effets sanitaires des systèmes d’éclairage utilisant des led

Dr Christophe Martinsons

Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bacirctiment (CSTB) Grenoble

christophemartinsonscstbfr

Effets sanitaires des systegravemes

drsquoeacuteclairage utilisant des LED

Seacuteminaire Energie Environnement - Genegraveve

5Nov2015 Effets sanitaires de leacuteclairage agrave LED 1

La LED (diode eacutelectroluminescente) Solid-State Lighting (SSL)

Seacuteminaire Energie Environnement -

Genegraveve 5Nov2015 2

Prix Nobel de Physique 2014 deacutecerneacute aux

inventeurs de la LED bleue (ce qui a permis de

faire des LED blanches pour lrsquoeacuteclairage)

Effets sanitaires de leacuteclairage agrave LED

Remplacement systeacutematique des anciens eacuteclairages par des LED


Genegraveve 5Nov2015 Effets sanitaires de leacuteclairage agrave LED 3

au travail en ville agrave la maison

Apparition de nombreux eacuteclairages LED lagrave ougrave il nrsquoy avait pas drsquoeacuteclairage avanthellip

Nouvelles situations drsquoeacuteclairage

Nouveaux produits eacuteclairants



Pinceau de maquillage Eacuteclairage automobile de jour

Segraveche main Outil agrave LED

Are SSL products as safe as older lighting technologies

bull What are the potential risks for our health

bull What are the potential health benefits



Biological effects of laquo light raquo on humans

Through the eye bull Vision bull Glare bull Effect on the production of melatonin bull Numerous other interactions with eye tissues Through the skin bull Thermal effect (heating) bull Tanning bull Numerous other interactions with skin tissues



biological effect ne health effect



Health effects of laquo light raquo on humans



Through the eye bull Ocular pathologies such photokeratitis cataract photoretinitis etc bull Deregulation of the circadian rhythm bull Regulation of the circadian rhythm bull Etc Through the skin bull Burns bull Skin pathologies such as reddening (erythema) photodermatoses etc bull Production of vitamin D bull Etc

Indirect health effects of light on humans

bull Aggravation of some existing diseases

bull Interactions with some medication

bull Many effects linked to the biological clock and the circadian rhythm

ndash Mood alertness appetite sleep quality etc



Pourquoi les LED sont-elles si diffeacuterentes

Efficaciteacute lumineuse gt 200 lmW en labo

La source eacuteleacutementaire est tregraves petite

La luminance est tregraves eacuteleveacutee mecircme avec de tout petit flux lumineux

Le spectre de la lumiegravere est laquo diffeacuterent raquo

La lumiegravere peut varier tregraves vite dans le temps ( 1 ns)

Controcircle eacutelectronique

Reacuteglages de couleur et de flux possibles Gradation

Couplage facile avec deacutetecteurs de preacutesence



1 000 000 cdmsup2

00003 lumen

Spectres de LED

Seacuteminaire Energie

Environnement - Genegraveve

5Nov2015

Effets sanitaires de leacuteclairage agrave LED 11

Les effets biologiques qui ont attireacute lrsquoattention dans le cas des LED

bull Eblouissement

bull Lumiegravere bleue sur la reacutetine

bull Effets du papillotement

bull Effets non-visuels sur lrsquohorloge biologique et le rythme circadien



Glare



Glare two different phenomena

Disability glare (eacuteblouissement drsquoincapaciteacute)

bull Temporary and reversible loss of visual acuity

bull Light scattering in the eye tissues

bull Veil luminance

bull Caused by high corneal illuminance

bull Typical of high power outdoor lighting

bull Lveil GR TI indices

Discomfort glare (eacuteblouissement drsquoinconfort)

bull Temporary and reversible sensation of discomfort

bull Caused by bright sources on dark background

bull No loss of visual acuity

bull Typical of high luminance sources in indoor lighting

bull Bodmans and Soumlllner abacus

bull UGR method (CIE-1171995)



5Nov2015




5Nov2015


Eblouissement

Ce pheacutenomegravene est critique lorsque les LED sont directement visibles sans diffuseur de lumiegravere



UGR definition



10

UGR values and their meaning



The UGR method applied to LEDshellip

CIE-117 limitations UGR method is applicable for apparent source sizes between 00003 sr and 01 sr

