effects of traditional news on youths’ views towards protests in hong kong 1155016733 norman lee...
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Effects of traditional news on youths’ views towards protests in Hong Kong
1155016733 Norman Lee1155005610 Tseng Ling Chun1155015936 Li Ho1155016666 Wong Ching Yi
The effect of Traditional News on Youth towards Protests in Hong Kong
Presentation Flow
Definition of Topic Methodology Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 3 Conclusion &
Limitation
Traditional news
• Included: • Newspapers, TV news
and radio news published by mainstream media
• Online news video clips produced by mainstream media’s company
• Not included:• New trend of media• Examples:
- In Media(獨立媒體 )- House News(主場新聞 )- VJMedia(輔仁媒體 )
• Or other materials published by general internet users
Examples included: Examples NOT included:
Traditional news
Videos and comments about the news made by internet users.
Youth
• It is defined as… persons between the ages of and
years by the United Nation*.
15 24
*(Source: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/youth/ )
Protest• A statement or an action that shows one’s
strong disapproval or disagreement.*• Examples: demonstration, assembly, comments on the
internet, etc.
*(Source: Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary )
3 Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1
• Not all traditional news are neutral in the stance of reporting
Hypothesis 2
• Youth’s views can be influenced by traditional news
Hypothesis 3
• Traditional news is the main reason that affects youth’s views towards protests in HK
Methodology
• Literature Review• Survey• Personal Interview
• Based on Communication Theory- Agenda Setting Theory- Cultivation Theory ,etc
Literature Review
Survey• Format: Online Survey• Period: 30/9 to 21/10 (4 weeks)• No. of completed survey: 190
Male43%Female
57%
Q.19 What is your gender?
Primary SchoolSecondary School(Junior)Secondary School(Senior)UniversityOthers(Please specify)
<15 years old 15-19 years old 20-24 years old
>24 years old
Q.20 What is your age?
Q.21 What is your education level?
Personal Interview
• 3 groups of people i) general public ii) protester iii) journalist/reporter
Hypothesis 1
• Not all traditional news are neutral in the stance of reporting
Hypothesis 2
• Youth’s views can be influenced by traditional news
Hypothesis 3
• Traditional news is the main reason that affects youth’s views towards protest in HK
What is Neutral?
Definition:
Not supporting or helping either side in a disagreement, competition, etc.
( source: oxford advanced learner's English dictionary)http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/neutral
Neutral in News Media
• Capture information of importance of interest to the public – accurately, – honestly and – impartially.
Source: Eric Ma Kit Wai, Professor of Department of Journalism and Communication in The Chinese University of Hong Kong (2013)
Hypothesis 1:Not all traditional news are neutral
• By literature review to define 3 kinds of bias and list out examples
1st Argument
• Combine professionals’ and interviewee’s opinions to analyze the reasons of bias’ existence
2nd Argument
Literature Review
Literature Review:• From Stefano M.Rivolta• News Media Producer at U.S. Department of State• Strategic Maneuvering and Media Bias in Political News
Magazine Opinion Articles. (2011)
1st Argument• By literature review to
define 3 kinds of bias and list out examples
Three kinds of bias in news
Selection Bias
Coverage Bias
Statement Bias
Selection Bias
• Definition: • Concerns the selection of stories to be
presented to the public and the omission of stories not to be read, heard, or seen.
(S. M. Rivolta. Strategic Maneuvering and Media Bias in Political News Magazine Opinion Articles. PhD thesis, U. of Am- sterdam, 2011.)
Selection Bias: Example
• 5th June, 2013• Memorial for the Tiananmen Incident（六四燭光晚會）• Only Wen Wei Po and Tai Kung Po did not have
any coverage about this incident
Coverage Bias
• Definition: • Which is a preference for giving more airtime,
space, or attention to some issues in contrast to others
Coverage Bias: Example
• The leak of recordings of former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Zhao Ziyang(趙紫楊 )
• On 14th May, 2009,– All TV news press report at 1:30pm– TVB didn’t report it even in 6:30pm New report
(http://rthk.hk/mediadigest/20090715_76_122316.html)
Statement Bias
• Definition: • Describe a tendency towards using more
favorable statements to refer to one political party at the expense of another
Statement Bias: Example
• Apple Daily Action News• The “Powerful Nation” like parvenu’s golden color in every
aspects (強國最愛土豪金，衣食住行樣樣齊 )
• Title has already taken side
• The use of words such as “Powerful National強國”
The Mass Media and the Social Construction
• By a U.S. sociologist Harvey Luskin Molotch
• “Mass media does not look for reality, but for practices of those having the power to determine the experience of others.”
• Social construction of news had a crucial political component.
