53]
Nationalinstitutionalframeworkandgovernance
Centralised model.National, regional and localgovernment level.Consists of 5 regions and 98municipalities.
Centralised model.National, regional and localgovernment level.Complex system of 47 prefecturas,multiple sub-prefectures anddistricts, 1719 municipalites of four“Kanje” types incl. cities, towns,wards, non-municipalities.
Decentralisation ofgovernmentauthority
Large degree of local autonomyand decision making incl. tax andbudget spending. C.70-80% ofcitizen services are provided bymunicipalities. Degree of centralcontrol via annual budgetnegotiations.
National government controlprefecturas and municipalities incl.tax collection, borrowing. C. 70% ofbudget is allocated to municipalities.Lack of progress on intergov.Cooperation and decentralisation.Separate tax collection.
GENERALGOVERNANCEANDINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK
USERSAREINCREASINGLYONLINE
2000 2005 2010 2014Denmark 63,01/1,26 100,58/24,80 115,67/38,44 125,89/42,34Japan 53,12/0,68 75,98/18,35 96,81/28,04 120,23/29,31
2000 2005 2010 2014Denmark 39,17 82,74 88,72 95,99Japan 29,99 66,92 78,21 90,58
MOBILE/BROADBANDSUBSCRIPTIONSPER100INHABITANTS,2000-2014
INDIVIDUALUSEOFTHEINTERNET,2000-2014
eService availability Degreeofdigitisation (i.e.%ofservicedeliveryvolumeonline)2012 2015
Denmark Japan Denmark Japan Denmark JapaneID/eSignature NemID MyNumber 79.1% -- 89.2% *7.9%Digitalpost DigitalPost no -- -- 89.2% --Taxdeclaration Yes yes 100% *51.4% 100% *56.5%Registerforschool yes no #57% -- 96% --Registerforuniversity yes no 80% -- 100% --Applyforstudentgrant yes No,see debt 100% -- 100% --Changeaddress yes yes 63% 0.0000021% -- n/aHousingsubsidy yes no, butothers 77% -- 79% --Applyforpension yes yes 94% -- 95% --Reportvermin(fixmystreet) yes some #56% some 73% --Reporttheft yes no 41% -- 84% --
2010 2015Denmark Japan Denmark Japan
Onlinebanking 71% -- 85% *16%Onlinecommerce 68% *55% 79% *62%Interacted withgovernment online 78% -- 88% --Obtainedinfo.fromagov.website 76% -- 86% --Submittedacompleteform(eService) 51% -- 69% --
INDIVIDUALUSEOFeSERVICES,2012-2015
INDIVIDUALUSEOFINTERNETCONTENT,2012-2015
‘
Danish Regions(5 regions)
Management committee of Danish
Regions
Cabinet committee of coordination
Cabinet committee on
economic affairs
Ministries
Ministry of Finance:Agency for Digitisation
(regulatory and mandated body)
Secretariat for steering committee
and STS
Local Government Denmark
(98 municipalities)
Management committee of LGDK
Private industry and civic society
Industry and civic groups
Government cabinet
Steering committee for the eGovernment strategyRepresentatives from the Ministry of Finance (chair), key ministries like Economy, Taxation, Justice,
Science, Health and Interior, Danish Regions and Local Government Denmark
Joint committee for cross government cooperation (STS)Permanent secretaries from the Ministry of Finance (chair), Economy, Taxation, Science, Health and
Interior, Managing Directors from the Danish Regions and Local GovernmentDenmark
STONGMANDATE,COORDINATION,CONSENSUSANDFOLLOW-UP.ENTRENCED,TESTEDBUTCOULDBESTREAMLINED.
WEAKMANDATES,OVERLAPPINGROLES,NATIONALBUTFRAGMENTEDCOORDINATION,LIMITEDFOLLOW-UP,KEYACTORSEXCLUDED
CONCLUDINGOBSERVATIONS
TheDanishgovernancemodelcontinuetoproveitsworth.Current2016-2020strategyseemslessambitiouswithweakerKPIs.
JapanhaveintroducedaCIOlayerbutseemtooverlapwiththeCouncilandmandateisweak.Keyactorsstillexcluded.
IncreasedfocusonKPIsandeIDs beingrolledoutforcitizensandbusinesses.
CONCLUDINGOBSERVATIONS
CONTACT
MORTENMEYERHOFFNIELSENUnitedNationsUniversity,OperatingUnitonPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance /TallinnUniversity ofTechnology,RagnarNurkse SchoolofInnovationandGovernance
Tel(DK): +4523922291Tel(PT): +351930597009Tel(EE): +37259060709
Mail: [email protected]: @mortenmeyerhoffLinkedIN: mortenmeyerhoff