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Effects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June 2, 2015 Paul Wessen Employment Development Department Lb M k if i Di i i L a b or M ar k et i n f ormat i on Di v i s i on

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Page 1: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Effects of California’s Drought on Farm EmploymentMeeting of the California State Board of Food and AgricultureJune 2, 2015

Paul WessenEmployment Development DepartmentL b M k i f i Di i iLabor Market information Division

Page 2: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

FarmEmployment inCalifornia April2015Farm Employment in California, April 2015

While agriculture is the sector of the economy that is most vulnerable to drought, employment in the sector is inherently difficult to track using labor market information—particularly in real time.    Not only does agricultural employment tend to follow a seasonal hiring pattern dictated by climate and weather g p y gp yinstead of the calendar, but it has periods of peak labor demand of often short duration.  

The Employment Development Department (EDD), in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, has two primary sources of jobs data.

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW):  All establishments covered by the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program , which includes 98 percent of employers in California including those in agriculture, are required by law to report employment and wages on a quarterly basis.  Although this produces a rich and detailed snapshot of employment, QCEW data are not timely, lagging six to nine months behind real time.  The most current QCEW data published by the EDD are from the third quarter of 2014.

Current Employment Statistics:  To fill the gap between when QCEW data become available and real‐time theEDDandBLSconductamonthlysurveyof58000Californiaestablishments fromwhichtheytime, the EDD and BLS conduct a monthly survey of 58,000 California establishments from which they estimate the number of jobs by industry and area.  These monthly employment estimates are benchmarked, or calibrated, annually to the QCEW data.   However, agricultural employers are not part of the CES sample.

Page 3: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Farm Employment in California, April 2015 (Continued.)

Tofill thisvoid EDDestimatesthenumberof farmjobsonamonthlybasisbasedonthemostrecentTo fill this void, EDD estimates the number of farm jobs on a monthly basis based on the most recent (albeit historical) QCEW data, historical trend, and knowledge of factors affecting California agriculture.  These estimates, which are not sample‐based, are benchmarked annually to the QCEW.   While this system works reasonably well in normal times as a stopgap between real‐time and when the QCEW data becomeavailable it is lesswellequippedtocopewithanextraordinaryeventsuchasextremedroughtbecome available, it is less well equipped to cope with an extraordinary event such as extreme drought. 

As a rule, the QCEW data are the most accurate means of tracking agricultural employment because its jobs totals are reported by agricultural employers.

Page 4: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

California Farm Employment, April 2015On a seasonally adjusted basis, California farm employment totaled 422,600 jobs in April 2015.  Although this was 11,200 jobs  (2.6 percent) less than in April 2014, it was 2,100 jobs more than in April 2013.  However, the jagged nature of the trend line shows that, statistically, there isn’t a terribly well‐defined monthly pattern to agricultural hiring, meaning one should place more emphasis on trend rather than absolute changes.  Farm employment in California appears to have been quite flat amidst the variation over the last two years, providing inconclusive evidence about drought.   

California  Total  Farm Payrolls Over the Last Five Years

420.5

433.8

422.6

420

430

440

April 2015;  Seasonally Adjusted Data

380

390

400

410

Thou

sand

s of Jobs 

380.3 381.4

370.1360

370

380

Apr 10

Apr 11

Apr 12

Apr 13

Apr 14

Apr 15

Source:  EDD; Current Economic Statistiscs  Program

Page 5: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

California Farm Employment, April 2015Thenotseasonallyadjusteddatashowasimilarpattern Withnotseasonallyadjusteddata theonlyThe not seasonally adjusted data show a similar pattern.  With not seasonally adjusted data, the only reliable way to control for seasonal patterns in hiring is to compare like months.  Although farm employment in April 2015 was 10,600 jobs less than in April 2014, it remained high in comparison to April 2010 through April 2012 levels. 

440

California  Total  Farm Payrolls  in April: 2010‐2015Not Seasonally Adjusted Data

398.9

412.6402.0

400

420

440

of Jobs 

359.3 360.0

348.6340

360

380

Thou

sand

s o

Source:  EDD; Current Economic Statistiscs  Program

320Apr 10 Apr 11 Apr 12 Apr 13 Apr 14 Apr 15

Page 6: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

FarmEmployment inSanJoaquinValleyandTulareLakeBasin April2015Farm Employment in San Joaquin Valley and Tulare Lake Basin, April 2015The not seasonally adjusted April hiring pattern in San Joaquin Valley Region and Tulare Lake Basin Counties (Fresno, Kern, Kings, and Tulare) is similar to the state as a whole.