00003 sr is about 2 cm at 1 m or 20 cm at 10 m

UGR is not applicable to point sources such as visible LEDs incorporated in a luminaire It can be misleading and yield low UGR values thereby underestimating the physiological perceived glare



Indice drsquoeacuteblouissement laquo UGR raquo Prise en compte de la taille reacuteelle de la source



UGR incalculablehellip

lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19

laquo confortable raquo

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

La luminance devrait ecirctre speacutecifieacutee par les fabricants

Ceci permettrait drsquoutiliser les critegraveres drsquoergonomie visuelle baseacute sur les rapports de

luminance norme franccedilaise drsquoergonomie visuelle NF X 35-103

SSL and UGR

bull The use of the UGR method should be restricted to SSL products with large diffusers without any point sources It is recommended that the maximum luminance of the SSL finished products is specified whether they incorporate visible LED point sources or not

bull The luminance ratio between the light source and the

background should be computed and adapted to each lighting installation according to visual ergonomics criteria



Blue Light Hazard



Light absorption by the eye


Genegraveve 5Nov2015 23 Effets sanitaires de leacuteclairage agrave LED

Enorme avantage des LED en remplacement des lampes de forte puissance

pas drsquoUV pas drsquoIR

seul subsiste le risque reacutetinien de la lumiegravere bleue

bull Lampes agrave arc (HMI) Risque preacutepondeacuterant UV Puis IR puis lumiegravere bleue bull Lampes halogegravenes de forte puissance Risque preacutepondeacuterant IR Puis lumiegravere bleue



Le risque reacutetinien de la lumiegravere bleue

Au moins deux meacutecanismes photochimiques agrave lrsquoœuvre

bull Morts des photoreacutecepteurs

blanchiment de la reacutetine visible sur le fond drsquoœil

bull Leacutesions de lrsquoeacutepitheacutelium

pigmentaire reacutetinien (EPR)



cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins

The blue light hazard new research



2015

2014



Two types of retinal damages are observed after blue light exposure

bull Death of photoreceptors (necrosis

apoptosis) bull Damage of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

Death of photoreceptors



Non exposed 18h 125 Jcmsup2

Iodure de Propidium

Apoptosis + necrosis

Iodure de Propidium + TUNEL

ONL (cell bodies of photoreceptors)

CGL INL ONL

Primary death mechanism induced by blue light is necrosis

Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs)

Free Radic Biol Med 2015 Apr 8

Jaadane I Boulenguez P Chahory S Carreacute S Savoldelli M Jonet L Behar-Cohen F Martinsons C Torriglia A

RPE is damaged by blue light exposure



5microm 5microm 5microm

DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability

Photochemical damage observed on both photoreceptors and RPE



Photoreceptor cell death by necrosis

(mainly) and apoptosis

449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress

RPE cell death by autophagy

RPE cells contains lipofuscin

(accumulates with age and

associated with ARMD)

Production of reactive oxygen

species and free radicals



Blue light hazard ICNIRP action spectra



B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white



Fraction of light contributing to the blue light hazard



Relative value

(watt per watt)

ICNIRP Exposure limit values

Damage threshold 22 Jcmsup2

in terms of retinal irradiance dose of blue light



includes safety factor of 5 from values obtained with monkeys rabbits and rodents


bull 22 Jcmsup2 on the human retina is equivalent to a B(l) weighted source radiance dose

DB = 106 Jmsup2sr

bull Equivalent to a B(l) weighted source radiance

LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr

(Reciprocity between irradiance and exposure time for continuous exposures)





Les effets photochimiques sont cumulatifs

Reacuteciprociteacute dureacutee drsquoexposition et eacuteclairement reacutetinien

Faibles niveaux lumineux Forts niveaux

Exposition longue Exposition courte



Photobiological safety of lighting sources

Standards (normes)



