efficacy testing of biocidal products - kemi · pdf fileefficacy testing . of . biocidal...

October 2012

Kemikalieinspektionen

Postadress Besök Faktureringsadress Telefon & fax Internet Org nr Box 2 172 13 Sundbyberg

Esplanaden 3A, Sundbyberg

FE 124 838 80 Hackås

Telefon +46 8 519 41 100 Fax +46 8 735 76 98

www.kemi.se [email protected]

202100-3880

Mal

l-id

: M

AG

-000

6, 2

011-

12-2

8

Efficacy testing of biocidal products – overview of available tests

This report was produced by FB Engineering in 2008 at the request of the Swedish Chemicals Agency.

At the request of SWEDISH CHEMICALS AGENCY (KEMIKALIEINSPEKTIONEN), DEPARTMENT OF PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNICAL PRODUCTS

EFFICACY TESTING OF

BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS

- Overview of available tests

Göteborg 2008 Ann-Sofie Wernersson ([email protected]) FB Engineering AB Skärgårdsgatan 1, Göteborg Postal address: Box 12076, SE-402 41 Göteborg, Sweden Phone: +46 31 775 1000 www.fbe.se

1

1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acronym Full names Web page to organisations (if available) AATCC American Association of Textile

Chemists and Colors www.aatcc.org/

AFNOR Association française de normalisation (NF standards)

/ww.afnor.fr/

AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists

www.aoac.org/

ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials

www.astm.org/)

ATCC American Type Culture Collection BBA Federal Biological Research Centre

for Agriculture and Forestry (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land - Und Forstwirtschaft Bundesrepublik Deutschland)

www.bba.de

BP Biocidal Product BPD Biocidal Product Directive (referring

to 98/8/EG)

BSI British Standards Institute (BS standards)

www.bsi.org.uk/

CA Competent Authority CEB Commission Des Essais

Biologiques www.afpp.net/commande/commissions/CEB.htm

CEFIC European Chemical Industry Council

www.cefic.org

CEN European Committee for Standardisation

www.cenorm.be

CEPE European council of paint, printing inks and artist’s colours industry

www.cepe.org

CSMA Chemical Specialties Manufactures Association

www.csma.org

CTBA Centre Technique du Bois et de l’Ameublement, Bordeaux

www.ctba.fr

EBPF European Biocidal Product Forum EPA United States Environmental

Protection Agency www.epa.gov

EPPO

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

www.eppo.org

ISO International Standards Organisation

www.iso.org/iso/home.htm

MAFF Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Foods

MS Malaysian Standards http://msonline.sirim.my/msonline OECD Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development www.oecd.org

OPPTS Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency

www.epa.gov/internet/oppts/

PT Product Type SABS South African Bureau of Standards www.sabs.co.za

http://www.afnor.fr/

http://www.epa.gov/internet/oppts/

2

2 SUMMARY Efficacy of a biocidal product can be defined as the power to produce an effect, and is related to the intrinsic efficacy of the active substance/s of the product and is influenced by the presence of non-active substances and the use pattern. In the European Community, authorisation of biocidal products is regulated by the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC). Whereas active substances are assessed at Community level, the actual products are subject to national authorisation. Annex IIB of the directive requires likely information for the basis of a label claim but there is at present no international consensus on specific data requirements for different product types. For several product types there is no information in the TNsG on Product Evaluation, on how the tests are performed and whether there are standards available. In Sweden, information about efficacy was previously not regarded as important for the approval decision-making in national product applications. The aim of this project was therefore to provide the Swedish Chemicals Agency with an overview and brief description of available efficacy test methods (both standards and others) for all product types and information on how the tests are evaluated and what efficacy criteria are applied. Test references and, to some extent, test descriptions were found by searching for available test procedures and contact persons on web pages, by e-mail and phone correspondence with authorities, industry organisations, standardization organizations, individual manufacturers and test/research institutes. The present overview covers all product types except PT 16, 22 and 23 and includes 387 test references, of which 341 are standard methods. For one third of the tests, the scope, design, applicability and/or efficacy criteria is briefly summarised. In addition, the test references of more than 250 standards have been checked to make sure that the newest version available is included in the overview and to exclude tests that have been withdrawn. The numerous ways of testing and measuring efficacy makes comparisons between products and the setting of performance standards difficult. Lack of performance standards and specific data requirements could result in inconsistent evaluations in different Member States. Therefore, authorities, standardisation organisations and industry representatives need to develop pass/fail criteria, new test standards, identify reference products and establish lists of recommended tests for particular product applications. As a start, the lists of available tests in the current version of the TNsG on Product Evaluation need to be updated.

3

3 SAMMANFATTNING Effektiviteten hos biocidprodukter kan definieras som förmågan att åstadkomma en effekt och beror av den inneboende effektiviteten hos den aktiva substansen i produkten. Den påverkas dock även av andra substanser i produkten och användningsmönstret. Inom EG regleras biocidprodukter av biociddirektivet (98/8/EC). Aktiva substanser bedöms på EG nivå medan produkterna regleras nationellt. I direktivets Annex IIB beskrivs de informationskrav som ligger till grund för den påstådda effektiveteten hos produkten. Det råder dock för närvarande ingen internationell samstämmighet när det gäller specifika datakrav för respektive produkttyp för att styrka den påstådda effektiviteten. I ”TNsG on Product Evaluation” saknas information för flera produkttyper när det gäller testdesign och huruvida det förekommer några standarder. I Sverige ansågs tidigare att effektivitetsdata inte var viktiga för tillståndsprövningen av biocidprodukter. Syftet med föreliggande rapport är därför att förse Kemikalieinspektionen med en sammanställning och kort beskrivning (inklusive hur de utvärderas och vilka effektivitetskriter som råder) av tillgängliga effektivitetstester (både standarder och övriga), för samtliga produkttyper. Test referenser och till viss del även testbeskrivningar erhölls genom att söka efter testmetoder och kontaktpersoner via hemsidor, e-mail och telefonkontakt med myndigheter, branschorganisationer, standardiseringsorganisationer, tillverkare, kommersiella laboratorier och forskningsinstitut. Sammanställningen täcker in alla produkttyper förutom PT 16, 22 och 23 och innehåller referenser till 387 effektivitetstester, varav 341 är standarder. För en tredjedel av testerna summeras eller citeras syfte, design, applicerbarhet och/eller effektivitetskriteria. Dessutom har mer än 250 testreferenser kontrollerats för att säkerställa att den senaste versionen tas med i sammanställningen och för att förhindra att tester som inte längre är giltiga är med. Eftersom effektivitet kan undersökas och mätas på så många olika sätt blir det svårt att jämföra effektiviteten hos olika produkter och att enas om krav på en viss prestanda hos produkterna inom samma typ och användningsområde. I kombination med att det saknas specifika testkrav finns det risk för en inkonsekvent bedömning i olika medlemsländer. Det är därför nödvändigt att myndigheter, standardiseringsorganisationer och industrin tillsammans sätter prestandakrav, utecklar nya standardtester, tar fram referensprodukter samt arbetar fram listor på rekommenderade tester för specifika produkttyper och användningsområden. En första början är att uppdatera de listor över tillgängliga tester som finns i den nuvarande versionen av "TNsG on Product Evaluation".

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................. 1

2 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 2

3 SAMMANFATTNING .......................................................................................... 3

4 BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE PRESENT OVERVIEW ............................... 6

4.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 6

4.1.1 Biocidal Products Directive .............................................................................. 6

4.1.2 Data requirements related to efficacy .............................................................. 6

4.2 AIMS OF THIS OVERVIEW ................................................................................ 8

5 APPROACH ........................................................................................................ 9

6 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 10

6.1 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS vs LABEL CLAIMS ....................................... 10

6.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF EFFICACY TESTS ........................................... 10

6.3 STANDARDISED AND "IN HOUSE" PROCEDURES ...................................... 11

6.3.1 PT 1-5 ............................................................................................................... 11

6.3.2 PT 6: In-can preservatives .............................................................................. 12

6.3.3 PT 8: Wood preservatives ............................................................................... 13

6.3.4 PT 10: Masonry biocides ................................................................................. 14

6.3.5 PT 13: Metalworking fluid preservatives ........................................................ 14

6.3.6 PT 14: Rodenticides ........................................................................................ 14

6.3.7 PT 18: Insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods ....................................................................................................... 15

6.3.8 PT 21: Antifouling products ............................................................................ 15

7 RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 15

5

7.1 TEST REFERENCES FOUND IN THIS OVERVIEW ......................................... 15

7.1.1 International standardisation organisations – own searches ...................... 16

7.1.2 Tests used in other MSs – TM and national guidelines ................................ 17

7.1.3 Methods in use according to manufacturers and industry organisations ................................................................................................... 18

7.1.4 Test endpoints ................................................................................................. 19

7.2 LIMITATIONS AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS ........................................................ 19

8 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 20

8.1 EVALUATING EFFICACY – COMPARING TEST RESULTS TO LABEL CLAIMS AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ................................... 20

9 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ............................................................. 22

10 APPENDIX I. TEST PROCEDURES (STANDARDS AND OTHER REFERENCES). ................................................................................................ 23

6

4 BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE PRESENT OVERVIEW

4.1 BACKGROUND

4.1.1 Biocidal Products Directive

In the European Community, authorisation of Biocidal Products (BP) is regulated by the Biocidal Products Directive (BPD)1. In regulating the use of BPs, the benefits are to be balanced against the risks. The authorisation of a BP should only be granted if that product is shown to be sufficiently effective (article 5(1)(b) of BPD) without posing an unacceptable risk to the environment. There should also be no other unacceptable effects (such as development of resistance). Efficacy can be defined as the power to produce an effect, and is described in Annex IIB and VI of the BPD as the ability to fulfil label claims. The efficacy of a BP determines the lower concentration or dose limit that should be used. Efficacy is not only related to the intrinsic efficacy of the active substance/s of the product but also affected by non-active substances (such as surfactants and solvents) included in the product. The efficacy of a product is also related to the use pattern of the product. Knowledge about how BPs are used is therefore essential in the assessment of the product. Active substances used in BPs placed on the market are assessed at Community level and must first be listed on Annex I, IA or IB of the BPD. In order to include an active substance on Annex I, IA or IB, the notifier needs to demonstrate that the active substance is effective in at least one application. Products are subject to national authorisation (BPD Annex VI, articles 51, 52, 92, 93). Label claims are a central issue in the assessment of efficacy. The applicant needs to submit data on the product to substantiate the label claim and intended uses, and efficacy claims must be presented on the product label and in product information. Efficacy claims that could cause the product to be used in an inappropriate way should be avoided, in order to minimize biocide use and unwanted side effects.

4.1.2 Data requirements related to efficacy

Data requirements are listed in Annex IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB as well as IVA and IVB of the BPD. Product related data is found in part B of these Annexes, whereas data

1 BPD: Directive 98/8/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market.

7

on the active substance is found in part A. The data and information required, relevant to the effectiveness of the BP is found in Annex IIB and the corresponding section 5 of the Technical Notes for Guidance (TNsG) on Data Requirements2. However, there is no international consensus on what data are required to prove the efficacy of a BP. In the TNsG on Product Evaluation3, it is stated that there are no existing guidelines on how to test the efficacy of BPs and no international agreements on label claims regarding supportive data or quality assurance aspects of how such data are produced.

In an OECD survey4 from 1999, some questions on how authorities regarded data on the efficacy of BPs were included. At the time of the survey, not all countries (including Sweden) had an approval and/or notification process for all Product Types (PTs)5, which means that there were also no efficacy data requirements for these PTs. Also, not all countries regarded efficacy data as important for the approval process. Ireland did not require any efficacy data at all, and Sweden did not consider them important for approval decision-making since they believed that the market will remove products that are not effective enough.

On the other hand, among the European countries in the survey, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland and the UK considered ”insufficient efficacy” as a cause for not authorising a specific biocide product, at least for some product types. In Belgium, tests simulating practical use conditions were required for biocides for non agricultural use. For use in agriculture, efficacy data were needed for disinfectants for veterinary use and for products against ecto-parasites. In Denmark, disinfectants were validated on data from a European suspension test or similar. Nordic standards were used to assess wood preservatives and paper industry was evaluating effectiveness of slimicides for pulp production. In Germany, efficacy data were the most important data for approval of vector control products (insecticides, acaricides and rodenticides in the field of hygiene) and the actual testing was performed by the Robert-Koch Institute (disinfectants), and by the Federal Environmental Agency. The testing included laboratory and field tests, and was based on vector extermination. Although Finland did not consider ”insufficient efficacy” as a cause for not authorising a specific biocide product, wood impregnation chemicals were tested and assessed by the Nordic Wood Preservation Council (non obligatory inspection) and the Agricultural Research Centre tested the efficacy of all insecticides, rodenticides and repellents.

2 Technical Guidance Document in support of the directive 98/8/ec concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market - guidance on data requirements for active substances and biocidal products 3 TNsG in support of Annex VI of directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Common principles and practical procedures for the authorisation and registration of products. Ver 10.0, July 2002. 4 OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Pesticides No 9. “Report of the Survey of OECD Member Countries’ Approaches to the Regulation of Biocides. Paris 1999. ENV/JM/MONO(99)11. This report (and its annexes) can be found at http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,3343,en_2649_32159259_32480722_1_1_1_1,00.html 5 The 23 different Product Types (PTs) are described in Annex V of BPD.

http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,3343,en_2649_32159259_32480722_1_1_1_1,00.html

8

In chapter 7 of the TNsG on Product Evaluation, there is some guidance on how to proceed. It focuses particularly on information that is needed for stating label claims, study robustness and report details, Quality Assurance procedures, evaluation of data and decision making. Any efficacy claims will depend on e.g. the PT use patterns and desired effects (including target organisms). If the product has a broad label claim, suitable principal organisms should be identified as the target organisms. Annex IIB of the BPD requires likely information for the basis of a label claim. This includes PT, spectrum of biological activity [target organisms and their development stage and function as well as mode of action (used also to evaluate potential and existing pest resistance)], area of use/site of application, geographical variability, duration of control/effect, directions for use, other relevant information (including target dose rate, variability and application method), efficacy or inefficacy of product under certain conditions (nature of infestation, density of microorganisms, application temperature).

4.2 AIMS OF THIS OVERVIEW

The guidance provided in the TNsG on Product Evaluation is not in the form of a checklist and there are no rigid criteria to evaluate efficacy data. Expert scientific judgement is therefore necessary on a case by case basis. As stated in section 7.1.2. of the TNsG on Product Evaluation, the lack of harmonisation of efficacy requirements can result in uncertainty, confusion, inconsistency and misunderstandings regarding the extent of efficacy data required by the regulatory authorities. The TNsG on Product Evaluation includes references to available standard tests for Product Type (PT) 1-6, 8, 10, 13-15, 18 and 21. Nevertheless, for several PTs there is no information on how the tests are performed and whether there are standards available (PT 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23). In Sweden, information about efficacy was not regarded as important for the approval decision-making in national BP applications (dossiers). Moreover, some of the PTs that are now regulated by the BPD were previously exempted from regulation (including food and feed area disinfectants, in-can preservatives and metal working fluid preservatives) and some regulated PTs were not subject to an authorisation process (human and veterinary hygiene biocide products, preservatives for food and feedstocks, embalming and taxidermist fluids and biocides for “other vertebrates”).

9

In order to be better prepared for evaluating the efficacy data of BPs according to the BPD, the aims of this project were to provide the Swedish Chemicals Agency (Kemikalieinspektionen, KemI), i.e. CA Sweden with

• an overview and brief description of available efficacy test methods (standards and "in house") for BPs, including all PTs

• information on how the tests are evaluated and what efficacy criteria are applied.

Knowledge gaps should also be identified.

5 APPROACH

The present overview includes references to both standards and non standard ("in house") tests submitted by individual companies. Test references and, to some extent, test descriptions were found by searching for available test procedures and contact persons on web pages, e-mail and phone correspondence with authorities, industry organisations, standardization organizations, individual manufacturers and test institutes. Some material (including protocols from a Technical Meeting in 2005 at ECB) were also provided by KemI (CA Sweden). Much effort was made to contact individual persons in companies and test institutes, either by e-mail and/or phone, in order to include also test references to "in house" tests and information on what standards that are actually used by individual companies. The web pages of the following standardisation organisations were searched for efficacy tests currently available: ASTM, CEN, EPPO, ISO and OECD. Search phrases included "efficacy", "antiseptics", "disinfectants", "antifouling", "bactericides", "preservatives". It was also valuable to search standards through the Technical Committees and Working Groups, such as E35 for Pesticides under ASTM. In order to obtain a starting point for available efficacy tests, the TNsG on Product Evaluation and national guidelines (UK and NL) were also consulted. The project was performed during the period of November-December in 2007.

10

6 INTRODUCTION

6.1 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS vs LABEL CLAIMS

Performance standards refer to a predetermined efficacy required by the authorities and should, according to the TNsG on Product Evaluation, be the same within all Member States for a particular use and situation. The performance standard ("pass/fail criteria") can be expressed in quantitative or qualitative6 terms. Label claims are made by the manufacturer and written on the product label. It makes a claim about the function of the product, such as pest organisms that it controls, duration of control, type of control (kill, repel etc), and directions for use (including method and application rate).

6.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF EFFICACY TESTS

The experimental design of efficacy tests can be divided into three different types: screening tests, simulation tests and field tests. Screening tests are usually laboratory studies of either the active substance or simple formulations and often performed during a relatively short period of time. Studies may include dose-response tests and several replicates. Laboratory data are usually not sufficient to predict actual treatment levels or effectiveness in service under real situations, but can be used to estimate the innate efficacy of the product. An untreated control should be included. Simulation tests are performed in artificial environments that resemble the real conditions during use and often the actual product is used in the test. An untreated control should be included. Field studies generate data based on actual use of the product as prescribed by the product label. Even if the exposure conditions are more realistic than the screening tests it should be kept in mind that they are still only representing a particular situation and efficacy could be influenced if changing e.g. the level of pest pressure or application technology. In addition, even if time scales are generally longer, it is frequently not possible to perform the test during the full life cycle of the product. PT 8 tests last e.g. 5 years but the service life might be 60 years.

6 including e.g. percentage kill, extent of remaining population, greatest dilution of product still producing the desired effect etc

11

The product should preferably be tested at a variety of application rates, including levels below those suggested in a real use situation. The last point ensures that the biocidal product dose will be as low as possible. As in any laboratory testing of chemicals, and also stated in the TNsG on Product Evaluation, it is appropriate to include a negative (untreated) and/or positive (a product/test material with the same use pattern and with proven efficacy, often called a reference product) control. The negative control provides important information to estimate the extent of the problem without any treatment. However, for field tests, there are often limited possibilities to include replicates in the study and to include untreated areas as a control. The latter aspect is sometimes approached by including pre- and posttreatment assessments. Standard BPs, to be used as positive controls in the efficacy tests, have been developed for e.g. PT 18 and 8 and can facilitate the ranking of products but also help to control the reproducibility of a test and facilitates comparisons with other test facilities.

6.3 STANDARDISED AND "IN HOUSE" PROCEDURES

As stated in BPD Annex VI, efficacy testing should be carried out according to Community guidelines if available and applicable, but other methods may also be used, including other international standards (e g CEN, ISO), national standards, industry standards, individual producer standards or data from product development, as long as these are accepted by the Competent Authority (CA). The availability of international standards varies between PTs. In the TNsG on Product Evaluation, there are several standards listed for PT [1-5]7, [8]8, [14]9 and [18]10; and a few for PT [6]11, [10]12, [13]13, [15]14 and [21]15. For PT 1-5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 18 and 21 some of the information and guidance provided in the TNsG on Product Evaluation is summarised below. For further details, the reader should consult the original reference.

6.3.1 PT 1-5

• Typical use patterns: health care area for hard surfaces (including medical equipment), public area for reduction of nuisance, pathogens or algae to acceptable level, for veterinary or other animal accommodation areas to prevent/control outbreak of diseases, as bacteriostats against

7 from CEN, AOAC/EPA, ASTM and MAFF 8 all from CEN; in particular, EN599 describes pass/fail criteria 9 from EPA/OPP, BBA, EPPO and ASTM 10 from a number of sources, including BS, US CSMA Aerosol guide, AFNOR, WHO, South African Bureau of standards, EPPO, ASTM and AATCC 11 from AFNOR, DIN, SABS, ASTM 12 from BS and ENV 13 from ASTM 14 from ASTM and EPA 15 from CEPE and ASTM

12

microorganisms causing aesthetic problems (odour) in presence of moisture.

• The EN approach is to divide the tests into phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3 tests, corresponding to testing of innate activity, simulated use and "field" testing (under practical conditions) respectively. Phase 2 tests are subdivided into 2 steps (suspension tests and others):

o Phase 1: Suspension tests to test innate bactericidal, fungicidal and/or sporicidal activity; defining minimum standards.

o Phase 2, step 1: Suspension tests, simulating the conditions during practical use

o Phase 2, step 2: Other tests (handwash, handrub, surface test), simulating the conditions during practical use

o Phase 3: Field tests (practical conditions) • Broad label claims for PT 2, if intended to be used as a disinfectant in public

hygiene, should indicate efficacy against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Furthermore, if intended to destroy tuberculosis bacteria, claims against Mycobacterium tuberculosis will need to be substantiated.

• Influencing factors to consider during efficacy testing of disinfectant biocides include water hardness, interfering substances, contaminants, temperature, contact time, pH and the roughness of the surface.

6.3.2 PT 6: In-can preservatives

• Spoilage of in-can and in-tank products may be the result of microorganism’s (primarily bacteria16 but also yeast17 and moulds18) feeding on substances present in the product, leading to reduced integrity. By-products of microbial growth can also contribute to spoilage and consequences include discoloration, gassing, viscocity loss etc.

• Laboratory tests are performed either as MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration), challenge testing or heat stability testing. The usual method for evaluating in-can preservatives in paints or other aqueous products is the challenge test.

o MIC determinations are conducted on a dilution series of the active substance. The minimum amount of biocide that is required to inhibit microbial growth is identified and efficacy is assessed against a range of bacterial, fungal and yeast spoilage organisms. Results are presented as the concentration required to inhibit the growth of a particular test organism and are useful for determining the spectrum of activity of an active substance.

o In the challenge test, microbial cells are added to the test sample and the survival or death rate of these cells is monitored with respect to time.

16 Common species are Alcagenes spp, Micrococcus luteus, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris. 17 Common species are Aspergillus spp, Geotrichium candidum, Penicillum spp. 18 Common species are Candida albicans, Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

13

o The level of active substance is usually measured by a suitable chromatographic method at time zero and after incubation at an elevated temperature to determine whether the biocide has degraded. Incubation time and temperature varies between tests and the results indicate the stability of the active substance in a particular product formulation.

• US EPA assessment criteria require that the active substances should show effectiveness against bacteria in at least two representative formulations in which the biocide is intended for use and tested (simulated-use) in at least three replicates of each of the two product formulations. Actual bacterial isolates (identified at least to genus) from spoiled product and/or ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) spoilage bacteria should be employed as test inocula. Mixed bacterial and fungal inocula are not acceptable in demonstrating bacterial deterioration. Bacteriological sampling should be quantitative and product quality observed concurrently. Test duration: 6 m to 1 yr. Conditions in the negative controls should cause significant growth and deteriorative (physical and chemical) changes.

6.3.3 PT 8: Wood preservatives

• Durability of treated products will rely on the residue in wood which remains active for the claimed service life. Efficacy will to a large extent depend on climate (extremely variable situations exist within the European Community), target organisms, wood species, application process19 and exposure class (see below).

• Label claims should include a statement whether the product is aimed at fungal, insect or attack from marine borers, and whether it is a preventive or remedial (curative, eradicant)20 product. The test data required for remedial claims may need to consider both preventive and eradicant action.

• The data required will depend on the Use/Hazard classes (see e.g. EN 335-1, -2, -3), based on increasing level of wetting degree and exposure severity: Hazard class 1: Above ground (Dry) exposure; class 2: Above ground (wetting, protected from the weather); class 3: Above ground (Exposed to weathering, but not in ground contact); class 4: Timbers in contact with the ground or fresh water, or above ground if water trapping or logging exist. Hazard class 5: Timbers in the marine environment21.

19 There are three types of application methods: Penetrating treatments (including “double vacuum”, “vacuum-pressure” and “diffusion”), surface treatments (including brush and spray techniques and “dipping” processes) and other treatment methods. 20 The minimum performance requirements for eradicant BPs are given in prEN 14128:2001. Remedial (in situ) treatment systems will be more varied than preventive treatments, depending on e.g. a variety of likely treatment methods. 21 Data required to support claims for preventive efficacy, for Hazard class 1: Laboratory test on wood boring insects (no fungal hazard); for class 2: Laboratory test on Wood rotting basidiomycetes - brown rot; for class 3: Laboratory test on wood rotting basidiomycetes - brown rot and in some cases white rot, and an optional field L-joint test (5 year); for class 4: Laboratory test on Wood rotting basidiomycetes - white rot and brown rot, Laboratory test on soft rot microfungi, and an optional field Stake test (5 year); for class 5: Laboratory test on wood rotting basidiomycetes - white rot and brown rot, lab test on soft rot microfungi, lab test on Marine borers, and a compulsory field Marine test (5 year).

14

6.3.4 PT 10: Masonry biocides

• Effectiveness (often described as kill or prevention of regrowth) depends on substrate, target organisms (including dry rot fungus, fungus/yeasts, lichens, mosses and liverworts), penetration, concentration used etc.

• In laboratory tests for general surface BP use, different concentrations of the active substance is absorbed on assay discs applied to agar that is seeded with fungal or algae. The zone of growth inhibition is determined after incubation. There are also simulated use and field tests.

• To test products intended for the control of dry rot, simulated use tests are based on employing mortar treated with the product and then exposed to challenge by Serpula lacrymans. Growth over or through the treated substrate is evaluated. Outbreaks of dry rot are unique and to control growth it is neccary to implement a number of measures. It is therefore difficult to include "untreated controls" and to design field tests.

6.3.5 PT 13: Metalworking fluid preservatives

• Simple laboratory tests generally determine MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations). Many plant variables (such as machine characteristics, metal, and the present microorganisms - both bacteria and fungi and yeast) can influence overall preservative efficacy. Field use levels are therefore often difficult to predict based on laboratory tests.

• In simulated use tests the fluid and preservative is generally placed in a vessel and tested in a shaker, aeration or pump system, regulated in a manner that simulates the plant conditions. Microbial inoculation is performed repeatedly and the fluid is monitored regarding visual appearance, pH, oxygen uptake and the presence/survival of microorganisms.

• Field (in-use) tests will only be applicable to the particular conditions during the test and it may be difficult to run concurrent negative controls.

6.3.6 PT 14: Rodenticides

• Rodent species can cause montory loss (through consumption or spoilage of foodstuff or damage due to gnawing and burrowing) and spread disease. Major target organisms include rats and house mice. Selected test species should be relevant to the geographic region and specified on the label.

• Laboratory test methods for products include “no choice” tests (test organisms are only offered contaminated food) and “choice” tests (both contaminated and uncontaminated food is offered) as well as studies related to specific product types (contact rodenticides or gassing agents) or related to specific efficacy claims (for use in damp situations).

15

• In field trials /under seminatural conditions/ rodent activity on the site should be determined before and after treatments and amount of bait consumed should be monitored.