220

San Joaquin Valley Total Farm Payrolls  in April: 2010‐2015

Not Seasonally Adjusted Data

180

Tulare Lake Basin  Total Farm Payrolls  in April: 2010‐2015

Not Seasonally Adjusted Data

160 9 164.9

192.2198.5

193.5

160

180

200

ands of Jobs 

121 9 123 9

142.6 145.5 142.1

120

140

160

ands of Jobs 

160.9 157.1

100

120

140Thou

sa 121.9 123.9116.2

60

80

100Thou

sa

Source:  EDD; Current Economic Statistiscs Program

Apr 10 Apr 11 Apr 12 Apr 13 Apr 14 Apr 15

Source: EDD; Current Economic Statistiscs Program

Apr 10 Apr 11 Apr 12 Apr 13 Apr 14 Apr 15

Page 7: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Impacts of Drought on Agricultural Employment in 2014:  CaliforniaWhile the real‐time farm jobs data provide inconclusive  information about how drought has affected farm employment theQCEWprovidesamoreaccurateanddetaileddatasetbasedonreportedemploymentemployment, the QCEW provides a more accurate and detailed data set based on reported employment by employers.  EDD has published QCEW data for the third quarter of 2014 , which is the quarter of peak farm employment, providing the opportunity to analyze what effects drought had on agricultural employment, if any, in 2014.

Agricultural employment in California grew by 3,100 jobs from 2013:Q3 to 2014:Q3, despite the drought…

Year‐Over Third Quarter Changes in Agricultural Jobs in California 2005 2014

10,500

15,90015,000

20,000

arter)

California: 2005 ‐ 2014Quarterly Average Employment

Source:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW) 

8,300

800

8,100 7,000 8,3004,700 3,100

10 000

‐5,000

0

5,000

10,000

ange in Jo

bs (3

rd Qua

‐23,700‐30 000

‐25,000

‐20,000

‐15,000

‐10,000

Year Over C

h

30,0002005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Page 8: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Impacts of Drought on Agricultural Employment in 2014:  California…but fell short of the growth one would have expected in the absence of drought by 5,000 to 6,000 jobs.

Support activities for crop production,  fruit and tree nut farming, and to a lesser extent, vegetable and melon farming were the agricultural industries that performed more poorly in 2014 than in past non‐drought years.  In contrast, other crop farming and animal production had stronger than average 

l t i 2014 d it th d ht E l t i f d f t i h d i t femployment in 2014, despite the drought.  Employment in food manufacturing showed no impacts from drought throughout the state.

Year‐Over Job Change in California Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average Change in Prior Non‐Drought Years

9,0008,000

9,000

10,000

bs

Comparison to Average Change in Prior Non Drought YearsSource:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW)

8,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

ver C

hange in Jo

3,100

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

2010 13 Average 2005 13 avg 2014

Year‐Ov

2010‐13 Average 2005‐13 avg. (Excl. 2009)

2014

Page 9: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Impacts of Drought on Agricultural Employment in 2014:  Coastal Areas (SanMateo SantaCruz SanBenito Monterey SanLuisObispo SantaBarbara VenturaCounties)(San Mateo, Santa Cruz, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura Counties)

Agricultural employment in coastal areas of California was stronger in 2014 than it was, on average, in prior non‐drought years.  The employment data suggest some shifting of jobs from fruit and tree nut farming (mostnotablyberries exceptstrawberries) intoothercropproductionactivities in2014(most notably berries, except strawberries) into other crop production activities in 2014.

Year‐Over Third Quarter Changes in Agricultural Jobs in Coastal Areas of California: 2005 ‐ 2014

Quarterly Average Employment

Year‐Over Job Change in Coastal Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average Change in Prior 

Non‐Drought Years

5,5005,110 5,2906,000

8,000

3rd Quarter)

Source:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW) 

2,9902 900

3,000

3,100

obs

Source:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW)

2,770 2,560 2,680

‐40

2,990

0

2,000

4,000

Over C

hange in Jo

bs (3

2,620

2,820

2,600

2,700

2,800

2,900

Year‐Over C

hange in J

‐1,300 ‐1,260

‐4,000

‐2,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year 

2,400

2,500

2010‐13Average

2005‐13 avg. (Excl. 2009)

2014

Page 10: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Impacts of Drought on Agricultural Employment in 2014:  Desert Areas (Imperial Riverside SanBernardino SanDiegoCounties)(Imperial, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego Counties)

Agricultural employment in desert areas of California was stronger in 2014 than it was, on average, in prior non‐drought years.   There areas receive their water allocations from the Colorado River.

