effects of air pollutants on agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
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AIR POLLUTION
SAMAN JAMIL
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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
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Introduction
Agricultural crops can be injured when exposed to high concentrations of various air pollutants.injury ranges visible markings on the foliage to reduced growth and
yield to premature death of plant.
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AIR POLLUTION
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AGRICULTURE
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Major Pollutants involved
• Sulphur dioxide•Ozone•Nitrogen dioxide• Flourides
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Minor gaseous pollutants
• Hydrogen sulphide• Carbon monoxide• Bromine• Particulate pollutants• Soot particles• pesticides
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SULPHUR DIOXIDE
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Sulphur dioxide
Source:
combustion of fossil fuels
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Symptoms: sulfurdioxide injury
Blotchy white,red,black spots
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Pattern of SO2 entrance to leaves
stomata (microscopic openings) Resultant injury is classified as either acute or chronic.
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CROPS:SUSCEPTBLE TO SULFURDIOXIDE
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ALFALFA BARLEY
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Scorching of alfalfa leaves
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BUCKWHEAT RADDISH
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RESISTANT CROPS:SULFURDIOXIDE
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ONIONCABBAGE
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POTATO CORN
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IMPACT• When the pigments in enough tissue
are damaged or killed, plants can begin to lose their leaves.• Crop output is greatly reduced • Growth can be stunted. This is
especially noticeable in young plants.
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Effects
•Die prematurely•Less productive
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2) NITROGEN OXIDESNITROGEN DIOXIDENITRIC OXIDE
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Sources
• Combustion of fossil fuels • Motor vehicles
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Symptoms
• Visible injury symptoms :• chlorosis in angiospermic leaves and
tip burn in conifer needles.Tip burn is common symptom in bracts, sepals and awns
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Effects• NO2 mostly affects the leaves and
seedlings. Its effects decrease with increasing age of the plant and tissue. • Older needles are more sensitive to
the gas than young ones.
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3) OZONE
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Source of ozone
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NCLA• National Crop Loss Assessment Network show
that ozone in the environment also has a detrimental effect on crop production.
• crops show significantly less yield when exposed to levels of ozone in the atmosphere.
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Symptom• Yellowing, flecking and blotching in
leaves.• premature senescence and early
maturity.
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Sensitive species
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Effect of ozone on onion
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4) FLOURIDE
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SOURCE
• Deposited on plant surface• Industrial processes
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Flouride injury
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Effect• Fluorisis:Animals grazing on pasture close to
brickworks, smelters, and phosphate fertiliser factories, or fed forage gathered from such areas,may develop fluorosis, a condition characterised by damage to the musculoskeletal system including softening of teeth, difficulty in mastication,lameness and painful gait.
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fluorisis
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Sensitive crop species
peach grape
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Resistant speciestobacco wheat
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Significance of agriculture and forestry
Sustainable food production
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Cropland
• Global availability of cropland has now fallen by 25% over the past
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CROP BREEDING
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CROP BREEDING
crop-breeding programmes may also tend to select for higher values of stomatal conductance since this will increase rates of CO2 assimilation
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Declining food security
• African crop yields could be halved within 40 years if the degradation of cultivated lands were to continue at present rates (UNEP,2000).
• As a result of declining food security, the number of undernourished people in Africa nearly doubled
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Issues and lack of current knowledge
The current ambient levels of pollution in several developing countries are causing:• visible injury and losses in
productivity of many species of agricultural crops
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impact
Wood growth
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Economy
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Control• It is therefore crucial that stakeholders (e.g. in
agriculture, forestry,industry and government) are made aware of the potential impacts of air pollution in different regions.
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IDENTIFICATION
• Impacts of air pollutants• Monitoring networks must be established to
record• Reliable air pollution transport models need to
be developed to estimate current and future regional
• Suitable methodologies must be developed torelate pollution to impacts, for use in risk assessment by policy-makers.
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conclusion