6.3.7 PT 18: Insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods

• The standards can be used for testing efficacy against flying, crawling, larval insects and also to test fumigants.

• Product applications include spray, textiles and fumigation. The effects include knockdown, kill, residual22, flushing, ovicidal/larvicidal and the control of resistant pests. Treatment methods include general surface treatment, crack/crevice treatment, contact (direct) space spray, spot treatment and baits.

• The tests are performed either as lab/screening tests, simulated use tests or field tests.

6.3.8 PT 21: Antifouling products

• Although there are a few standards related to antifouling products, these

are usually related to leaching rate rather than efficacy. The two standards included produce simulated field data (raft testing) during which panels coated with the test formulation are immersed in water under static conditions. Other test principles could be in vitro (lab test) and field (patch) test.

7 RESULTS

7.1 TEST REFERENCES FOUND IN THIS OVERVIEW

National and international standards, in house tests and other test references are included in the list presented in Appendix I, comprising in total 387 test references. Of these, 341 are standards and 46 are "in house" and other non standardised procedures developed either by the manufacturers or external test institutes and research laboratories. The standard test references already listed in TNsG of Product Evaluation are all included in the list, except tests that are not considered "efficacy tests" (see below) and tests that have since been withdrawn. In addition, web pages of some of the standardisation organisations were searched for the latest versions and currently 22 Residual effects are due to active substances that remain active for a long time (weeks to months) in order to control e.g. walking insects (that are unlikely to react to space sprays). Treatments are applied at high dosages to surfaces or as palatable baits.

16

available tests (see next section). Manufacturers, industry organisations, other MSs and test institutes and laboratories were also contacted regarding tests that they use or know are being used. About 90 manufacturers, test institutes and industry organisations were contacted. Out of these, 37 responded. In some cases there was a high interest in the project but due to the limited timeline of the project and/or other restrictions some companies could not contribute with specific test references to particular products to be included in the overview. In addition, some of the contacted companies did not manufacture and/or test /the efficacy of/ BPs. Nevertheless, 14 companies contributed with a total of 130 test references (including both standards and other test methods) to the overview, and one manufacturer will send references separately at a later stage.

7.1.1 International standardisation organisations – own searches

The web pages of the following standardisation organisations were also searched for efficacy tests currently available: ASTM, CEN, EPPO, ISO and OECD. The results are included in Appendix I. Some additional CEN standards only indirectly related to actual efficacy testing include (but is probably not limited to) EN 1014 part 1-4 (methods of sampling and analysis of creosote), EN212:2003 (General guidance on sampling and preparation for analysis of wood preservatives and treated timber), EN 335-1 and -2 s well as EN 599-1 and -2 and EN 14128:2003 (related to use and hazard classes, performance criteria and labelling regarding durability of wood and wood-based products). These tests are not included in Appendix I. EPPO is primarily focused on Plant Protection Products, although some standards can also be applicable to some biocidal product types, such as rodenticides (PT 14) and fumigants (PT 18). Except for the standards included in Appendix I, they have also published a “Good Plant Protection Practice” for rodent control for crop protections and on farms23. ASTM has several standards applicable to microorganisms and wood preservatives but also other PTs. Most ASTM standards have not been ring tested, except some of the standards that correspond to USEPA methods. Working groups searched are E35 (Pesticides, including subcommittees 35.12 Insect control agents, 35.22 Pesticide formulations and delivery systems, 35.15 Antimicrobial agents), E47.01 (Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology), D31.02 (Leather, subcommittee wet blue), D01.28 (Biodeterioration) and D01.45 (Marine Coatings), both subcommittees under D01 (Paint and related coatings, materials

23 PP 2/5(1) Rodent control for crop protection and on farms. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 25, 709-736. It was edited as an EPPO standard in 1998 and can be found at http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/gpp.htm

http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/gpp.htm

17

and applications), G03.04 (Weathering and durability, biological deterioration), D14.30 (Wood adhesives, subcommittee under D13 Adhesives). Some additional ASTM standards only indirectly related to actual efficacy testing include (but is not limited to): ASTM E1326-06 (Standard guide for evalutating nonconventional microbiological tests used for enumerating bacteria), ASTM D5259-92(2006) (Standard Test Method for Isolation and Enumeration of Enterococci from Water by the Membrane Filter Procedure), ASTM E1427-00e1 (Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm), D283-84(1990)e1 and D284-88(1993)e1 (related to chemical analysis of active substances in antifouling products) and D5108-90 (Standard Test Method for Organitin Release Rates of Antifouling Coating Systems in Sea Water). These are not included in the list. ISO standards have been ring tested but there are only a few available published efficacy standards, included in Appendix I. As opposed to e.g. fate and ecotoxicity tests, efficacy testing is covered only to a little extent by OECD guidelines. There are only a few applicable OECD guidelines published, although there are some drafts, see Appendix I. Five new test methods to evaluate efficacy of antimicrobials on hard surfaces will be investigated in ring trial. For the particular case of testing piscicides (PT17), it is possible to use test guidelines that were developed for aquatic toxicity testing. The US EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) has published updated test guidelines in ten series, of which 810 is related to product performance24. Nine guidelines related to Product Performance were finalized and published on the web page at the time of the present project and included in the overview.

7.1.2 Tests used in other MSs – TM and national guidelines

In the second Technical Meeting at ECB in 2005 (TMII05), the MSs were asked to submit references to any efficacy tests that they knew were being used within their territory, based on a list provided by COM. CA France provided a detailed response and test references on their list have been included in Appendix I, if also found on the homepages of the standardisation organisations. In the German list, some standards that are not actually efficacy tests were indicated and therefore erased from Appendix I. In the UK, detailed national guidance documents can be found at the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) website25 for wood preservatives, rodenticides, anti-fouling products, surface biocides, as well as insecticides and acaricides. These 24 http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/home/guidelin.htm 25 http://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/application/index.htm

18

guidelines outline the nature and extent of testing required to gain approval and all but the antifouling guideline include lists of available standards. Upon contacting the HSE, it was found that the most commonly used efficacy standards they have encountered so far are EN standards, but ASTM standards are probably the next most frequently submitted. They state that industry tests are also common, especially for some PTs. Wood preservatives have generally been tested according to CEN standards; insecticides according to in house tests (but where guidelines are used, they are most frequently WHO tests); rodenticides according to non standard tests or EPPO guidelines; anti-fouling paints were normally tested in industry raft tests or patch tests and finally surface biocides were most commonly tested according to non standard test methods. A list of references to tests for some PTs that was so far included in the authorisation process was also provided and these references have been included in Appendix I. In Denmark, wood preservatives are efficacy tested according to CEN standards. In the Netherlands, The Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides (Ctgb)26 is responsible for the authorisation of biocides. On its website, efficacy concept guidance documents are available for disinfectants, wood preservatives and rodenticides. There is also a guidance document coming up on insecticides and a new version of the rodenticide guideline is presently being negotioated in Technical Meetings. References found in the last version of the rodenticide guidance document as well as the guidance for wood preservatives were included in Appendix I.

7.1.3 Methods in use according to manufacturers and industry organisations

In the TNsG on Product Evaluation as as well as national guidelines (UK and NL) there are several lists of available standard tests available for efficacy testing of biocide products (see above). However, they do not make any comments on the suitability of particular test methods and how frequently they are used. In order to obtain an indication as to what tests are actually applied on the BPs by different companies today (i.e. what test data the CA Sweden – and other Member States – may expect to receive in applications), manufacturers were also contacted to ask about what tests they use on their products. In addition, several tests available are not in the form of standards but rather “in house” methods, sometimes developed by the companies themselves and therefore not listed in the TNsG on Product Evaluation. Companies were initially contacted in Sweden but because suitable contact persons were usually found to be located abroad, the companies were later mainly contacted internationally. In addition, test institutes were also contacted, regarding available efficacy tests on BPs and these references are also included in Appendix I. 26 http://www.ctb.agro.nl

http://www.ctgb.nl/

http://www.ctgb.nl/

19

7.1.4 Test endpoints

In the TNsG on Product Evaluation it is pointed out that Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is not required for efficacy tests, although the spirit of these principles should be applied at least during documentation. Due to limited access to full text test descriptions and the short time period of the project, an in-depth evaluation of any particular tests could not be performed. The individual design, applicability and efficacy criteria, was therefore only briefly cited or summarised in Appendix I, if information was available from either the home page of the standardisation organisations or from full text references. However, it can be concluded that the results of efficacy tests are expressed in numerous ways, depending on PT, test design etc. Some examples of efficacy endpoints are "mean time to 50% knockdown of flies", % kill, EC50 ("concentration causing the measured effect in 50% of the test population"), "elapsed time to first bite", “% ants crossing a tile within 60 minutes”, “MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration)”, ‘”% reduction in CFU (Colony Forming Units)” etc, see Appendix I for particular tests.

7.2 LIMITATIONS AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS

In this project, a priority was to cover most or preferably all PTs rather than obtain in depth information on tests for a particular PT. Although for some PTs only a few test references were found, Appendix I covers all PTs except PT 16, 22 and 23. One reason for the major lack of information on some PTs may be that there are only a few products that will belong to this group (particularly true for e.g. PT 20, because these products are generally covered by other regulations), but also that not all product types have been previously regulated in all Member States. Almost 90 % of the tests included in the overview are standards, although the situation can vary between different PTs. There are most likely several additional "in house" and non standardised tests, not available to the author during the relatively short time period of the project. The coverage related to non standard tests is related to the contributions obtained from different manufacturers. There are also several additional standards available, but in this project in-depth searches were focused on international standardisation organisations rather than national standards.

20

8 DISCUSSION

BPD Annex VI, paragraph 92 and 93: ”92. Member States shall not authorise a biocidal product which does not possess acceptable efficacy when used in accordance with the conditions specified on the proposed label or with other conditions of authorisation. 93. The level, consistency and duration of protection, control or other intended effects must, as a minimum, be similar to those resulting from suitable reference products, where such products exist, or to other means of control. Where no reference products exist, the biocidal product must give a defined level of protection or control in the areas of proposed use. Conclusions as to the performance of the biocidal product must be valid for all areas of proposed use and for all areas in the Member State except where the proposed label prescribes that the biocidal product is intended for use in specific circumstances. Member States shall evaluate dose response data generated in trials (which must include an untreated control) involving dose rates lower than the recommended rate, in order to assess if the recommended dose is the minimum necessary to achieve the desired effect.”

8.1 EVALUATING EFFICACY – COMPARING TEST RESULTS TO LABEL CLAIMS AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The purpose of testing BPs using efficacy tests, is to determine whether the products posess “acceptable efficacy” (see BPD Annex VI, para 92). Statistically significant results in a quantitative test including a negative control indicates whether the product is efficient compared to no treatment at all. However, as with any laboratory testing, whether a particular result is statistically significant is influenced by aspects such as the number of replicates tested and other factors related to test design (incubation period, choice of test organism etc). Therefore, a product may be "efficient" according to one particular test, but maybe not if applying other test conditions. Furthermore, “statistically significant” may not be efficient enough from a user’s point of view. A product causing 20% reduction in the number of cockroaches is probably not regarded as efficient enough. BPs need to be efficient also in “real life” and should fulfil minimum requirements for a certain use. Therefore, test results need to be compared to performance standards (pass/fail criteria). Individual efficacy test methods usually do not include pass/fail criteria, although there exists CEN standards with pass-fail criteria for PT 8 (EN599) and several applications under PT 1-5 (prEN14885:2006). Therefore, in most cases, the efficacy of BPs has to be evaluated by comparing test results to the label claims made by the manufacturer. The evaluating authorities need good knowledge about

21

how the BP is used and how it was tested, and the label claim need to be detailed enough to allow this evaluation. There are so far very few test recommendations or “data requirements” (specifying recommended tests) for efficacy testing of BPs. The meaning of certain definitions used in the labels, such as "disinfectant" and “germicidal effect” also need to be defined on an international level (today different countries use somewhat different definitions). In addition, standards are not available or there are very few for several applications, which means that the authorities in these cases need to evaluate data from manufacturers that have used internal test protocols. This may cause the need to evaluate not only the test data but also the test protocols used to generate the data by different manufacturers. One problem with this case by case approach is that it will be difficult for authorities to rank different products within a particular PT. Efficacy tests are performed, and results expressed, in numerous ways, making comparisons impossible. In addition, the evaluation can become inconsistent between different CAs. The lists currently available in the TNsG on Product Evaluation do not make any statements about the suitability of particular tests, only availability. To fully harmonise all testing of BPs for a particular PT would be very difficult, due to the large variety of BPs and use areas, application rates, time scales of the protective effects etc. However, it would probably be beneficial for both the manufacturers and the CAs if recommended standard tests or data requirements are available for all PTs and the most common areas of use. Individual deviations from test standards can then be allowed if necessary due to the specific use (and label claim) of the product. These minor deviations in the test design might influence the results, but difficulties in comparing the results can be partly overcome by using positive controls. In general, ranking of different products (under specific conditions) would be facilitated by the use of standard BPs as positive controls in the test. A postive control also helps controlling the reproducibility of a test and facilitates comparisons with other test facilities. When developing these standard BPs, not only efficacy of the product should be evaluated, but also negative side effects on non target species. It may not be necessary for the positive control to be “the most efficient” product available. Performance standards should be developed in parallel to lists of recommended tests and reference products, so that it is indeed possible to determine whether a particular product fulfils the criteria by testing it according to a certain test. The quality of the particular test protocols (robustness) needs to be evaluated before inclusion in the list of recommended/required tests. Authorities, standardisation organisations, industry associations and manufacturers should all be involved during the development of pass/fail criteria, new test standards, reference products identification and establishing listings of recommended tests for particular product applications.

22

Even with long term field tests it is not easy to predict real performance of the product. The problems associated with efficacy testing are not unique though; predicting ecosystem effects of chemicals based on a few toxicity tests performed in the laboratory is also not a simple task. However, if harmonising performance standards in so far as possible for particular PTs, use situations and label claims, the authorisation process as well as the choice of test method and design will be facilitated.

9 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

• In total, 387 test references are included in this overview, covering all PTs except 16, 22 and 23. The overview is based on references from the TNsG on Product Evaluation and information from manufacturers, MSs and national guidelines, test institutes and own searches of tests available on the homepage of some international standardisation organisations. About 90% of the available tests included are standards.

• For one third of the test references included in this overview, the scope,

design, applicability and/or efficacy criteria is briefly summarised as far as possible if information was available.

• The test references of more than 250 standards have been checked to

make sure that the newest version available is included in the overview. • Efforts should be made to develop

o performance standards (pass/fail criteria) to minimize inconsistent evaluation of efficacy

o additional standard methods in order to cover the most frequent applications

o suitable reference substances, to facilitate ranking of different BPs that were tested using different procedures and also the evaluation of the reproducibility of test results.

o lists of recommended tests for particular products and use situations.

• Authorities, standardisation organisations and industry representatives need to be involved during the development of pass/fail criteria, new test standards, reference products identification and to establish lists of recommended tests for particular product applications. As a start, the lists of available standards for efficacy testing of BPs need to be updated in the TNsG on Product Evaluation, since several tests have been withdrawn or replaced by newer versions. It is the hope of the author that the present overview may be of assistance in this process.

23

10 APPENDIX I. TEST PROCEDURES (STANDARDS AND OTHER REFERENCES).

The following table includes relevant standards from TNsG on Product Evaluation, list of standards used in France, national guidelines (UK, NL), results from own searches on the web page of standardisation organisations, standards and non standardized test refered to and/or supplied by manufacturers, industry organizations and performing laboratories. The standards related to multiple sources are updated to the most recent version if applicable. References in italics have been checked by searching the web page of the standardisation organisation (reference number, title) and, if applicable, been updated to the most recent version of the test. The suitability of particular test methods have not been evaluated, but for several tests (if information was available to the author), the test procedures and evaluation criteria have been briefly summarised, based or cited mainly from information found in the description of the tests available on the web pages of the standardisation organisations, full test description and/or from the TNsG on Product Evaluation (TNsG PE). For ASTM methods, the number after the hyphen is refering to the last revision date of the test; the number in parenthesis is referring to the last reapproval of the test. The table includes only standards that are related to efficacy testing (as far as this has been possible to read out from the title and available descriptions of the standard), not e.g. use class standards (for PT8), leaching rate standards (for PT 21) etc. Standards that may have been present in the TNsG on Product Evaluation but withdrawn since then (such as several ASTM standards related to avicides, PT15) are also not included. Section 810.2000 of the OPPTS of US EPA is related to antimicrobials in public health, but none of the guidelines were found on the EPA web page at the time of the project. Although several EPA guidelines related to PT 1-5 were included in the TNsG on Product Evaluation, these are not included in table 1 due to uncertain reference details (titles are missing in the TNsG PE). The list is not exhaustive and the PT designation of a particular test reference may not always reflect possible applications of the test method and in some cases it was difficult to assign the test to a particular PT.

24

Table 1. Overview of efficacy test references, in order of product type. REFERENCE

TITLE PT SHORT TEST DESCRIPTION (IF TEST METHOD AVAILABLE OR INFORMATION PROVIDED FROM ELSEWHERE)

TYPE OF REFERENCE SOURCE

ASTM E1891-97(2002)

Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient

? Own searches

ASTM WK15324

Test Method for Determining the Time-Kill Kinetics Of Antimicrobial Compounds

? This test method assesses the microbicidal activity of antimicrobial materials, whereby the survival of organisms exposed to a water miscible antimicrobial agent is determined as a function of time. The primary purpose of this method is to provide a set of standardized conditions and test organisms to facilitate comparative assessments of antimicrobial materials miscible in aqueous systems.

Own searches

ASTM G160-03

Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials by Laboratory Soil Burial

8-10?

A wide variety of properties may be affected by microbial attack depending on material or item characteristic. Standard methods (where available) should be used for each different property to be evaluated. This practice does not attempt to enumerate all of the possible properties of interest nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test methods must, however, be appropriate to the material being tested. Evaluation of a nonmetallic material's microbiological susceptibility when in contact with the natural environment of the soil and is intended for use on material test specimens that are approximately 2 cm (3/4 in.) thick and 100 cm2 (20 in2) or less. It is recommended that this practice be combined

Own searches

25

REFERENCE



with appropriate environmental exposures (for example, sunlight simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of extended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication into articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service life of material. Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a number of changes including staining, weight loss, or reduction in tensile or flexural strength. This practice may be applied to articles that do not spend the majority of their service life in soil.

Alleman, J.E., Etzel, J.E., Gendron, D., Kirsch, E.J., Conley, J., Fidelle, T., Handy, F., and Hildebrandt, M. 42nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, May 1987, 519-524

Comparative Evaluation of Alternative Halogen-based Disinfection Strategies

1-5 Microorganisms were exposed to a mixture of biocide in solution for 4 or 16 minutes. The percentage survival was assessed under various conditions such as high or low nitrogen (as ammonium), high pH or low temperatures.

Manufacturer

American Public Health Association, 16th Edition, 1985

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (SMEWW).

1-5 A swimming pool trial was performed over a three month period to demonstrate the disinfection efficacy of the product. Water samples were collected for microbial analysis. Water and, air

Manufacturer

26

REFERENCE



temperature, number of bathers (at the time when samples were taken and total bathers for the day), eye and skin irritation and water clarity were also measured. Criteria for effective control was determined as follows: The state of California, Department of Health Services requirement for pool water is; Bacteriological quality of water in the swimming pool shall be such that not more than two consecutive samples, taken when the pool is in use shall: 1. Contain more than 200 bacteria per ml, as determined by the standard plate count; or 2. Contain a total coliform organism count of 2.2 or greater per 100 ml of sample 3. Chemical quality of water in the pool shall not cause irritation of eyes or skin of the bathers, or have other objectionable physiological effects on bathers.

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) official method 965.13

“Disinfectant (water) for Swimming Pools” official method of Analysis, 16th Edition, 1995

1-5 Manufacturer

ASTM E1052-96(2002)

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents Against Viruses in Suspension

1-5 Laboratory suspension test that determines the effectiveness of antimicrobial solutions against designated prototype viruses. The effective antimicrobial concentration should be determined using cell cultures as the host system for specific viruses. For special applications of virucides, such as inactivation of viruses in contaminated liquid wastes, and as a first stage in determining virucidal potential

Manufacturer

27

REFERENCE



of liquid chemical germicides, liquid hand soaps, OTC topicals or other skin products.

ASTM E1053-97(2002)

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Virucidal Agents Intended for Inanimate Environmental Surfaces

1-5 Laboratory test method. Evaluates the virucidal efficacy of liquid, aerosol, or trigger spray antimicrobial solutions on inanimate nonporous environmental surfaces, against designated prototype viruses. The effective antimicrobial concentration should be determined utilizing cell cultures as the host system for specific viruses. Efficacy is measured by a percentage reduction in titer.

Manufacturer

ASTM E1054-02

Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of Antimicrobial Agents

1-5 Effectiveness of procedures and agents for inactivating (neutralizing, quenching) the microbiocidal properties of antimicrobial agents and to ensure that no components of the neutralizing procedures and agents, themselves, exert an inhibitory effect on microorganisms targeted for recovery.

Own searches

ASTM E1115-02

Test Method for Evaluation of Surgical Hand Scrub Formulations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1153-03

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers Recommended for Inanimate Non-Food Contact Surfaces

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1173-01e1

Standard Test Method of a Evaluation of a Preoperative, Precatheterization, or Preinjection Skin Preparations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1174-06

Test Method for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Health Care Personnel Handwash Formulations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM Standard Test Method 1-5 Own searches

28

REFERENCE



E1327-07 for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Handwash Formulations by Utilizing Fingernail Regions

ASTM E1482-04

Standard Test Method for Neutralization of Virucidal Agents in Virucidal Efficacy Evaluations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1589-05

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of First Aid Antiseptic Drug Products

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1766-95(2002)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Effectiveness of Sterilization Processes for Reusable Medical Devices

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1837-96(2002)

Standard Test Method to Determine Efficacy of Disinfection Processes for Reusable Medical Devices (Simulated Use Test)

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1838-02

Standard Test Method for Determining the Virus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Liquid Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adult Volunteers

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1882-05

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Formulations by the Agar Patch Technique

1-5 This test method determines the antibacterial activity and persistence of test formulations, as measured by the inhibition of a test organism on an agar surface exposed to test sites on human skin treated with the formulations. This procedure can be used to evaluate formulations containing ingredients intended to inhibit growth of bacteria on intact skin and measures the difference, post-product-exposure, between numbers of

Own searches

29

REFERENCE



bacterial colonies on active test formulation plates and numbers on control plates, expressed as percent inhibition. This procedure may also be used to test for persistence of activity, as a function of time elapsed between application of active test formulation and application of active test plates. Because no procedure for neutralization of the antimicrobial action of active ingredients can be included in the test, the agar patch method is limited to the extent that results expressed as percent inhibition do not differentiate between bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal effects and, hence, must not be portrayed as “reductions.”

ASTM E1883-02

Standard Test Method for Assessment of an Antibacterial Handwash Product by Multiple Basin Wash Technique

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2011-99

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Handwashing Formulations for Virus-Eliminating Activity Using the Entire Hand

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2111-05

Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal, and Sporicidal Potencies of Liquid Chemical Microbicides

1-5 This test can be performed with or without a soil load to determine the effect of such loading on microbicide performance. The soil load developed for this test is a mixture of three types of proteins (high molecular weight proteins, low molecular weight peptides, and mucous material) to represent the body secretions, excretions, or other extraneous substances that chemical microbicides may encounter under field condititions. This test method is designed

Own searches

30

REFERENCE



for use in product development and for the generation of product potency data. This test method is fully quantitative and it also avoids any loss of viable organisms through wash off. It permits the loading of each carrier with a known volume of the test organism. The incorporation of controls can also determine the initial load of colony forming units (CFU) of organisms on the test carriers and any loss in CFU after the mandatory drying of the inoculum. This test method is designed to have survivors and also to be used with a performance standard. The surviving microorganisms on each test carrier are compared to the mean of no less than three control carriers to determine if the performance standard has been met. To allow proper statistical evaluation of results, the size of the test inoculum should be sufficiently large to take into account both the performance standard and the experimental variation in the results.

ASTM E2197-02

Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical Germicides

1-5 The method is designed to evaluate the ability of liquid chemical germicides to inactivate vegetative bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria and bacterial spores in the presence of a soil load on disk carriers that represent environmental surfaces and medical devices. It is also designed to have survivors that can be compared to mean of no less than three control carriers to determine if the performance standard has been met. For proper statistical evaluation of the results, the size of the test inoculum should be sufficiently large to take into account both the

Own searches

31

REFERENCE



performance standard and the experimental variation in the results. The test protocol does not include any wiping or rubbing action. It is, therefore, not designed for testing germicide-soaked wipes.

ASTM E2274-03

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and Disinfectants

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2276-03e1

Standard Test Method for Determining the Bacteria-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adult Subjects

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2314-03

Standard Test Method for Determination of Effectiveness of Cleaning Processes for Reusable Medical Instruments Using a Microbiologic Method (Simulated Use Test)

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2315-03

Standard Guide for Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity Using a Time-Kill Procedure

1-5 This guide covers examples of a basic method to measure the changes of a population of aerobic microorganisms within a specified sampling time when tested against antimicrobial test materials in vitro. Several options for organism selection and growth, inoculum preparation, sampling times and temperatures are provided. Antimicrobial activity of specific materials, as measured by this technique, may vary significantly on variables selected.

Own searches

ASTM E2361-04

Standard Guide for Testing Leave-On Products Using In-Situ Methods

1-5 This guide covers test methods and sampling procedure options for leave-on products (such as alcohol hand rubs and lotions containing antimicrobial ingredients) for consumer and

Own searches

32

REFERENCE



hospital personnel. These products are distinguished from conventional washing and scrubbing preparations in that they do not rely on the rinsing, physical removal, and antimicrobial action in determining their effectiveness. Although agitation and friction may serve to release organisms from the skin and folds and crevices, organisms are then killed in situ and are not rinsed from the skin surface before sampling. Appropriate test methods for the hands have been published, while other sampling methods will be needed for testing body areas other than the hands.

ASTM E2362-04

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Pre-saturated or Impregnated Towelettes for Hard Surface Disinfection

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2406-04

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and Disinfectants for Use in High Efficiency Washing Operations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E640-06

Standard Test Method for Preservatives in Water-Containing Cosmetics

1-5 This test method should be used to determine if a preservative or preservative system has application for the preservation of water-miscible cosmetic products. It sets minimal requirements for preservative performance in model formulations.