Year‐Over Third Quarter Changes in Agricultural Jobs in Desert Areas of California: 2005 ‐ 2014

Quarterly Average Employment

Year‐Over Job Change in Desert Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average Change in Prior 

Non Drought Years

1,6902,170

2,860

6402,000

4,000

d Quarter)

Quarterly Average EmploymentSource:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW) 

640600

700

n Jobs

Non‐Drought YearsSource:  Quarterly Census of Wages and 

Employment (QCEW)

‐990

‐2,290

‐1,500

10

‐900

640

‐2,000

0

Over C

hange in Jo

bs (3

rd

240200

300

400

500

Year‐Over C

hange in

,

‐5,140‐6,000

‐4,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year O

1200

100

2010‐13Average

2005‐13 avg. (Excl. 2009)

2014

Page 11: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Impacts of Drought on Agricultural Employment in 2014:  Sacramento Valley Areas (Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Sacramento, Shasta, Sutter, Tehama, Yolo, Yuba Counties) 

Agricultural employment in Sacramento Valley areas of California was stronger in 2014 than it was, on average, in prior non‐drought years.  Although data suppression complicated the analysis, the drought did not appear to have much impact on rice farming jobs.   While the data hinted that hiring in oilseed and 

i f i ( hi h i l d i f i ) i th i h b li htl b l t ti thigrain farming (which includes rice farming) in the region may have been slightly below expectations,  this same pattern was not visible in rice farming jobs at the state level. 

Year‐Over Third Quarter Changes in Agricultural Jobs Sacramento Valley Areas of California: 2005 2014

Year‐Over Job Change in Sacramento Valley  Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average

840 900

620 680800

1,200

uarter)

Sacramento Valley Areas of California: 2005 ‐ 2014Quarterly Average Employment

Source:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW) 

700

800

Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average Change in Prior Non‐Drought Years

Source:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW)

‐150

220

620

360

‐100

680

0

400

800

Change in Jo

bs (3

rd Qu

300

680

300

400

500

600

‐Over C

hange in Jo

bs150

‐330

‐860

‐1,200

‐800

‐400

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year Over  280 300

0

100

200

2010‐13Average

2005‐13 avg. (Excl. 2009)

2014

Year‐

Page 12: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Impacts of Drought on Agricultural Employment:  San Joaquin Valley Areas (Fresno Kern Kings Madera Merced SanJoaquin Stanislaus TulareCounties)(Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Tulare Counties)

San Joaquin Valley was the only agricultural region of California to experience a year‐over loss in agricultural employment totaling 710 jobs in 2014Q3.  Fresno County  and Merced lost 1,020 and 630 jobs respectively andTulareCounty lost230 JobgrowthinKernCounty whichhasexhibitedstrongjobs, respectively, and Tulare County lost 230.   Job growth in Kern County, which has exhibited strong growth in recent non‐drought years, was flat.  Estimated total job loss due to drought (including growth foregone) = 6,300 to 6,700  jobs.  

12,93015,000

r)

Year‐Over Third Quarter Changes in Agricultural Jobs San Joaquin Valley Areas of California: 2005 ‐ 2014

Quarterly Average EmploymentSource:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW) 

7,000

Year‐Over Job Change in San Joaquin Valley  Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average 

Change in Prior Non‐Drought YearsSource:  Quarterly Census of Wages and 

Employment (QCEW)

8,520

4,030 3,660 4,050

‐650

7,0504,740

‐710

0

5,000

10,000

ge in Jo

bs (3

rd Quarter

6,0205,540

2 000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Change in Jo

bs

‐13,670

‐710

‐15,000

‐10,000

‐5,000

Year Over C

han

‐710‐2,000

‐1,000

0

1,000

2,000

2010‐13 2005‐13 avg 2014

Year‐Over 

‐20,0002005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2010‐13Average

2005‐13 avg. (Excl. 2009)

2014

Page 13: Effects California’s Drought on Farm Employment · PDF fileEffects of California’s Drought on Farm Employment Meeting of the California State Board of Food and Agriculture June

Impacts of Drought on Agricultural Employment:  Tulare Lake Basin Areas (Fresno, Kern, Kings, Tulare Counties)

With the exception of Merced County, farm job losses in San Joaquin Valley were more heavily concentrated in the Tulare Lake Basin area than in northern San Joaquin Valley.  Tulare Lake Basin experienced a year‐over loss of 870 agricultural jobs in 2014Q3.   This compares to an expected a job gain of around 4,800 jobs in the absence of drought, resulting in an estimated total loss of around 5,700 jobs for the area in 2014.  The lower hiring was most pronounced amongst farm labor contractors, particularly  in Kern County. 

Year‐Over Third Quarter Changes in Agricultural Jobs in Tulare Lake Basin Areas of California: 2005 2014

Year‐Over Job Change in Tulare Lake Basin Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average

9,170 9,550

8,000

12,000

uarter)

Tulare Lake Basin Areas of California: 2005 ‐ 2014Quarterly Average Employment

Source:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW) 

5,000

6,000

Agricultural Jobs in Comparison to Average Change in Prior Non‐Drought Years

Source:  Quarterly Census of Wages and Employment (QCEW)

4,850 4,420

1,5202,940

4,350

2,100

‐870‐4,000

0

4,000

Change in Jo

bs (3

rd Qu

4,730 4,860

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

‐Over C

hange in Jo

bs

‐13,030‐16,000

‐12,000

‐8,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year Over 

‐870‐2,000

‐1,000

0

2010‐13Average

2005‐13 avg. (Excl. 2009)

2014

Year‐