Efficacy of Organic Acid in Controlling Salmonella in Poultry

Presented By:Amir Sadaula (1)

Bishwo Bandhu Pokharel (4)Ganesh K.C (5)Gita Pandey (6)

Krishna Datt Bhatt (7)Mitra mani Acharya (14)

Saluna Pokhrel (22)Suraj Subedi (29)

Utsav Prakash Tiwari (30)Kshitiz Shrestha (32)

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Organic AcidsAn Organic acid is an organic

compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH.

Organic acids are used as gut acidifier in PoultryCommonly used organic acids are:C1 – C7, Citric Acid, Fumaric acid,

Lactic acid, Benzoic acid etc.

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Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore forming enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm.

Classification:Kingdom: BacteriaClass GammaproteobacteriaOrder EnterobacterialesFamily EnterobacteriaceaeGenus Salmonella

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Types of Salmonella species pathogenic to Poultry

Infection with non-motile serovars:S. pullorum, S. gallinarum .These species are host specific for avian species.

Infection with motile serovarsRefers collectively to Paratyphoid Salmonella which are found ubiquitously in wild, domestic animals, birds and humans and a major concern in epidemiology.

Salmonella enterica var. arizonae not principally a poultry pathogen and

majorly seen in turkeys and other cold blooded animals

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Salmonellosis is a Problem, Why?

Highly contagious infectious disease

Vertical and Horizontal Transmission

Affect poultry of all agesHigh mortality in young chickSevere reduction in egg production

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Colonization of SalmonellaSalmonella spp. can survive within a pH range of 4 to 9, with an optimum range for growth from 6.5 to 7.5

Colonize in distal small intestine or colon to initiate enteric infection.

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Zoonotic Importance

Salmonella pullorum and S. gallinarum are zoonotically not much important. Rarely cause enteric infections in humans with rapid recovery.

The major concern is the motile members of Salmonella e.g S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis etc. which is highly transmissible to humans. Causing food borne enteric infection.

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Salmonella are responsible for at least 1.4 million illness, 15000 hospitalizations and 400 deaths each year (Center for the Disease Control and Prevention Report, USA)

S. enteritidis outbreak associated with ice-cream in US affecting a large number of the population was studied by Hennessy et.al (1996).

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Salmonellosis is one of the most prevalent food-borne diseases, affecting thousands of people every year, some times with very serious consequences.

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Focus on farm level reduction of Salmonella is key to controlling safety of final product

The poultry industry needs to place its emphasis on farm intervention, salmonella loads of birds arriving at the plant, and process and sanitary controls.

Reducing the incidence of Salmonella at farm level will lower its incidence through the rest of the food chain

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On Farm Salmonella Interventions

VaccinationCompetitive ExclusionAntibioticsOrganic AcidsBiosecurityRodent Control Salmonella-free Feed and

Water

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Various Sulfonamides, Nitrofurans, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Aminoglycosides have been found to be effective in reducing mortality from Salmonellosis however no drugs or combinations of drug has been found to be capable of eliminating infection from the treated flocks(Saif et. al., 2008)

Anti bacterial residual effect in food producing animals

Emergence of antibiotic resistance organism

Why not Antibiotic?

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So focus is on the Selection of Desirable alternative to Antibiotic for

Prevention of Salmonellosis

Can Organic Acid be an Alternative for Salmonella Prevention????????

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Mechanism of Action

Organic Acid Lower Gut pH

Unfavourable environment for colonisation

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Undissociated Organic acid enters

Dissociated into H+ and A-

Stress on intracellular pH homeostasis

Inhibition of essential metabolic reaction

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Organic Acid

H+ A-

H+-ATPase pump activation Cannot escape out in (Energy Dependent) dissociated form

Death by energy deprivation Accumulation in Bacteria

Disrupt many metabolic function, increase osmotic pressure, leakage in Bacterial

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For the infection, Salmonella has to penetrate intestinal epithelium (Lostroh & Lee, 2001).

This activity is promoted by invasion genes that are located on a pathogenicity island (SPI-1), but several pathogenicity islands are required for full virulence (Hensel, 2004). SPI-1 has invasion genes encoding regulatory proteins, structural components

hilA and invF required for activation of SPI-1Lawhon et al. (2002) noted that Butyric acid

and Propionic acid, but not acetic acid, led to a decrease in hilA, invF activity

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Hinton and Linton (1988) examined controlling Salmonella infection in broiler chicken by using a mixture of formic acid and propionic acid and found that 6kg/ton organic acid blend was effective to prevent intestinal colonization of Salmonella.

Canibe et al. (2001) evaluated organic acids added to stomach contents in vitro at pH 4, and reported that their relative efficacy against Salmonella typhimurium was as follows:acetic acid < formic acid < propionic acid < lactic acid < benzoic acid. 22

Some of Researches on Organic acid in prevention of Salmonella

Izat et al. (1990) studied effect of formic acid and calcium formate in broiler feed. Adding 0.36% calcium formate and 0.25% formic acid significantly reduced levels of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry carcasses. Caecal Salmonella counts were reduced when 0.36% calcium formate or 0.5% formic acid were added in the diet.

Kovarik and Lojda (2000) report that formic acid at 0.5% in the diet can be successfully used on farms to reduce salmonella contamination in feed, excretion of Salmonella spp. and re-infection of chicken populations.

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According to Hinton and Linton (1988) When chickens received feed containing mixtures of formic acid and propionic acid, mortality after oral challenge with Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum declined

Organic acids can be also used as a growth promoter. On a trial at the Bombay Veterinary College (BVC), the use of organic acids as an alternative for Antibiotic Growth Promoters(AGPs) was investigated. Trial data showed that the inclusion of an acidifier in broiler feed can successfully replace an antibiotic growth promoter in commercial broiler production, and can support increased production efficiency. 24

Commercially Available Gut Acidifier

Acify (Vetcare): 1 ml/5 ltr in DW

Vinegar

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THANK YOU

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Floor Open for Questions?

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