Own searches

ASTM WK12880

Standard Guide for Evaluation of Clean Room Disinfectants

1-5 Own searches

ASTM WK4751

Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents

1-5 Own searches

33

REFERENCE



and Other Chemicals for Sanitization of Produce

ASTM WK9062

Guideline for Evaluation of Residual Effectiveness of Antibacterial Personal Cleansing Products

1-5 Own searches

ASTM WK9378

Standard Test Method for Determining the Fungus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adults

1-5 Own searches

Bechert et al., Nature Medicine 6, 1053-1056 (2000)

A new method for screening anti-infective biomaterials

1-5 The test is based on the release of vital daughter cells from the sample surface into the surrounding. The proliferation activity of these daughter cells, which are responsible for infection development, can be monitored in a time course. Antimicrobial activity is monitored by the time needed to reach a defined optical density, which is dependent on the number of released daughter cells. All measurements are performed in comparison to an untreated control (without antimicrobial additive). The difference between the reference (A) and the test sample (B) to reach the threshold OD gives the degree of antimicrobial activity. If all bacteria on the surface of the material are prevented from multiplying, no daughter cells are produced and the test object is considered bactericidal. Materials can also be antimicrobial, which means that not all cells on the test surface are prevented from growing. Some cells are able to divide and release daughter cells into the surroundings, which are then optically

Test institute

34

REFERENCE



registered in a so-called growth curve. If surviving daughter cells are grown under controlled conditions over 48 h (observation time), a higher turbidity and therefore a bigger signal is generated. At the same time only vital and proliferative cells are accounted for. In particular antimicrobial samples will release daughter cells into the surrounding. Hence, microbial growth is first observed noticeably later. This right-shift towards longer times is indicative for the antimicrobial efficacy of the tested samples. The so-called onset OD serves as a quantifiable parameter and is equivalent to the required number of hours required for the surviving daughter cells to grow to a predefined optical density (OD = 0.2). A material is defined to be antimicrobial only if the formation of at least 99.9% (which is equivalent to a net onset-OD of 6 hours and is similar to a killing rate of 3 log10 steps) of the daughter cells during the challenge time is prevented in comparison with the blank sample. Marketed worldwide by Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the tradename NumetrikaTM.

BS 6734:2004

General Purpose Disinfection Test

1-5 Mycobacterium fortuitum Manufacturer

CEN 15883-5:2005

Washer-disinfectors - Part 5: Test soils and methods for demonstrating cleaning efficacy

1-5 Also ISO method. Acceptance criteria are included, based on visual inspection and/or a microbiological end-point as stated for each method. Where chemical detection of residual soiling is required/sought,

Own searches

35

REFERENCE



methods can be complemented by the specific determination of a residual component of the applied test soil.

EN 1040:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of basic bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Test method and requirements (phase 1)

1-5 Basic bacterial activity against of a test material against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442). A test suspension of bacteria is added to a prepared sample of the product under test. The mixture is maintained at 20 oC. At a specified contact time chosen from one of the following: 1 , 5, 15 , 30 , 45 or 60 minutes, an aliquot is taken. The bactericidal action of this aliquot is immediately neutralised or suppressed by a validated method. The method of choice is dilution-neutralisation. If a suitable neutraliser cannot be found, membrane filtration is used. The number of surviving bacteria in each sample is determined and the reduction in viable counts calculated.A criterion for activity by this test method is that the test material should demonstrate at least a 5-log reduction in viable counts of the test organisms in 60 minutes.

Industry organizaton manufacturer Communication with UK (HSE) TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE (updated)

EN 12353:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Preservation of test organisms used for the determination of bactericidal, mycobactericidal, sporicidal and fungicidal activity

1-5 General guidance Industry organizaton TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 1275:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of basic fungicidal or basic yeasticidal activity of

1-5 Basic fungicidal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). A test suspension of yeast cells or mould spores is added to a prepared sample of the

Industry organizaton Manufacturer

36

REFERENCE



chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Test method and requirements (phase 1)

product under test. The mixture is maintained at 20 oC. At a specified contact time chosen from one of the following 5, 15, 30 or 60 minutes, an aliquot is taken; the fungicide action in this portion is immediately neutralised or suppressed by a validated method. The method of choice is dilution-neutralisation. If a suitable neutraliser cannot be found, membrane filtration is used. The number of surviving yeast cells or mould spores in each sample is determined and the reduction in viable counts calculated. The criterion for activity by this test is that the test material should demonstrate at least a 4-log reduction in viable counts of the test organisms in 60 minutes.

Communication with UK (HSE) TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 1276:1997

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Dilution/Neutralisation . Efficacy determined by a reduction in CFU.

Industry organizaton Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 12791:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Surgical hand disinfection - Test method and requirement (phase 2/step 2)

1-5 Testing mainly bactericidal activity; in vivo test; phase 2 step 2

Industry organizaton/ Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN Chemical disinfectants 1-5 Industry

37

REFERENCE



13610:2002

- Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity against bacteriophages of chemical disinfectants used in food and industrial areas - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

organizaton TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 13624:2003

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Industry organizaton/manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 13697:2001

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative non-porous surface test for the evaluation of bactericidal and/or fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas - Test method and requirements without mechanical action (phase 2/step2)

1-5 Dilution/Neutralisation Method. Efficacy measured by a reduction in CFU.

Industry organizaton Manufacturers TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 13704:2002

Chemical disinfectants - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas - Test method and

1-5 Industry organizaton Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

38

REFERENCE



requirements (phase 2, step 1)

EN 13727:2003

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Efficacy determined by the reduction in CFU counts


EN 14204:2004

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of mycobactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in the veterinary area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Dilution/Neutralisation Method. Effiacy measured by reduction in CFU.

Industry organisation Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 14347:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Basic sporicidal activity - Test method and requirements (phase 1)

1-5 Basic sporicidal activity against dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 12826). A prepared sample of the product under test is added to a test suspension of bacterial spores. The mixture is maintained at 20 oC or any other temperature to be defined. At a specified contact time chosen from one of the following: 30, 60 and 120 minutes, an aliquot portion is taken and the sporicidal as well as sporistatic action in this portion is neutralised. The method of choice is dilution-neutralisation. The number of surviving bacterial spores is determined in parallel and the

Industry organizaton Manufactuer Communication with UK (HSE) TM II05 TNsG PE

39

REFERENCE



reduction in viable counts calculated. The effectiveness of neutralisation is controlled in the test. The criterion for activity by this test is that the test material should demonstrate at least a 4-log reduction in viable counts of the test organisms in 120 minutes.Medical area Veterinary area, Food, industrial, domestic and institutional hygiene

EN 14348:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of mycobactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants in the medical area including instrument disinfectants - Test methods and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Efficacy measured by a reduction in CFU counts


EN 14349:2007

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative surface test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in veterinary area on non-porous surfaces without mechanical action - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)

1-5 Non-porous surface test, bactericidal, for disinfectants used in the veterinary applications Dilution/Neutralisation Method. By one manufacturer, the test material is deemed to have passed the test and be efficacious if it demonstrates a log 4 or more reduction in viable counts under the conditions defined in the test. Reduction in viable microbial counts compared with water controls.


EN 14476:2005+A1:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Virucidal quantitative suspension test for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in human medicine - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Industry organizaton Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr)

40

REFERENCE



EN 14561:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)


EN 14562:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of fungicidal or yeasticidal activity for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)


EN 14675:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in the veterinary area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)


EN 14730: 2000

Ophtalmic optics - contact lense care products - antimicrobial preservative efficacy testing and guidance on determining discard rate

1-5 Also ISO method. Own searches

prEN 14885:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Application of European Standards for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics


EN 1499:199

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics -

1-5 Applied in medical area Industry organizaton

41

REFERENCE



7 Hygienic handwash - Test method and requirements (phase 2/step 2)

Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 1500:1997

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Hygienic handrub - Test method and requirements (phase 2/step 2)

1-5 Applied in medical area Industry organizaton Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 1650:1997

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)


EN 1656 : 2000

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in veterinary field - Test method and requirements (phase 2/step 1)


Manufacturers Industry organisation TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 1657:200

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics -

1-5 By one manufacturer, the product was to be deemed to

Manufacturers

42

REFERENCE



5/AC:2007

Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of fungicidal or yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in the veterinary area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

have passed the test if it demonstrated a 10E5 logarithmic reduction in viability. By one manufacturer a reduction in viable microbial counts is compared with water controls. The test material is deemed to have passed the test and be efficacious if it demonstrates a log 4 or more reduction in viable counts under the conditions defined in the test

Industry organizaton TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

MAFF (1969)

Disinfectants for use specifically against: a) anthrax, brucellosis, contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia and glanders; b) For use against tuberculosis; c) For use against foot-and-mouth disease; d) For use against fowl pest (Newcastle disease fowl plague).

1-5 TNsG PE

NF T72-230 August 1988

Water-miscible, neutralizable antiseptics and disinfectants used in liquid form. Determination of sporicidal activity. Dilution-neutralization method.

1-5 Manufacturer

NF T72-281 September 1986

Methods of airborne disinfection of surfaces. Determiation of bactericidal, fongicidal and sporicidal activity.

1-5 TM II05 (Fr)

Not available

Assessment of the biocide efficacy using three algal species. In-house method

1-5 Various concentrations of product was mixed with algal suspensions (Chlorella vulgaris Navicula pelliculosa Anabaena flos-aquae) in glass conical flasks All flasks were incubated and shaken in an orbital shaker. Samples were taken at 96h and the

Manufacturer

43

REFERENCE



chlorophyll a concentration determined. Efficacy was measured by determining the EC50 value obtained for algae.

Not available

Disinfectant for swimming pools for control of bacteria, fungi and algae. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Against Bacteria, Fungi, Algae and Cyanobacteria (in house method)

1-5 Using a growth inhibition test method for recording MIC values to test the efficacy of the product at various diluted concentrations. MIC value was determined using microdilution technique in microtiter plates Tests were carried out in quadruplicate. The ppm level of the product in the last microtiter well demonstrating no growth was determined as the MIC for the product against that microorganism.

Manufacturer

Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. A laboratory study involving disinfection of untreated river water, as a surrogate for a full field trial. (in-house methods)

1-5 Several concentrations of the product were added to river water and allowed to react for 30 mins. Total counts and coliforms were determined. Efficacy was determined based on reduction in CFU counts.

Manufacturer

Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. Full scale field trial

1-5 A product was used to treat waste water at 3 concentrations under real field conditions involving a waste water treatment plant; variable flow and bacterial load, and operating temperatures. Efficacy was measured based on a log removal of bacteria after 15 and 30 mins.

Manufacturer

Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. Inactivation of enteric micro-organisms in tertiary treated municipal waste waters (in-house methods)

1-5 Experiments were conducted to investigate in pilot scale the disinfection efficiency against enteric micro-organisms in tertiary treatment waste waters and the effect of dose and contact time on disinfection efficiency. After incubation bacterial colonies were counted and microbial numbers calculated as cfu/ 100 ml. Efficacy was measured by percentage reductions of microorganisms after 8 and 18 minutes contact time.

Manufacturer

44

REFERENCE



Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. Pilot studies to assess the disinfection performance of on a physicochemical wastewater effluent.

1-5 A purpose built disinfection, continuous flow, Pilot Plant was specially constructed and installed at a functioning wastewater treatment plant. Prior to installation the wastewater was treated only by chemically assisted sedimentation, making disinfection particularly difficult. As part of this pilot study, modifications to the Plant and process were explored and adopted on the basis of experience and experimental data using standard methodologies. Disinfection efficiency under a number of conditions and wastewater loads were explored. Method for recording faecal coliforms: American Public Health association; American Water Works Association and Water Environment federation (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th Ed.; Washington DC, USA; Method 9222D. Method for recording Enterococcus, coliphage Clostridium according to laboratory methods. Efficacy was determined by measured Log reductions (or removal) in counts. Colonies were counted before and after disinfection.

Manufacturer

Not available

Swimming pool disinfectant: Residential spa field test

1-5 A residential spa was used to test the efficacy of the product in typical field conditions. The maintenance pattern used was considered to be typical of the “average spa owner”, i.e. conforming to minimum and not optimum use pattern and maintenance procedures. Bacteriological analysis was conducted on 150 samples were taken over the 90 day test period. Efficacy was determined by a reduction in

Manufacturer

45

REFERENCE



cfu/100ml. OECD (ENV/JM/BCID(2007)2)

Proposed development of an OECD Guidance Document for establishing the efficacy of biocides used in swimming pools and spas

1-5 Own searches

Powers et al. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60: 2316 – 2323 (1994)

Biocidal Efficacy of a Flocculating Emergency Water Purification Tablet.

1-5 Biocidal emergency water purification tablets were tested for bactericidal, virucidal and cysticidal efficacy in water at temperatures ranging from 5 to 25ºC to validate and verify the effectiveness of the tablets for the destruction and removal of microorganisms. Counts of surviving organisms were compared with the initial counts to calculate the log-reduction. Replicate results were averaged

Manufacturer

prEN 13623

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity against Legionella pneumophila of chemical disinfectants for aqueous systems - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Own searches

prEN 14563

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of mycobactericidal or tuberculocidal activity of chemical disinfectants used for instruments in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)

1-5 Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr)

ASTM E2562-07

Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas

1-5 + 12

This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a repeatable

Own searches

46

REFERENCE



aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with High Shear and Continuous Flow using CDC Biofilm Reactor

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm under high shear (1). The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than representative of one particular environment. The biofilm generated in the CDC biofilm reactor is also suitable for efficacy testing. 3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area. After the 48 h growth phase is complete, the user may add the treatment in situ or harvest the coupons and treat them individually. This test method uses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) biofilm reactor. The CDC biofilm reactor is a continuously stirred flow reactor with high wall shear. Although it was originally designed to model a potable water system for the evaluation of Legionella pneumophila, the reactor is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilm of varying species.

ASTM D2574-06

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Emulsion Paints in the Container to Attack by Microorganisms

6 Own searches

ASTM D4783-01e1

Standard Test Methods for Resistance of Adhesive Preparations in Container to Attack by Bacteria, Yeast, and Fungi

6 Determination of the resistance of liquid adhesive preparations to microbial attack in the container by challenging adhesive specimens with cultures of bacteria, yeast, or fungi, and checking for their ability to return to sterility. These test methods return qualitative results

TNsG on Prod Eval

47

REFERENCE



ASTM E1259-05

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390°C

6 The procedure should be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides in liquid fuels boiling below 390°C. The effect of environmental conditions, such as a variety of fuel additives, metal surfaces, and climatology, are variables that can be included in specific tests using this protocol.

Own searches

ASTM WK5097

Guideline For Evaluating The Potential For Decline In Planktonic Microorganism Susceptability To Antimicrobial Compounds: Healthcare Applications

6 This method uses an agar-dilution procedure to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and subsequently to screen for the development of decreased susceptibility for test formulations versus bacteria or yeast species. The inocula used on the second, third, fourth, and fifth test cycles will be prepared from the microbial growth present at the previous day’s end point;i.e., that agar-dilution plate containing the highest concentration of the test formulation (lowest dilution) that allows microbial growth.

Own searches

Not available

Other in can preservatives. In-house method based on ‘Antimicrobial Preservative Effectiveness Challenge Test’ and DAB 10 guidelines

6 The method was conducted by inoculating mixed bacteria and mixed fungi into a interior paint formulation containing various concentrations of the active substance which was repeated on a weekly basis. After 0, 7 14, 21 and 28 days samples of the formulations were placed in a preservative neutralizer and then plated. After plate incubation the number of surviving organisms was compared to the control. The criteria for measuring good preservation efficacy was a microbial count of <10 cfu/ml at day 7, 14 , 21 and 28 days

Manufacturer

Not available

Preservative for detergents. In-house method based on ‘Antimicrobial

6 The method was conducted by inoculating mixed bacteria and mixed fungi into a washing up liquid formulation containing

Manufacturer

48

REFERENCE



Preservative Effectiveness Challenge Test’ and DAB 10 guidelines

various concentrations of the active substance which was repeated on a weekly basis. After 0, 7 14, 21 and 28 days samples of the formulations were placed in a preservative neutralizer and then plated. After plate incubation the number of surviving organisms was compared to the control . The criteria for measuring good preservation efficacy was a microbial count of <10 cfu/ml at day 7, 14 , 21 and 28 days.

SABS 1102 (1987)

Bacterial efficacy of biocides used in water-based emulsion paints

6 Efficacy test for in can preservatives in paints (emulsion) against bacteria.

TNsG on Prod Eval

SM020 (in house)

S&M Fako test 6 Preserving effect of chemical preservatives in water containing coatings, adhesives and other water containing technical emulsions or dispersions (in can). Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts "Well preserved" if after 6w no microbial growth can be observed. Corresponds to 2 years of microbial stability. 4 evaluation levels

Manufacturer

SM021 (in house)

S&M KOKO test 6 Preservatives in cosmetic formulations, e g creams, shampoos etc (in can) Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts "Well preserved" if after 6w no microbial growth can be observed. Corresponds to 30 months of microbial stability. 4 evaluation levels

Manufacturer

49

REFERENCE



SM026 (in house)

S&M Betoko test: Determination of the preserving effect of chemical preservatives in concrete admixtures

6 Preserving effect of chemical preservatives in concrete admixtures (in can preservation). Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts Free of growth during 4 weeks: "Well preserved" (4 evaluation levels) Corresponds to 1 year of microbiological stability

Manufacturer

SM029 (in house)

S&M FeuTuKo test 6 Preservatives in wet tissues in their original packaging. Inoculation of whole packaging and after 3w of incubation, pieces of tissue is placed on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts 3d bacteria, 7d moulds. 4 evaluation levels.

Manufacturer

SM036 (in house)

S&M WiWako test 6 Preservation of fountain solutions for offset printing. Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts 12 cycles 4 evaluation levels.

Manufacturer

SM037 (in house)

S&M TaBaKo test 6 Preservation of paint baths. Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts 12 cycles. 4 evaluation levels.

Manufacturer

SM044 (in house)

Determination of the preserving effect of chemical preservatives in household formulations

6 Preserving effect of chemical preservatives in household formulations, e g softener, washing up liquids, all purpose cleaner (in can preservation).

Manufacturer

50

REFERENCE



Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts Free of growth during 6 weeks: "Well preserved". (4 evaluation levels). Corresponds to 30 months of microbiological stability

NF X41-520 March 1968

Protection. Testing method for resistance of paints to microorganisms and their protective power.

6 + 7

TNsG on Prod Eval TMII05

ASTM G21-96(2002)

Standard practice for determining resistance of synthetic polymeric materials to fungi

7 This practice covers determination of the effect of fungi on the properties of synthetic polymeric materials in the form of molded and fabricated articles, tubes, rods, sheets, and film materials. Conditions favorable for attack, namely, a temperature of 2 to 38°C (35 to 100°F) and a relative humidity of 60 to 100 % need to be established. Expected effects include surface attack, discoloration, loss of transmission (optical), and removal of susceptible plasticizers, modifiers, and lubricants, resulting in increased modulus (stiffness), changes in weight, dimensions, and other physical properties, and deterioration of electrical properties such as insulation resistance, dielectric constant, power factor, and dielectric strength. Since attack by organisms involves a large element of chance due to local accelerations and inhibitions, the order of reproducibility may be rather low. To ensure that estimates of behavior are not too optimistic, the greatest observed degree of

Own searches

51

REFERENCE



deterioration should be reported. Conditioning of the specimens, such as exposure to leaching, weathering, heat treatment, etc., may have significant effects on the resistance to fungi. Determination of these effects is not covered in this practice.

ASTM D3273-00(2005)

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Growth of Mold on the Surface of Interior Coatings in an Environmental Chamber

7 This test method describes a small environmental chamber and the conditions of operation to evaluate reproducibly in a 4-week period the relative resistance of paint films to surface mold fungi, mildew growth in a severe interior environment. The apparatus is designed so it can be easily built or obtained by any interested party and will duplicate results obtained in a large tropical chamber. An accelerated test for determining the resistance of interior coatings to mold growth; useful in estimating the performance of coatings designed for use in interior environments that promote mold growth and in evaluating compounds that may inhibit such growth and the aggregate levels for their use. Used to evaluate the comparative resistance of interior coating to accelerated mildew growth. Performance at a certain rating (in accordance with Test Method D3274) does not imply any specific period of time for a fungal free coating. However, a better rated coating nearly always performs better in actual end use. This test method is intended for the accelerated evaluation of an interior coatings' resistance to fungal defacement. Use of this test method for evaluating exterior coatings' performance

Own searches

52

REFERENCE



has not been validated, nor have the limitations for such use been determined. Any accelerated weathering (leaching, weathering machine exposure, etc.,) should be reported and should also bear reference to the fact that it is beyond the current scope of this test method. Temperature and humidity must be effectively controlled within the relatively narrow limits specified in order for the chamber to function reproducibly during the short test period. Severity and rate of mold growth on a film is a function of the moisture content of both the film and the substrate. A relative humidity of 95 to 98 % at a temperature of 32.5+ 1oC (90+ 2oF ) is necessary for test panels to develop rapidly and maintain an adequate moisture level to support mold growth.

ASTM D3456-86(2002)

Standard Practice for Determining by Exterior Exposure Tests the Susceptibility of Paint Films to Microbiological Attack

7 This practice provides guidelines for determining the susceptibility of paint films to microbiological attack on exterior exposure. The degree to which microbiological discoloration occurs is the primary concern. This practice covers the preparation of coatings for testing, their application on substrates, and the arrangement of the coated panels on exterior test fences to determine the degree of microbiological attack that may occur on the surface of the coatings over a period of time. This practice is intended to provide guidelines for, and a discussion of, the various factors critical in selection of exterior coatings resistant to discoloration or disfigurement by algae and fungi.

Own searches

ASTM Standard Test 7 Tests the ability of adhesive Own searches

53

REFERENCE



D4300-01

Methods for Ability of Adhesive Films to Support or Resist the Growth of Fungi

films to inhibit or support the growth of selected fungal species growing on agar plates by providing means of testing the films on two agar substrates, one which promotes microbial growth, and one which does not. constituents. These test methods are not appropriate for all adhesives. The activity of certain biocides may not be demonstrated by these test methods as a result of irreversible reaction with some of the medium. As an example, quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated by agar. A test method is included for use with low-viscosity adhesives along with an alternative method for use with mastic-type adhesives.

ASTM D5589-97(2002)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Algal Defacement

7 This test method covers an accelerated method for determining the relative resistance of a paint or coating film to algal growth. This test method should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure since many other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results.

Own searches

ASTM D5590-00(2005)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Fungal Defacement by Accelerated Four-Week Agar Plate Assay

7 This test method covers an accelerated method for determining the relative resistance of two or more paints or coating films to fungal growth. This test method should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure (that is, Practice D 3456) since many other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results. Comparative evaluation of different coating formulations for their relative performance

Own searches

54

REFERENCE



under a given set of conditions. It does not imply that a coating that resists growth under these conditions will necessarily resist growth in the actual application. Round-robin testing of this test method versus exterior exposure is planned.

ASTM E1428-99(2004)

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Performance of Antimicrobials in or on Polymeric Solids Against Staining by Streptoverticillium reticulum (A Pink Stain Organism)

7 This test method provides a technique for evaluating antimicrobials in or on polymeric solids against staining by Streptoverticillium reticulum, and should assist in the prediction of performance of treated articles under actual field conditions. Conditioning of the specimens, such as exposure to leaching, weathering, and heat treatment, may have significant effects on performance of antimicrobials against staining. Determination of these effects is not included in this test method. This test method is also not suitable for evaluating dark-pigmented test samples.

Own searches

ASTM E2196-07

Standard Test Method for Quantification of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with Shear and Continuous Flow Using a Rotating Disk Reactor

7 This test method is used for growing a repeatable Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a continuously stirred flow reactor. In addition, the test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. In this test method, biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area.

Own searches

ASTM G29-96(2002)

Standard Practice for Determining Algal Resistance of Plastic Films

7 Determination of the susceptibility of plastic films to the attachment and proliferation of surface-growing algae, produced in bodies of water, such as swimming pools, artificial ponds, and irrigation ditches that are lined with plastic films.

Own searches

55

REFERENCE



Evaluating the degree and permanency of protection against surface growth of algae afforded by various additives incorporated in the film.

EN 15457:2007

Paints and varnishes - Laboratory method for testing the efficacy of film preservatives in a coating against fungi

7 Manufacturer

EN 15458:2007

Paints and varnishes - Laboratory method for testing the efficacy of film preservatives in a coating against algae

7 Own searches

ASTM D1006-93

Standard Recommended Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints on Wood

8 Field test: aids in evaluating the performance of house and trim paints to new, previously unpainted wood exposed to the environment. Exposures in several locations with different climates which represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended and several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an “average” test result for a given location. Solar radiation varies considerably as function of time of year, and can cause large differences in the apparent rate of degradation in many polymers. Comparing results for materials exposed for short periods (less than onee year) is not recommended unless materials are exposed at the same time in the same location.

Own searches

CEN/TR 15046:2005

Wood preservatives - Artificial weathering of treated wood prior to biological testing - UV-radiation and water-spraying procedure

8 Pretreatment procedure before efficacy testing

Own searches

CEN/TS 12037:2003

Wood preservatives - Field test method for determining the relative protective

8 TM II05 (Fr)

56

REFERENCE



effectiveness of a wood preservative exposed out of ground contact - Horizontal lap-joint method

CTBA-BIO-E 001

Field ageing test on treated soils

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 002

Field ageing test on treated masonry

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 003

Field test on bait system for termite control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 004

Laboratory tests for bait system for termite control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 005


8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 006

Action of U.V. light on physico-chemical barrier for termite

8 TM II05(Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 007

Action of alcalin conditions on physico-chemical barrier for termite control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 008

Field ageing test on physico-chemical barrier for termite control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 009

Forced test on termite bait control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 010

Choice test on termite bait control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 113:1996/A1:2004

Wood preservatives - Test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes - Determination of the toxic values

8 Laboratory test. Efficacy criteria based on weight loss of untreated specimen.

TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines Test institute Manufacturer

EN 117:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of toxic

8 TNsG on Prod Eval

57

REFERENCE



values against Reticulitermes species (European termites) (Laboratory method)

TM II05 (Fr+De) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 118:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of preventive action against Reticulitermes species (European termites) (Laboratory method)

8 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr+De) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 12490:1998

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Preservative-treated solid wood - Determination of the penetration and retention of creosote in treated wood

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 1390:2006

Wood preservatives - Determination of the eradicant action against Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) larvae - Laboratory method

8 TNsG Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 152-1 (1988)

Test methods for wood preservatives - Laboratory method for determining the preventive effectiveness of a preservative treatment against blue stain in service - Part 1: Brushing procedure

8 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 152-2:1988/AC1:1989

Test methods for wood preservatives - Laboratory method for determining the protective effectiveness of a preservative treatment against blue stain in service - Part 2: Application by


58

REFERENCE



methods other than brushing

EN 20-1:1992

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Lyctus Brunneus (Stephens) - Part 1: Application by surface treatment (laboratory method)


EN 20-2:1993

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Lyctus brunneus (Stephens) - Part 2: Application by impregnation (Laboratory method)


EN 252:1989/AC1:1989

Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact

8 Field test, in ground contact TNsG on Prod Eval Test institute NL guidance UK guidelines TM II05 (Fr)

EN 275:1992

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against marine borers

8 Marine field test, 5 year minumum

TNsG on Prod Eval Test institute TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN Wood preservatives - 8 TNsG on Prod

59

REFERENCE



330:1993 Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative for use under a coating and exposed out of ground contact: L-joint method

Eval Test institute TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 350-1:1994

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Part 1: Guide to the principles of testing and classification of the natural durability of wood

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 350-2:1994

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Part 2: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 351-1:2007

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Preservative-treated solid wood - Part 1: Classification of preservative penetration and retention

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 351-2:2007

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Preservative-treated solid wood - Part 2: Guidance on sampling for the analysis of preservative-treated wood

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 370:1993

Wood preservatives - Determination of eradicant efficacy in preventing emergence of Anobium punctatum

8 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr)

60

REFERENCE



(De Geer) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 460:1994

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Guide to the durability requirements for wood to be used in hazard classes

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 46-1:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive action against Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) - Part 1: Larvicidial effect (Laboratory method)


EN 46-2:2006

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive action against Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) - Part 2: Ovicidal effect (laboratory method)

8 TM II05 (De) NL guidance

EN 47:2005/AC:2007

Wood preservatives - Determination of the toxic values against larvae of Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) - (Laboratory method)


EN 48:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of eradicant action against larvae of Anobium punctatum (De Geer) (laboratory method)


EN 49-1:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Anobium punctatum

8 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr+De)

61

REFERENCE



(De Geer) by egg-laying and larval survival - Part 1: Application by surface treatment (Laboratory method)

NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 49-2:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Anobium punctatum (De Geer) by egg-laying and larval survival - Part 2: Application by impregnation (Laboratory method)


EN 73:1988/AC:1992

Wood preservatives - Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing - Evaporative ageing procedure


TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 84:1997

Wood preservatives - Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing - Leaching procedure



EN/TR 14734:2004

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Determination of treatability of timber species to be impregnated with wood preservatives - Laboratory method

8 Own searches

EN/TR 14839:2004

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive efficacy against wood destroying basidiomycetes fungi

8 Own searches

EN/TS 12037:20

Wood preservatives - Field test method for

8 Field test, out of ground contact

Test institute

62

REFERENCE



03 determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative exposed out of ground contact - Horizontal lap-joint method

UK guidelines

EN/TS 15082:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive effectiveness against sapstain fungi and mould fungi on freshly sawn timber - Field test

8 Own searches

EN/TS 15397:2006

Wood preservatives - Method for natural preconditioning out of ground contact of treated wood specimens prior to biological laboratory test

8 Own searches

ENV 12038:2002

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Wood-based panels - Method of test for determining the resistance against wood-destroying basidiomycetes

8 TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines

ENV 807:2001

Wood preservatives - Determination of the effectiveness against soft rotting micro-fungi and other soil inhabiting micro-organisms

8 Laboratory test TM II05 (Fr) Test institute NL guidance UK guidelines

ENV 839:2002

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes - Application by surface treatment

8 TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EPPO PP 1/194(2) (1995)

Blue-Stain fungi of Softwood

8 Own searches

JIS K Test methods for 8 Own searches

63

REFERENCE



1571:2004

determining the effectiveness of wood preservatives and their performance requirements

NF B50-100-4 October 2007

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Definition of use classes - Part 4 : national declaration on the situation of biological agents

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF B50-105-3 February 2008

Durability of wood and wood based products -Preservative treated solid wood - Part 3 : wood preservation performance and treatment certificate - Adaptation to France metropolitan territory and DOM

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF FD X40-501 November 2005

Protection - Termites - Buildings protection against termite infestation

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Technical grade borax. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Boric acid. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Technical grade pentachlorophenol. Specificaitons and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Technical grade sodium pentachlorophenate. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Technical grade sodium pentaborate. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF T72-083/A1

Products for protecting wood surfaces -

8 TM II05

64

REFERENCE



November 1979

Method of testing resistance to microorganisms


Wood preservatives. Lasures. Natural weathering test.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-521 July 1968

Protection of wood. Testing methods for the corrosive action of wood protection products on metals.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-541 September 1994

Wood preservatives. Determination of the protective effectiveness against termites of preservative treatment products designed for walls, foundations and masonry. Laboratory method.

