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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 345–357 Article ID: IJCIET_07_04_030

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

EFFECTS OF SILICA FUME (MICRO SILICA OR

NANO SILICA) ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE: A REVIEW

Arun Nishchal Guleria

P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering,

Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Punjab, India

Sandeep Salhotra

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT

In the present era very vast development occurred in the field of construction specially in

concrete technology. Concrete is the most versatile material due to its continuous demand. Many

researchers and scientists have been developed a no. of techniques to improve the parameters of

concrete i.e. strength & durability. Engineers are continuously pushing the limits to improve the

performance with the help of supplementary cementitious material like blast furnace slag, Flyash,

steel slag, silica fume etc. The present research work focused on one of such product i.e. silica

fume. Silica fume is an amorphous (non crystalline) polymorph of silicon oxide. It has its forms

also i.e. micro silica (MS) and nano silica (NS). It is ultrafine powder with an average particle size

of 0.1 to 0.5 µ. Silica fume is pozzolainc material and is available in different forms. The past

investigations reveled that silica fume is an excellent pozzolanic material in producing high

performance concrete (HPC). In this review paper we will study the effect of MS and NS in the

concrete properties with their different different percentages in the different grades of concrete.

Nano technology is most promising area of science. It is revolution in construction industry.

Different nano materials like nano silica, nono titanium oxide, carbon nano tube etc. are now a

days used by the engineers in construction work. Nano silica and micro silica particles sizes are

very very small so they can fill the pores or small spaces of concrete easily and effectively. Thus

there is a scope for cracks free concrete towards the crack free sustainable construction. So here in

the article we will discuss about the silica fume and its forms i.e. micro silica and nano silica and

their effects on the properties of the concrete. It is found from the previous studies that the combine

use of the pozzolan i.e. MS & NS can produce superior properties.

Key words: Concrete, Silica Fume (silicon oxide fume) , Nano Silica (NS), Micro Silica (MS),

compressive strength, Flexural Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Pozzolan & High Performance

Concrete (HPC), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis).

Arun Nishchal Guleria and Sandeep Salhotra


Cite this Article: Arun Nishchal Guleria and Sandeep Salhotra, Effects of Silica Fume (Micro

Silica or Nano Silica) On Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A Review. International Journal of

Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp.345–357.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is highly heterogeneous material of the housing industry or construction industry. It is a

combination of cement, sand, aggregate & water in specified proportion. Reaction of these materials with

the help of water forms the hard mass called concrete. Because of its immense demand, it is most generally

used for the construction in the world. Materials employed in forming the concrete are not renewable. They

are available in the nature with in limited quantity. Over use of these material can cause the scarcity. In

order to avoid the wasting of natural ores & reach additional strength it is important to seek out new

supplementary building materials. So this can be rationale why in recent years researchers have targeted on

development of concrete properties by adding alternative byproducts like silica fume (micro silica, nano

silica), flyash, blast furnace slag with in construction. These materials are pozzolanic and have

cementitious properties and conjointly a byproduct i.e. supplementary material. Here we are discussing

only one supplementary material that is silica fume. Silica fume is byproduct of silicon and ferrosilicon.

Chemically silica fume composed of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, K2O, So3. Specifications of

silica fume acc. to IS-15388 (2003) is given in table (1, 2, 3).

2.1. Indian standard Silica Fume – Specifications according to IS -15388 (2003)

Table 1 Bulk Density of Silica Fume

State Bulk Density (kg/m3)

Silica Fume In Natural State 150 - 350

Densified Silica Fume Above 500

Silica Fume Slurry About 700

Table 2 Chemical Requirements Acc. To IS -15388 (2003) table no. 1 in IS code

S. No. Characteristics Requirement (%age of Mass)

1 SiO2 (Min.) 85.0

2 Moisture Content (Max.) 3.0

3 Loss On Ignition (Max.) 4.0

4 Alkalies as Na2O (Max.) 1.5

Table 3 Physical Rquirements Acc. To IS-15388 (2003) Table no.2 in IS Code

S.No. Characteristics Requirement

1 Specific Surface m2/g (Min) 15

2 Oversize %age Retained on 45µ Sieve (Max.) 10

3 Oversize %age Retained on 45µ Sieve, variation from Average %age, (Max.) 5

4 Compressive Strength at 7 days (Min.) as % of control sample 80.5

Silica fume helps to improve concrete by two effects i.e. pozzolan effect and micro filler effect. Now a

days new technology has been introduced in concrete application. One in every of the foremost used nano

material is nano silica (NS). This product has replaced the use of micro silica (MS). The advancement

created by the study of concrete with nano silica at broad scale has proved that nano silica is far better than

silica fume employed in standard concrete NS possess lot of pozzolanic nature, its capacity to react with

the free lime throughout the hydration and forms C-S-H gel which supplies a strength, impermeability and

sturdiness to concrete.