2014

IESNA RP27 CIE S009 IEC 62471 Risk Group laquo algorithm raquo

Measure blue light radiance of source at 200 mm

within specified field of view angle

Risk Group

Exposure time to reach

exposure limit Risk Groups

t 10 000 s Risk Group RG 0 no risk

100 s t lt 10 000 s Risk Group RG 1 low risk

025 s t lt 100 s Risk Group RG 2 moderate risk

t lt 025 s Risk Group RG 3 high risk Seacuteminaire Energie Environnement -


Compute exposure time needed to

reach the ICNIRP limit value



ICNIRP Limite drsquoexposition

IEC TR 72778 an important addition to IEC 62471

Measurements are always carried out are at 200 mm (if possible) New terminology bull RG0 laquo unlimited raquo if luminance lt 10 000 cdmsup2 bull RG1 laquo unlimited raquo If the product is not RG0 and not laquo RG1 unlimited raquo the light source can be either RG1 or RG2 - Threshold illuminance (in lx) illuminance level at which the risk

group goes down from RG2 to RG1

- Threshold distance distance at which the risk group goes down from RG2 to RG1



safe minimum viewing distance



Adapted from IEC TR 62778 upper limits where measurements are not necessary

Risk groups of existing SSL products

bull Composants LED (LED brutes laquo nues raquo)

ndash RG2 most blue LEDs

laquo bright raquo cool-white LEDs

ndash RG1 most neutral white LEDs laquo moderately bright raquo cool white LEDs

ndash RG0 all warm-white LEDs all low to moderate power white LEDs



Classification des produits agrave LED

Lampes et luminaires majoriteacute de produits RG0 et RG1

ndash RG0 les lampes non directives (ampoules LED) les luminaires avec diffuseurs

ndash RG1 lampes et luminaires directifs (spots) pour la maison et le bureau

ndash RG2



Distance de seacutecuriteacute deacutefinie dans

IEC TR 62778 mais pas encore

speacutecifieacutee par les fabricants

de lrsquoICNIRP agrave la NF EN 62471 il y a eu des laquo oublis raquo



Les populations sensibles

bull Les enfants ndash Transparence du cristallin ndash Macula peu pigmenteacutee

bull Les personnes ageacutees ndash Cristallin filtrant mais sensibiliteacute

accrue de la reacutetine (accumulation de lipufuscine)

bull Sujets preacutesentant des sensibiliteacutes

particuliegraveres agrave la lumiegravere

bull Sujets aphakes et pseudophakes



NF EN 62471 exposition unique et continue



Cas des expositions chroniques et reacutepeacuteteacutees

Comment interviennent les meacutecanismes reacuteparateurs entre expositions successives

Quel est leur laquo constante de temps raquo

Exposition faible dose agrave la lumiegravere bleue au cours de la vie entiegravere

Hypothegravese actuellement testeacutee par la recherche

Lrsquoexposition agrave la lumiegravere bleue est-elle un facteur de risque pour la DMLA



Aspects techniques actuellement investigueacutes en recherche

bull Vieillissement des LED en usage fuites bleues

bull Deacutecalage du pic primaire vers de plus courtes longueurs drsquoonde (405 nm au lieu de 430-440 nm)

bull Nouvelles LED plus lumineuses pour lrsquoautomobile 100 agrave 300 millions de cdmsup2



Some workers are more likely to be exposed to SSL

Scientists engineers technicians working in SSL product development and testing

Lighting professionals

Stage artists

etc



Reducing the blue light hazard for highly exposed workers

bull Avoid staring at blue LEDs

bull Work with low CCT white LEDs

bull Reduce the luminance



If not possible

Wear safety goggles designed for blue laser lines (Argon ion for instance)

Blue light hazard is not limited to the lighting sectorhellip



Light Flicker

(papillotement)



Papillotement - ou laquo flicker raquo en anglais - variations temporelles peacuteriodiques de la lumiegravere



Flicker detection using a digital camera



Courtesy of Pr Georges Zissis

Light flicker

LED lamps have completely arbitrary behaviours

bull Some of them features high quality power supplies that include reliable ACDC rectifiers and filters They displayed very low flicker close to zero

bull Other devices have 100 flicker In this particular case the light turns ON and OFF every 10 mshellip



