Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes On Sustainable Development

Presented by Njobati Sylvie

Definition of sustainable development

Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to improve lifestyles(Economy) and feeling of well-being on one hand(society), and preserving natural resources and ecosystems(environment), on which we and future generations depend.

Content of a single cigarette There are approximately 600 ingredients in cigarettes. When burned, they create more than 7,000 chemicals. At least 69 of these chemicals are known to cause cancer, and many are poisonous. Here are a few of the chemicals in tobacco smoke, and other places they are found: • Acetone – found in nail polish remover* • Acetic Acid – an ingredient in hair dye • Ammonia – a common household cleaner • Arsenic – used in rat poison* • Benzene – found in rubber cement • Butane – used in lighter fluid • Cadmium – active component in battery acid • Carbon Monoxide – released in car exhaust fumes*

• Formaldehyde – embalming fluid* • Hexamine – found in barbecue lighter fluid • Lead – used in batteries • Naphthalene – an ingredient in moth balls • Methanol – a main component in rocket fuel • Nicotine – used as insecticide • Tar – material for paving roads* • Toluene - used to manufacture paint (WHO)

Combination of things commonly smoked

Nutmeg and dry corn leaves

Dry corn leaves and dried cola

Shisha

garda

snuff

marijuana

Weed

Garri and Gum

Facts About Tobacco cigars Tobacco use is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. • There are more than 1.3billion smokers in the

world. • Globally, use of tobacco products is increasing,

although it is decreasing in high-income countries. • Almost half of the world's children breathe air

polluted by tobacco smoke. • The epidemic is shifting to the developing world. • More than 80% of the world's smokers live in low-

and middle-income countries.

• Tobacco use kills 5.4 million people a year - an

average of one person every six seconds - and accounts for one in 10 adult deaths worldwide.

• Tobacco kills up to half of all users.

Predictions of prevalence of Tobacco related diseases Because there is a lag of several years between when people start using tobacco and when their health suffers, the epidemic of disease and death has just begun. 100 million deaths were caused by tobacco in the 20th century. If current trends continue, there will be up to one billion deaths in the 21st century. Unchecked, tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than 8million a year by 2030, and 80% of those deaths will occur in the developing world. tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world

Second-hand smoke is also a very serious problem: Second-hand smoke causes 600,000 premature deaths per

year. An estimated 200,000 workers die every year due to

exposure to smoke at work; The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that second-hand smoke is responsible for about 3000 lung cancer deaths annually among non-smokers in the country.

About 40% of all children are regularly exposed to second-hand smoke at home.

31% of the deaths attributable to second-hand smoke occur in children.

10% of the economic costs related to tobacco use are attributable to second-hand smoke.

In 2000, fire caused by tobacco smoking caused

10% of all fire deaths 300,000 deaths US$27 billion in costs

Tobacco Industry Profits Greater Than Ever According to The Tobacco Atlas, estimates of revenues from the global tobacco industry likely approach a half trillion U.S. dollars annually. In 2010, the combined profits of the six leading tobacco companies was U.S. $35.1 billion, equal to the combined profits of Coca-Cola, Microsoft, and McDonald’s in the same year. If Big Tobacco were a country, it would have a gross domestic product (GDP) of countries like Poland, Saudi Arabia, Sweden and Venezuela.

Can a tobacco company ever really be considered sustainable despite the revenue it makes?

Reasons why people smoke (myths) Activity 1: Look at the pictures and suggest why people smoke In groups of two.

A B

C

D E F G

Philip Morris, the manufacturer of the Marlboro brand of cigarettes died of lung cancer Faces of the tobacco brand include David Millar, who died of emphysema in 1987, and David McLean, who died of lung cancer in 1995. Another who pushed the product, Wayne McLaren, died before his 52nd birthday in 1992 and Dick Hammer - better known for his role as Captain Hammer in the TV show Emergency! - passed away from lung cancer in 1999, aged 69. Eric Lawson who played the iconic cigarette-puffing cowboy during the late 1970s passed away aged 72 from respiratory failure.