Effects of Silica Fume (Micro Silica or Nano Silica) On Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A Review


2. OBJECTIVE

My objective to study about silica fume is to know about the silica fume’s properties & its effects on

concrete with its varying percentage. In my project I am using silica fume to treat chemically inert plastic

surface (PET) fibers and then putting this treated plastic in concrete to improve concrete properties. So

before using silica fume I am studying about it. Some researches have been done on it previously. But the

coating of silica fume or other pozzolanic material like metakaolin, fly ash, slag etc. on fibers is not so vast

yet . In this area we needed to work more to improve the concrete properties upto very high level.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

To find the alternative supplementary material for construction with cementitious properties a lot of

researches done by the researchers. Some of them are give below in the literature.

(Verma Ajay et al. 2012) in this analysis they studied the result of micro silica (MS) and the strength of

concrete with normal Portland cement. They ascertained that silica fume will increase the strength of

concrete and reduces the capillary pores.(Ji Tao, 2005) the study was additionally done on the water

porosity resistant behavior and micro structure of concrete with Nano silica (NS) and ascertained that NS

concrete includes a higher resistance permeability than normal concrete.(Sanchez F. and Sobolev K. 2010)

recently nano technology is getting used or thought of to be used in several application and it's received

increasing attention in building material, with potential benefits and downsides being underlined. (Sololev

K. 2009) the role of nano silica fume (SF) is to act as filler in void or empty areas. (Lin D.F. et al. 2008)

they describe the advance in compressive strength on sludge / flyash mortar among the presence of nano

silica (NS). (Li G. 2004) demonstrated the result of addition of nano silica in an exceedingly fly Ash

concrete. The results obtained and compared reported that the pozzolanic activity of flyash primarily based

concrete with nano silica (NS) were hyperbolic significantly and located that decrements in porosity of

concrete, gain high strength in early and latter stage.

(Nazari A. and Riahia S. 2011) it was investigated that the split tensile strength , thermal behavior and

small structure of concrete containing completely different quantity of ground granulated furnace slag &

silicon nano particles were bind in their investigation. (Mohammad Reza Zamani Abyaneh, et al.2013) It

was found that the concrete manufactured with micro silica (MS) & nano silica (NS)shows higher degree

of quality in their compressive (pressure resistance) strength than the ordinary concrete that solely have

micro silica in their mixture . Specimen with 2% Nano silica and 10% micro silica had less water

absorption and a lot of electric resistance. (Sadrmomtazi A., Barzegar A. 2010) It was terminated that

properties of self compacting concrete with and without RHA (Rice Husk Ash), an Argo-industrial waste

shows the improvement within the physical and mechanical property of concrete with addition of Nano

silica. (Jo Byung-Wan el al. 2007) Studied the behavior of mortar with Nano silica particles and reported

the importance of addition of Nano silica (NS) on mechanical properties. (Ha-Won Song et al. 2010)

micro filler effect of silica fume greatly reduces the porosity and improves paste to mixture bond in silica

fume concrete compared to traditional concrete. (Abdullah A. Almusallam et al. 2004) silica fume (SF)

reacts chop-chop providing high early strength & sturdiness. The potency of silica fume is 3-5 times that of

OPC and may be improved drastically. (Mastafa Jalal et al. 2012) An alternative study was reported for

mechanical, rheological, durability and Microstructure properties of high performance self compacting

concrete(HPSCC) containing silica of micro & nano size with mixed NS & SF. (Min-Hong Zhang et al.

2012) it found that corporation of NS by concerning 2% weight of cement with 50% GGBS cement

mixture not only altered the setting time however conjointly hyperbolic the compressive strength by

concerning 22% and 18% for 3rd and 7th days respectively compared to the reference slag concrete.

