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Effects of Cycle Skills Training on Cycling-Related
Confidence, Habits, Knowledge and Practical Skills in
Adolescent Girls
Chiew Ching Kek BA1, Tessa Pocock BPhEd(Hons)1, Siobhan McArthur1, Dana Lawrie BSc1,
Charlotte Flaherty BCom2, Christina Ergler PhD3, Sandra Mandic PhD1.
28 August 2017
Background – Cycling in Adolescents
Traffic Safety
Parents’ and
Adolescents’
Perceptions
VS
Cycling for
Transportation
Tim is a
good
cyclist!
Cycle to
school?
Hmm…
Why Cycle Skills Training (CST) in
Adolescents?
CST in
Children
CST in
Adolescents
Positive
attitudes
towards
CST
Existing CST
programmes
Effectiveness of
CST in childrenPerceive
CST to
cycle safety
in traffic
Effects of CST have
not been examined
Purpose
Effects of cycle skills training in New Zealand
adolescent girls
On cycling-related
Confidence
Habits
Knowledge
Lightly trafficked
(Grade 2)
Practical skills
Traffic-free
(Grade 1)
Study Design
Cycle Skills Training in
Adolescent Girls
(1 to 6 weeks)
Practical skills
assessment
(during training)
• Cycling-related
knowledge
• Cycling
confidence and
behaviours
Grade 1
Fundamental
Grade 2 Advanced
Pre-
training
survey
Post-
training
survey8-10 min
Signed
consents
Surveys: Standard NZTA Questions
Pre-training
survey
Post-
training
survey
Demographics
Travel to school
Cycling confidence level
Cycle road safety
Satisfaction with cycle skills
training
Surveys: Research-Specific Questions
Pre-
training
survey
Post-
training
survey
Family resources (vehicle/bike ownership;
bike equipment)
Estimated time to cycle to school
Habits of cycling for recreation,
transportation and sport
Confidence, ability, intention, support &
safety of cycling to school
Effects of cycle skills training on
improving road safety skills
Effects of cycle skills training on
improving practical cycling skills
Grade 1 and 2 Practical Assessment
Grade 1 Practical Skills (Fundamental)
• Carry out a bike and helmet check
• Legal requirements for bicycles and safety equipment
• Get on and off, start off the bike without help
• Stop quickly with control
• Steer the bike and manoeuvre safely to avoid objects
• Look behind, signal - stop, right, and left
• Use their gears
Grade 2 Practical Skills (Advanced)
• Start and stop from side of road in correct position
• Ride in a safe position from kerb
• Pass a parked vehicle
At an uncontrolled and controlled intersection:
• Turn left, right and travel straight
Adolescents Participating in CST
Adolescents
n=126
n %
Age (years) 13.8 ± 0.7
Gender
Boys 0 0.0%
Girls 126 100.0%
Secondary Schools
Queens High School 115 91.3%
Bayfield High School 11 8.7%
School year [n(%)]
Year 9 55 43.7%
Year 10 57 45.2%
Year 11 14 11.1%
Minimal effects on cycling behaviour
Pre-training Post-training p-value
n=126 n=126
How often do you ride your
bike?n % n %
At least once a week 10 7.9% 7 5.6%
Every day 3 2.4% 4 3.2% <0.001
Have you ever ridden a bike on
the road
Yes 98 77.8% 105 86.8% <0.001
Adolescents in CST: Cycling Behaviours
Adolescents in CST: Cycling Habits
Minimal effect on cycling to school habits
ResultsEffects of CST in Adolescents:
Cycling Confidence
Pre
-Tra
inin
gP
ost-
Tra
inin
g
Improved confidence to cycle in different environments
Not confident
7.1%
Ok33.3%
Very confident
59.5%
In a park or reserve
Not confident
6.3%
Ok20.6% Very
confident73.0%
P<0.001
Not confident
13.5%
Ok43.7%
Very confident
42.9%
On the road
Not confident
23.0%
Ok43.7%
Very confident
33.3%
P<0.001
To school
Not confident
39.3%
Ok40.2%
Very confident
20.5%
Not confident
32.8%
Ok38.4%
Very confident
28.8%
P<0.001
ResultsEffects of CST in Adolescents:
Knowledge of Cycling-related Laws and Road Rules
Improved knowledge of cycling-related laws
and road rules
84.6%
91.7%
60%
80%
100%
Pre-training Post-training
Average knowledge
score P<0.001
Fair (50-64%) 1.6%Poor (<50%) 0.8%
Good (65-79%)19.8%
Very Good (80-89%)50.8%
Excellent (≥90%)27.0%
Pre-Training
Effects of CST in Adolescents:
Knowledge of Cycling-related Laws and Road Rules