8 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05

NF X41-547 December 1992

Wood preservatives. Determination of longicide efficacy of temporary wood protectives for green sawn timber. Laboratory method.



Wood preservatives. Determination of fongicide efficacy of temporary wood protectives for fresh cut wood billets. Laboratory method.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-555 August 1982

Wood preservatives. Determination of the toxic values against {chaetomium} {globosum} kunze. Soft rotting agent.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-580 part 1-10 May 2006

Wood preservatives – Physicochemical testing

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF XP X41-540 November 1995

Wood preservatives. Termites. Determination of anti-termites action for products used in liquid phase for ground

8 TM II05 (Fr)

65

REFERENCE



treatment (laboratory method).


Wood preservatives. Termites. Determination of anti-termites action for products used in liquid phase for ground treatment (laboratory method).

8 TNsG on Prod Eval

NF XP X41-542 September 1995

Wood preservatives. Anti-termite treatment product for floors, walls, foundations and masonry work. Accelerated ageing test of treated materials prior to biological testing. Percolation test.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF XP X41-549 December 1999

Wood preservatives - Evaluation of fongicide efficacy of temporary wood protectives for green sawn timber - Site method

8 TM II05 (Fr)



8 TNsG on Prod Eval

NWPC 1.4.1.1./70

NWPC Standard for testing of wood preservatives. Mycological test. "Jordburk" method - A soil block test with wood-rotting Basidiomycetes.

8 Test institute

NWPC Standard 1.4.1.2./70

NWPC Standard for testing of wood preservatives. Mycological test. "Mullåde" method - A soil block test in unsterile soil.

8 Test institute


Mycological testing of anti-stain preservatives for freshly sawn timber. The Miniboard

8 Test institute

66

REFERENCE



method. (Mykologisk provning av träskyddsmedel mot blånad och mögel på nysågat virke. Minibrädmetoden.)


Standard for testing of wood preservatives Mycological test. Field test - A field test with stakes.

8 Test institute


Standard for testing of wood preservatives Marine test - A test against marine woodboring organisms in sea water.

8 Test institute

prEN 807 rev


8 Own searches

AATCC 100 - 1999

Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials: Assessment of

9 Applied to textiles Manufacturer

AATCC 147 - 1998

Antibacterial Activity Assessment of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak Method


AATCC 30 - 1999

Antifungal Activity, Assessment on Textile Materials: Mildew and Rot Resistance of Textile Materials


ASTM D4576-01(2006)

Standard Test Method for Mold Growth Resistance of Wet Blue

9 Determination of mold growth resistance of wet blue subject to storage and shipping requirements and intended for use in leather manufacturing, assisting the prediction of storage time before molding occurs. This test method may not be suitable to evaluate fungicides that are inactivated by proteins, including alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides. To allow use of this test method by any laboratory,

67

REFERENCE



flexibility has been permitted in times, temperature, and humidity of incubation, inoculum, hide sampling area, and choice of control. These may be adjusted to fit local conditions but must be standardized. Conclusions about mold growth resistance are drawn from the results by comparing the test with a simultaneously run control of known resistance. Success or failure is determined by the amount of mold growth relative to the control. The degree of correlation between this test and commercial quantities of wet blue in storage or shipment situations, or both, has not been fully determined.

ASTM E2149-01

Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Immobilized Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions

9 Evaluates the resistance of non-leaching antimicrobial treated specimens to the growth of microbes under dynamic contact conditions. This test determines the antimicrobial activity of treated specimen by shaking samples of surface bound materials in a concentrated bacterial suspension for a one hour contact time or other contact times as specified by the investigator. The suspension is serially diluted both before and after contact and cultured. This dynamic shake flask test was developed for routine quality control and screening tests in order to overcome difficulties (including ensuring contact of inoculum to treated surface) in using classical antimicrobial test methods to evaluate substrate-bound antimicrobials. This test also allows for the versatility of testing contamination due to

Manufacturer, applied to textiles

68

REFERENCE



such things as hard water, proteins, blood, serum, various chemicals, and other contaminates or physical/chemical stresses or manipulations of the specimens of interest. The number of viable organisms in the suspension is determined and the percent reduction is calculated based on initial counts or on retrievals from appropriate untreated controls. his method is intended for those surfaces having a percent reduction activity of 50 % to 100 % for the specified contact time. Surface antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing results from the test sample to simultaneously run controls. The presence of a leaching antimicrobial is both pre- and post-determined by the presence of a zone of inhibition.

ASTM E2180-07

Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials

9 This test method is designed to evaluate (quantitatively) the antimicrobial effectiveness of agents incorporated or bound into or onto mainly flat (two dimensional) hydrophobic or polymeric surfaces. The method focuses primarily on assessing antibacterial activity; however, other microorganisms such as yeast and fungal conidia may be tested using this method. The vehicle for the inoculum is an agar slurry which reduces the surface tension of the saline inoculum carrier and allows formation of a "pseudo-biofilm," providing more even contact of the inoculum with the test surface. This test method facilitates the testing of hydrophobic surfaces by utilizing cells held in an agar

Own searches

69

REFERENCE



slurry matrix. This method can confirm the presence of antimicrobial activity in plastics or hydrophobic surfaces and allows determination of quantitative differences in antimicrobial activity between untreated plastics or polymers and those with bound or incorporated low water-soluble antimicrobial agents. Comparisons between the numbers of survivors on preservative-treated and control hydrophobic surfaces may also be made. This test method, as written, is inappropriate to determine efficacy against biofilm cells, which are different both genetically and metabolically than planktonic cells used in this test. The procedure also permits determination of "shelf-life" or long term durability of an antimicrobial treatment which may be achieved through testing both non-washed and washed samples over a time span.

ASTM E2471-05

Standard Test Method for Using Seeded-Agar for the Screening Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity In Carpets

9 Rapid screening evaluating (qualitatively) the presence of antimicrobial (both antibacterial and antifungal) activity in or on the carpet face fiber or incorporated into the backing structure of the carpet (or both). The method simulates actual use conditions that may occur on carpets (for example, food and beverage spills, soiling from foot traffic, prolonged moisture exposure) and provides a means to screen for activity and durability of an antimicrobial treatment under conditions of organic loading. This test method provides for the simultaneous assessment of multiple carpet components

Own searches

70

REFERENCE



for antimicrobial activity. Carpets may be cleaned prior to testing in order to assess the durability of the antimicrobial effect. The method can assess the durability of the antimicrobial treatments on new carpets, and on those repeatedly shampooed or exposed to in-use conditions. Half strength (nutrient and agar) tryptic soy agar is used as the inoculum vehicle for bacteria and half strength potato dextrose agar as the inoculum vehicle for mold conidia. Use of half strength agars may reduce undue neutralization of an antimicrobial due to excessive organic load. This test method simultaneously evaluates (both visual and stereo-microscopic) antimicrobial activity both at the fiber layer and at the primary backing layer of carpet.

ASTM WK16397

Revision of E2180-01 Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials

9 Evaluates (quantitatively) the antimicrobial effectiveness of agents incorporated or bound into or onto mainly flat (two dimensional) hydrophobic or polymeric surfaces. The method focuses primarily on assessing antibacterial activity; however, other microorganisms such as yeast and fungal conidia may be tested using this method.This method can confirm the presence of antimicrobial activity in plastics or hydrophobic surfaces. The vehicle for the inoculum is an agar slurry which reduces the surface tension of the saline inoculum carrier and allows formation of a "pseudo-biofilm," providing more even

Manufacturer (updated), applied to textiles.

71

REFERENCE



contact of the inoculum with the test surface. The method allows determination of quantitative differences in antimicrobial activity between untreated plastics or polymers and those with bound or incorporated low water-soluble antimicrobial agents. Comparisons between the numbers of survivors on preservative-treated and control hydrophobic surfaces may also be made. The procedure also permits determination of "shelf-life" or long term stability of an antimicrobial treatment which may be achieved through testing both non-washed and washed samples over a time span.

ASTM WK4757

Standard Test Method for the Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity In Carpets; Seeded-Agar Overlay Screen

9 Designed to evaluate (qualitatively) the presence and effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives in or on carpets. This method can be used to evaluate both the antibacterial and antifungal activity This method is useful for assessing the durability of the antimicrobial treatments because it can be performed on both new carpets and those that have been repeatedly shampooed or exposed to in-use conditions. This method utilizes either tryptic soy agar as the inoculum vehicle for bacteria or potato dextrose agar as the inoculum vehicle for mold conidia. . Full compliment agars can be used to mimic high soil or organic loads on carpets or partial nutrient complement agars can be used to mimic lightly soiled conditions on carpet. This method allows for the simultaneous evaluation (both

Own searches

72

REFERENCE



visual and stereo-microscopic) of antimicrobial activity both at the fiber layer and at the primary backing layer of carpet.

BS 6085:1992

Determination of the resistance of textiles to microbiological deterioration

9 Manufacturer

EN ISO 11721-1:2001

Textiles - Determination of the resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to micro-organisms - Soil burial test - Part 1: Assessment of rot-retardant finishing (ISO 11721-1:2001)

9 Manufacturer

EN ISO 11721-2:2003

Textiles - Determination of the resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to micro-organisms - Soil burial test - Part 2: Identification of long-term resistance of a rot retardant finish (ISO 11721:2003)

9 Own searches

EN ISO 20645:2004

Textile fabrics - Determination of antibacterial activity - Agar diffusion plate test (ISO 20645:2004)

9 Manufacturer

EN ISO 20743:2007

Textiles - Determination of antibacterial activity of antibacterial finished products (ISO 20743:2007)

9 Applied to textiles Reference material: non treated polyester

Manufacturer Laboratory

JIS L 1902: 2002

Testing for antibacterial activity and efficacy on textile products

9 Antimicrobial activity. Reference material: e.g. non treated polyester.

Test institute Manufacturer

JIS Z 2801: 2000

Antimicrobial Products – Test for antimicrobial activity and efficacy

9 Applied to textiles Manufacturer Test institute

JIS Z Methods of test for 9 Applied to textiles Manufacturer

73

REFERENCE



2911: 1992 (PT 9)

fungus resistance


Protection of plastics. Part 1. Testing method for resistance of ingredients to microorganisms.

9 TM II05

NF X41-515 March 1962

Protection of the plastic materials - Part 3: Test method of the resistance of materials and apparatus to microorganisms

9 TM II05

NF XP G39-010 May 2000

Properties of textiles - Textiles and polymeric surfaces having antibacterial properties - Characterisation and measurement of antibacterial activity

9 Manufacturer

OECD (ENV/JM/BCID(2007)5)

Guidance document on the evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobial treated articles with claims for external effects

9 Own searches

SN 195 920 - 1994

Determination of the Antibacterial Activity, Agar Diffusion Plate Test


SN 195 921 - 1994

Determination of the Antimycotic Activity Agar Diffusion Plate Test


SN 195 924 - 1983

Determination of the antibacterial activity, germ count method


ASTM WK8681

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Mold Growth on Interior Coated Building Products in an Environmental Chamber

10 This test method can be used to evaluate the comparative resistance of coated building products to accelerated mold growth. Performance at a certain rating does not imply any specific period of time for a mold free surface. However, a better rated panel would be expected to perform better in actual end use. An environmental chamber and the conditions of operation to evaluate in a 4-week period

Own searches

74

REFERENCE



the relative resistance of coated building products to surface mold growth in a controlled interior environment is described. The apparatus is designed so it can be easily built or obtained by any interested party.

ASTM WK14960

Test Method for Standard Test Method for the Resistance of Mold Growth on Uncoated Interior Building Products in an Environmental Chamber.

10 This test method can be used to evaluate the comparative resistance of uncoated building products to accelerated mold growth. The apparatus (environmental chamber) is designed so it can be easily built or obtained by any interested party. 4-week evaluation period. Relative resistance of uncoated interior building products to surface mold growth in a controlled interior environment is evaluated, but performance at a certain rating does not imply any specific period of time for a mold free surface.

Own searches

BS 3900 Methods of test for paints. Part G6. Assessment of resistance to fungal growth. BSI London, UK

10 Provides only a methodology for production of a test surface for exposure by inoculation with mold growth. The test therefore has to be modified to be used as a test method for assessing interior surface biocides.

TNsG Prod Eval UK guidelines

ENV 12404:1997

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Assessment of the effectiveness of a masonry fungicide to prevent growth into wood of Dry Rot Serpula lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fries) S.F. Gray - Laboratory method

10 Simulated use test TNsG Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines


Update on work to validate efficacy methods for antimicrobials used on hard surfaces

10 Own searches

SM022 Determining the 10 Resistance of masonry Manufacturer

75

REFERENCE



(in house)

resistance to fungal growth

coatings to fungal growth. Test substrate: Masonry coatings on paper Test germ: Aspergillus niger and Penicillum funiculosum "Sufficiently finished against fungal growth" if max 1% growth. 5 evaluation levels.

SM022a (in house)

Determining the resistance to fungal growth

10 Resistance of masonry coatings to fungal growth. Test substrate: Masonry coatings on paper Test germ: Aspergillus niger and Penicillum funiculosum "Sufficiently finished against fungal growth" if max 1% growth. 5 evaluation levels.

Manufacturer

SM023 (in house)

Determining the resistance to algal growth

10 Resistance of masonry coatings to algal attack. Test substrate: masonry coatings on paper. Test germ: Scenedesmus vacuolatus. No algal growth on the test pieces after 2 weeks: "Effectively protected against algal growth" (4 evaluation levels)

Manufacturer

ASTM E645-07

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Microbicides Used in Cooling Water Systems

11 Efficacy of microbicides (algicides, bactericides, and fungicides), evaluated using simulated or real cooling tower water against (1) microbes from cooling water, (2) microbes in microbiological deposits (biofilms) from operating cooling systems, or (3) microorganisms known to contaminate cooling water systems, or a combination thereof. Choice of enumerating method may vary, e g pour plate, spread plate, MPN techniques etc. Test concentrations also vary but are usually between 1 and 50 mg/l. Exposure time varies with mode of action but includes 3h contact time. For bacteria 48 h incubation, fungi

Manufacturer

76

REFERENCE



48h-7d, for algae 5-14d. Even if using cooling water and deposits/biofilm obtained from the field, laboratory results may not be totally predictive of microbicidal effectiveness in the field (due to e g variability in environmental factors). If solvents are added, a solvent control is included. If initial count in cooling water control samples are <10E5 bact/ml (or <10E3 CFU/ml fungi or algae), the test is invalid. In addition, the viable counts of fungi/algae in the control must at least be equal to the numbers at time 0. The untreated control should show a stable population with no more than 0.5 log increase or decrease in growth during the test perod. Results are expressed as “Log reduction in number of microorganisms at each biocide concentration”: log (initial count of microorganisms of the control sample) – log (number of microorganisms detected at a given biocide concentration after a specific contact time). If 1 log reduction: corresponds to 90% kill, if 2 log reduction corresponds to 99% kill, 3 log reduction to 99.9% kill.

Not available

Field trial in a Plant recirculating cooling system

11 The antimicrobial effectiveness of biocide was determined by monitoring chemical and physical cooling water characteristics, microbiological parameters such as viable counts of bacteria, fungi and algae, and operational and engineering parameters of the tested cooling system Analysis methods used for microbial counting were from: Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (APHA 1992), and in-house Laboratory

Manufacturer

77

REFERENCE



SOPs. Efficacy was determined by a reduction in microbial counts

SM019 (in house)

S&M Boko test 11 Preservation of water diluted coolants. Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: bacteria, moulds, Yeasts 4 evaluation levels. 12 cycles.

Manufacturer

ASTM E723-07

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Antimicrobials as Preservatives for Aqueous-Based Products Used in the Paper Industry (Bacterial Spoilage)

11 or 12?

Laboratory test method is used to determine the efficacy of an antimicrobial for preventing bacterial spoilage of in-process pigment suspensions, dye solutions, pulp slurries, starch solutions, polymers, sizing agents, latex emulsions, and other aqueous-based materials used in the paper industry from bacterial spoilage. Test organisms may vary but should lie above 10E6 CFU/ml. Bacterial numbers in the sample are determined at variable time periods and compared to a control with no bactericide. Material to be preserved is used as substrate, but for some materials nutrients may be added. Results are expressed as % kill: [(control plate count-test plate count)/ control plate count]x100 at each sampling time.

Communication with UK (HSE)

ASTM E875-00(2005)

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Fungal Control Agents as Preservatives for Aqueous-Based Products Used in the Paper Industry

11 or 12?

Laboratory method that determines if a fungal control agent is effective to preserve pigment suspensions, dye solutions, pulp slurries, starch solutions, polymers, sizing agents, latex emulsions, and other specific aqueous-based materials to prevent spoilage of in-process aqueous-based products used in the paper industry. Will also prevent spore germination. Plates are


78

REFERENCE



incubated for 7d or until control plates shos sufficient growth for rating. The exposure time should correspond to the real time desired, often 6w. Separate evaluations should be made on a representative type for each specific class of product to be preserved. Growth is determined by visible signs of deterioration in the sample and by obtaining fungal numbers and comparing them to a sample without fungal control agents. A proper level of fungal control agent prevents deterioration and reduces and keeps organisms to an acceptable level in the test material, which is determined by the tester or user. Often a scale from 0 to 4 (heavy growth).

ASTM WK 17314

Test Method for Evaluating the Efficacy of a Liquid Microbiocide against Biofilm Bacteria

12 A procedure for testing the efficacy of a liquid microbicide against biofilm grown on coupons removed from biofilm reactors standardized to grow a repeatable biofilm, such as the CDC Biofilm Reactor (ASTM Method E 2562) or Rotating Disk Biofilm Reactor (ASTM Method E 2196). The preparation of the liquid microbicide and exposure time are completed according to manufacturer’s instructions for use. The liquid microbicide is tested at room temperature under static conditions. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area. Efficacy is determined by calculating the log reduction in viable cells. The microbicide is tested at its use dilution for the recommended time.

Own searches

ASTM E1427-00e1

Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of

12 The purpose of this guide is to inform the investigator of methods that can be used for biofilm formation and

Own searches

79

REFERENCE



Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm

measurement, allowing development of test procedures for determining the effectiveness of chemical treatments for prevention, inactivation, and removal of unwanted biofilm. This guide is not an exhaustive survey of biofilm methods.

ASTM E1839-07

Standard test method for efficacy of slimicides for the paper industry – bacterial and fungal slime

12 A procedure to evaluate the efficacy of slimicides for the control of bacterial and fungal slimes in paper mill systems and their counterparts. This test method is run in acid, alkaline, or acid and alkaline conditions to determine the efficacy of the slime control agent. The test conditions may be modified to reflect intended use patterns in typical paper mill systems, including use of actual paper mill furnish. Efficacy based on a % reduction on CFU.

Communication with UK (HSE) Manufacturer

ASTM WK14214

Revision of E1839-96(2002) Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Slimicides for the Paper Industry--Bacterial and Fungal Slime

12 Efficacy of slimicides for the control of bacterial and fungal slimes in paper mill systems and their counterparts.

Own searches

EEC: 1988 Algal inhibition test

12 Used in the process of oil recovery


Report EPS 1/RM/25 Environment Canada. 1992

Biological Test Method: Growth Inhibition Test Using the Freshwater Alga Selenastrum capriconutum

12 Efficacy test against Alga: Selenastrum capriconutum Used in the process of oil recovery


ASTM E2275-03e1 (replaces D3946 and E686)

Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance

13 Laboratory procedures for rating the relative inherent bioresistance of water-miscible metalworking fluids, the bioresistance attributable to augmentation with antimicrobial pesticides or both, for determining the need for microbicide addition prior to or during fluid use in metalworking systems and for

TNsG on Prod Eval

80

REFERENCE



evaluating microbicide performance. Relative bioresistance is determined by challenging metalworking fluids with a biological inoculum that may either be characterized (comprised of one or more known biological cultures) or uncharacterized (comprised of biologically contaminated metalworking fluid or one or more unidentified isolates from deteriorated metalworking fluid). Challenged fluid bioresistance is defined in terms of resistance to biomass increase, viable cell recovery increase, chemical property change, physical property change or some combination thereof. This practice is applicable to antimicrobial agents that are incorporated into either the metalworking fluid concentrate or end-use dilution. It is also applicable to metalworking fluids that are formulated using non-microbicidal, inherently bioresistant components. The results of tests completed in accordance with this practice should be used only to compare the relative performance of products or microbicide treatments included in a test series. Results should not be construed as predicting actual field performance.

ASTM E979-91(2004)

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents as Preservatives for Invert Emulsion and Other Water Containing Hydraulic Fluids

13 TNsG on Prod Eval

ASTM WK8252

New Standard Test Method for Determining

13 Determines the relative bioresistance of aqueous metalworking fluids towards

Own searches

81

REFERENCE



Resistance of Aqueous Metalworking Fluids towards Non-Tuberculous, Environmental Mycobacteria

non-tuberculous (NTM), rapidly growing( RGM), environmental mycobacteria by challenging them with a mycobacterial inoculum isolated from actual spoiled metalworking fluid field samples from the user/s site. In order to simulate field conditions, another challenge inoculum consisting of a mixture of common metalworking fluid spoilage microorganisms originating from actual MWF field samples is also used.

IBRG (draft MWF) (1993)

A Standardized Screening Method for Determining the Bioresistance of and Evaluating Biocides in Aqueous Metal Working Fluids


Not available

Challenge Testing in Metal Working Emulsion (in-house laboratory study)

13 The purpose of the method was to determine the efficacy of preservatives against bacterial and fungal contamination in Metal Working Fluids (MWF). The method was conducted by inoculating once a week during 10 weeks mixed bacteria and optionally mixed fungi into water based MWF emulsions containing various amounts of the test substance diluted in 3% synthetic oil. After each week a sample of the emulsion was plated. After plate incubation the number of surviving organisms was compared to the control The criteria for measuring good preservation efficacy was a microbial count of <10 cfu/ml after 10 inoculations for all microorganisms.

Manufacturer

Rawlinson and Shennan, 1987.

A recirculating test rig for the investigation of metal-working fluid spoilage. In Industrial microbiological testing. Edited by Hopton and


82

REFERENCE



Hill, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. ISBN 0 632 01793 7. pp 227-231

RENAULT D551721 (1987)

Evaluation of the Biostability of Aqueous Metal Working Fluids


SABS 1435-1987

South African standard specification for biocides for use in emulsions of aqueous metal working fluid and aqueous hydraulic fluid.


UK MOD 91-70 issue (1990)

Cutting fluid, soluble, biostable joint service designation ZX-9


BBA 9 - 3.1

Richtlinie für die Prüfung von Nagetierbekämpfungsmitteln gegen Hausmaüse

14 TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines Manufacturer

BBA 9 - 3.2

Richtlinie für die Prüfung von Nagetierbekämpfungsmitteln gegen Wanderratten


CEB (1981)

Laboratory test method to evaluate the efficacy of rodenticidal products in rats

14 Laboratory test method TMII Fr

CEB (1981)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of rodenticidal products against rats under practical conditions

14 TMII Fr

EPA/OPP Protocol Number: 1.201

Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Anticoagulant Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as liquid bait

TNsG on Prod Eval NL guidance UK guidelines

EPA/OPP Standard House 14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test TNsG on Prod

83

REFERENCE



Protocol Number: 1.202

Mouse Anticoagulant Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

against House mouse applied as liquid bait

Eval NL guidance UK guidelines


Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Anticoagulant Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as dry bait



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Dry bait



Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Anticoagulant Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Tracking powder



Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Acute Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Liquid bait



Standard House Mouse Acute Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Liquid bait



Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Acute Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Dry bait



Standard House Mouse Acute Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Dry bait

TNsG on Prod Eval NL guidance

84

REFERENCE



UK guidelines


Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Acute Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Tracking powder



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Tracking powder



Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Anticoagulant Wax Block and Wax Pellet Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Wax block and wax pellet



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Wax Block and Wax Pellet Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Wax block and wax pellet



Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Anticoagulant Placepack Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Placepark dry bait



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Placepack Penetration Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Placepark penetration



Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Acute Placepack Penetration Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Placepark penetration


85

REFERENCE




Standard House Mouse Acute Placepack Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Placepark dry bait



Proposed Norway Rat Anticoagulant Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait



Proposed Norway Rat Acute Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait



Proposed House Mouse Anticoagulant Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse, applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait



Proposed House Mouse Acute Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait



Proposed House Mouse Acute Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Tracking powder


EPPO PP 1/169(2

Field rodents (Microtus, Arvicola)

14 NL guidance TM II05 (Fr)

EPPO PP 1/114(2)

Field tests against synanthropic rodents (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus)


EPPO PP

Laboratory and field tests for the evaluation

14 NL guidance

86

REFERENCE



1/97(2) of rodenticidal dusts TM II05 (Fr)

EPPO PP 1/113(2)

Laboratory tests for evaluation of the toxicity and acceptability of rodenticides and rodenticide preparations

14 NL guidance TM II05 (Fr) Test institute

EPPO PP 1/197(1)

Non-target effects of rodenticides

14 NL guidance

EPPO PP 1/200(1)

Rodent repellents against debarking of trees

14 Own search

EPPO PP 1/199(1)

Rodent seed repellents

14 Own search

EPPO PP 1/198(1)

Testing rodents for resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides


EPPO (1982)

Guidelines for the biological evaluation of rodenticides N°1. Laboratory tests for evaluation of the toxicity and acceptability of rodenticides and rodenticide preparations


EPPO (1982)

Guidelines for the biological evaluation of rodenticides. Field tests against synanthropic rodents (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, rattus rattus)


EPPO (1986)

Guidelines for the biological evaluation of rodenticides. Laboratory and field tests for the evaluation of rodenticidal dusts.