• The news is the ritualized presentation of the stories of powerful corporates and government organization.
A Propaganda Model
• A conceptual model in political economy advanced
• by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky
A Propaganda Model: Four filters
1. Size, ownership, and profit orientation of the mass media
2. The advertising license to do business3. Sourcing mass-media news4. Flak(抨擊 ) and the enforcers
Interview 1
• Interviewee: Sherman Wong• Background: – Year 3 student in Hong Kong Shue Yan University
Journalism and Communication Department– Internships in different news media organizations
• Now: Special correspondent of Vjmedia(輔仁媒體 )
• Has 2 years of experience in protesting
Interview 1
The biggest pressure comes from the money source
Commercial is newspapers’ main income source
Interview 2
• Interviewee: Miss Ip• Background: – Internship in HK cable TV – Has worked in • RTHK• Hong Kong Commercial Broadcasting Co. and• Ming Pao as reporter & relevant position in news
department for 15 years
Interview 2
• There is a saying among TV stations “a winning or losing shot” to compete within industry
• The most important factor is whether the picture is rich in content. if there is conflict in the scene, usually those incidents will be aired.
• What do viewers like to see
• TV stations’ image and reputation have effects on whether advertisements will be put on the TV station which effecting the main income source
Combine professionals’ and interviewees’ opinions
• Professionals:– ritualized presentation of the stories of powerful
corporates– Practices have the power to determine– Size, ownership, and profit orientation of the mass media– The advertising license to do business
Interviewees:
– Traditional News tend to entertain consumers– They are mainly disturbed by powerful source
Therefore...
• Traditional News are depended on STANCE of mediaNewspaper Owner Stance
Apple Daily蘋果日報
Jimmy Lai黎智英
Pro-democratic
SingTaoDaily星島日報
Ho Chu-kwok何柱國National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
全國政協委員
Pro-Beijing
Wen Wei Po文匯網
Wong Shui Sheng王樹成National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
全國政協委員
Pro-Beijing
Relationship DiagramOwner
News Sources Advertiser
ConsumerGeneral Public
Traditional News
Information
Public Attention
Direction Profit
Public Attention
Content Attention
Money
•By literature review to define 3 kinds of bias and list out examples.
1st Argument
•Combine professionals’ and interviewee’s opinions to analyze the reasons of bias’ existence.
2nd Argument
Hypothesis 1
Not all traditional news are neutral in the stance of reporting.
Hypothesis 1
• Not all traditional news are neutral in the stance of reporting
Hypothesis 2
• Youth’s views can be influenced by traditional news
Hypothesis 3
• Traditional news is the main reason that affects youth’s views towards protest in HK
•Use of mass communication theory to explain the power of news media
1st Argument
•Apply theory on concrete examples to reveal current practice of traditional news and prove its effect on youth’s views
2nd Argument
•Combination of survey findings and theory to prove traditional news’ effect on youth’s views.
3rd Argument
Hypothesis 2: Youth’s views can be influenced by traditional news
Literature Review• Agenda Setting Theory
• Cultivation Theory
• Use of mass communication theory to explain the power of news media1st Argument
Agenda Setting Theory
• Developed by Dr. Max McCombs and Dr. Donald Shaw in a study on the 1968 presidential election.
• Published in a 1972 edition of Public Opinion Quarterly
Agenda Setting Theory
• ‘The Press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunning successful in telling its readers what to think about.’(Bernard Cohen, 1963)
Bernard CohenFormer chancellor of University of Wisconsin, Madison
http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/Agenda-Setting_Theory.doc
• (1) the press and the media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it. --- selection bias
• (2) media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. --- coverage bias
Basic Assumptions
• Aware Model- zero exposure v.s. having exposure
• Salience Model- focusing v.s. hiding
• Priority Model- allocation of time frame and its sequence
Agenda Setting Theory
Based on this theory, people’s views can be influenced by this 3 models.
• Case: “Recover Sheung Shui”• No. of interviewee : 10 people• TV News and Newspaper• Survey Q1• TV : TVB v.s. bbTV• Newspaper : Apple Daily v.s. Ming Pao• Randomly chosen
Interview
• Apply theory on concrete examples to reveal current practice of traditional news and prove its effect on youth’s views
2nd Argument
Newspa-per(Including online version)
TV News Radio News
Online News
Video Clip
Family & Friends
Others(Please spec-
ify)
Se-ries1
122 122 24 127 61 6
10
50
90
130
Q.1 What is(are) your main source(s) of news in-formation? (multiple answers allowed)
• Case: “Recover Sheung Shui”• No. of interviewee : 10 people• TV News and Newspaper• Survey Q1• TV : TVB v.s. bbTV• Newspaper : Apple Daily v.s. Ming Pao• Randomly chosen
Interview
• Apply theory on concrete examples to reveal current practice of traditional news and prove its effect on youth’s views
2nd Argument
• TV News (bbTV)
Interview (TV News)
• TV News (TVB)
Interview (TV News)
Interview (TV News)
• General Comparison
Have No Dif-ference
10%
Have Difference90%
Intensity
Have No Dif-ference
30%
Have Dif-ference
70%
Image of protesters and parallel goods trader
• bbTVInterview (TV News)
Interviewee A : bbTV feels like more objective as it distribute time frame evenly on every aspects. However, both bbTV and TVB do not include the opinions of parallel goods traders. They seem to be more favorable to protesters as their reasons are known.
