effective road safety engineering countermeasures
TRANSCRIPT
Senior Road Executives Programme 2016
Road Safety
Effective Road Safety Engineering
CountermeasuresStephen Stacey
MA DPhil PGDip MCIPR FRSARegional Director, Europe Middle East and Africa, iRAP
48% of global road deaths are
people aged from 15 to 44
World Health Organisation
International Road Assessment Programme Charity/not for profit Registered in the United Kingdom (# 1140357) “Dedicated to preventing the more than 3,500 road deaths
that occur every day worldwide” Australia, Chile, China, Mexico, United Kingdom
PARTNERED BY:
Road Assessment Programmes
Vision: a world free of high risk roads
Active in 70+ countries
700,000km + assessed
iRAP programme philosophy
1. Road fatalities are largely avoidable and for large sectors of the world’s population road death is the biggest fatality risk
2. Road designs that help the motorist understand what to do and forgive driver errors when they happen can cut out a large proportion of these fatalities
3. Targeted interventions to improve existing roads have very good economic paybacks
The Safe SystemComplementary action on roads, vehicles and behaviour
Analysing road risk
Fatalities
Roads
Black spot analysis can tackle the very worst sites but works only after road users have died
RAP analyses road networks in-built safety to recommend interventions before people die
Typically 50% of fatalities occur on 10% of roads
Measuring road risk
Clear roadside
Centre line median
Paved shoulder 0-1m
Straight
Trees @ 1-5m
Wide lanes
Star Rating – Pre-emptive Measuring infrastructure risk
Risk Mapping - Reactive Measuring crashes per vehicle km travelled
Risk mapping
• Aimed at the road-user and road operators
• Based on real accident & traffic data
• Colour coded maps showing risk of death & serious injury per billion kilometres travelled HIGH RISK
MEDIUM - HIGH RISK
MEDIUM RISK
LOW - MEDIUM RISK
LOW RISK
Regional analysis
East
Midlands
Wales
Scotl
and
Yorksh
ire & th
e Hum
ber
South
East
East
of Eng
land
South W
est
North W
est
North E
ast
West Midla
nds0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3531 31 30 30 28 27 26 26 26
17
Fata
l and
serio
us cr
ashe
s per
bill
ion
vehi
cle k
m (2
008-
2012
)
East Midlands has a 66% higher risk than West Midlands
Data compiled for consecutive risk maps compared
Assessment of change in risk over time
Road authorities consulted on issues, measures & planned actions
2002 - 2006
2007 - 2011
Performance tracking
Star rating
Video inspection of the road
40+ road attributes recorded Assessed every 100 meters
Model based on crash studies from around the world
Used to generate Safer Roads Investment Plans
Typical iRAP project
TrainingFor local engineers in risk assessment and countermeasures
Road SurveyGeoreference video data of the road collected
Road codingInfrastructure features that influence road user risk recorded
ImplementationRecommendations built into road designs and projects
Star Ratings For car occupants, pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists
Life-Saving CountermeasuresRecommendations for simple, affordable improvements
Road coding attributesPaved shoulder – left
Sidewalk provision – leftRoadside object – left
Roadside distance - left
Area typeSpeed
Vehicle flow
Motorcycle facilityBicycle facilityBicycles flow
Pedestrian flow
CurvatureQuality of curve
Paved shoulder – rightSidewalk provision – right
Roadside object – rightRoadside distance - right
Intersection typeIntersection qualityIntersecting volume
ChannelisationProperty access point
Crossing facilityCrossing quality
Speed managementRoadworks
MedianCentreline rumble strips
Sight distanceDelineation
Grade
Lane widthNumber of lanesRoad conditionSkid resistance
Street lightingShoulder rumble strips
Vehicle parkingService road
Pedestrian fencing
Road user specific maps
Motorway - 90 to 150km/h
Flow: 35,000 AADTMedian: metal barrier 0-1m offsetRoadside: metal barrier 1-5m offset Intersections: merge lane
1 intersection per 1km
1 intersection per 3km
No intersections
Motorway – speed and flow