14 TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines

US EPA 96-5 Avian Toxicants


US EPA 96-7

Avian Frightening Agents


ASTM D4131-84

Standard practice for sampling fish with Rotenone

17 Adaptable to both lotic and lentic situations in littoral and limnetic areas.


87

REFERENCE



(2005)

ASTM E729-96 (2007)

Standard guide for conducting acute toxicity tests on test materials with fishes, macroinvertebrates and amphibians

17 2 to 8-day exposures, depending on the species. Static, renewal, or flow-through procedures. Usually reported as LC50 or EC50.


ASTM WK6845 [revision of E 1241-98 (2004)]

Standard guide for conducting early life-stage toxicity test with fishes

17 A flow through test, beginning before hatch and ending after hatch. 28 to 120-day (depending on species) continuous exposure.


EPA 72-5 Life-cycle test of fish

17 Communication with UK (HSE)

EPA 72-7

Simulated or actual field testing for aquatic organisms


OECD 203 (1992) Fish, Acute toxicity test


OECD 204 (1984)

Fish, Prolonged toxicity test: 14-day study


US EPA 72-1

Acute toxicity test for freshwater fish


US EPA 96-2 Fish control agents


810.3000 (1999)

General Considerations for Efficacy of Invertebrate Control Agents

18 General guide Manufacturer UK guidelines

AATCC 194-2006

Assesment of the Anti-House Dust Mite Properties of Textiles under Long-Term Test Conditions


ASTM E1517-99(2006)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Effectiveness of Liquid, Gel, Cream, or Shampoo Insecticides Against Human Louse OVA

18 Determines the effectiveness of ovicidal materials in liquid, gel, cream, or shampoo form against the ova (that is, eggs or nits) of the human louse, Pediculus humanus. This test method consists of five replicates for a statistical

Own searches

88

REFERENCE



comparison of formulations. ASTM E652-91(2003)

Standard Test Method for Nonresidual Liquid Household Insecticides Against Flying Insects

18 Determines the relative efficiency of household and industrial-use, contact insecticides dissolved in base oils and applied in spray formulations. It is developed to test insecticides against house flies (Musca domestica, L), but test data may also be adequate to support label claims for the use of the products against mosquitoes, gnats, flying moths, wasps, and certain other small flying insects. Not designed to measure the residual action of the spray formulation.

Own searches

ASTM E653-91(2003)

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Aerosol and Pressurized Space Spray Insecticides Against Flying Insects

18 The test determines the relative efficacy of aerosol and pressurized space spray insecticide formulations against house flies (Musca domestica, L) strains and, with modifications in dosage, other flying insects. Test data obtained by this test method may also be adequate to support label claims for the use of the product against mosquitoes, gnats, flying moths, wasps, and certain other small flying insects. This test method is not designed to measure the residual activity. The test may be conducted using approximately 100 house flies per test (small group) or 500 flies per test (large group). Selected reference standards are the Official Test Aerosol II (OTA II) for oil based aerosol products and Tentative Official Aqueous Pressurized Spray (TOAPS) for water based aerosol products. Aerosol test knockdowns: % down of total flies at 5, 10, 15 minutes after application. Aerosol test knock down mortality: dead knocked

UK guidelines

89

REFERENCE



down x100/total flies. These numbers should on average be equal to, greater than or no more than 5% points below the corresponding numbers of the reference in order to meet the standard. No statement on precision or bias, only whether conformance to criteria for success specified in the procedure.

ASTM E654-96(2003)

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Aerosol and Pressurized Spray Insecticides Against Cockroaches

18 Test of insecticides against crawling insects: cockroaches Determines the relative efficiency of aerosol and pressurised spray formulations against cockroaches, but test data by this test method may also be adequate to support claims for use of the product to control the exposed or accessible stages of silverfish, ants, centipedes, spiders, and certain stored product pests. Applied as direct sprays for 30 s. on last instar nymphs. Observation period: 48h. The test is not designed to measure the residual action. Ten groups with 20 organisms in each. The test is run in conjunction with the Official Test Aerosol II (OTA II) (or Tentative Official Aqueous Pressurized Spray (TOAPS) as the standard basis of comparison. The mortality after 24h should be between 50 and 75% when testing with the OTA. The test specimens meet the standard if average % dead and moribound is equal to, above or within 10% points less than average % dead of the OTA series after 48h. Precision or bias is not specified, only states whether conforms to efficacy criteria.

UK guidelines

ASTM E938-05

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Liquid, Gel, or Cream Insecticides Against

18 Test of insecticides against crawling insects: human louse. Only gels or creams that liquefy at 32°C (90°F) can be

Own searches

90

REFERENCE



Adult Human Lice tested). Five replicates, for a statistical comparison of formulations.

BS 4172-1:1999

Hand-held pressurized aerosol dispensers against houseflies. Specification for insecticidal performance

18 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines

BS 4172-2:1999

Hand-held pressurized aerosol dispensers against houseflies. Method for determination of insecticidal performance


CEB 107 (1985)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacity of insecticidal products for the control of stable flies in premises for the rearing of domestic animals under practical conditions

18

CEB 135 (1987)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of insecticidal or miticidal products for treatments of storage premises of products for animals or plants

18 Surface treatments of storage premises of products

TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 135bis (1996)

Laboratory test method to evaluate the efficacy of insecticidal products in premises for the storage, industrial processing and sale of products from animals or plants

18 Space treatments TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 159 (1992)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of insecticidal products for the control of cockroaches in buildings under practical conditions

18 TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 196 (1997)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of insecticidal bait products against common species

18 TM II05 (Fr)

91

REFERENCE



CEB 213 (1999)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of a fumigant for insect control in premises for the storage, processing and production of food

18 TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 224 (2001)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of fumigants for insect control in stored products

18 TM II05 (Fr)

EPPO PP 1/204(1)

Laboratory testing of plant protection products against insect and mite pests of stored plant products

18 UK guidelines

EPPO PP 1/202(1)

Space and structural treatments of store rooms


EPPO Bulletin, 15 Pages 1-119, Paris (1983)

The EPPO Conference on Fumigation, Paris, 1983


EPPO, Paris (1982)

EPPO Recommendations on fumigation standards (2nd Edition)


ISO 3998:1977

Textiles - Determination of resistance to certain insect pests

18 Applicable to all textiles containing animal fibres in any proportion. Conditioned voracity control specimens and test specimens of known mass are placed in contact with selected larvae for 14 days. The loss in mass of all specimens and the condition of the test larvae are ascertained to assess the resistance of each test specimen.

TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines

MS 1004 part 1 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 1: physical and chemical requirements (first revision)

18 Manufacturer

MS 1004 part 2 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 2: method for

18 Manufacturer

92

REFERENCE



evaluation of biological efficacy - glass chamber method (first revision)

MS 1004 part 3 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 3: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass cylinder method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1004 part 4 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 4: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - peet grady method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1008 (1986)

Method for determination of delivery rate of aerosol dispenser

18 Manufacturer

MS 1255 (1992)

Specification for household insecticidal residual spray aerosol

18 Manufacturer

MS 1257 (1992)

Specification for household insecticidal space spray aerosol

18 Manufacturer

MS 1364 (1994)

Method for determination of brimful capacity of aerosol cans

18 Manufacturer

MS 1398 part 1 (1996)

Specification for mosquito electric liquid vaporizer: Part 1: physical and chemical requirement

18 Manufacturer

MS 1398 part 2 (1996)

Specification for mosquito electric liquid vapourizer: part 2: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass chamber method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1398 part 3 (1996)

Specification for mosquito electric liquid vapourizer: part 3: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass cylinder method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1497 (2000)

Methods of biological evaluation of the efficacy of repellent - bioassay method for mosquito repellent on

18 Manufacturer

93

REFERENCE



human skin MS 23 part 1 (1998)

Specification for mosquito coils: Part 1: physical and chemical requirements (third revision)

18 Manufacturer

MS 23 part 2 (1996)

Specification for mosquito coils: Part 1: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass chamber method (first revision)

18 Manufacturer

MS 23 part 3 (1998)

Specification for mosquito coils: Part 1: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - peet grady method

18 Manufacturer

NF G39-011 April 2001

Properties of textiles - Textiles and polymeric materials having antiacarien properties - Characterisation and measurement of antiacarien activity

18 Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr)

NF T72-320 March 1977

Insecticides for flying insects. Insecticide distributed under pressure ("aerosol" type). Determination of the efficiency rating.


NF T72-321 March 1977

Insecticides for flying insects. Permanent insecticide distributor. Determination of the efficiency rating and the regularity rating.

18 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-516 January 1980

Protection of textiles. Protection against certain insect pests. Methods of testing.

18 TM II05 (Fr)

Not available

Field Evaluation of in a Termite Control Baiting System

18 Structures in this study were supplied by cooperating pest control companies. A number of the structures had been identified as "problem houses" by the pest control operator. Stations were inspected at approximately monthly (when active), and bi-monthly (when not active) intervals for termite activity, with the condition of

Manufacturer

94

REFERENCE



the station (active, inactive and baited) being noted on an inspection form. When activity was found in a station, bait was placed in the station. The thin wood strips of the baiting station were fan sprayed with product solution using a compressed air sprayer. Product was mixed in the acetone such that when the solution was applied to the strips, various concentrations of product were imparted to the wood strips .A tumble technique was employed to prevent uneven concentrations of active ingredient in the sawdust matrix. Efficacy was measured by elimination of termite infestation

Not available

In house Laboratory Study of the Efficacy against Reticulitennes fIavipes

18 Formulation, applied as a residual spray, was assessed for efficacy against cockroaches (Blatta orientalis, Blatella germanica and Periplaneta americana) under laboratory conditions. The spray deposits were assessed at intervals up to 24 weeks post application. Efficacy of the formulation at each interval, in terms of knockdown and mortality, was evaluated over a period of 96 hours post treatment application Efficacy was measured when all termites in a container had died, the length of time of consumption by the termites of the treated sawdust was recorded

Manufacturer

Not available

Insecticidal activity of an oil based aerosol against German cockroach, Blattella germanica (in-house laboratory study)

18 10 German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were released into a plastic container within a glass cylinder and the aerosol was sprayed into the cylinder. Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes.

Manufacturer

Not Insecticidal efficacy of 18 6 adult American cockroaches Manufacturer

95

REFERENCE



available an oil based aerosol against American cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

(Periplaneta Americana) were released into plastic container which was placed in the centre at the bottom of the glass cylinder and 1013mg of aerosol was sprayed into the cylinder and was then covered by a glass lid. Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes.

Not available

Insecticidal efficacy of an oil-based aerosol against Housefly, Musca domestica.

18 100 houseflies were released into a Peet-Grady chamber and aerosol was sprayed into the chamber. Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes.

Manufacturer

Not available

Insecticidal efficacy of an oil-based aerosol against mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens

18 50 mosquitoes (Culex pipiens pallens) were released into a Peet-Grady chamber and aerosol was sprayed into the chamber. Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes. The chamber was then ventilated by an exhaust fan and all insects were transferred to a clean recovery container with diet and water within 20 minutes

Manufacturer

Not available

Insecticide primarily for the control of termites: Laboratory Study against Reticulitennes fIavipes

18 Various concentrations of product were impregnated in a sawdust matrix readily consumed by termites. Product was incorporated into the sawdust by placing each batch of solution and one batch of sawdust in the mixing bowl of a Kitchenaid Model K5SS mixer. One untreated batch of sawdust served as a control. Sterile sand and distilled water was mixed to form a moistened sand substrate to sustain the termites as they fed upon the samples. Eight replications of each concentration plus the control were tested. Termite activity was observed in each of the containers for four days. Efficacy was measured by elimination of termite

Manufacturer

96

REFERENCE



infestation. Not available

Laboratory studies to assess products applied as direct sprays for efficacy against a range of crawling insects

18 Product was applied as a direct spray, was assessed for efficacy against cockroaches (Blatta orientalis, Blatella germanica and Periplaneta americana) under laboratory conditions. Efficacy criteria based on mortality and knocked down insects

Manufacturer

OPPTS 810.3100

Soil treatments for imported fire ants

18 Own searches

OPPTS 810.3200

Livestock, poultry, fur- and wool-bearing animal treatments

18 Own searches

OPPTS 810.3300

Treatments to control pests of humans and pets

18 UK guidelines

OPPTS 810.3400

Mosquito, black fly, and biting midge (sand fly) treatments

18 Test of insecticides against flying insects: Mosquito Black Fly Biting Midge (Sand Fly)

UK guidelines

OPPTS 810.3500

Premises treatments 18 General guideline Manufacturer UK guidelines

OPPTS 810.3800

Methods for efficacy testing of termite baits

18 Own searches

SABS 233 1st rev

Pesticides: Biological evaluation of mists and fogs - first revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 303

Pesticides – Rearing and handling of the human body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus L.) - first revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 332

Pesticides – Rearing and handling of the common clothes moth (Tineola bisseliella Hummel) - second revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 458

Pesticides – Rearing and handling of the German cockroach (Blatella germanica (L.)) - second revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 576

Pesticides – Biological evaluation of insecticidal oil-based

18 Manufacturer

97

REFERENCE



space spray in low-pressurized dispensers - first revision

SABS 583

Pesticides – Biological evaluation of the contact efficacy of liquid residual insecticides - first revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 6136 (2003)

Pesticides – Biological evaluation of materials that release an insetticide upon heating

18 Manufacturer

SABS 689 3rd ed (2002)

Pesticides – Biological evaluation of knock-down and killing proprieties of liquid and aerosol formulation (al posto di Standard methods SABS Method 8689-first revision)

18 Manufacturer

SABS 690 (DRAFT)

Pesticides: biological evaluation of the proprerties of solid fly baits - DRAFT

18 Manufacturer

SABS 807

Methods for testing insecticides against flying and crawling insects.

18 TNsG on Prod Eval Manufacturer UK guidelines

SABS 899 (1987)

Insecticidal space spray in pressurized dispensers

18 Manufacturer

US AATCC Technical Manual Method 24 (1992)

Test method for textiles to determine resistance to insects (e.g. moths, carpet beetles)

18 Efficacy test against larvae TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines

US CSMA Aerosol Guide 7 th Edition, pages 129-134

Test method for aerosol space sprays against flying insects

18 Test of insecticides against flying insects:

TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines Manufacturer

98

REFERENCE



(1981) US CSMA Aerosol Guide 7 th Edition, pages 135-139 (1991)

Test method for pressurised spray products against cockroaches

18 Test of insecticides against crawling insects: cockroaches

TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines

Verwey & Sosa, 2007

Liquid Electric test method

18 For testing pyrethroids (draft method) and natural actives (Pyrethrum extract) on mosquitoues (knockdown). Efficacy criteria: "effective against mosquitoes for X hours". Knockdown is measured repeatedly for 2h and mortality after 24h. Control (no treatment) knockdown: maximum 10%. 2-4 chamber replicates, 50 organisms in each. Mean and Standard Deviations for each time calculated as well as KT50 and KT80 (Mean time to 50% and 80% knockdown respectively).

Manufacturer

WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2003.5

Space spray application of insecticides for vector and public health pest control – a practitioner’s guide

18 Brief description of the main types of space spray equipment as well as the operational guidelines for space spray application of insecticides.

TM II05 (Fr)

WHO/VBC/75.593 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of cockroaches to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.212 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insect development inhibitors


WHO/VBC/81.805

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult mosquitoes to organochlorine,


99

REFERENCE



organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, - establishment of the baseline.

WHO/VBC/81.806

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult mosquitoes to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides - diagnostic test


WHO/VBC/81.807 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.808 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of body or headlice to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.809 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult bed-bugs to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.810 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult blackflies, sandflies and biting midges to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.811 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of blackfly larvae to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.812 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insect development inhibitors

18 UK guidelines

WHO/VBC/81.813 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or


100

REFERENCE



resistance of houseflies, tsetse flies, stableflies, blowflies etc. to insecticides

UK guidelines

WHO/VBC/81.814 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult ticks to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.815 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of fleas to insecticides


EPPO PP 1/203(1)

Admixture of plant protection products to stored plant products to control insects and mites

18 + 20

TM II05 (Fr)

EPPO PP 1/201(1)

Fumigants to control insect and mite pests of stored plant products

18 + 20

TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines

ASTM E939-94(2006)

Standard Test Method of Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods (Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites): Mosquitoes

19 Evaluates the repellency of promising compounds that have undergone primary laboratory studies and approved for skin application for secondary testing. The method is designed for the study of mosquito repellents, but can be modified to determine the repellency of candidate compounds for other flying insects that attack humans.

Own search

ASTM E951-94(2006)

Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Testing of Non-Commercial Mosquito Repellent Formulations On the Skin

19 Can be used to test the efficacy of repellent compounds that can be diluted with ethanol, acetone etc. Both biological effectiveness and persistence of the repellent can be assessed. ED50 and ED95 are determined for comparative and practical purposes respectively. Precision of the test can be evaluated (confid intervals).

Own search

Dautel H, Hilker M, Kahl O,

Verwendung von Dodecansäure als Zeckenrepellent

19 Dossier

101

REFERENCE



Siems K, 2001.

(Patentschrift).

Fradin & Day, July 2002 N Engl J Med vol 347 vol 13-18

Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites

19 Human subjects: Arm in cage studies (15 volunteers, 10 mosquitoues (Aedes aegypti) in each cage. Endpoint: elapsed time to first bite. Category of protection A-H (significantly different mean complete protection time; ANOVA & Tukey's). No need to recalculate the results to "real condition" (simulate real condition)

Dossier

Hummel, E., Kleeberg, H. 1997. in: Practice orientated results on use and production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V. Proceedings of the 5th workshop, Wetzlar, Germany, January 22-25, 1996

Effect of the neem extract formulation neemazal-t/s on the green pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum in the laboratory (1995), in: Practice orientated results on use and production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V

19 Dossier

Not available

Repellency of Two Formulations against Ants (in-house laboratory study)

19 Vinyl floor tiles were sprayed with the repellent solution and placed in cages. A food attractant was placed in the centre of each tile. The number of ants crossing each tile was counted at 30 and 60 minutes after tiles were placed into cages. Data for 30 and 60 min was combined and averaged. Repellency was also measured the day after

Manufacturer

102

REFERENCE



the fourth consecutive application. Sufficient repellency was defined as >65%.

Not available

Repellency of Two product formulations against the German Cockroach (in-house laboratory study)

19 The cockroaches had a choice of two shelters, one treated with the product and one untreated. Repellency after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days was recorded. Percent repellency was calculated. Sufficient repellency was defined as >65%, excellent repellency was defined as >85%.

Manufacturer

OPPTS 810.3700 “public draft”

Insect Repellents For Human Skin and Outdoor Premises

19 Own search

SABS 695

Pesticides – Biological evaluation of the efficacy of mosquito repellents - first revision

19 Manufacturer

US EPA Guideline OPPTS 810.3700 (1999)

Insect repellents for human skin and outdoor premises

19 UK guidelines

AS 1580.481.5 (1994)

Durability and resistance to fouling - Marine underwater paint systems

21 Simulated field test TM II05

ASTM D3623-78a(2004)

Standard Method for Testing Antifouling Panels in Shallow Submergence

21 Simulated field raft test, screening test in shallow marine environments A standard antifouling panel of known performance serves as a control. Subcommittee D01.45 has a revised rating procedure now being evaluated by round robin.

TNsG PE TM II 05 UK guidelines

ASTM D4939-89 (2007)

Standard Test Method for Subjecting Marine Antifouling Coating to Biofouling and Fluid Shear Forces in Natural Seawater

21 Simulated field test. Determination of antifouling performance and reduction of thickness of marine antifouling coatings by erosion or under specified conditions of hydrodynamic shear stress in seawater alternated with static exposure in seawater. An antifouling coating system of known performance is

TM II05

103

REFERENCE



included to serve as a control in antifouling studies.

ASTM D5479-94(2007)

Standard Practice for Testing Biofouling Resistance of Marine Coatings Partially Immersed

21 Testing in-situ partial immersion exposure. A negative control (non toxic surface) is applied and should show heavy fouling accretion for the test to be valid.

TM II05

ASTM D5618-94(2005)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Barnacle Adhesion Strength in Shear

21 Screening test, measuring barnacle adhesion in shear to surfaces exposed in the marine environment. Surfaces with known barnacle adhesion strengths are included to serve as controls.

TM II05

ASTM D6990-05

Standard Practice for Evaluating Biofouling Resistance and Physical Performance of Marine Coating Systems

21 Guidance to a panel inspector for quantitative and consistent evaluation of coating performance from test panels coated with marine antifouling coating systems.

TM II05

CEPE Antifouling Working Group 1993

Antifouling coatings - methods for the generation of efficacy data

21 Simulated field raft test TNsG PE TM II05 UK guidelines

EN ISO 10253:2006

Water quality - Marine algal growth inhibition test with Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (ISO 10253:2006)

21 Growth inhibition test TM II05

104

Table 2. Overview of efficacy test references, in order of reference. REFERENCE



AATCC 100 - 1999

Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials: Assessment of


AATCC 147 - 1998

Antibacterial Activity Assessment of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak Method


AATCC 194-2006

Assesment of the Anti-House Dust Mite Properties of Textiles under Long-Term Test Conditions


AATCC 30 - 1999

Antifungal Activity, Assessment on Textile Materials: Mildew and Rot Resistance of Textile Materials


Alleman, J.E., Etzel, J.E., Gendron, D., Kirsch, E.J., Conley, J., Fidelle, T., Handy, F., and Hildebrandt, M. 42nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, May 1987, 519-524

Comparative Evaluation of Alternative Halogen-based Disinfection Strategies

1-5 Microorganisms were exposed to a mixture of biocide in solution for 4 or 16 minutes. The percentage survival was assessed under various conditions such as high or low nitrogen (as ammonium), high pH or low temperatures.

Manufacturer

American Public Health Association, 16th Edition, 1985

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (SMEWW).

1-5 A swimming pool trial was performed over a three month period to demonstrate the disinfection efficacy of the product. Water samples were collected for microbial analysis. Water and, air temperature, number of bathers (at the time when samples were taken and

Manufacturer

105

REFERENCE



total bathers for the day), eye and skin irritation and water clarity were also measured. Criteria for effective control was determined as follows: The state of California, Department of Health Services requirement for pool water is; Bacteriological quality of water in the swimming pool shall be such that not more than two consecutive samples, taken when the pool is in use shall: 1. Contain more than 200 bacteria per ml, as determined by the standard plate count; or 2. Contain a total coliform organism count of 2.2 or greater per 100 ml of sample 3. Chemical quality of water in the pool shall not cause irritation of eyes or skin of the bathers, or have other objectionable physiological effects on bathers.

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) official method 965.13

“Disinfectant (water) for Swimming Pools” official method of Analysis, 16th Edition, 1995

1-5 Manufacturer

AS 1580.481.5 (1994)

Durability and resistance to fouling - Marine underwater paint systems

21 Simulated field test TM II05

ASTM G21-96(2002)

Standard practice for determining resistance of synthetic polymeric materials to fungi

7 This practice covers determination of the effect of fungi on the properties of synthetic polymeric materials in the form of molded and fabricated articles, tubes, rods, sheets, and film materials.

Own searches

106

REFERENCE



Conditions favorable for attack, namely, a temperature of 2 to 38°C (35 to 100°F) and a relative humidity of 60 to 100 % need to be established. Expected effects include surface attack, discoloration, loss of transmission (optical), and removal of susceptible plasticizers, modifiers, and lubricants, resulting in increased modulus (stiffness), changes in weight, dimensions, and other physical properties, and deterioration of electrical properties such as insulation resistance, dielectric constant, power factor, and dielectric strength. Since attack by organisms involves a large element of chance due to local accelerations and inhibitions, the order of reproducibility may be rather low. To ensure that estimates of behavior are not too optimistic, the greatest observed degree of deterioration should be reported. Conditioning of the specimens, such as exposure to leaching, weathering, heat treatment, etc., may have significant effects on the resistance to fungi. Determination of these effects is not covered in this practice.

ASTM E723-07

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Antimicrobials as Preservatives for Aqueous-Based Products Used in the Paper Industry

11 or 12?

Laboratory test method is used to determine the efficacy of an antimicrobial for preventing bacterial spoilage of in-process pigment suspensions, dye solutions, pulp slurries,


107

REFERENCE



(Bacterial Spoilage) starch solutions, polymers, sizing agents, latex emulsions, and other aqueous-based materials used in the paper industry from bacterial spoilage. Test organisms may vary but should lie above 10E6 CFU/ml. Bacterial numbers in the sample are determined at variable time periods and compared to a control with no bactericide. Material to be preserved is used as substrate, but for some materials nutrients may be added. Results are expressed as % kill: [(control plate count-test plate count)/ control plate count]x100 at each sampling time.

ASTM E875-00(2005)

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Fungal Control Agents as Preservatives for Aqueous-Based Products Used in the Paper Industry

11 or 12?

Laboratory method that determines if a fungal control agent is effective to preserve pigment suspensions, dye solutions, pulp slurries, starch solutions, polymers, sizing agents, latex emulsions, and other specific aqueous-based materials to prevent spoilage of in-process aqueous-based products used in the paper industry. Will also prevent spore germination. Plates are incubated for 7d or until control plates shos sufficient growth for rating. The exposure time should correspond to the real time desired, often 6w. Separate evaluations should be made on a representative type for each specific class of product to be preserved. Growth is determined by visible signs of


108

REFERENCE



deterioration in the sample and by obtaining fungal numbers and comparing them to a sample without fungal control agents. A proper level of fungal control agent prevents deterioration and reduces and keeps organisms to an acceptable level in the test material, which is determined by the tester or user. Often a scale from 0 to 4 (heavy growth).