(Shreeti S. Mavinkurve et al. 2003) found that the addition of some supplemenrty mineral admixtures in

cement has dramatically increased on the event of concrete business due to the thought of price saving

,energy saving and environmental protection .However environmental concern with each i.e. the damage

caused by the extraction of raw material, emission throughout cement producing. This has brought pressure

to scale back the use of cement and use alternative supplementary material. (Stefanidou M., Papayanni I.



2012) Studied the influence of Nano silica (NS) with totally different dosages and reported that the

addition of Ns tends to primarily increase the mechanical response and caused 20-25% strength

improvement. At identical time with the addition of super plasticiser in 1% w/w of cement reduced the

water demand and strength will increase varied from 30% to 35%. (Kontoleontos F. et al. 2012) studied

the influence of (NS) nano silica on ultrafine cement participation in terms of physiochemicals and

microstructure characterization. Here NS behaves not solely as a filler to enhance microstructure i.e. less

porosity. however conjointly a promoter of pozzolanic reaction by transferring CH into C-S-H Gel.

(Feldman R.F., Sereda P.J. 1968) Their study indicated that the cement paste flow will increase as a

water is removed till a degree , at that the flow decreases. now is indication of a attainable collapse within

the nanostructure of hydration product and C-S-H. (Rui zhong & kay wille, 2015) Dealt with the SF and

immoderate fine silicon oxide powder to enhance the ultra high performance pervious concrete matrix. to

attain the goal of an immoderate high performance cement with compressive strength in way over 150

Mpa. (Jing yang, guoliang jiang 2012) Investigated the results of smaller sized aggregates, silicon oxide

fume and super plasticizers to extend the concrete strength greatly. based on results, they ended that with

the utilization of smaller sized aggregates it helps to enhance the significance strength of pervious

concrete. SF and SP conjointly increased the strength of pervious concrete. (V.T. Giner et al. 2011)

Studied the influence of SF addition within the quantities starting from 0-15% of cement mass on the

dynamic and and static mechanical properties of concrete. The results well-tried that silicon oxide fume

addition or replacement scale back each the dynamic modulus of elasticity and damping magnitude relation

of concrete.

Silicon dioxide nano particles are also known as nano silica. These particles are the base for biomedical

research due to the particles stability, low toxicity and ability to work with a range of molecules &

polymers. Nano silica particles are categorized in P & S structures. Fig. 1,2,3 shows the TEM images of

Nano silica.

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Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

4. TEM IMAGES OF NANO SILICA

(Sololev K. 2009) acc. To him the role of nano silica particle is to act as micro filler within the voids of

empty area. what is more they found that nano silicon oxide will improve the crack resistance properties.

(Yazdi A.D. et al. 2009) investigated the impact of nano oxide fume (SF) on fly ash concrete (HFC) and

reported that to the low pozzolanic reaction of flyash ,early strength of HPC reduced considerably,

however the addition of nano silicon oxide promotes the pozzolanic activity reaction that modify the

enhancement of strength of HPC. Particularly in early ages. (R.Siddique and M. Iqbal Khan 2011) The

addition of silicon oxide fume to concrete improves the durability of concrete through the reduction in

permeableness , refined pore structure , resulting in a discount within the diffusion of harmful ions, reduces

TEM image of 20 nm

NanoXact silica

nnnnanospheres

TEM image of 1 µm

NanoXact silica

nanospheres

TEM image of 100 nm

NanoXact silica

nanospheres



calcium hydrate contents which ends up in higher resistance to salt attack, improvement in sturdiness also

will improve the power of silica fume concrete in protecting the embedded steel from corrosion. (Aitcin,

P.C. et al. 1990) Acc. To them silicon oxide fume have three mechanisms specifically (i) Strength

sweetening by pore size refinement and mortar concentration. (ii) Strength sweetening by reduction in

content of CH and (iii) strength sweetening by cement paste-aggregate surface refinement are belived to be

accountable for the strength development of concrete and mortar containing silicon oxide fume. (Bhanja,s.

and Sengupta,B.2002) Silica fume concrete is extremely susceptible to temperature variations throughout

the hardening process. The optimum silica fume content to attain higher strength looks to vary b/t 15% &