The cigarette company is the only company in the world that rewards loyal customers by killing them

Effects of smoking cigarettes Health Crisis

Tobacco exacerbates poverty by chopping off

income of houselholds

Tobacco contributes to world hunger by diverting prime land away from food production

Tobacco production damages the environment

Tobacco reduces economic productivity

Effects of smoking on health

RESPIRATORY DISEASES Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung cancer If you have asthma, tobacco smoke can trigger an attack or make an attack worse

CANCERS Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body: Bladder, Blood (acute myeloid leukemia), Cervix, Stomach, Kidney and ureter, Esophagus, Trachea, bronchus, and lung, Colon and rectum (colorectal), Larynx, Oropharynx (includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the tonsils)

PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS Smoking can make it harder for a woman to become pregnant and can affect her baby's health before and after birth

Preterm (early) delivery • Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth) • Ectopic pregnancy • Facial deformation in infants

Effects of smoking on health

Smoking causes general adverse effects on the body, hair breakage leading to acute myeloid leukemia. It can cause inflammation and adverse effects on immune function

Smoking affects the health of your teeth and gums and can cause tooth loss

Smoking can increase your risk for eye cataracts (clouding of the eye’s lens that makes it hard for you to see) and age-related macular degeneration (damage to a small spot near the center of the retina, the part of the eye needed for central vision)

Effects of smoking on environment

a) polluting the air Each time you smoke a cigarette, chemicals are released into the atmosphere, polluting the air. b) destroying forests Approximately 5 million hectares (600 million trees) of forest are destroyed each year to provide trees to dry tobacco. This is the same size of 3.6 million Aussie Rules Football fields. Over 32 billion cigarettes are smoked in Australia each year. If the butts from these cigarettes were placed end to end, they would circle the planet 16 times.

Effects of smoking on environment

c) starting bushfires Nearly 7% of bushfires, which are responsible for 14 deaths each year, are caused by carelessly discarded burning cigarette butts.

d) killing marine creatures When it rains, cigarette butts lying in our streets and gutters are washed in to our harbours, beaches and rivers. The chemicals in these butts and the butts themselves impact on our water quality and can be deadly to our marine life Cigarette butts can take up to 12 months to break down in fresh water and up to five years to break down in sea water (Clean up Australia). Cigarette butts have been found in the stomachs of young birds, sea turtles and other marine creatures At least 4.5 trillion [non-biodegradable] filter-tipped cigarettes are deposited annually somewhere in the world

Effects of smoking on sustainable environment

Agriculture Malawi, Korea, Macedonia, Moldova, and Lebanon devote more than 1% of their agricultural land to tobacco leaf production. In Africa, around 5% of all deforestation is caused by tobacco. In Malawi, where the ancient dry forests of the miombo highlands are particularly under threat, tobacco accounts for 20% of deforestation. Each year nearly 600 million trees are destroyed to provide fuel to dry tobacco. Put in another way one tree is destroyed for every 300 cigarettes. Globally, tobacco curing requires 11.4 million tons of solid wood annually. Tobacco uses up more water, and has more pesticides applied to it Depletion of the Ozone Layer Tobacco is a sensitive plant prone to many diseases. It therefore requires huge chemical inputs: up to 16 applications of pesticide are recommended during one three-month growing period. Aldrin and Dieldrin, and DDT are among the chemicals used. Methyl bromide, widely used as a fumigant in developing countries, contributes significantly to ozone depletion.

Effects of smoking on sustainable environment

* Tobacco Reduces Economic

Productivity

Summarizing from the WHO :

The economic costs of tobacco use are

equally devastating. In addition to the high

public health costs of treating tobacco-

caused diseases, tobacco kills people at the

height of their productivity, depriving

families of breadwinners and nations of a

healthy workforce. Tobacco users are also

less productive while they are alive due to

increased sickness

• Wastage of resources Misdirected labour Waste in packaging, lighters, land, paper/wood, marketting and selling

Measures taken to curb smoking

The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control The world’s first global health treaty—the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (summary), adopted May 2003—became international law in February 2005. Amongst other things, the treaty requires countries to • Impose restrictions on tobacco

advertising, sponsorship and promotion;

• Establish new packaging and labeling of tobacco products (e.g. ban misleading descriptions such as ―low tar‖ and ―lights‖;)

• Establish clean indoor air controls; and • Strengthen legislation to clamp down

on tobacco smuggling.

The WHO has defined a policy approach to help implement the convention, summarized by the acronym, MPOWER, to • Monitor tobacco use and prevention

policies • Protect people from tobacco smoke • Offer help to quit tobacco use • Warn about the dangers of tobacco • Enforce bans on tobacco advertising,

promotion and sponsorship, and • Raise taxes on tobacco

Proposed solutions Discussion Propose solutions to Hazards of smoking • Littering of buts • Health problems • Environmental degredation

Proposed solutions

-Adoption of the WHO FCTC (Framework

Convention on Tobacco Control) -Better enforced litter laws -Increased taxes directed to environmental clean-up efforts -Reduced packaging waste and improved biodegradability of filters -Appropriate disposal mechanisms -Increased public awareness campaigns about the magnitude and prevention of tobacco consumption