ASTM E645-07

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Microbicides Used in Cooling Water Systems

11 Efficacy of microbicides (algicides, bactericides, and fungicides), evaluated using simulated or real cooling tower water against (1) microbes from cooling water, (2) microbes in microbiological deposits (biofilms) from operating cooling systems, or (3) microorganisms known to contaminate cooling water systems, or a combination thereof. Choice of enumerating method may vary, e g pour plate, spread plate, MPN techniques etc. Test concentrations also vary but are usually between 1 and 50 mg/l. Exposure time varies with mode of action but includes 3h contact time. For bacteria 48 h incubation, fungi 48h-7d, for algae 5-14d. Even if using cooling water and deposits/biofilm obtained from the field, laboratory results may not be totally predictive of microbicidal effectiveness in the field (due to e g variability in environmental factors). If solvents are added, a solvent control is included. If initial count in

Manufacturer

109

REFERENCE



cooling water control samples are <10E5 bact/ml (or <10E3 CFU/ml fungi or algae), the test is invalid. In addition, the viable counts of fungi/algae in the control must at least be equal to the numbers at time 0. The untreated control should show a stable population with no more than 0.5 log increase or decrease in growth during the test perod. Results are expressed as “Log reduction in number of microorganisms at each biocide concentration”: log (initial count of microorganisms of the control sample) – log (number of microorganisms detected at a given biocide concentration after a specific contact time). If 1 log reduction: corresponds to 90% kill, if 2 log reduction corresponds to 99% kill, 3 log reduction to 99.9% kill.

ASTM D2574-06

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Emulsion Paints in the Container to Attack by Microorganisms

6 Own searches

ASTM WK8681

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Mold Growth on Interior Coated Building Products in an Environmental Chamber

10 This test method can be used to evaluate the comparative resistance of coated building products to accelerated mold growth. Performance at a certain rating does not imply any specific period of time for a mold free surface. However, a better rated panel would be expected to perform better in actual end use. An environmental chamber and the conditions of operation to evaluate in a

Own searches

110

REFERENCE



4-week period the relative resistance of coated building products to surface mold growth in a controlled interior environment is described. The apparatus is designed so it can be easily built or obtained by any interested party.

ASTM WK 17314

Test Method for Evaluating the Efficacy of a Liquid Microbiocide against Biofilm Bacteria

12 A procedure for testing the efficacy of a liquid microbicide against biofilm grown on coupons removed from biofilm reactors standardized to grow a repeatable biofilm, such as the CDC Biofilm Reactor (ASTM Method E 2562) or Rotating Disk Biofilm Reactor (ASTM Method E 2196). The preparation of the liquid microbicide and exposure time are completed according to manufacturer’s instructions for use. The liquid microbicide is tested at room temperature under static conditions. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area. Efficacy is determined by calculating the log reduction in viable cells. The microbicide is tested at its use dilution for the recommended time.

Own searches

ASTM WK14960

Test Method for Standard Test Method for the Resistance of Mold Growth on Uncoated Interior Building Products in an Environmental Chamber.

10 This test method can be used to evaluate the comparative resistance of uncoated building products to accelerated mold growth. The apparatus (environmental chamber) is designed so it can be easily built or obtained by any interested party. 4-week evaluation period.

Own searches

111

REFERENCE



Relative resistance of uncoated interior building products to surface mold growth in a controlled interior environment is evaluated, but performance at a certain rating does not imply any specific period of time for a mold free surface.

ASTM E1517-99(2006)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Effectiveness of Liquid, Gel, Cream, or Shampoo Insecticides Against Human Louse OVA

18 Determines the effectiveness of ovicidal materials in liquid, gel, cream, or shampoo form against the ova (that is, eggs or nits) of the human louse, Pediculus humanus. This test method consists of five replicates for a statistical comparison of formulations.

Own searches

ASTM D1006-93

Standard Recommended Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints on Wood

8 Field test: aids in evaluating the performance of house and trim paints to new, previously unpainted wood exposed to the environment. Exposures in several locations with different climates which represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended and several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an “average” test result for a given location. Solar radiation varies considerably as function of time of year, and can cause large differences in the apparent rate of degradation in many polymers. Comparing results for materials exposed for short periods (less than onee year) is not recommended unless materials are exposed at the same time in the same location.

Own searches

112

REFERENCE



ASTM D3273-00(2005)

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Growth of Mold on the Surface of Interior Coatings in an Environmental Chamber

7 This test method describes a small environmental chamber and the conditions of operation to evaluate reproducibly in a 4-week period the relative resistance of paint films to surface mold fungi, mildew growth in a severe interior environment. The apparatus is designed so it can be easily built or obtained by any interested party and will duplicate results obtained in a large tropical chamber. An accelerated test for determining the resistance of interior coatings to mold growth; useful in estimating the performance of coatings designed for use in interior environments that promote mold growth and in evaluating compounds that may inhibit such growth and the aggregate levels for their use. Used to evaluate the comparative resistance of interior coating to accelerated mildew growth. Performance at a certain rating (in accordance with Test Method D3274) does not imply any specific period of time for a fungal free coating. However, a better rated coating nearly always performs better in actual end use. This test method is intended for the accelerated evaluation of an interior coatings' resistance to fungal defacement. Use of this test method for evaluating exterior coatings' performance has not been validated, nor have the

Own searches

113

REFERENCE



limitations for such use been determined. Any accelerated weathering (leaching, weathering machine exposure, etc.,) should be reported and should also bear reference to the fact that it is beyond the current scope of this test method. Temperature and humidity must be effectively controlled within the relatively narrow limits specified in order for the chamber to function reproducibly during the short test period. Severity and rate of mold growth on a film is a function of the moisture content of both the film and the substrate. A relative humidity of 95 to 98 % at a temperature of 32.5+ 1oC (90+ 2oF ) is necessary for test panels to develop rapidly and maintain an adequate moisture level to support mold growth.

ASTM D3456-86(2002)

Standard Practice for Determining by Exterior Exposure Tests the Susceptibility of Paint Films to Microbiological Attack

7 This practice provides guidelines for determining the susceptibility of paint films to microbiological attack on exterior exposure. The degree to which microbiological discoloration occurs is the primary concern. This practice covers the preparation of coatings for testing, their application on substrates, and the arrangement of the coated panels on exterior test fences to determine the degree of microbiological attack that may occur on the surface of the coatings over a period of time. This practice is intended to

Own searches

114

REFERENCE



provide guidelines for, and a discussion of, the various factors critical in selection of exterior coatings resistant to discoloration or disfigurement by algae and fungi.

ASTM D3623-78a(2004)

Standard Method for Testing Antifouling Panels in Shallow Submergence

21 Simulated field raft test, screening test in shallow marine environments A standard antifouling panel of known performance serves as a control. Subcommittee D01.45 has a revised rating procedure now being evaluated by round robin.

TNsG PE TM II 05 UK guidelines

ASTM D4131-84 (2005)

Standard practice for sampling fish with Rotenone

17 Adaptable to both lotic and lentic situations in littoral and limnetic areas.


ASTM D4300-01

Standard Test Methods for Ability of Adhesive Films to Support or Resist the Growth of Fungi

7 Tests the ability of adhesive films to inhibit or support the growth of selected fungal species growing on agar plates by providing means of testing the films on two agar substrates, one which promotes microbial growth, and one which does not. constituents. These test methods are not appropriate for all adhesives. The activity of certain biocides may not be demonstrated by these test methods as a result of irreversible reaction with some of the medium. As an example, quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated by agar. A test method is included for use with low-viscosity adhesives along with an alternative method for use with mastic-type adhesives.

Own searches

ASTM D4576-01(2006)

Standard Test Method for Mold Growth Resistance of Wet Blue

9 Determination of mold growth resistance of wet blue subject to storage and

115

REFERENCE



shipping requirements and intended for use in leather manufacturing, assisting the prediction of storage time before molding occurs. This test method may not be suitable to evaluate fungicides that are inactivated by proteins, including alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides. To allow use of this test method by any laboratory, flexibility has been permitted in times, temperature, and humidity of incubation, inoculum, hide sampling area, and choice of control. These may be adjusted to fit local conditions but must be standardized. Conclusions about mold growth resistance are drawn from the results by comparing the test with a simultaneously run control of known resistance. Success or failure is determined by the amount of mold growth relative to the control. The degree of correlation between this test and commercial quantities of wet blue in storage or shipment situations, or both, has not been fully determined.

ASTM D4783-01e1

Standard Test Methods for Resistance of Adhesive Preparations in Container to Attack by Bacteria, Yeast, and Fungi

6 Determination of the resistance of liquid adhesive preparations to microbial attack in the container by challenging adhesive specimens with cultures of bacteria, yeast, or fungi, and checking for their ability to return to sterility.

TNsG on Prod Eval

116

REFERENCE



These test methods return qualitative results

ASTM D4939-89 (2007)

Standard Test Method for Subjecting Marine Antifouling Coating to Biofouling and Fluid Shear Forces in Natural Seawater

21 Simulated field test. Determination of antifouling performance and reduction of thickness of marine antifouling coatings by erosion or under specified conditions of hydrodynamic shear stress in seawater alternated with static exposure in seawater. An antifouling coating system of known performance is included to serve as a control in antifouling studies.

TM II05

ASTM D5479-94(2007)

Standard Practice for Testing Biofouling Resistance of Marine Coatings Partially Immersed

21 Testing in-situ partial immersion exposure. A negative control (non toxic surface) is applied and should show heavy fouling accretion for the test to be valid.

TM II05

ASTM D5589-97(2002)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Algal Defacement

7 This test method covers an accelerated method for determining the relative resistance of a paint or coating film to algal growth. This test method should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure since many other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results.

Own searches

ASTM D5590-00(2005)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Fungal Defacement by Accelerated Four-Week Agar Plate Assay

7 This test method covers an accelerated method for determining the relative resistance of two or more paints or coating films to fungal growth. This test method should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure (that is, Practice D 3456) since many other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results. Comparative evaluation of different coating formulations for their

Own searches

117

REFERENCE



relative performance under a given set of conditions. It does not imply that a coating that resists growth under these conditions will necessarily resist growth in the actual application. Round-robin testing of this test method versus exterior exposure is planned.

ASTM D5618-94(2005)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Barnacle Adhesion Strength in Shear

21 Screening test, measuring barnacle adhesion in shear to surfaces exposed in the marine environment. Surfaces with known barnacle adhesion strengths are included to serve as controls.

TM II05

ASTM D6990-05

Standard Practice for Evaluating Biofouling Resistance and Physical Performance of Marine Coating Systems

21 Guidance to a panel inspector for quantitative and consistent evaluation of coating performance from test panels coated with marine antifouling coating systems.

TM II05

ASTM E1052-96(2002)

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents Against Viruses in Suspension

1-5 Laboratory suspension test that determines the effectiveness of antimicrobial solutions against designated prototype viruses. The effective antimicrobial concentration should be determined using cell cultures as the host system for specific viruses. For special applications of virucides, such as inactivation of viruses in contaminated liquid wastes, and as a first stage in determining virucidal potential of liquid chemical germicides, liquid hand soaps, OTC topicals or other skin products.

Manufacturer

ASTM E1053-97(2002)

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Virucidal Agents Intended for

1-5 Laboratory test method. Evaluates the virucidal efficacy of liquid, aerosol,

Manufacturer

118

REFERENCE



Inanimate Environmental Surfaces

or trigger spray antimicrobial solutions on inanimate nonporous environmental surfaces, against designated prototype viruses. The effective antimicrobial concentration should be determined utilizing cell cultures as the host system for specific viruses. Efficacy is measured by a percentage reduction in titer.

ASTM E1054-02

Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of Antimicrobial Agents

1-5 Effectiveness of procedures and agents for inactivating (neutralizing, quenching) the microbiocidal properties of antimicrobial agents and to ensure that no components of the neutralizing procedures and agents, themselves, exert an inhibitory effect on microorganisms targeted for recovery.

Own searches

ASTM E1115-02

Test Method for Evaluation of Surgical Hand Scrub Formulations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1153-03

Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers Recommended for Inanimate Non-Food Contact Surfaces

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1173-01e1

Standard Test Method of a Evaluation of a Preoperative, Precatheterization, or Preinjection Skin Preparations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1174-06

Test Method for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Health Care Personnel Handwash Formulations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1259-05

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid

6 The procedure should be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of

Own searches

119

REFERENCE



Fuels Boiling Below 390°C

microbicides in liquid fuels boiling below 390°C. The effect of environmental conditions, such as a variety of fuel additives, metal surfaces, and climatology, are variables that can be included in specific tests using this protocol.

ASTM E1327-07

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Handwash Formulations by Utilizing Fingernail Regions

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1427-00e1

Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm

12 The purpose of this guide is to inform the investigator of methods that can be used for biofilm formation and measurement, allowing development of test procedures for determining the effectiveness of chemical treatments for prevention, inactivation, and removal of unwanted biofilm. This guide is not an exhaustive survey of biofilm methods.

Own searches

ASTM E1428-99(2004)

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Performance of Antimicrobials in or on Polymeric Solids Against Staining by Streptoverticillium reticulum (A Pink Stain Organism)

7 This test method provides a technique for evaluating antimicrobials in or on polymeric solids against staining by Streptoverticillium reticulum, and should assist in the prediction of performance of treated articles under actual field conditions. Conditioning of the specimens, such as exposure to leaching, weathering, and heat treatment, may have significant effects on performance of antimicrobials against staining. Determination of these effects is not included in this test

Own searches

120

REFERENCE



method. This test method is also not suitable for evaluating dark-pigmented test samples.

ASTM E1482-04

Standard Test Method for Neutralization of Virucidal Agents in Virucidal Efficacy Evaluations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1589-05

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of First Aid Antiseptic Drug Products

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1766-95(2002)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Effectiveness of Sterilization Processes for Reusable Medical Devices

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1837-96(2002)

Standard Test Method to Determine Efficacy of Disinfection Processes for Reusable Medical Devices (Simulated Use Test)

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1838-02

Standard Test Method for Determining the Virus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Liquid Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adult Volunteers

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E1839-07

Standard test method for efficacy of slimicides for the paper industry – bacterial and fungal slime

12 A procedure to evaluate the efficacy of slimicides for the control of bacterial and fungal slimes in paper mill systems and their counterparts. This test method is run in acid, alkaline, or acid and alkaline conditions to determine the efficacy of the slime control agent. The test conditions may be modified to reflect intended use patterns in typical paper mill systems, including use of actual paper mill furnish. Efficacy based on a % reduction on

Communication with UK (HSE) Manufacturer

121

REFERENCE



CFU. ASTM E1882-05

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Formulations by the Agar Patch Technique

1-5 This test method determines the antibacterial activity and persistence of test formulations, as measured by the inhibition of a test organism on an agar surface exposed to test sites on human skin treated with the formulations. This procedure can be used to evaluate formulations containing ingredients intended to inhibit growth of bacteria on intact skin and measures the difference, post-product-exposure, between numbers of bacterial colonies on active test formulation plates and numbers on control plates, expressed as percent inhibition. This procedure may also be used to test for persistence of activity, as a function of time elapsed between application of active test formulation and application of active test plates. Because no procedure for neutralization of the antimicrobial action of active ingredients can be included in the test, the agar patch method is limited to the extent that results expressed as percent inhibition do not differentiate between bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal effects and, hence, must not be portrayed as “reductions.”

Own searches

ASTM E1883-02

Standard Test Method for Assessment of an Antibacterial Handwash Product by Multiple Basin Wash Technique

1-5 Own searches

ASTM Standard Guide for ? Own searches

122

REFERENCE



E1891-97(2002)

Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient

ASTM E2011-99

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Handwashing Formulations for Virus-Eliminating Activity Using the Entire Hand

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2111-05

Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal, and Sporicidal Potencies of Liquid Chemical Microbicides

1-5 This test can be performed with or without a soil load to determine the effect of such loading on microbicide performance. The soil load developed for this test is a mixture of three types of proteins (high molecular weight proteins, low molecular weight peptides, and mucous material) to represent the body secretions, excretions, or other extraneous substances that chemical microbicides may encounter under field condititions. This test method is designed for use in product development and for the generation of product potency data. This test method is fully quantitative and it also avoids any loss of viable organisms through wash off. It permits the loading of each carrier with a known volume of the test organism. The incorporation of controls can also determine the initial load of colony forming units (CFU) of organisms on the test carriers and any loss in

Own searches

123

REFERENCE



CFU after the mandatory drying of the inoculum. This test method is designed to have survivors and also to be used with a performance standard. The surviving microorganisms on each test carrier are compared to the mean of no less than three control carriers to determine if the performance standard has been met. To allow proper statistical evaluation of results, the size of the test inoculum should be sufficiently large to take into account both the performance standard and the experimental variation in the results.

ASTM E2149-01

Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Immobilized Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions

9 Evaluates the resistance of non-leaching antimicrobial treated specimens to the growth of microbes under dynamic contact conditions. This test determines the antimicrobial activity of treated specimen by shaking samples of surface bound materials in a concentrated bacterial suspension for a one hour contact time or other contact times as specified by the investigator. The suspension is serially diluted both before and after contact and cultured. This dynamic shake flask test was developed for routine quality control and screening tests in order to overcome difficulties (including ensuring contact of inoculum to treated surface) in using classical antimicrobial test methods to evaluate substrate-bound antimicrobials. This test also allows for the

Manufacturer, applied to textiles

124

REFERENCE



versatility of testing contamination due to such things as hard water, proteins, blood, serum, various chemicals, and other contaminates or physical/chemical stresses or manipulations of the specimens of interest. The number of viable organisms in the suspension is determined and the percent reduction is calculated based on initial counts or on retrievals from appropriate untreated controls. his method is intended for those surfaces having a percent reduction activity of 50 % to 100 % for the specified contact time. Surface antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing results from the test sample to simultaneously run controls. The presence of a leaching antimicrobial is both pre- and post-determined by the presence of a zone of inhibition.

ASTM E2180-07

Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials

9 This test method is designed to evaluate (quantitatively) the antimicrobial effectiveness of agents incorporated or bound into or onto mainly flat (two dimensional) hydrophobic or polymeric surfaces. The method focuses primarily on assessing antibacterial activity; however, other microorganisms such as yeast and fungal conidia may be tested using this method. The vehicle for the inoculum is an agar slurry

Own searches

125

REFERENCE



which reduces the surface tension of the saline inoculum carrier and allows formation of a "pseudo-biofilm," providing more even contact of the inoculum with the test surface. This test method facilitates the testing of hydrophobic surfaces by utilizing cells held in an agar slurry matrix. This method can confirm the presence of antimicrobial activity in plastics or hydrophobic surfaces and allows determination of quantitative differences in antimicrobial activity between untreated plastics or polymers and those with bound or incorporated low water-soluble antimicrobial agents. Comparisons between the numbers of survivors on preservative-treated and control hydrophobic surfaces may also be made. This test method, as written, is inappropriate to determine efficacy against biofilm cells, which are different both genetically and metabolically than planktonic cells used in this test. The procedure also permits determination of "shelf-life" or long term durability of an antimicrobial treatment which may be achieved through testing both non-washed and washed samples over a time span.

ASTM E2196-07

Standard Test Method for Quantification of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with Shear and

7 This test method is used for growing a repeatable Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a continuously stirred flow reactor. In

Own searches

126

REFERENCE



Continuous Flow Using a Rotating Disk Reactor

addition, the test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. In this test method, biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area.

ASTM E2197-02

Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical Germicides

1-5 The method is designed to evaluate the ability of liquid chemical germicides to inactivate vegetative bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria and bacterial spores in the presence of a soil load on disk carriers that represent environmental surfaces and medical devices. It is also designed to have survivors that can be compared to mean of no less than three control carriers to determine if the performance standard has been met. For proper statistical evaluation of the results, the size of the test inoculum should be sufficiently large to take into account both the performance standard and the experimental variation in the results. The test protocol does not include any wiping or rubbing action. It is, therefore, not designed for testing germicide-soaked wipes.

Own searches

ASTM E2274-03

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and Disinfectants

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2275-03e1 (replaces D3946 and E686)

Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance

13 Laboratory procedures for rating the relative inherent bioresistance of water-miscible metalworking fluids, the bioresistance attributable to augmentation with antimicrobial pesticides or

TNsG on Prod Eval

127

REFERENCE



both, for determining the need for microbicide addition prior to or during fluid use in metalworking systems and for evaluating microbicide performance. Relative bioresistance is determined by challenging metalworking fluids with a biological inoculum that may either be characterized (comprised of one or more known biological cultures) or uncharacterized (comprised of biologically contaminated metalworking fluid or one or more unidentified isolates from deteriorated metalworking fluid). Challenged fluid bioresistance is defined in terms of resistance to biomass increase, viable cell recovery increase, chemical property change, physical property change or some combination thereof. This practice is applicable to antimicrobial agents that are incorporated into either the metalworking fluid concentrate or end-use dilution. It is also applicable to metalworking fluids that are formulated using non-microbicidal, inherently bioresistant components. The results of tests completed in accordance with this practice should be used only to compare the relative performance of products or microbicide treatments included in a test series. Results should not be construed as predicting actual field performance.

ASTM E2276-

Standard Test Method for Determining the

1-5 Own searches

128

REFERENCE



03e1 Bacteria-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adult Subjects

ASTM E2314-03

Standard Test Method for Determination of Effectiveness of Cleaning Processes for Reusable Medical Instruments Using a Microbiologic Method (Simulated Use Test)

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2315-03

Standard Guide for Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity Using a Time-Kill Procedure

1-5 This guide covers examples of a basic method to measure the changes of a population of aerobic microorganisms within a specified sampling time when tested against antimicrobial test materials in vitro. Several options for organism selection and growth, inoculum preparation, sampling times and temperatures are provided. Antimicrobial activity of specific materials, as measured by this technique, may vary significantly on variables selected.

Own searches

ASTM E2361-04

Standard Guide for Testing Leave-On Products Using In-Situ Methods

1-5 This guide covers test methods and sampling procedure options for leave-on products (such as alcohol hand rubs and lotions containing antimicrobial ingredients) for consumer and hospital personnel. These products are distinguished from conventional washing and scrubbing preparations in that they do not rely on the rinsing, physical removal, and antimicrobial action in determining their effectiveness. Although

Own searches

129

REFERENCE



agitation and friction may serve to release organisms from the skin and folds and crevices, organisms are then killed in situ and are not rinsed from the skin surface before sampling. Appropriate test methods for the hands have been published, while other sampling methods will be needed for testing body areas other than the hands.

ASTM E2362-04

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Pre-saturated or Impregnated Towelettes for Hard Surface Disinfection

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2406-04

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and Disinfectants for Use in High Efficiency Washing Operations

1-5 Own searches

ASTM E2471-05

Standard Test Method for Using Seeded-Agar for the Screening Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity In Carpets

9 Rapid screening evaluating (qualitatively) the presence of antimicrobial (both antibacterial and antifungal) activity in or on the carpet face fiber or incorporated into the backing structure of the carpet (or both). The method simulates actual use conditions that may occur on carpets (for example, food and beverage spills, soiling from foot traffic, prolonged moisture exposure) and provides a means to screen for activity and durability of an antimicrobial treatment under conditions of organic loading. This test method provides for the simultaneous assessment of multiple carpet components for antimicrobial activity. Carpets may be cleaned

Own searches

130

REFERENCE



prior to testing in order to assess the durability of the antimicrobial effect. The method can assess the durability of the antimicrobial treatments on new carpets, and on those repeatedly shampooed or exposed to in-use conditions. Half strength (nutrient and agar) tryptic soy agar is used as the inoculum vehicle for bacteria and half strength potato dextrose agar as the inoculum vehicle for mold conidia. Use of half strength agars may reduce undue neutralization of an antimicrobial due to excessive organic load. This test method simultaneously evaluates (both visual and stereo-microscopic) antimicrobial activity both at the fiber layer and at the primary backing layer of carpet.

ASTM E2562-07

Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with High Shear and Continuous Flow using CDC Biofilm Reactor

1-5 + 12

This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a repeatable Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm under high shear (1). The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than representative of one particular environment. The biofilm generated in the CDC biofilm reactor is also suitable for efficacy testing. 3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is

Own searches

131

REFERENCE



recorded as log colony forming units per surface area. After the 48 h growth phase is complete, the user may add the treatment in situ or harvest the coupons and treat them individually. This test method uses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) biofilm reactor. The CDC biofilm reactor is a continuously stirred flow reactor with high wall shear. Although it was originally designed to model a potable water system for the evaluation of Legionella pneumophila, the reactor is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilm of varying species.

ASTM E640-06

Standard Test Method for Preservatives in Water-Containing Cosmetics

1-5 This test method should be used to determine if a preservative or preservative system has application for the preservation of water-miscible cosmetic products. It sets minimal requirements for preservative performance in model formulations.

Own searches

ASTM E652-91(2003)

Standard Test Method for Nonresidual Liquid Household Insecticides Against Flying Insects

18 Determines the relative efficiency of household and industrial-use, contact insecticides dissolved in base oils and applied in spray formulations. It is developed to test insecticides against house flies (Musca domestica, L), but test data may also be adequate to support label claims for the use of the products against mosquitoes, gnats, flying moths, wasps, and certain other small flying insects.

Own searches

132

REFERENCE



Not designed to measure the residual action of the spray formulation.

ASTM E653-91(2003)

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Aerosol and Pressurized Space Spray Insecticides Against Flying Insects

18 The test determines the relative efficacy of aerosol and pressurized space spray insecticide formulations against house flies (Musca domestica, L) strains and, with modifications in dosage, other flying insects. Test data obtained by this test method may also be adequate to support label claims for the use of the product against mosquitoes, gnats, flying moths, wasps, and certain other small flying insects. This test method is not designed to measure the residual activity. The test may be conducted using approximately 100 house flies per test (small group) or 500 flies per test (large group). Selected reference standards are the Official Test Aerosol II (OTA II) for oil based aerosol products and Tentative Official Aqueous Pressurized Spray (TOAPS) for water based aerosol products. Aerosol test knockdowns: % down of total flies at 5, 10, 15 minutes after application. Aerosol test knock down mortality: dead knocked down x100/total flies. These numbers should on average be equal to, greater than or no more than 5% points below the corresponding numbers of the reference in order to meet the standard. No statement on precision or bias, only whether

UK guidelines

133

REFERENCE



conformance to criteria for success specified in the procedure.

ASTM E654-96(2003)

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Aerosol and Pressurized Spray Insecticides Against Cockroaches

18 Test of insecticides against crawling insects: cockroaches Determines the relative efficiency of aerosol and pressurised spray formulations against cockroaches, but test data by this test method may also be adequate to support claims for use of the product to control the exposed or accessible stages of silverfish, ants, centipedes, spiders, and certain stored product pests. Applied as direct sprays for 30 s. on last instar nymphs. Observation period: 48h. The test is not designed to measure the residual action. Ten groups with 20 organisms in each. The test is run in conjunction with the Official Test Aerosol II (OTA II) (or Tentative Official Aqueous Pressurized Spray (TOAPS) as the standard basis of comparison. The mortality after 24h should be between 50 and 75% when testing with the OTA. The test specimens meet the standard if average % dead and moribound is equal to, above or within 10% points less than average % dead of the OTA series after 48h. Precision or bias is not specified, only states whether conforms to efficacy criteria.

UK guidelines

ASTM E729-96 (2007)

Standard guide for conducting acute toxicity tests on test materials with fishes,

17 2 to 8-day exposures, depending on the species. Static, renewal, or flow-through procedures.


134

REFERENCE



macroinvertebrates and amphibians

Usually reported as LC50 or EC50.

ASTM E938-05

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Liquid, Gel, or Cream Insecticides Against Adult Human Lice

18 Test of insecticides against crawling insects: human louse. Only gels or creams that liquefy at 32°C (90°F) can be tested). Five replicates, for a statistical comparison of formulations.