20%. (Alsana Bashir et al. 2014) HPC with silicon oxide fume at a continuing water binder magnitude

relation (w/b)of 0.34 and replacement share of 0-25 %, with variable dosages of HRWRA will increase the

compressive strength, the optimum share was obtained at 15% replacement level.(Wiesner et al. 2007)

Nano particles have high extent to volume magnitude relation. During this method nano particles with 4nm

dia. Have over 50 % of its atoms at the surface and are therefore terribly reactive. (Senff et al. 2010) They

find out once the upper surface area is to be wetted, it decreases the free dispersant water in binary

compound system obtainable within the mixture. therefore the utilization of nano particles in mortar and

concrete considerably modify their behavior not solely in contemporary, however conjointly in hardened

condition, because the fresh, mechanical and micro structural development. (Hou et al.2013; Mondal, P.

et al. 2010) From the nano identification studies, it absolutely was observed that the nano silicon oxide

addition considerably alters the proportion of low stiffness and high stiffness C-S-H. (Gaitero et al. 2008;

Porro et al. 2005) The addition of nano silica changed the consistency of paste of cement and increased

the typical chain length of silicate chain. (Senff et al. 2009; Ltifi et al.2011; Qing et al.2007) Reduction

within the initial setting time (IST) & final setting time (FST) of paste was determined on addition of Nano

silicon oxide. conjointly difference b/t the IST & FST decrease with the rise in nano silica content. (Lea

1998; Li et al. 2004; Neville 1996) In the recent years the employment of nano particles has received

explicit attention in several fields of applications to fabricate material with new functionalities. once the

immoderate fine particles are incorporated in to Portland cement paste, mortar or concrete, material with

totally different characteristics from conventional material were obtained. (Björnström et al. 2004; Lea,

O. I. 1998; Qing, Y. et al. 2007) These previous papers indicates that the inclusion of nano particles

modifies contemporary and hardened state properties, even when put next with conventional mineral

additions. Colloidal particles of amorphous silicon oxide seems to significantly impact the process of C3S

hydration.

5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Various researchers have done their study on various forms of silica i.e. micro silica and nano silica. Some

researchers used to add the silica in the construction material i.e. concrete. And some of them replace the

some other material with silica fume. The effect of adding and replacing the silica on the mechanical

properties of concrete as studied by various scientists and researchers are discussed in this section.

6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES WITH MICRO SILICA

6.1. Compressive Strength (CS)

CS (Compressive strength) is the very valuable property on which the grading of concrete depends. It is

very important to know the compressive strength of concrete before use even when the any other material

is used to replace the concrete ingredients.


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Figure 4 Effect of adding MS and replacing cement on Compressive Strength

Effect of Adding of MS (Micro

(Shitole et al. 2014) It gives the brief information about how clearly silica fume affect the strength and

durability of concret. The various samples of M20 grade of concrete taken with water cement (w/c) ratio

0.5 with the addition of silica fume i.e. o%, 7.5% & 10% of cement replacement.

2012) Effect of silica fume with the replacement of cement on M

by 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%. (Hussain et al. 2013)

fume (MS). Studies have been conducted on concrete mixes for M40 grade at 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% & 15%

replacement level of silica. (See fig. 4

6.2. Flexural strength

It is the ability of structural member to resist bending failure is called flexural strength. This strength of

structure is checked by three Point loading or four point loading test.

Effect of Addition or Replacement

(Shitole et al. 2014) Addition of silica at 0, 7.5 &10 % level cause the increase in the flexural strength. At

ratio 7.5 flexural strength was maximum.

silica fume shows a incredible change in flexural strength. The highest increase

observed as 7.75 N/mm2 & 9.38 N/mm2 at 7 and 28 days with the replacement of 15%.

2014) replacement of binder with silica fume at 0, 5, 7.5, 10 & 15% for M40 & M50 grade of concrete

shows the following results for flexural strength. The flexural strength with silica fume increases up to

optimum level & then start decreasing. Maximum increase was at the replacement


http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 350

Effect of adding MS and replacing cement on Compressive Strength

icro Silica) and Replacement of Cement

It gives the brief information about how clearly silica fume affect the strength and

of concret. The various samples of M20 grade of concrete taken with water cement (w/c) ratio

0.5 with the addition of silica fume i.e. o%, 7.5% & 10% of cement replacement.