Papillotement des LED

On trouve ldquode toutrdquo dans lrsquoeacuteclairage LED

Exemples

bull Produits agrave tregraves faible papillotement agrave 350 Hz

bull Produits avec papillotement important (0 agrave 100) agrave 100 Hz

bull Produits avec papillotement important (0 agrave 100) agrave 30 kHz

bull etc

Aucune norme aucune reacuteglementation en Europe





Existing flicker indices



Effets du papillotement

bull Population sensibles crises drsquoeacutepilepsie apregraves une courte exposition (quelques secondes) agrave des papillotements de freacutequences basses (3 Hz agrave 70 Hz)

bull Population geacuteneacuterale migraines maux de tecircte fatigue visuelle apregraves des expositions longues (quelques heures) agrave des freacutequences allant jusqursquoagrave 100 Hz

bull Effets stroboscopiques

ndash Ralentissement apparent des machines tournantes

ndash Deacutecomposition des mouvements

ndash Distraction





Effets stroboscopiques

Aux USA norme IEEE P1789 (norme publieacutee en 2015 apregraves 10 ans de travaux)



Norme USA IEEE P1789 (2015)

Recommandation



Non-visual effects



Les effets non-visuels



Luminotheacuterapie

Effets non-visuels de la lumiegravere

Lrsquoexposition agrave la lumiegravere agrave un effet direct sur lrsquohorloge biologique interne

La mecircme exposition peut avancer ou reculer lrsquohorloge selon le moment de lrsquoexposition



La lumiegravere inhibe la seacutecreacutetion de

meacutelatonine



Ann Acad Med Singapore 200837669-76





Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500

Effets lieacutes agrave la perturbation du rythme circadien

bull Qualiteacute du sommeil bull Fatigue bull Deacuteprime bull Baisse de la vigilance bull Appeacutetit bull Autres effets agrave long terme chez les travailleurs posteacutes

(travail de nuit travail en 38 etc)

Effets indirects de lrsquoexposition agrave la lumiegravere artificielle au laquo mauvais moment raquo



Effets non-visuels de la lumiegravere Effet existant agrave toutes les longueurs drsquoonde visible mais plus prononceacute dans le bleu

Tentative tregraves contesteacutee de normalisation drsquoun spectre drsquoaction ldquomeacutelanopiquerdquo de la lumiegravere (pic agrave 490 nm - bleu) prEN 167912014 Quantifying irradiance for eye-mediated non-image forming effects of light in humansldquo



An important point of view



Effets non-visuels bull Les effets non-visuels de la lumiegravere deacutependent du

niveau drsquoeacuteclairement de la dureacutee de lrsquoexposition du moment de lrsquoexposition et du spectre

bull Les relations entre ces paramegravetres ne sont pas encore bien eacutetablies

bull Lrsquoutilisation drsquoun spectre drsquoaction ldquomeacutelanopiquerdquo ne permet pas drsquoexpliquer les effets biologiques observeacutes

bull On ne peut toujours pas parler de ldquolumen meacutelanopiquerdquohellip



The missing understanding of the input-output characteristics between light stimulus and the resulting non-visual response seems to make tailored light application for a desired lighting effect impossibleldquo (juin 2015) Communiqueacute contre le ldquomarketing santeacuterdquo de lrsquoindustrie de lrsquoeacuteclairage geacuteneacuteral ou ldquohuman-centric lightingrdquo



Regravegles geacuteneacuterales sur les effets non-visuels

bull Minimiser lrsquoeacuteclairage artificiel pour limiter les effets non-visuels de la lumiegravere

bull La lumiegravere riche en jaune orange et rouge est moins efficace pour activer les reacuteponses non-visuelles telles que la suppression de meacutelatonine

bull Inversement les sources eacutemettant des composantes bleu et bleu-vert avec un niveau drsquoeacuteclairement important sur la reacutetine deacuteclenchent ou renforcent les effets non-visuels de la lumiegravere



Merci pour votre attention quelques reacutefeacuterences pour approfondir



Medical applications of LEDs



Light therapy

bull Initially developed by military medical doctors

bull Successful treatment of a variety of syndroms linked to perturbation of circadian rhythms

ndash Sleep disorders SAD etc

ndash Promising treatment for circadian disorders in Alzheimer patients

bull Used in many hospitals by sleep specialists

bull Typical exposure to uniform white light at 10 000 lx for several minutes at specific times of the day