Interviewee B : After watching it, I understand the reason why protesters become angry. However, I think the protest is not as intense as the one shown in TVB.
Interviewee C: In this video, I see protesters stand still and hold banners. They are quite, calm and peaceful. However, parallel goods traders triggered the fight. Overall, I think the protest is rational and the protesters is portrayed as peaceful, righteous and positive.
Interviewee D : It uses high angle long shot to film the protest. I can see the whole picture when conflicts happen. The intensity is therefore lower.
• TVBInterview (TV News)
Interviewee A : TVB use a longer time frame to describe the intense conflict. I, therefore, perceive a more intense image.
Interviewee B : Generally, there are many shots about chaos. TVB uses Point of View( 主觀鏡 ) to do filming. In this way, the case seems more intense and the protesters look like more radical than what might the reality be.
Interviewee C : TVB uses a large portion of shots to describe the fact that a citizen has been arrested by the police. It increases the seriousness of the protest.
Interviewee D : TVB focus on describing chaos and conflict, like body contact, shouting, etc, rather than saying other things which have also happened during the whole process. It give a feeling that the protest is in large scale.
• Ming Pao(明報 )
Interview (Newspaper)
350 人「光復上水」狙擊水客 抗議滋擾北區居民一度起衝突
350 People who joined “Recover Sheung Shui” “sniped” the parallel goods traders and protested against the problems brought by themA number of conflicts were raised by northern district residents
• Apple Daily(蘋果日報 )
Interview (Newspaper)
光復上水站演變成衝突 示威者高呼「還我益力多」
“Recover Sheung Shui” eventually turned into conflictProtesters shouting ‘return my Yakult’
Interview (Newspaper)
• General Comparison
Have No Dif-ference
40%
Have Dif-ference
60%
Intensity
Have No Dif-ference
20%
Have Dif-ference
80%
Image of protesters and parallel goods trader
Interview (TV News)
Ming Pao( 明報 ) Apple Daily( 蘋果日報 )
Protesters is portrayed as radical and aggressive.Example of reasons:Protesters chased parallel goods traders to the road where cars are running, causing a dangerous scene. (Aware Model)
Protesters is portrayed as passive and rational.Example of reasons:-Protesters were being hit by the water bottle thrown by bystanders. (Aware Model)
Protest seems less intense.Example of reasons:-Focus on the control by the Police (use a whole paragraph while Apple Daily use 1 sentence) and introduce Mr Lai Tung-kwok, Secretary for Security to stress on the security given by the Police.(Priority Model)
Protest seems more intense.Example of reasons:-Much more detail description on the ways of conflicts and aggressive comments made by protesters. (Priority Model)
Cultivation theory
• By George Gerbner (Dean of the School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania)
• Examines the long-term effects of television as TV was the main source of information at that time (1967)
Cultivation theory
• Cultivation analysis:• Cultivation deals with how TV’s content might
affect viewers – particularly the viewers who spend lots of time glued to the tube.
• “Enculturation” – TV is a medium of the socialization of most people into standardized roles and behaviors
• （潛移默化）
Newspa-per(Including online version)
TV News Radio News
Online News
Video Clip
Family & Friends
Others(Please spec-
ify)
Se-ries1
122 122 24 127 61 6
10
50
90
130
Q.1 What is(are) your main source(s) of news in-formation? (multiple answers allowed)
• Combination of survey findings and theory to prove traditional news’ effect on youth’s views.
3rd Argument
No. of ppl :
More than once per day
Once per day Once every 2 to 4 days
Once every 5 to 7 days
Less than once a week
Series1 35 55 51 21 28
52545
Q2. Frequency of reading newspaper(including online version)
More than once per day
Once per day Once every 2 to 4 days
Once every 5 to 7 days
Less than once a week
Series1 19 56 57 27 31
5
25
45
Q3. Frequency of watching television news
•Use of mass communication theory to explain the power of news media
1st Argument
•Apply theory on concrete examples to reveal current practice of traditional news and prove its effect on youth’s views
2nd Argument
•Combination of survey findings and theory to prove traditional news’ effect on youth’s views. 3rd Argument
Hypothesis 2
• Youth’s views can be influenced by traditional news
Hypothesis 1 • Not all traditional news are
neutral in the stance of reporting
Hypothesis 2 • Youth’s views can be influenced by traditional news
Hypothesis 3 • Traditional news is the main
reason that affects youth’s views towards protests in HK
Hypothesis 3:Traditional news is the main reason that affects youth’s views towards protests in HK.