Effect of silica fume with the replacement of cement on M35 by replacing the cement by silica fume

(Hussain et al. 2013) study the impact of partial replacement of cement by silica


(See fig. 4)


oint loading or four point loading test.

r Replacement of Micro Silica on Flexural Strength

Addition of silica at 0, 7.5 &10 % level cause the increase in the flexural strength. At

ratio 7.5 flexural strength was maximum. (Amudhavali el al. 2012) the replacemen

silica fume shows a incredible change in flexural strength. The highest increase

observed as 7.75 N/mm2 & 9.38 N/mm2 at 7 and 28 days with the replacement of 15%.

with silica fume at 0, 5, 7.5, 10 & 15% for M40 & M50 grade of concrete


optimum level & then start decreasing. Maximum increase was at the replacement

[email protected]

Effect of adding MS and replacing cement on Compressive Strength

It gives the brief information about how clearly silica fume affect the strength and

of concret. The various samples of M20 grade of concrete taken with water cement (w/c) ratio

0.5 with the addition of silica fume i.e. o%, 7.5% & 10% of cement replacement. (Amudhavalli et al.

35 by replacing the cement by silica fume

study the impact of partial replacement of cement by silica



Addition of silica at 0, 7.5 &10 % level cause the increase in the flexural strength. At

the replacement of cement binder with

silica fume shows a incredible change in flexural strength. The highest increase in flexural strength is

observed as 7.75 N/mm2 & 9.38 N/mm2 at 7 and 28 days with the replacement of 15%. (Hussain el al.

with silica fume at 0, 5, 7.5, 10 & 15% for M40 & M50 grade of concrete


optimum level & then start decreasing. Maximum increase was at the replacement of 7.5%. (See Fig. 5).

Effects of Silica Fume (Micro Silica


6.3. Split Tensile strength

Split tensile strength is mostly calculated to

tension. It is difficult to measure the tensile strength directly because it is impossible to apply a truely axial

load in direct tension. That’s why it is done by indirect methods.

Effect of Addition or Replacement

(Tanveer Hussain el al. (2014) With the replacement of SF or MS for M40 or M50 grade of concrete by

0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% & 15%shows incredible change in the behavior of tensile strength of concrete. the

tensile strength of concrete with silica fume at 7.5% after 28 days was maximum after that percentage it

start decreasing. (Amudhavalliel el al. (2012)

M35 grade of concrete shows awesome change in the t

in the split tensile strength was observed at 10%.

f Silica Fume (Micro Silica or Nano Silica) On Mechanical Properties


Figure 5 Flexural Strength

Split tensile strength is mostly calculated to Determined to understand the behavior of concrete under


load in direct tension. That’s why it is done by indirect methods.

ement of Micro Silica on Split Tensile Strength

With the replacement of SF or MS for M40 or M50 grade of concrete by


e strength of concrete with silica fume at 7.5% after 28 days was maximum after that percentage it

Amudhavalliel el al. (2012) replacement of silica fume with o,5,10, 15& 20 percent for

M35 grade of concrete shows awesome change in the tensile behavior of concrete. The maximum increase

in the split tensile strength was observed at 10%. (See Fig. 6)

r Nano Silica) On Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A Review

[email protected]

to understand the behavior of concrete under


With the replacement of SF or MS for M40 or M50 grade of concrete by


e strength of concrete with silica fume at 7.5% after 28 days was maximum after that percentage it

replacement of silica fume with o,5,10, 15& 20 percent for

ensile behavior of concrete. The maximum increase



7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE

7.1. Compressive Strength

(S. Tanveer Hussain et al.(2014)

nano silica at 0, 1, 1.5, 2 & 2.5 percent (%) with the partial replacement of cement. They check th

compressive strength at 28 days with M40 & M50 grade of concrete. The compressive strength of concrete

continuous to increase up to 2% and after that decreases.

strength of concrete with silica fume at 7 da

% for M25 grade of concrete. The compressive strength was maximum at 1% addition of NS In both 7 &

28 days. For 7th day at 1% it was 34.59 MPa & at 28th day it was 39.82 MPa.

studied the properties of HSSCC (High strength self

days. The addition of nano silica is 0, 5 & 10 %. The max. increase in compressive strength with nano

silica was at 10% both on 7th And 28th days.

was 58.5 MPa. (See Fig. 7)