Flow: varying AADTMedian: centre line Roadside: trees 1-5m offset Intersections: 4 leg – unsignalised, no turn lane
35,000 AADT
15,000 AADT
5,000 AADT
Star ratings and crash data
1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star$0.00$0.02$0.04$0.06$0.08$0.10$0.12$0.14$0.16$0.18$0.20
Crash Cost vs Star Rating
Car Star Rating
Fata
l and
Ser
ious
Inju
rie c
rash
cos
tspe
r 100
0 dr
iven
km
CRASH COSTS HALVEDFOR EACH STAR RATING IMPROVEMENT
NetherlandsMinimum 3-star for national roads by 2020
Measuring to manage
90 proven countermeasures
300+ engineering trigger sets
Calculate potential lives saved
Minimum BCR criteria set
RAP Safer Roads Investment Plans
Proven safety countermeasures
Vehicle occupant star rating
Saving Lives – a New Zealand case study
5 years prior 6 fatal head-on crashes 3 injury head-on crashes
6 years after no fatal head-on crashes no injury head-on crashes
Interactive design
Local designers develop and
update designs
Investment planStar RatingsProcessingData preparationRoad coding
Road Design
Road Survey
Target: optimise star ratings, reduce deaths
and serious injuries
Star rating targets for designs
Existing Initial design
14%
% 3-star achieved
5%
0%
0%
52%
87%
47%
60%
56%
98%
55%
88%
Finaldesign
SOURCE: iRAP, derived from specific project data from India
Short-term low cost measures
Countermeasure type Sites / length
Estimated cost(20 years)
KSI saved(20 years)
Value of safety benefit
(20 years)
Cost per KSI saved
Programme Benefit Cost
Ratio
Shoulder Widening 2,390 km $17.9m 42,690 $479.4m $384 27
Central Hatching 2,612 km $26.4m 23,360 $262.3m $673 10
Roadside Safety - Barriers 456 km $32.7m 17,770 $199.5m $1,839 6
Pedestrian Crossing 886 sites $11.4m 14,710 $165.2m $615 14
Urban Traffic Calming 163km $2.9m 14,530 $163.2m $120 56
Additional Lane 78 km $14.2m 9,780 $109.8m $1,453 8
Bicycle Facilities 791 km $6.3m 9,440 $106.1m $671 17
Delineation 960 km $11.2m 7,660 $86.1m $478 8
Roadside Safety - Hazard
Removal556 km $10.6m 7,150 $80.3m $1,480 8
Duplication 9 km $7.7m 4,980 $55.9m $1,369 7
Road Surface Upgrade 122 km $1.9m 1,310 $14.7m $881 8
Lane Widening 15 km $3.0m 880 $9.9m $1,995 3
Intersection - Roundabout 21 sites $0.6m 470 $5.3m $1,213 9
Intersection - Delineation 26 sites $0.2m 390 $4.4m $167 22
Total $147.6m 155,600 $1,747.3m $949 12
Kenya
Paved Shoulders
Moldova
Countermeasure type Sites / length
Estimated cost(20 years)
KSI saved(20 years)
Value of safety benefit
(20 years)
Cost per KSI saved
Programme Benefit Cost
Ratio
Shoulder widening 1991 km $9.6m 4,282 $154.9m $2,155 16
Pedestrian Crossing 762 sites $3.9m 1,616 $58.5m $1,666 15
Roadside Safety - Barriers 261 km $24.3m 1,150 $41.6m $21,174 2
Delineation 1156 km $9.4m 905 $32.8m $3,397 3
Additional lane 41 km $7.2m 795 $28.8m $9,029 4
Central Hatching 62 km $0.8m 397 $14.4m $1,182 18
Road Surface Upgrade 114 km $2.9m 262 $9.5m $6,605 3
Pedestrian Footpath 54 km $3.1m 224 $8.1m $13,879 3 Rumble strip / flexi-post 26 km $0.1m 165 $6m $238 90
Intersection - signalise 22 sites $0.9m 163 $5.9m $5,238 7
Intersection - delineation 352 sites $1.6m 161 $5.8m $3,164 4
Intersection - roundabout 45 sites $1.8m 154 $5.6m $11,830 3
Median Barrier 8 km $1.5m 139 $5m $6,276 3 Intersection - right turn lanes 19 sites $1m 104 $3.8m $5,911 4
Lane widening 35 km $2.2m 102 $3.7m $12,889 2
Total $70.6m 10,672 386158741 $6,614 5
Central hatching
Chile
Countermeasure type Sites / length
Estimated cost(20 years)
KSI saved(20 years)
Value of safety benefit
(20 years)
Cost per KSI saved
Programme Benefit Cost
Ratio
Shoulder sealing (>1m) 617 km $21.3m 7,049 $856.4m $3,020 40
Footpath provision 469 km $25.6m 5,912 $718.2m $4,338 28
Unsealed shoulder (>1m) 405 km $4.1m 1,671 $203m $2,448 50
Roundabout 555 sites $7.5m 1,548 $188.1m $4,829 25
Traffic calming 126 km $3.4m 1,460 $177.3m $2,340 52
Shoulder sealing (<1m) 72 km $1.3m 358 $43.4m $3,497 35
Roadside barriers - Left 29 km $2.4m 237 $28.8m $10,246 12
Unsignalised crossing 69 sites $1.9m 213 $25.9m $8,987 14 Footpath provision 53 km $0.9m 196 $23.8m $4,590 26
Bicycle lane (on-road) 215 km $1.2m 190 $23.1m $6,296 19