Fair (50-64%) 0.8%Poor (<50%) 0.0%
Good (65-79%)10.3%
Very Good (80-89%)28.6%
Excellent (≥90%)60.3%
Post-Training
P<0.001
Results
Effects of CST in Adolescents:
Practical Cycling Skills
Most adolescents were competent at most of the assessed skills
Not competent14.2%
Not competent -beginners
3.3%
Not competent -incomplete assessment
1.7%
Competent80.8%
Grade 1 Assessment
(n=120)
Average Score: 91.1%
Grade 2 Assessment
(n=74)
Not competent1.4%
Competent98.6%
Average Score: 97.6%
Lack of control
group
No data on
adolescent boys
Limitations
No pre-training
assessment of practical
skills
Conclusion
CST in
Adolescents
Improved cycling
confidence
Improved cycling-
related knowledge
No change in
cycling behaviours
& preferences
Recommendations
Future CST Programmes
Different
environments
Social
support
Part of
comprehensive
effort
Social
Environment
Personal
Family Peers
School
On
Road
Parks
Thank you
Acknowledgments
• Rose Dovey (SCDP Project Manager)
• Scarlett Hagen
• Charlotte Flaherty
• Dr Sandra Mandic Summer 2015/2016
Alex
Mintoft-Jones
Tessa
Pocock
Summer 2016/2017
Siobhan
McArthur
Dana
Lawrie
Kek
Chiew ChingTessa
Pocock
References
Existing CST Programmes for Children:
1. Ellis J. Bicycle safety education for children from a developmental and learning perspective. 2014:35-37
2. Richmond SA, Zhang YJ, Stover A, et al. Prevention of bicycle-related injuries in children and youth: a systematic review
of bicycle skills training interventions. Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury
Prevention. 2014;20:191-195
CST in Children increased knowledge:
3. McLaughlin KA, Glang A. The effectiveness of a bicycle safety program for improving safety-related knowledge and
behavior in young elementary students. Journal of pediatric psychology. 2010;35:343-353
4. van Schagen IN, Brookhuis KA. Training young cyclists to cope with dynamic traffic situations. Accident; analysis and
prevention. 1994;26:223-230
CST in Children improved cycle skills
5. Ducheyne F, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lenoir M, et al. Does a cycle training course improve cycling skills in children? Accident;
analysis and prevention. 2013;59:38-45
6. Ducheyne F, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lenoir M, et al. Effects of a cycle training course on children's cycling skills and levels of
cycling to school. Accident; analysis and prevention. 2014;67:49-60
Positive Attitudes in Parents and Adolescents towards CST and perception that CST would make adolescents safer in traffic:
7. Mandic S, Flaherty C, Pocock T, et al. Parental perceptions of cycle skills training for adolescents. Journal of Transport &
Health. [in press]
8. Colwell J, Culverwell A. An examination of the relationship between cycle training, cycle accidents, attitudes and cycling
behaviour among children. Ergonomics. 2002;45:640-648
9. Mandic S, Flaherty C, Pocock T, et al. Attitudes towards cycle skills training in New Zealand adolescents. Transportation
Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior. 2016;42:217-226
References
Adolescents’ and Parent’s Perception of Cycling as a less safe way to school compared to walking
10. Mandic S, Hopkins D, García Bengoechea E, et al. Adolescents' perceptions of cycling versus walking to school:
Understanding the New Zealand context. Journal of Transport & Health. 2017;4:294-304
11. Hopkins D, Mandic S. Perceptions of cycling amongst high school students and their parents. International Journal of
Sustainable Transportation. 2017;11:342-356
Higher Rates of Bicycle-Related Injuries reported in adolescents
12. Candappa N, Chirtop M, van Duijvenvoorde K, et al. Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2012: Cyclists. 2012
13. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts: 2013 Data. Bicyclists and Other Cyclists. 2015
14. Boufous S, Rome LD, Senserrick T, et al. Cycling crashes in children, adolescents, and adults--a comparative analysis.
Traffic injury prevention. 2011;12:244-250
15. Ministry of Transport. Cyclists 2015. 2015