7.2. Flexural Strength


days was recorded with the varing ratios of

concrete continuous to increase up to 2%. Flexural strength of M40 grade with 2% nano silica was 4.45

N/mm2 and for M50 with 2% was 4.71 N/mm2.

with the replacement of cement with nano silica in varying %age of 0, 5 & 10 % respectively. The max.

strength was obtained with 10% addition of NS. After 7 day at 10% the strength was 6.9 MPa & AT 28th

day it was 8.3 MPa. (See Fig. 8)

7.3. Split Tensile Strength


max. at 2% replacement. Strength for M40 with 2% replacement the tensile strength was 3.960 N/mm2 &

for M50 with 2% was 4.320 N/mm2.

more attractive and reduces the carbon dioxide. Nano silica will also increase the product properties of

concrete i.e. workability and properties in hardened state. That means the concrete

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5S

pli

t T

en

sile

str

en

gth

N/m

m2

M35

(Amudhavalli et al.2012) M35 (Hussain et al. 2014)M40



Figure 6 Split Tensile Strength

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES WITH NANO SILICA

S. Tanveer Hussain et al.(2014) he found the strength of concrete with the varying percentage ratio of

nano silica at 0, 1, 1.5, 2 & 2.5 percent (%) with the partial replacement of cement. They check th


continuous to increase up to 2% and after that decreases. (Satya Jit Parida 2015)

strength of concrete with silica fume at 7 days and 28 days. The addition of silica fume was 0, 0.3, 0.6 & 1


28 days. For 7th day at 1% it was 34.59 MPa & at 28th day it was 39.82 MPa.

studied the properties of HSSCC (High strength self compact concrete) with addition of NS after 7 & 28


silica was at 10% both on 7th And 28th days. On 7th day at 10% the strength was 38.7 MPa and 28th day it

S. Tanveer Hussain et al.(2014) flexural strength of concretefor grade M40 & M50 with NS after 28

days was recorded with the varing ratios of NS at 0, 1, 1.5, 2 & 2.5 percent. . The flexural strength of


N/mm2 and for M50 with 2% was 4.71 N/mm2. (M.Iyappan et al. (2014) flexural strength of conc



the split tensile strength for M40 & M50 grade of concrete was observed


for M50 with 2% was 4.320 N/mm2. G.Quercia (2010) The use of nano silica makes concrete financially


concrete i.e. workability and properties in hardened state. That means the concrete

%age of Silica Fume

Split Tensile Strength with Micro Silica

M35

M40

(Amudhavalli et al.2012) M35 (Hussain et al. 2014)M40 & M50

M50

[email protected]

he found the strength of concrete with the varying percentage ratio of

nano silica at 0, 1, 1.5, 2 & 2.5 percent (%) with the partial replacement of cement. They check the


(Satya Jit Parida 2015) studied the compressive

ys and 28 days. The addition of silica fume was 0, 0.3, 0.6 & 1


28 days. For 7th day at 1% it was 34.59 MPa & at 28th day it was 39.82 MPa. (M. Iyappan et al. 2014)

compact concrete) with addition of NS after 7 & 28


On 7th day at 10% the strength was 38.7 MPa and 28th day it

flexural strength of concretefor grade M40 & M50 with NS after 28

NS at 0, 1, 1.5, 2 & 2.5 percent. . The flexural strength of


flexural strength of concrete



the split tensile strength for M40 & M50 grade of concrete was observed


The use of nano silica makes concrete financially


concrete i.e. workability and properties in hardened state. That means the concrete with better

7 days

28 days

& M50

Effects of Silica Fume (Micro Silica


performance, low cost and improved ecological footprint can be designed.

have been carried out by various researchers on silica and its type i.e. micro silica fume and nano silica

fume. The range of silica fume varies from 0 to 20 percent (%) for micro silica (MS) and 0 to 5 percent for

nano silica. All these studies shows so many changes concrete properties and all were

significant.(N.K.Amudhavalli et al. (2012); Verma Ajay el al. (2012); S. Tanveer Husainet et

(2012); Hasan Birick et al. (2014).