Light therapy



Light therapy

Beware of commercially-available blue light device for home treatment

bull No photobiological risk assessment

bull No clinical test

bull Safety and efficacy are unknown





Expose to daylight whenever possible

bull Daylight is vital for humans

bull Production of vitamin D requires UV radiation associated with sunlight

bull Daily dose of daylight is about 10 times greater than daily dose of artifical light

ndash 12 h indoor 8h at 500 lx + 4h at 100 lx = 4400 lxh

ndash 4 h outdoor 4h at 10 000 lx = 40 000 lxh



LED-based cosmetic treatments

bull LEDs are used for skin treatments (acne)

bull LEDs are used for hair removal (used with other techniques)




Ask for proofs of safety and efficacy

Caution when such treatments are provided by non medical staff (non-qualified aestheticians etc)

Various health expertise are currently under way (France for instance)



Deesse Mask Skin Rejuvenation Treatment Device



Bactericidal effect of blue LEDs at 415 and 455 nm




bull In Staphylococcus aureus proliferation was enhanced by low doses (5 min with 415 nm ie 30 Jcm2) while high doses (20 min with 415 nm ie 129 Jcm2) resulted in significant reduction of cell counts

bull On the other hand Escherichia coli was more susceptible to blue light illumination and produced more ROS than Staphylococcus aureus Even low fluencies (5 min with 415 nm ie 30 Jcm2) almost completely reduced E coli viability and maximum reduction (98 ndash 999) was achieved by 10 min with 415 nm (60 Jcm2) For both bacteria the inactivation effect was less important following exposure to 455 nm



Bactericidal effect of blue LEDs at 405 nm



Bactericidal application of blue LEDs at 405 nm



405 nm LEDs Very promising results obtained at CSTB on

bull E Coli (ATCC 10799) Gram (-)

bull S Epidermidis (8155T) Gram (+)






La LED (diode eacutelectroluminescente) Solid-State Lighting (SSL)


Genegraveve 5Nov2015 2

Prix Nobel de Physique 2014 deacutecerneacute aux

inventeurs de la LED bleue (ce qui a permis de

faire des LED blanches pour lrsquoeacuteclairage)

Effets sanitaires de leacuteclairage agrave LED














































1 000 000 cdmsup2

00003 lumen

Spectres de LED



5Nov2015



bull Eblouissement






Glare







bull Veil luminance













5Nov2015




5Nov2015


Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy


































































































1 000 000 cdmsup2

00003 lumen

Spectres de LED



5Nov2015



bull Eblouissement






Glare







bull Veil luminance













5Nov2015




5Nov2015


Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Spectres de LED



5Nov2015



bull Eblouissement






Glare







bull Veil luminance













5Nov2015




5Nov2015


Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy






















































bull Eblouissement






Glare







bull Veil luminance













5Nov2015




5Nov2015


Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Glare







bull Veil luminance













5Nov2015




5Nov2015


Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy

























































bull Veil luminance













5Nov2015




5Nov2015


Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy























































5Nov2015


Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Eblouissement




UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































UGR definition



10














lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy


































































lt 00003 sr UGR = 23

inacceptable

en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur

UGR = 19


en eacuteclairage

inteacuterieur




SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































SSL and UGR






Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Blue Light Hazard




















cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy






































































cocircnes

bacirctonnets

EPR

Vaisseaux

sanguins




2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy
























































2015

2014










Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy






























































Iodure de Propidium




CGL INL ONL









DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy

























































DAPIfaloidina

NI 6h 12h 18h




Autophagy Abnormal

permeability






449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy


























































449 467 473 507 nm

Oxydative Stress












B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy


























































B(l) is maximum

at 435 nm

Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Blue Cold white

Neutral white

Warm white






Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy
























































Relative value

(watt per watt)









DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





























































DB = 106 Jmsup2sr


LB = 106

119905 Wmsup2sr













Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy






























































Standards (normes)



2014




Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy
























































Risk Group



































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy














































































ndash RG2






































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































































Stage artists

etc









If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy



























































If not possible





Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy
























































Light Flicker

(papillotement)










Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy




























































Light flicker








Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy























































Exemples




bull etc















ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy
































































ndash Distraction










Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy




























































Recommandation



Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Non-visual effects






Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy
























































Luminotheacuterapie







meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy



























































meacutelatonine








Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy




























































Int J Mol Sci 2014 15(12) 23448-23500




































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy
























































































Light therapy









Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Light therapy



Light therapy





















































Light therapy





















































effets sanitaires des systèmes d’éclairage utilisant des led

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