Own searches

ASTM E939-94(2006)

Standard Test Method of Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods (Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites): Mosquitoes

19 Evaluates the repellency of promising compounds that have undergone primary laboratory studies and approved for skin application for secondary testing. The method is designed for the study of mosquito repellents, but can be modified to determine the repellency of candidate compounds for other flying insects that attack humans.

Own search

ASTM E951-94(2006)

Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Testing of Non-Commercial Mosquito Repellent Formulations On the Skin

19 Can be used to test the efficacy of repellent compounds that can be diluted with ethanol, acetone etc. Both biological effectiveness and persistence of the repellent can be assessed. ED50 and ED95 are determined for comparative and practical purposes respectively. Precision of the test can be evaluated (confid intervals).

Own search

ASTM E979-91(2004)

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents as Preservatives for Invert Emulsion and Other Water Containing Hydraulic Fluids


ASTM G160-03

Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials by Laboratory Soil Burial

8-10?

A wide variety of properties may be affected by microbial attack depending on material or item characteristic. Standard methods (where available)

Own searches

135

REFERENCE



should be used for each different property to be evaluated. This practice does not attempt to enumerate all of the possible properties of interest nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test methods must, however, be appropriate to the material being tested. Evaluation of a nonmetallic material's microbiological susceptibility when in contact with the natural environment of the soil and is intended for use on material test specimens that are approximately 2 cm (3/4 in.) thick and 100 cm2 (20 in2) or less. It is recommended that this practice be combined with appropriate environmental exposures (for example, sunlight simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of extended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication into articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service life of material. Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a number of changes including staining, weight loss, or reduction in tensile or flexural strength. This practice may be applied to articles that do not spend the majority of their service life in soil.

ASTM G29-96(2002)

Standard Practice for Determining Algal Resistance of Plastic Films

7 Determination of the susceptibility of plastic films to the attachment and proliferation of surface-

Own searches

136

REFERENCE



growing algae, produced in bodies of water, such as swimming pools, artificial ponds, and irrigation ditches that are lined with plastic films. Evaluating the degree and permanency of protection against surface growth of algae afforded by various additives incorporated in the film.

ASTM WK12880

Standard Guide for Evaluation of Clean Room Disinfectants

1-5 Own searches

ASTM WK14214

Revision of E1839-96(2002) Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Slimicides for the Paper Industry--Bacterial and Fungal Slime

12 Efficacy of slimicides for the control of bacterial and fungal slimes in paper mill systems and their counterparts.

Own searches

ASTM WK15324

Test Method for Determining the Time-Kill Kinetics Of Antimicrobial Compounds

? This test method assesses the microbicidal activity of antimicrobial materials, whereby the survival of organisms exposed to a water miscible antimicrobial agent is determined as a function of time. The primary purpose of this method is to provide a set of standardized conditions and test organisms to facilitate comparative assessments of antimicrobial materials miscible in aqueous systems.

Own searches

ASTM WK16397

Revision of E2180-01 Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials

9 Evaluates (quantitatively) the antimicrobial effectiveness of agents incorporated or bound into or onto mainly flat (two dimensional) hydrophobic or polymeric surfaces. The method focuses primarily on assessing antibacterial activity; however, other microorganisms such as yeast and fungal conidia may be tested using this

Manufacturer (updated), applied to textiles.

137

REFERENCE



method.This method can confirm the presence of antimicrobial activity in plastics or hydrophobic surfaces. The vehicle for the inoculum is an agar slurry which reduces the surface tension of the saline inoculum carrier and allows formation of a "pseudo-biofilm," providing more even contact of the inoculum with the test surface. The method allows determination of quantitative differences in antimicrobial activity between untreated plastics or polymers and those with bound or incorporated low water-soluble antimicrobial agents. Comparisons between the numbers of survivors on preservative-treated and control hydrophobic surfaces may also be made. The procedure also permits determination of "shelf-life" or long term stability of an antimicrobial treatment which may be achieved through testing both non-washed and washed samples over a time span.

ASTM WK4751

Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for Sanitization of Produce

1-5 Own searches

ASTM WK4757

Standard Test Method for the Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity In Carpets; Seeded-Agar Overlay Screen

9 Designed to evaluate (qualitatively) the presence and effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives in or on carpets. This method can be used to evaluate both the

Own searches

138

REFERENCE



antibacterial and antifungal activity This method is useful for assessing the durability of the antimicrobial treatments because it can be performed on both new carpets and those that have been repeatedly shampooed or exposed to in-use conditions. This method utilizes either tryptic soy agar as the inoculum vehicle for bacteria or potato dextrose agar as the inoculum vehicle for mold conidia. . Full compliment agars can be used to mimic high soil or organic loads on carpets or partial nutrient complement agars can be used to mimic lightly soiled conditions on carpet. This method allows for the simultaneous evaluation (both visual and stereo-microscopic) of antimicrobial activity both at the fiber layer and at the primary backing layer of carpet.

ASTM WK5097

Guideline For Evaluating The Potential For Decline In Planktonic Microorganism Susceptability To Antimicrobial Compounds: Healthcare Applications

6 This method uses an agar-dilution procedure to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and subsequently to screen for the development of decreased susceptibility for test formulations versus bacteria or yeast species. The inocula used on the second, third, fourth, and fifth test cycles will be prepared from the microbial growth present at the previous day’s end point;i.e., that agar-dilution plate containing the highest concentration of the test formulation (lowest dilution)

Own searches

139

REFERENCE



that allows microbial growth.

ASTM WK6845 [revision of E 1241-98 (2004)]

Standard guide for conducting early life-stage toxicity test with fishes

17 A flow through test, beginning before hatch and ending after hatch. 28 to 120-day (depending on species) continuous exposure.


ASTM WK8252

New Standard Test Method for Determining Resistance of Aqueous Metalworking Fluids towards Non-Tuberculous, Environmental Mycobacteria

13 Determines the relative bioresistance of aqueous metalworking fluids towards non-tuberculous (NTM), rapidly growing( RGM), environmental mycobacteria by challenging them with a mycobacterial inoculum isolated from actual spoiled metalworking fluid field samples from the user/s site. In order to simulate field conditions, another challenge inoculum consisting of a mixture of common metalworking fluid spoilage microorganisms originating from actual MWF field samples is also used.

Own searches

ASTM WK9062

Guideline for Evaluation of Residual Effectiveness of Antibacterial Personal Cleansing Products

1-5 Own searches

ASTM WK9378

Standard Test Method for Determining the Fungus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adults

1-5 Own searches

BBA 9 - 3.1

Richtlinie für die Prüfung von Nagetierbekämpfungsmitteln gegen Hausmaüse


140

REFERENCE



BBA 9 - 3.2

Richtlinie für die Prüfung von Nagetierbekämpfungsmitteln gegen Wanderratten


Bechert et al., Nature Medicine 6, 1053-1056 (2000)

A new method for screening anti-infective biomaterials

1-5 The test is based on the release of vital daughter cells from the sample surface into the surrounding. The proliferation activity of these daughter cells, which are responsible for infection development, can be monitored in a time course. Antimicrobial activity is monitored by the time needed to reach a defined optical density, which is dependent on the number of released daughter cells. All measurements are performed in comparison to an untreated control (without antimicrobial additive). The difference between the reference (A) and the test sample (B) to reach the threshold OD gives the degree of antimicrobial activity. If all bacteria on the surface of the material are prevented from multiplying, no daughter cells are produced and the test object is considered bactericidal. Materials can also be antimicrobial, which means that not all cells on the test surface are prevented from growing. Some cells are able to divide and release daughter cells into the surroundings, which are then optically registered in a so-called growth curve. If surviving daughter cells are

Test institute

141

REFERENCE



grown under controlled conditions over 48 h (observation time), a higher turbidity and therefore a bigger signal is generated. At the same time only vital and proliferative cells are accounted for. In particular antimicrobial samples will release daughter cells into the surrounding. Hence, microbial growth is first observed noticeably later. This right-shift towards longer times is indicative for the antimicrobial efficacy of the tested samples. The so-called onset OD serves as a quantifiable parameter and is equivalent to the required number of hours required for the surviving daughter cells to grow to a predefined optical density (OD = 0.2). A material is defined to be antimicrobial only if the formation of at least 99.9% (which is equivalent to a net onset-OD of 6 hours and is similar to a killing rate of 3 log10 steps) of the daughter cells during the challenge time is prevented in comparison with the blank sample. Marketed worldwide by Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the tradename NumetrikaTM.

BS 6734:2004

General Purpose Disinfection Test

1-5 Mycobacterium fortuitum Manufacturer

BS 3900 Methods of test for paints. Part G6. Assessment of

10 Provides only a methodology for production of a test surface for

TNsG Prod Eval UK guidelines

142

REFERENCE



resistance to fungal growth. BSI London, UK

exposure by inoculation with mold growth. The test therefore has to be modified to be used as a test method for assessing interior surface biocides.

BS 4172-1:1999

Hand-held pressurized aerosol dispensers against houseflies. Specification for insecticidal performance


BS 4172-2:1999

Hand-held pressurized aerosol dispensers against houseflies. Method for determination of insecticidal performance


BS 6085:1992

Determination of the resistance of textiles to microbiological deterioration

9 Manufacturer

CEB (1981)

Laboratory test method to evaluate the efficacy of rodenticidal products in rats

14 Laboratory test method TMII Fr

CEB (1981)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of rodenticidal products against rats under practical conditions

14 TMII Fr

CEB 107 (1985)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacity of insecticidal products for the control of stable flies in premises for the rearing of domestic animals under practical conditions

18

CEB 135 (1987)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of insecticidal or miticidal products for treatments of storage premises of products for animals or plants

18 Surface treatments of storage premises of products

TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 135bis

Laboratory test method to evaluate the efficacy

18 Space treatments TM II05 (Fr)

143

REFERENCE



(1996) of insecticidal products in premises for the storage, industrial processing and sale of products from animals or plants

CEB 159 (1992)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of insecticidal products for the control of cockroaches in buildings under practical conditions

18 TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 196 (1997)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of insecticidal bait products against common species

18 TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 213 (1999)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of a fumigant for insect control in premises for the storage, processing and production of food

18 TM II05 (Fr)

CEB 224 (2001)

Trial method to evaluate the efficacy of fumigants for insect control in stored products

18 TM II05 (Fr)

CEN 15883-5:2005

Washer-disinfectors - Part 5: Test soils and methods for demonstrating cleaning efficacy

1-5 Also ISO method. Acceptance criteria are included, based on visual inspection and/or a microbiological end-point as stated for each method. Where chemical detection of residual soiling is required/sought, methods can be complemented by the specific determination of a residual component of the applied test soil.

Own searches

CEN/TR 15046:2005

Wood preservatives - Artificial weathering of treated wood prior to biological testing - UV-radiation and water-spraying procedure


Own searches

CEN/TS 12037:2003

Wood preservatives - Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness

8 TM II05 (Fr)

144

REFERENCE



of a wood preservative exposed out of ground contact - Horizontal lap-joint method

CEPE Antifouling Working Group 1993

Antifouling coatings - methods for the generation of efficacy data

21 Simulated field raft test TNsG PE TM II05 UK guidelines

CTBA-BIO-E 001

Field ageing test on treated soils

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 002

Field ageing test on treated masonry

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 003

Field test on bait system for termite control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 004


8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 005


8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 006

Action of U.V. light on physico-chemical barrier for termite

8 TM II05(Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 007

Action of alcalin conditions on physico-chemical barrier for termite control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 008

Field ageing test on physico-chemical barrier for termite control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 009

Forced test on termite bait control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

CTBA-BIO-E 010

Choice test on termite bait control

8 TM II05 (Fr)

Dautel H, Hilker M, Kahl O, Siems K, 2001.

Verwendung von Dodecansäure als Zeckenrepellent (Patentschrift).

19 Dossier

EEC: 1988 Algal inhibition test

12 Used in the process of oil recovery


EN 1040:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of basic bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and

1-5 Basic bacterial activity against of a test material against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442). A test suspension of bacteria is

Industry organizaton manufacturer Communication with UK (HSE)

145

REFERENCE



antiseptics - Test method and requirements (phase 1)

added to a prepared sample of the product under test. The mixture is maintained at 20 oC. At a specified contact time chosen from one of the following: 1 , 5, 15 , 30 , 45 or 60 minutes, an aliquot is taken. The bactericidal action of this aliquot is immediately neutralised or suppressed by a validated method. The method of choice is dilution-neutralisation. If a suitable neutraliser cannot be found, membrane filtration is used. The number of surviving bacteria in each sample is determined and the reduction in viable counts calculated.A criterion for activity by this test method is that the test material should demonstrate at least a 5-log reduction in viable counts of the test organisms in 60 minutes.

TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE (updated)

EN 113:1996/A1:2004

Wood preservatives - Test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes - Determination of the toxic values

8 Laboratory test. Efficacy criteria based on weight loss of untreated specimen.

TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines Test institute Manufacturer

EN 117:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of toxic values against Reticulitermes species (European termites) (Laboratory method)


146

REFERENCE



EN 118:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of preventive action against Reticulitermes species (European termites) (Laboratory method)


EN 12353:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Preservation of test organisms used for the determination of bactericidal, mycobactericidal, sporicidal and fungicidal activity

1-5 General guidance Industry organizaton TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 12490:1998

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Preservative-treated solid wood - Determination of the penetration and retention of creosote in treated wood

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 1275:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of basic fungicidal or basic yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Test method and requirements (phase 1)

1-5 Basic fungicidal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). A test suspension of yeast cells or mould spores is added to a prepared sample of the product under test. The mixture is maintained at 20 oC. At a specified contact time chosen from one of the following 5, 15, 30 or 60 minutes, an aliquot is taken; the fungicide action in this portion is immediately neutralised or suppressed by a validated method. The method of choice is dilution-neutralisation. If a suitable neutraliser cannot be found, membrane filtration is used. The number of surviving yeast cells or

Industry organizaton Manufacturer Communication with UK (HSE) TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

147

REFERENCE



mould spores in each sample is determined and the reduction in viable counts calculated. The criterion for activity by this test is that the test material should demonstrate at least a 4-log reduction in viable counts of the test organisms in 60 minutes.

EN 1276:1997

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Dilution/Neutralisation . Efficacy determined by a reduction in CFU.


EN 12791:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Surgical hand disinfection - Test method and requirement (phase 2/step 2)

1-5 Testing mainly bactericidal activity; in vivo test; phase 2 step 2

Industry organizaton/ Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 13610:2002

Chemical disinfectants - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity against bacteriophages of chemical disinfectants used in food and industrial areas - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Industry organizaton TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 13624:2003

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension

1-5 Industry organizaton/manufacturer

148

REFERENCE



test for the evaluation of fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 13697:2001

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative non-porous surface test for the evaluation of bactericidal and/or fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas - Test method and requirements without mechanical action (phase 2/step2)


Industry organizaton Manufacturers TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 13704:2002

Chemical disinfectants - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)


EN 13727:2003

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Efficacy determined by the reduction in CFU counts

Industry organizaton Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr)

149

REFERENCE



TNsG PE

EN 1390:2006

Wood preservatives - Determination of the eradicant action against Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) larvae - Laboratory method

8 TNsG Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 14204:2004

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of mycobactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in the veterinary area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Dilution/Neutralisation Method. Effiacy measured by reduction in CFU.

Industry organisation Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 14347:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Basic sporicidal activity - Test method and requirements (phase 1)

1-5 Basic sporicidal activity against dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 12826). A prepared sample of the product under test is added to a test suspension of bacterial spores. The mixture is maintained at 20 oC or any other temperature to be defined. At a specified contact time chosen from one of the following: 30, 60 and 120 minutes, an aliquot portion is taken and the sporicidal as well as sporistatic action in this portion is neutralised. The method of choice is dilution-neutralisation. The number of surviving bacterial spores is determined in parallel and the reduction in viable counts calculated. The effectiveness of neutralisation is controlled

Industry organizaton Manufactuer Communication with UK (HSE) TM II05 TNsG PE

150

REFERENCE



in the test. The criterion for activity by this test is that the test material should demonstrate at least a 4-log reduction in viable counts of the test organisms in 120 minutes.Medical area Veterinary area, Food, industrial, domestic and institutional hygiene

EN 14348:2005

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of mycobactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants in the medical area including instrument disinfectants - Test methods and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Efficacy measured by a reduction in CFU counts


EN 14349:2007

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative surface test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in veterinary area on non-porous surfaces without mechanical action - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)

1-5 Non-porous surface test, bactericidal, for disinfectants used in the veterinary applications Dilution/Neutralisation Method. By one manufacturer, the test material is deemed to have passed the test and be efficacious if it demonstrates a log 4 or more reduction in viable counts under the conditions defined in the test. Reduction in viable microbial counts compared with water controls.


EN 14476:2005+A1:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Virucidal quantitative suspension test for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in human medicine - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)


151

REFERENCE



EN 14561:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)


EN 14562:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of fungicidal or yeasticidal activity for instruments used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)


EN 14675:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in the veterinary area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)


EN 14730: 2000

Ophtalmic optics - contact lense care products - antimicrobial preservative efficacy testing and guidance on determining discard rate

1-5 Also ISO method. Own searches

EN 1499:1997

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Hygienic handwash - Test method and requirements (phase 2/step 2)

1-5 Applied in medical area Industry organizaton Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 1500:1997

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Hygienic handrub - Test method and

1-5 Applied in medical area Industry organizaton Manufacturer

152

REFERENCE



requirements (phase 2/step 2)

TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 152-1 (1988)

Test methods for wood preservatives - Laboratory method for determining the preventive effectiveness of a preservative treatment against blue stain in service - Part 1: Brushing procedure


EN 152-2:1988/AC1:1989

Test methods for wood preservatives - Laboratory method for determining the protective effectiveness of a preservative treatment against blue stain in service - Part 2: Application by methods other than brushing


EN 15457:2007

Paints and varnishes - Laboratory method for testing the efficacy of film preservatives in a coating against fungi

7 Manufacturer

EN 15458:2007

Paints and varnishes - Laboratory method for testing the efficacy of film preservatives in a coating against algae

7 Own searches

EN 1650:1997

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of fungicidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)


EN 1656 : 2000

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension


Manufacturers

153

REFERENCE



test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in veterinary field - Test method and requirements (phase 2/step 1)

Industry organisation TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 1657:2005/AC:2007

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of fungicidal or yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in the veterinary area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 By one manufacturer, the product was to be deemed to have passed the test if it demonstrated a 10E5 logarithmic reduction in viability. By one manufacturer a reduction in viable microbial counts is compared with water controls. The test material is deemed to have passed the test and be efficacious if it demonstrates a log 4 or more reduction in viable counts under the conditions defined in the test

Manufacturers Industry organizaton TM II05 (Fr) TNsG PE

EN 20-1:1992

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Lyctus Brunneus (Stephens) - Part 1: Application by surface treatment (laboratory method)


EN 20-2:1993

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Lyctus brunneus (Stephens) - Part 2: Application by impregnation

8 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance

154

REFERENCE



(Laboratory method) UK guidelines

EN 252:1989/AC1:1989

Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact

8 Field test, in ground contact TNsG on Prod Eval Test institute NL guidance UK guidelines TM II05 (Fr)

EN 275:1992

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against marine borers

8 Marine field test, 5 year minumum

TNsG on Prod Eval Test institute TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 330:1993

Wood preservatives - Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative for use under a coating and exposed out of ground contact: L-joint method

8 TNsG on Prod Eval Test institute TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 350-1:1994

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Part 1:

8 TM II05 (Fr)

155

REFERENCE



Guide to the principles of testing and classification of the natural durability of wood

EN 350-2:1994

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Part 2: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 351-1:2007

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Preservative-treated solid wood - Part 1: Classification of preservative penetration and retention

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 351-2:2007

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Preservative-treated solid wood - Part 2: Guidance on sampling for the analysis of preservative-treated wood

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 370:1993

Wood preservatives - Determination of eradicant efficacy in preventing emergence of Anobium punctatum (De Geer)


EN 460:1994

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Guide to the durability requirements for wood to be used in hazard classes

8 TM II05 (Fr)

EN 46-1:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive action against Hylotrupes

8 TNsG on Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr+De)

156

REFERENCE



bajulus (Linnaeus) - Part 1: Larvicidial effect (Laboratory method)

NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 46-2:2006

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive action against Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) - Part 2: Ovicidal effect (laboratory method)

8 TM II05 (De) NL guidance

EN 47:2005/AC:2007

Wood preservatives - Determination of the toxic values against larvae of Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) - (Laboratory method)


EN 48:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of eradicant action against larvae of Anobium punctatum (De Geer) (laboratory method)


EN 49-1:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Anobium punctatum (De Geer) by egg-laying and larval survival - Part 1: Application by surface treatment (Laboratory method)


EN 49-2:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Anobium punctatum (De Geer) by egg-laying and larval survival - Part 2: Application by impregnation (Laboratory method)


EN Wood preservatives - 8 Pretreatment procedure TNsG on Prod

157

REFERENCE



73:1988/AC:1992

Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing - Evaporative ageing procedure

before efficacy testing Eval TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EN 84:1997

Wood preservatives - Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing - Leaching procedure



EN ISO 10253:2006

Water quality - Marine algal growth inhibition test with Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (ISO 10253:2006)

21 Growth inhibition test TM II05

EN ISO 11721-1:2001

Textiles - Determination of the resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to micro-organisms - Soil burial test - Part 1: Assessment of rot-retardant finishing (ISO 11721-1:2001)

9 Manufacturer

EN ISO 11721-2:2003

Textiles - Determination of the resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to micro-organisms - Soil burial test - Part 2: Identification of long-term resistance of a rot retardant finish (ISO 11721:2003)

9 Own searches

EN ISO 20645:2004

Textile fabrics - Determination of antibacterial activity - Agar diffusion plate test (ISO 20645:2004)

9 Manufacturer

EN ISO 20743:20

Textiles - Determination of antibacterial activity

9 Applied to textiles

Manufacturer

158

REFERENCE



07 of antibacterial finished products (ISO 20743:2007)

Reference material: non treated polyester

Laboratory

EN/TR 14734:2004

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Determination of treatability of timber species to be impregnated with wood preservatives - Laboratory method

8 Own searches

EN/TR 14839:2004

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive efficacy against wood destroying basidiomycetes fungi

8 Own searches

EN/TS 12037:2003

Wood preservatives - Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative exposed out of ground contact - Horizontal lap-joint method

8 Field test, out of ground contact

Test institute UK guidelines

EN/TS 15082:2005

Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive effectiveness against sapstain fungi and mould fungi on freshly sawn timber - Field test

8 Own searches

EN/TS 15397:2006

Wood preservatives - Method for natural preconditioning out of ground contact of treated wood specimens prior to biological laboratory test

8 Own searches

ENV 12038:2002

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Wood-based panels - Method of test for determining the resistance against wood-destroying basidiomycetes


ENV 12404:1997

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Assessment of the effectiveness of a masonry fungicide to

10 Simulated use test TNsG Prod Eval TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines

159

REFERENCE



prevent growth into wood of Dry Rot Serpula lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fries) S.F. Gray - Laboratory method

ENV 807:2001


8 Laboratory test TM II05 (Fr) Test institute NL guidance UK guidelines

ENV 839:2002

Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes - Application by surface treatment

8 TM II05 (Fr) NL guidance UK guidelines

EPA 72-5 Life-cycle test of fish 17 Communication

with UK (HSE)

EPA 72-7

Simulated or actual field testing for aquatic organisms



Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Anticoagulant Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as liquid bait



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as liquid bait



Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Anticoagulant Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as dry bait



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Dry bait

TNsG on Prod Eval NL guidance

160

REFERENCE



UK guidelines


Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Anticoagulant Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Tracking powder



Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Acute Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Liquid bait



Standard House Mouse Acute Liquid Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Liquid bait



Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Acute Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Dry bait



Standard House Mouse Acute Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Dry bait



Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Acute Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Tracking powder



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Tracking powder


161

REFERENCE




Standard Norway Rat/Roof Rat Anticoagulant Wax Block and Wax Pellet Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Wax block and wax pellet



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Wax Block and Wax Pellet Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Wax block and wax pellet



Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Anticoagulant Placepack Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Placepark dry bait



Standard House Mouse Anticoagulant Placepack Penetration Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Placepark penetration



Standard Norway Rat and Roof Rat Acute Placepack Penetration Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against Norway rat/Roof rat applied as Placepark penetration



Standard House Mouse Acute Placepack Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Placepark dry bait



Proposed Norway Rat Anticoagulant Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against Norway rat applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait


EPA/OPP Proposed Norway Rat 14 Acute rodenticide test TNsG on Prod

162

REFERENCE



Protocol Number: 1.222

Acute Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

against Norway rat applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait

Eval NL guidance UK guidelines


Proposed House Mouse Anticoagulant Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Anticoagulant rodenticide test against House mouse, applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait



Proposed House Mouse Acute Technical and Concentrated Dry Bait Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Technical and concentrated dry bait



Proposed House Mouse Acute Tracking Powder Efficacy Laboratory Test Method

14 Acute rodenticide test against House mouse applied as Tracking powder


EPPO PP 1/203(1)

Admixture of plant protection products to stored plant products to control insects and mites

18 + 20

TM II05 (Fr)

EPPO PP 1/194(2) (1995)

Blue-Stain fungi of Softwood

8 Own searches

EPPO PP 1/169(2

Field rodents (Microtus, Arvicola)


EPPO PP 1/114(2)

Field tests against synanthropic rodents (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus)


EPPO PP 1/201(1)

Fumigants to control insect and mite pests of stored plant products

18 + 20

TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines

EPPO PP 1/97(2)

Laboratory and field tests for the evaluation of rodenticidal dusts


EPPO Laboratory testing of 18 UK guidelines

163

REFERENCE



PP 1/204(1)

plant protection products against insect and mite pests of stored plant products

EPPO PP 1/113(2)

Laboratory tests for evaluation of the toxicity and acceptability of rodenticides and rodenticide preparations

14 NL guidance TM II05 (Fr) Test institute

EPPO PP 1/197(1)

Non-target effects of rodenticides

14 NL guidance

EPPO PP 1/200(1)

Rodent repellents against debarking of trees

14 Own search

EPPO PP 1/199(1) Rodent seed repellents

14 Own search

EPPO PP 1/202(1)

Space and structural treatments of store rooms


EPPO PP 1/198(1)

Testing rodents for resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides


EPPO (1982)

Guidelines for the biological evaluation of rodenticides N°1. Laboratory tests for evaluation of the toxicity and acceptability of rodenticides and rodenticide preparations


EPPO (1982)

Guidelines for the biological evaluation of rodenticides. Field tests against synanthropic rodents (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, rattus rattus)


EPPO (1986)

Guidelines for the biological evaluation of rodenticides. Laboratory and field tests for the evaluation of rodenticidal dusts.