• Traditional news affects youth’s views towards protests in Hong Kong.
1st Argument
•Traditional news is the main reason that affects youth’s views towards protests in Hong Kong.
2nd Argument
The main source of knowing about Protests is still traditional news.
Over 75% of interviewees chose “Watching TV news” as the main way to know about Protests.
53% and 59% of interviewees chose “Reading newspapers” and “Online News Video Clips” respectively.
Read-ing
news-papers
Watch-ing TV news
Listen-ing to radio news
Online News Video Clips
Person-ally in-volved
Infor-mation
from school
Discus-sions with
friends
Discus-sions with
family
Others(Please
specify)
Se-ries1
102 144 22 113 30 21 105 46 3
105090
130
Main way(s) to know about protestsQ13.
Answer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Responses
News Media 99 34 28 13 13 3 0 190
School 22 50 45 50 17 5 1 190
Family 26 29 48 45 34 8 0 190
Working Environmen
t3 8 19 50 80 30 0 190
Religion 3 5 1 4 38 123 16 190
Friends 31 63 48 27 8 13 0 190
Others(Please specify) 6 1 1 1 0 8 173 190
Total 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 '-
Highest rank = 1; Lowest rank = 6/7News Media includes Traditional News and other new forms of news
media
Q18.
Ranking of the factors influencing your views towards protests
• Q.17 Do you think your most viewed traditional news have influenced your opinions towards protests?
Min Value Max Value Average Value Standard Deviation Have an idea No idea
0 5 2.32 1.27 177 13
The youth doesn’t agree that traditional news is the main factor of influencing their opinions towards protests.
•Traditional news affects youth’s views towards protests in Hong Kong.
1st Argument
•Traditional news is the main reason that affects youth’s views towards protests in Hong Kong.
2nd Argument
Hypothesis 3
Traditional news is the main reason that affects youth’s views towards protests in HK
• Rises of the Internet independent news media
• The Power of the Internet users• Experiences of the protesters• Self-awareness of interviewee
Possible reasons
• Internet independent news media
• Civil organization• Alternative sources
of news information other than the mainstream
Rises of the internet independent news media
• Wide spread because of Facebook
Rises of the internet independent news media
• “Everyone can be the reporter” （人人都可以是記者）
Rises of the internet independent news media
• Reporting from other prospective
Information from Traditional news and mainstream media is always INCOMPLETE or DISTORTED, may harm the society.
Full record
Rises of the internet independent news media
• 1) Much higher hit rate of the video clips about social issues in YouTube2) The use of Facebook to share comments and information about social issues become much more popular
• people can analysis the issues in wider and more different perspectives
The Power of the Internet users
Experiences of the protesters
• Interviewees: Kin ; Kate ; Sherman• Number of Protests participation: 10 times; 4
times ; 10 times
Experiences of the protesters
“I’m close to the protesters so can know the situation better.” -- Kin.
“I know how they usually report the news.” -- Kate
“Traditional News are not detailed enough… Sometimes, they will exaggerate.” -- Sherman
“ Traditional News always focus on the conflicts in the protests” – Kin, Kate and Sherman
Awareness of interviewees
Youth who have never participle in protests may not aware that the traditional news are influencing them.*Limitation: We can’t ensure that. Because through the survey , we can’t prove it.
Conclusion:
Hypothesis 1 • Not all traditional news are
neutral in the stance of reporting
Hypothesis 2 • Youth’s views can be influenced by traditional news
Hypothesis 3 • Traditional news is the main
reason that affects youth’s views towards protests in HK
• 1) Most of the survey respondents are university students
• High-level of education• Habits of watching news may be different from other youth’s
group• Cannot represent the whole
population of youth
Limitation
Primary SchoolSecondary School(Junior)Secondary School(Senior)UniversityOthers(Please specify)
Q.21 What is your education level?
• 2) In-Depth interview is only carried on 10 people and no. of survey respondents is only 190
• Opinions are concrete and detail• However, they might not reflect the views of all the youth
Limitation
• 3)The fact that our survey respondents are aware of whether they have been influenced by traditional news or not has not been proved
• Affects the credibility and objectivity of our survey
Limitation
Q&A