Fig

Fig

8. CONCLUSION

In this review paper no comparison is done on the strength of different

different %age of SF & NS. Here we have only studied the behavior of SF &NS with the concrete.

the literature review it can be concluded that t

can improve the mechanical properties of concrete.

degradation in the strength of concrete. So the SF can be added or replaced with calculated

(Ghutke et al. 2014) with the increase in w/c ratio strength of concrete decreases. Optimum value of

concrete can be achieved in 10%

increase in the percentage of silica fu

0

2

4

6

8

10

0%

5%

Fle

xu

ral

stre

ng

th

MP

a

Flexural Strength with Nano Silica(M. Iyappan

et al.2014

f Silica Fume (Micro Silica or Nano Silica) On Mechanical Properties


performance, low cost and improved ecological footprint can be designed. Similarly various researches


varies from 0 to 20 percent (%) for micro silica (MS) and 0 to 5 percent for


.(N.K.Amudhavalli et al. (2012); Verma Ajay el al. (2012); S. Tanveer Husainet et

(2012); Hasan Birick et al. (2014).

Figure 7 Compressive Strength with Nano Silica

Figure 8 Flexural Strength with Nano Silica

In this review paper no comparison is done on the strength of different – different grades of concrete with

different %age of SF & NS. Here we have only studied the behavior of SF &NS with the concrete.

the literature review it can be concluded that the addition or replacement of silica fume with the cement

can improve the mechanical properties of concrete. But the addition of SF in excess quantity can cause the

degradation in the strength of concrete. So the SF can be added or replaced with calculated

ith the increase in w/c ratio strength of concrete decreases. Optimum value of

concrete can be achieved in 10% replacement of silica fume. Workability of concrete decreases with the

increase in the percentage of silica fume. (Bashir el al. 2014) permeability in terms of water intrusion is

5%

10

%

0%

1%

1.5

0%

2%

2.5

0%

0%

1%

1.5

0%

2%

2.5

0%

M40 M50

%age of Nano silica

Flexural Strength with Nano Silica(Tanverr Hussain et

al.2014) M40 &M50

M40 M50

(M. Iyappan

et al.2014

r Nano Silica) On Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A Review

[email protected]

Similarly various researches


varies from 0 to 20 percent (%) for micro silica (MS) and 0 to 5 percent for


.(N.K.Amudhavalli et al. (2012); Verma Ajay el al. (2012); S. Tanveer Husainet et al.

different grades of concrete with

different %age of SF & NS. Here we have only studied the behavior of SF &NS with the concrete. From

he addition or replacement of silica fume with the cement

the addition of SF in excess quantity can cause the

degradation in the strength of concrete. So the SF can be added or replaced with calculated percentage.

ith the increase in w/c ratio strength of concrete decreases. Optimum value of

replacement of silica fume. Workability of concrete decreases with the

permeability in terms of water intrusion is

Flexural Strength with Nano Silica

7 days

28 days



least for 15% of silica fume. With the increase in the silica fume content permeability decreases. At this

content of silica fume workability if concrete remarkably reduced. So it is necessary to use

superplasticizers. (Victor Ajileye 2012) cement replacement up to 10 percent (%) with silica fume leads to

increase in compressive strength with M30 grade of concrete. The increase in compressive strength

observed was 16.15 % to 29.24%. (Shitole et al. 2014) It can be concluded that 7.5% replacement of

cement by micro silica can cause higher strength properties to normal concrete. Thus micro silica can be

used to achieve the higher strength & it also helps to reduce air pollution.

9. FUTURE RESEARCHES SHOULD ADDRESS THE ISSUES ARE

1. Physical state and dispersion of nano silica into concrete is a major issue requiring through study.

2. The optimum equality of nano silica for the concrete and cement paste needs to be determine. A relationship

needs to be established b/t optimum quality and characterization of nano silica.

3. Most of the researches are limited to the cement paste and mortar. Only a few researchers have worked on

extensively on mechanical properties and permeability of concrete with nano silica.

4. Optimizational, microstructural, fresh & durability properties of concrete with mathematical modeling

requires extensive research.

5. Silica fume itself is a very high reactive pozzolan. Some waste materials are not reactive i.e. plastic. So by

treating the plastic surface with reactive silica fume by providing silica fume coating we can increase the

concrete strength and reduce the waste. Plastic is a harmful waste and its useful life is very less and its life as

a waste is very long . So by utilizing this waste in construction industry can help to reduce the waste and can

protect the environment.

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