EPPO Bulletin, 15 Pages 1-119,

The EPPO Conference on Fumigation, Paris, 1983


164

REFERENCE



Paris (1983) EPPO, Paris (1982)

EPPO Recommendations on fumigation standards (2nd Edition)


Fradin & Day, July 2002 N Engl J Med vol 347 vol 13-18

Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites

19 Human subjects: Arm in cage studies (15 volunteers, 10 mosquitoues (Aedes aegypti) in each cage. Endpoint: elapsed time to first bite. Category of protection A-H (significantly different mean complete protection time; ANOVA & Tukey's). No need to recalculate the results to "real condition" (simulate real condition)

Dossier

Hummel, E., Kleeberg, H. 1997. in: Practice orientated results on use and production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V. Proceedings of the 5th workshop, Wetzlar, Germany, January 22-25, 1996

Effect of the neem extract formulation neemazal-t/s on the green pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum in the laboratory (1995), in: Practice orientated results on use and production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V

19 Dossier

IBRG (draft MWF) (1993)

A Standardized Screening Method for Determining the Bioresistance of and Evaluating Biocides in Aqueous Metal Working Fluids


ISO Textiles - Determination 18 Applicable to all textiles TNsG on Prod

165

REFERENCE



3998:1977

of resistance to certain insect pests

containing animal fibres in any proportion. Conditioned voracity control specimens and test specimens of known mass are placed in contact with selected larvae for 14 days. The loss in mass of all specimens and the condition of the test larvae are ascertained to assess the resistance of each test specimen.

Eval TM II05 (Fr) UK guidelines

JIS K 1571:2004

Test methods for determining the effectiveness of wood preservatives and their performance requirements

8 Own searches

JIS L 1902: 2002

Testing for antibacterial activity and efficacy on textile products

9 Antimicrobial activity. Reference material: e.g. non treated polyester.

Test institute Manufacturer

JIS Z 2801: 2000

Antimicrobial Products – Test for antimicrobial activity and efficacy

9 Applied to textiles Manufacturer Test institute

JIS Z 2911: 1992 (PT 9)

Methods of test for fungus resistance


MAFF (1969)

Disinfectants for use specifically against: a) anthrax, brucellosis, contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia and glanders; b) For use against tuberculosis; c) For use against foot-and-mouth disease; d) For use against fowl pest (Newcastle disease fowl plague).

1-5 TNsG PE

MS 1004 part 1 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 1: physical and chemical requirements (first

18 Manufacturer

166

REFERENCE



revision) MS 1004 part 2 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 2: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass chamber method (first revision)

18 Manufacturer

MS 1004 part 3 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 3: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass cylinder method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1004 part 4 (2002)

Specification for mosquito vapourising mat: part 4: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - peet grady method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1008 (1986)

Method for determination of delivery rate of aerosol dispenser

18 Manufacturer

MS 1255 (1992)

Specification for household insecticidal residual spray aerosol

18 Manufacturer

MS 1257 (1992)

Specification for household insecticidal space spray aerosol

18 Manufacturer

MS 1364 (1994)

Method for determination of brimful capacity of aerosol cans

18 Manufacturer

MS 1398 part 1 (1996)

Specification for mosquito electric liquid vaporizer: Part 1: physical and chemical requirement

18 Manufacturer

MS 1398 part 2 (1996)

Specification for mosquito electric liquid vapourizer: part 2: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass chamber method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1398 part 3 (1996)

Specification for mosquito electric liquid vapourizer: part 3: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass cylinder method

18 Manufacturer

MS 1497 (2000)

Methods of biological evaluation of the

18 Manufacturer

167

REFERENCE



efficacy of repellent - bioassay method for mosquito repellent on human skin

MS 23 part 1 (1998)

Specification for mosquito coils: Part 1: physical and chemical requirements (third revision)

18 Manufacturer

MS 23 part 2 (1996)

Specification for mosquito coils: Part 1: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - glass chamber method (first revision)

18 Manufacturer

MS 23 part 3 (1998)

Specification for mosquito coils: Part 1: method for evaluation of biological efficacy - peet grady method

18 Manufacturer

NF B50-100-4 October 2007

Durability of wood and wood-based products - Definition of use classes - Part 4 : national declaration on the situation of biological agents

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF B50-105-3 February 2008

Durability of wood and wood based products -Preservative treated solid wood - Part 3 : wood preservation performance and treatment certificate - Adaptation to France metropolitan territory and DOM

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF FD X40-501 November 2005

Protection - Termites - Buildings protection against termite infestation

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF G39-011 April 2001

Properties of textiles - Textiles and polymeric materials having antiacarien properties - Characterisation and measurement of antiacarien activity

18 Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr)

NF T72-050 Septembe

Wood preservatives. Technical grade borax. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

168

REFERENCE



r 1986 NF T72-052 September 1986

Wood preservatives. Boric acid. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Technical grade pentachlorophenol. Specificaitons and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Technical grade sodium pentachlorophenate. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)


Wood preservatives. Technical grade sodium pentaborate. Specifications and tests.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF T72-083/A1 November 1979

Products for protecting wood surfaces - Method of testing resistance to microorganisms

8 TM II05


Wood preservatives. Lasures. Natural weathering test.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF T72-230 August 1988

Water-miscible, neutralizable antiseptics and disinfectants used in liquid form. Determination of sporicidal activity. Dilution-neutralization method.

1-5 Manufacturer


Methods of airborne disinfection of surfaces. Determiation of bactericidal, fongicidal and sporicidal activity.

1-5 TM II05 (Fr)

NF T72-320 March 1977

Insecticides for flying insects. Insecticide distributed under pressure ("aerosol" type). Determination of the efficiency rating.


NF T72-321 March 1977

Insecticides for flying insects. Permanent insecticide distributor. Determination of the efficiency rating and the regularity rating.

18 TM II05 (Fr)

169

REFERENCE




Protection of plastics. Part 1. Testing method for resistance of ingredients to microorganisms.

9 TM II05

NF X41-515 March 1962

Protection of the plastic materials - Part 3: Test method of the resistance of materials and apparatus to microorganisms

9 TM II05

NF X41-516 January 1980

Protection of textiles. Protection against certain insect pests. Methods of testing.

18 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-520 March 1968

Protection. Testing method for resistance of paints to microorganisms and their protective power.

6 + 7

TNsG on Prod Eval TMII05

NF X41-521 July 1968

Protection of wood. Testing methods for the corrosive action of wood protection products on metals.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-541 September 1994

Wood preservatives. Determination of the protective effectiveness against termites of preservative treatment products designed for walls, foundations and masonry. Laboratory method.



Wood preservatives. Determination of longicide efficacy of temporary wood protectives for green sawn timber. Laboratory method.



Wood preservatives. Determination of fongicide efficacy of temporary wood protectives for fresh cut wood billets. Laboratory method.

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF X41-555 August

Wood preservatives. Determination of the toxic values against

8 TM II05 (Fr)

170

REFERENCE



1982 {chaetomium} {globosum} kunze. Soft rotting agent.

NF X41-580 part 1-10 May 2006

Wood preservatives – Physicochemical testing

8 TM II05 (Fr)

NF XP G39-010 May 2000

Properties of textiles - Textiles and polymeric surfaces having antibacterial properties - Characterisation and measurement of antibacterial activity

9 Manufacturer



8 TM II05 (Fr)



8 TNsG on Prod Eval

NF XP X41-542 September 1995

Wood preservatives. Anti-termite treatment product for floors, walls, foundations and masonry work. Accelerated ageing test of treated materials prior to biological testing. Percolation test.

8 TM II05 (Fr)



8 TM II05 (Fr)



8 TNsG on Prod Eval

Not available

Assessment of the biocide efficacy using

1-5 Various concentrations of product was mixed with

Manufacturer

171

REFERENCE



three algal species. In-house method

algal suspensions (Chlorella vulgaris Navicula pelliculosa Anabaena flos-aquae) in glass conical flasks All flasks were incubated and shaken in an orbital shaker. Samples were taken at 96h and the chlorophyll a concentration determined. Efficacy was measured by determining the EC50 value obtained for algae.

Not available

Challenge Testing in Metal Working Emulsion (in-house laboratory study)

13 The purpose of the method was to determine the efficacy of preservatives against bacterial and fungal contamination in Metal Working Fluids (MWF). The method was conducted by inoculating once a week during 10 weeks mixed bacteria and optionally mixed fungi into water based MWF emulsions containing various amounts of the test substance diluted in 3% synthetic oil. After each week a sample of the emulsion was plated. After plate incubation the number of surviving organisms was compared to the control The criteria for measuring good preservation efficacy was a microbial count of <10 cfu/ml after 10 inoculations for all microorganisms.

Manufacturer

Not available

Disinfectant for swimming pools for control of bacteria, fungi and algae. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Against Bacteria, Fungi, Algae and Cyanobacteria (in house method)

1-5 Using a growth inhibition test method for recording MIC values to test the efficacy of the product at various diluted concentrations. MIC value was determined using microdilution technique in microtiter plates Tests were carried out in quadruplicate. The ppm level of the product in the

Manufacturer

172

REFERENCE



last microtiter well demonstrating no growth was determined as the MIC for the product against that microorganism.

Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. A laboratory study involving disinfection of untreated river water, as a surrogate for a full field trial. (in-house methods)

1-5 Several concentrations of the product were added to river water and allowed to react for 30 mins. Total counts and coliforms were determined. Efficacy was determined based on reduction in CFU counts.

Manufacturer

Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. Full scale field trial

1-5 A product was used to treat waste water at 3 concentrations under real field conditions involving a waste water treatment plant; variable flow and bacterial load, and operating temperatures. Efficacy was measured based on a log removal of bacteria after 15 and 30 mins.

Manufacturer

Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. Inactivation of enteric micro-organisms in tertiary treated municipal waste waters (in-house methods)

1-5 Experiments were conducted to investigate in pilot scale the disinfection efficiency against enteric micro-organisms in tertiary treatment waste waters and the effect of dose and contact time on disinfection efficiency. After incubation bacterial colonies were counted and microbial numbers calculated as cfu/ 100 ml. Efficacy was measured by percentage reductions of microorganisms after 8 and 18 minutes contact time.

Manufacturer

Not available

Disinfectant treatment of waste water. Pilot studies to assess the disinfection performance of on a physicochemical wastewater effluent.

1-5 A purpose built disinfection, continuous flow, Pilot Plant was specially constructed and installed at a functioning wastewater treatment plant. Prior to installation the wastewater was treated only by chemically assisted

Manufacturer

173

REFERENCE



sedimentation, making disinfection particularly difficult. As part of this pilot study, modifications to the Plant and process were explored and adopted on the basis of experience and experimental data using standard methodologies. Disinfection efficiency under a number of conditions and wastewater loads were explored. Method for recording faecal coliforms: American Public Health association; American Water Works Association and Water Environment federation (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th Ed.; Washington DC, USA; Method 9222D. Method for recording Enterococcus, coliphage Clostridium according to laboratory methods. Efficacy was determined by measured Log reductions (or removal) in counts. Colonies were counted before and after disinfection.

Not available

Field Evaluation of in a Termite Control Baiting System

18 Structures in this study were supplied by cooperating pest control companies. A number of the structures had been identified as "problem houses" by the pest control operator. Stations were inspected at approximately monthly (when active), and bi-monthly (when not active) intervals for termite activity, with the condition of the station (active, inactive and baited) being noted on an inspection form. When

Manufacturer

174

REFERENCE



activity was found in a station, bait was placed in the station. The thin wood strips of the baiting station were fan sprayed with product solution using a compressed air sprayer. Product was mixed in the acetone such that when the solution was applied to the strips, various concentrations of product were imparted to the wood strips .A tumble technique was employed to prevent uneven concentrations of active ingredient in the sawdust matrix. Efficacy was measured by elimination of termite infestation

Not available

Field trial in a Plant recirculating cooling system

11 The antimicrobial effectiveness of biocide was determined by monitoring chemical and physical cooling water characteristics, microbiological parameters such as viable counts of bacteria, fungi and algae, and operational and engineering parameters of the tested cooling system Analysis methods used for microbial counting were from: Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (APHA 1992), and in-house Laboratory SOPs. Efficacy was determined by a reduction in microbial counts

Manufacturer

Not available

In house Laboratory Study of the Efficacy against Reticulitennes fIavipes

18 Formulation, applied as a residual spray, was assessed for efficacy against cockroaches (Blatta orientalis, Blatella germanica and Periplaneta americana) under

Manufacturer

175

REFERENCE



laboratory conditions. The spray deposits were assessed at intervals up to 24 weeks post application. Efficacy of the formulation at each interval, in terms of knockdown and mortality, was evaluated over a period of 96 hours post treatment application Efficacy was measured when all termites in a container had died, the length of time of consumption by the termites of the treated sawdust was recorded

Not available

Insecticidal activity of an oil based aerosol against German cockroach, Blattella germanica (in-house laboratory study)

18 10 German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were released into a plastic container within a glass cylinder and the aerosol was sprayed into the cylinder. Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes.

Manufacturer

Not available

Insecticidal efficacy of an oil based aerosol against American cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

18 6 adult American cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana) were released into plastic container which was placed in the centre at the bottom of the glass cylinder and 1013mg of aerosol was sprayed into the cylinder and was then covered by a glass lid. Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes.

Manufacturer

Not available

Insecticidal efficacy of an oil-based aerosol against Housefly, Musca domestica.

18 100 houseflies were released into a Peet-Grady chamber and aerosol was sprayed into the chamber. Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes.

Manufacturer

Not available

Insecticidal efficacy of an oil-based aerosol against mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens

18 50 mosquitoes (Culex pipiens pallens) were released into a Peet-Grady chamber and aerosol was sprayed into the chamber.

Manufacturer

176

REFERENCE



Knocked down insects were counted at intervals up to 20 minutes. The chamber was then ventilated by an exhaust fan and all insects were transferred to a clean recovery container with diet and water within 20 minutes

Not available

Insecticide primarily for the control of termites: Laboratory Study against Reticulitennes fIavipes

18 Various concentrations of product were impregnated in a sawdust matrix readily consumed by termites. Product was incorporated into the sawdust by placing each batch of solution and one batch of sawdust in the mixing bowl of a Kitchenaid Model K5SS mixer. One untreated batch of sawdust served as a control. Sterile sand and distilled water was mixed to form a moistened sand substrate to sustain the termites as they fed upon the samples. Eight replications of each concentration plus the control were tested. Termite activity was observed in each of the containers for four days. Efficacy was measured by elimination of termite infestation.

Manufacturer

Not available

Laboratory studies to assess products applied as direct sprays for efficacy against a range of crawling insects

18 Product was applied as a direct spray, was assessed for efficacy against cockroaches (Blatta orientalis, Blatella germanica and Periplaneta americana) under laboratory conditions. Efficacy criteria based on mortality and knocked down insects

Manufacturer

Not available

Other in can preservatives. In-house method based on ‘Antimicrobial

6 The method was conducted by inoculating mixed bacteria and mixed fungi into a interior paint

Manufacturer

177

REFERENCE



Preservative Effectiveness Challenge Test’ and DAB 10 guidelines

formulation containing various concentrations of the active substance which was repeated on a weekly basis. After 0, 7 14, 21 and 28 days samples of the formulations were placed in a preservative neutralizer and then plated. After plate incubation the number of surviving organisms was compared to the control. The criteria for measuring good preservation efficacy was a microbial count of <10 cfu/ml at day 7, 14 , 21 and 28 days

Not available

Preservative for detergents. In-house method based on ‘Antimicrobial Preservative Effectiveness Challenge Test’ and DAB 10 guidelines

6 The method was conducted by inoculating mixed bacteria and mixed fungi into a washing up liquid formulation containing various concentrations of the active substance which was repeated on a weekly basis. After 0, 7 14, 21 and 28 days samples of the formulations were placed in a preservative neutralizer and then plated. After plate incubation the number of surviving organisms was compared to the control . The criteria for measuring good preservation efficacy was a microbial count of <10 cfu/ml at day 7, 14 , 21 and 28 days.

Manufacturer

Not available

Repellency of Two Formulations against Ants (in-house laboratory study)

19 Vinyl floor tiles were sprayed with the repellent solution and placed in cages. A food attractant was placed in the centre of each tile. The number of ants crossing each tile was counted at 30 and 60 minutes after tiles were placed into cages. Data for 30 and 60 min was combined and averaged. Repellency was also

Manufacturer

178

REFERENCE



measured the day after the fourth consecutive application. Sufficient repellency was defined as >65%.

Not available

Repellency of Two product formulations against the German Cockroach (in-house laboratory study)

19 The cockroaches had a choice of two shelters, one treated with the product and one untreated. Repellency after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days was recorded. Percent repellency was calculated. Sufficient repellency was defined as >65%, excellent repellency was defined as >85%.

Manufacturer

Not available

Swimming pool disinfectant: Residential spa field test

1-5 A residential spa was used to test the efficacy of the product in typical field conditions. The maintenance pattern used was considered to be typical of the “average spa owner”, i.e. conforming to minimum and not optimum use pattern and maintenance procedures. Bacteriological analysis was conducted on 150 samples were taken over the 90 day test period. Efficacy was determined by a reduction in cfu/100ml.

Manufacturer

NWPC 1.4.1.1./70

NWPC Standard for testing of wood preservatives. Mycological test. "Jordburk" method - A soil block test with wood-rotting Basidiomycetes.

8 Test institute


NWPC Standard for testing of wood preservatives. Mycological test. "Mullåde" method - A soil block test in unsterile soil.

8 Test institute


Mycological testing of anti-stain preservatives for freshly sawn timber.

8 Test institute

179

REFERENCE



9 The Miniboard method. (Mykologisk provning av träskyddsmedel mot blånad och mögel på nysågat virke. Minibrädmetoden.)


Standard for testing of wood preservatives Mycological test. Field test - A field test with stakes.

8 Test institute


Standard for testing of wood preservatives Marine test - A test against marine woodboring organisms in sea water.

8 Test institute


Proposed development of an OECD Guidance Document for establishing the efficacy of biocides used in swimming pools and spas

1-5 Own searches


Update on work to validate efficacy methods for antimicrobials used on hard surfaces

10 Own searches


Guidance document on the evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobial treated articles with claims for external effects

9 Own searches

OECD 203 (1992) Fish, Acute toxicity test


OECD 204 (1984)

Fish, Prolonged toxicity test: 14-day study


OPPTS 810.3000 (1999)

General Considerations for Efficacy of Invertebrate Control Agents

18 General guide Manufacturer UK guidelines

180

REFERENCE



OPPTS 810.3100

Soil treatments for imported fire ants

18 Own searches

OPPTS 810.3200

Livestock, poultry, fur- and wool-bearing animal treatments

18 Own searches

OPPTS 810.3300

Treatments to control pests of humans and pets

18 UK guidelines

OPPTS 810.3400

Mosquito, black fly, and biting midge (sand fly) treatments

18 Test of insecticides against flying insects: Mosquito Black Fly Biting Midge (Sand Fly)

UK guidelines

OPPTS 810.3500

Premises treatments 18 General guideline Manufacturer UK guidelines

OPPTS 810.3700 “public draft”

Insect Repellents For Human Skin and Outdoor Premises

19 Own search

OPPTS 810.3800

Methods for efficacy testing of termite baits

18 Own searches

Powers et al. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60: 2316 – 2323 (1994)

Biocidal Efficacy of a Flocculating Emergency Water Purification Tablet.

1-5 Biocidal emergency water purification tablets were tested for bactericidal, virucidal and cysticidal efficacy in water at temperatures ranging from 5 to 25ºC to validate and verify the effectiveness of the tablets for the destruction and removal of microorganisms. Counts of surviving organisms were compared with the initial counts to calculate the log-reduction. Replicate results were averaged

Manufacturer

prEN 13623

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity against Legionella pneumophila of chemical disinfectants for aqueous systems - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1)

1-5 Own searches

181

REFERENCE



prEN 14563

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative carrier test for the evaluation of mycobactericidal or tuberculocidal activity of chemical disinfectants used for instruments in the medical area - Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 2)

1-5 Manufacturer TM II05 (Fr)

prEN 14885:2006

Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Application of European Standards for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics


prEN 807 rev


8 Own searches

Rawlinson and Shennan, 1987.

A recirculating test rig for the investigation of metal-working fluid spoilage. In Industrial microbiological testing. Edited by Hopton and Hill, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. ISBN 0 632 01793 7. pp 227-231


RENAULT D551721 (1987)

Evaluation of the Biostability of Aqueous Metal Working Fluids


Report EPS 1/RM/25 Environment Canada. 1992

Biological Test Method: Growth Inhibition Test Using the Freshwater Alga Selenastrum capriconutum

12 Efficacy test against Alga: Selenastrum capriconutum Used in the process of oil recovery


SABS 1102 (1987)

Bacterial efficacy of biocides used in water-based emulsion paints

6 Efficacy test for in can preservatives in paints (emulsion) against bacteria.

TNsG on Prod Eval

SABS South African standard 13 TNsG on Prod

182

REFERENCE



1435-1987

specification for biocides for use in emulsions of aqueous metal working fluid and aqueous hydraulic fluid.

Eval

SABS 233 1st rev

Pesticides: Biological evaluation of mists and fogs - first revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 303 Pesticides – Rearing and handling of the human body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus L.) - first revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 332 Pesticides – Rearing and handling of the common clothes moth (Tineola bisseliella Hummel) - second revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 458 Pesticides – Rearing and handling of the German cockroach (Blatella germanica (L.)) - second revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 576 Pesticides – Biological evaluation of insecticidal oil-based space spray in low-pressurized dispensers - first revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 583 Pesticides – Biological evaluation of the contact efficacy of liquid residual insecticides - first revision

18 Manufacturer

SABS 6136 (2003)

Pesticides – Biological evaluation of materials that release an insetticide upon heating

18 Manufacturer

SABS 689 3rd ed (2002)

Pesticides – Biological evaluation of knock-down and killing proprieties of liquid and aerosol formulation (al posto di Standard methods SABS Method 8689-first revision)

18 Manufacturer

SABS 690 (DRAFT)

Pesticides: biological evaluation of the proprerties of solid fly

18 Manufacturer

183

REFERENCE



baits - DRAFT SABS 695 Pesticides – Biological

evaluation of the efficacy of mosquito repellents - first revision

19 Manufacturer

SABS 807 Methods for testing insecticides against flying and crawling insects.

18 TNsG on Prod Eval Manufacturer UK guidelines

SABS 899 (1987)

Insecticidal space spray in pressurized dispensers

18 Manufacturer

SM019 (in house)

S&M Boko test 11 Preservation of water diluted coolants. Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: bacteria, moulds, Yeasts 4 evaluation levels. 12 cycles.

Manufacturer

SM020 (in house)

S&M Fako test 6 Preserving effect of chemical preservatives in water containing coatings, adhesives and other water containing technical emulsions or dispersions (in can). Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts "Well preserved" if after 6w no microbial growth can be observed. Corresponds to 2 years of microbial stability. 4 evaluation levels

Manufacturer

SM021 (in house)

S&M KOKO test 6 Preservatives in cosmetic formulations, e g creams,

Manufacturer

184

REFERENCE



shampoos etc (in can) Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts "Well preserved" if after 6w no microbial growth can be observed. Corresponds to 30 months of microbial stability. 4 evaluation levels

SM022 (in house)



Manufacturer

SM022a (in house)



Manufacturer

SM023 (in house)

Determining the resistance to algal growth

10 Resistance of masonry coatings to algal attack. Test substrate: masonry coatings on paper. Test germ: Scenedesmus vacuolatus. No algal growth on the test pieces after 2 weeks: "Effectively protected against algal growth" (4 evaluation levels)

Manufacturer

SM026 (in house)

S&M Betoko test: Determination of the preserving effect of

6 Preserving effect of chemical preservatives in concrete admixtures (in can

Manufacturer

185

REFERENCE



chemical preservatives in concrete admixtures

preservation). Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts Free of growth during 4 weeks: "Well preserved" (4 evaluation levels) Corresponds to 1 year of microbiological stability

SM029 (in house)

S&M FeuTuKo test 6 Preservatives in wet tissues in their original packaging. Inoculation of whole packaging and after 3w of incubation, pieces of tissue is placed on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts 3d bacteria, 7d moulds. 4 evaluation levels.

Manufacturer

SM036 (in house)

S&M WiWako test 6 Preservation of fountain solutions for offset printing. Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts 12 cycles 4 evaluation levels.

Manufacturer

SM037 (in house)

S&M TaBaKo test 6 Preservation of paint baths. Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts 12 cycles. 4 evaluation levels.

Manufacturer

SM044 (in house)

Determination of the preserving effect of

6 Preserving effect of chemical preservatives in

Manufacturer

186

REFERENCE



chemical preservatives in household formulations

household formulations, e g softener, washing up liquids, all purpose cleaner (in can preservation). Test batch: unpreserved samples with different concentrations of test preservatives, inoculated and streaked on agar plates. Test germ: G+, G-, Moulds, Yeasts Free of growth during 6 weeks: "Well preserved". (4 evaluation levels). Corresponds to 30 months of microbiological stability

SN 195 920 - 1994

Determination of the Antibacterial Activity, Agar Diffusion Plate Test


SN 195 921 - 1994

Determination of the Antimycotic Activity Agar Diffusion Plate Test


SN 195 924 - 1983

Determination of the antibacterial activity, germ count method


UK MOD 91-70 issue (1990)

Cutting fluid, soluble, biostable joint service designation ZX-9


US AATCC Technical Manual Method 24 (1992)

Test method for textiles to determine resistance to insects (e.g. moths, carpet beetles)

18 Efficacy test against larvae TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines

US CSMA Aerosol Guide 7 th Edition, pages 129-134 (1981)

Test method for aerosol space sprays against flying insects

18 Test of insecticides against flying insects:

TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines Manufacturer

US CSMA Aerosol Guide 7 th Edition,

Test method for pressurised spray products against cockroaches

18 Test of insecticides against crawling insects: cockroaches

TNsG on Prod Eval UK guidelines

187

REFERENCE



pages 135-139 (1991) US EPA 72-1

Acute toxicity test for freshwater fish


US EPA 96-2 Fish control agents


US EPA 96-5 Avian Toxicants


US EPA 96-7

Avian Frightening Agents


US EPA Guideline OPPTS 810.3700 (1999)

Insect repellents for human skin and outdoor premises

19 UK guidelines

Verwey & Sosa, 2007

Liquid Electric test method

18 For testing pyrethroids (draft method) and natural actives (Pyrethrum extract) on mosquitoues (knockdown). Efficacy criteria: "effective against mosquitoes for X hours". Knockdown is measured repeatedly for 2h and mortality after 24h. Control (no treatment) knockdown: maximum 10%. 2-4 chamber replicates, 50 organisms in each. Mean and Standard Deviations for each time calculated as well as KT50 and KT80 (Mean time to 50% and 80% knockdown respectively).

Manufacturer

WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2003.5

Space spray application of insecticides for vector and public health pest control – a practitioner’s guide

18 Brief description of the main types of space spray equipment as well as the operational guidelines for space spray application of insecticides.

TM II05 (Fr)

WHO/VBC/75.593 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of cockroaches to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.212 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or


188

REFERENCE



resistance of mosquito larvae to insect development inhibitors

WHO/VBC/81.805

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult mosquitoes to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, - establishment of the baseline.


WHO/VBC/81.806

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult mosquitoes to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides - diagnostic test


WHO/VBC/81.807 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.808 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of body or headlice to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.809 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult bed-bugs to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.810 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult blackflies, sandflies and biting midges to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.811 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of blackfly larvae to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.812

Instructions for determining the

18 UK guidelines

189

REFERENCE



(1981) susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insect development inhibitors

WHO/VBC/81.813 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of houseflies, tsetse flies, stableflies, blowflies etc. to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.814 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of adult ticks to insecticides


WHO/VBC/81.815 (1981)

Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of fleas to insecticides


efficacy testing of biocidal products - kemi · pdf fileefficacy testing . of . biocidal...

Documents