Roadside barriers - Right 22 km $1.9m 180 $21.9m $10,534 12
Refuge Island 107 sites $1.4m 170 $20.7m $8,437 14
Signalised crossing 10 sites $0.5m 71 $8.7m $7,540 16
Improve delineation 9 km $0.2m 22 $2.7m $9,420 13
Right turn provision – 4 leg 7 sites $0.1m 14 $1.7m $6,130 20
Total $74.2m 19,355 $2351.4m $3,835 32
Traffic calming
Mari El Republic, Russian FederationCountermeasure type Sites /
lengthEstimated cost
(20 years)KSI saved(20 years)
Value of safety benefit
(20 years)
Cost per KSI saved
Programme Benefit Cost
Ratio Shoulder widening 605 km $12.2m 1,043 $189.3m $11,427 16 Duplication 17 km $14.9m 606 $110m $24,607 7 Roadside Safety - Barriers 152 km $14m 262 $47.5m $53,541 3 Pedestrian Crossing 66 sites $0.8m 97 $17.6m $4,770 23 Pedestrian Footpath 20 km $0.9m 62 $11.3m $13,841 13 Lane widening 27 km $4.5m 52 $9.4m $51,888 2 Central Hatching 11 km $1.9m 46 $8.4m $24,989 4 Intersection - grade separation 2 sites $3.5m 44 $8.1m $77,982 2 Road Surface Upgrade 18 km $3.1m 39 $7.1m $46,701 2 Railway Crossing 1 sites $0m 33 $5.9m $1,509 120 Delineation 201 km $1.4m 30 $5.4m $3,367 4 Intersection - roundabout 3 sites $1.8m 13 $2.4m $142,348 1 Median Barrier 2 km $1m 11 $2m $57,236 2 Rumble strip / flexi-post 0 km $0.1m 5 $0.9m $6,037 18 Intersection - right turn lanes (unsignalised) 1 sites $0.3m 2 $0.3m $103,257 1
Total $60.5m 2,345 $425.8m $25,787 7
Pedestrian crossings
PhilippinesCountermeasure type Sites /
lengthEstimated cost
(20 years)KSI saved(20 years)
Value of safety benefit
(20 years)
Cost per KSI saved
Programme Benefit Cost
Ratio
Shoulder sealing (>1m) 904 km $72.8m 6,411 $229.8m $11,347 3 Footpath provision 485 km $84.7m 5,364 $192.2m $15,785 2 Signalised crossing 1036 sites $47.6m 4,761 $170.6m $9,995 4 Traffic calming 371 km $39.9m 4,529 $162.3m $8,808 4 Refuge Island 3236 sites $34.1m 4,029 $144.4m $8,459 4 Clear roadside hazards - left 1173 km $4.9m 2,609 $93.5m $1,864 19 Clear roadside hazards - right 1155 km $4.8m 2,538 $91m $1,892 19 Delineation and signing (intersection) 688 sites $15.5m 1,287 $46.1m $12,060 3 Regulate roadside commercial activity 245 km $18.5m 1,196 $42.9m $15,482 2 Central hatching 88 km $10.8m 947 $33.9m $11,438 3 Signalise intersection (4-leg) 93 sites $15.1m 903 $32.4m $16,667 2 Signalise intersection (3-leg) 135 sites $15.4m 831 $29.8m $18,591 2 Bicycle lane (off-road) 174 km $8.8m 576 $20.7m $15,326 2 Shoulder sealing (<1m) 173 km $7.5m 520 $18.6m $14,506 2 Parking improvements 89 km $7.8m 509 $18.2m $15,400 2
Total $453.3m 40,989 $1,469.1m $11,059 3
Roadside hazard removal
Vietnam
Countermeasure type Sites / length
Estimated cost(20 years)
KSI saved(20 years)
Value of safety benefit
(20 years)
Cost per KSI saved
Programme Benefit Cost
Ratio Roadside Safety - Hazard Removal 939 km $74.9m 25,901 $400.9m $2,890 5 Motorcycle Lanes 896 km $38.7m 19,115 $295.9m $1,615 8 Realignment - horizontal 10 km $6.6m 7,436 $115.1m $888 17 Delineation 702 km $10.7m 5,478 $84.8m $643 8 Duplication 9 km $11.5m 3,975 $61.5m $2,903 5 Bicycle Facilities 47 km $5.8m 3,313 $51.3m $1,752 9 Shoulder widening 82 km $6.8m 2,818 $43.6m $2,397 6 Intersection - signalise 63 sites $10.9m 2,573 $39.8m $4,239 4 Additional lane 39 km $10.5m 2,535 $39.2m $4,133 4 Pedestrian Crossing 360 sites $9.5m 2,068 $32m $4,542 3 Roadside Safety - Barriers 39 km $4.9m 1,197 $18.5m $4,110 4 Road Surface Upgrade 22 km $0.5m 822 $12.7m $355 26 Lane widening 8 km $1.1m 800 $12.4m $815 11 Intersection - delineation 14 sites $0.5m 142 $2.2m $1,093 5 Pedestrian Footpath 7 km $0.8m 117 $1.8m $6,905 2
Total $194.4m 78,531 $1215.5m $2,476 6
Delineation
Coming up“Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among young people, aged 15-29” WHO, May 2016
Benito Juarez SchoolLocation: Mexico CityEnrolled Students: 1450
PhakadeLocation: Cape TownEnrolled Students:
Sivile Primary SchoolLocation: Cape TownEnrolled Students: 1150
ImbasaLocation: Cape TownEnrolled Students: 800
Pilot projects
Sivile Primary School - Cape Town
Apollo Way mid-block crossing
Morning Star DriveIntersection
Star Ratings
Apollo Way mid-block crossingS
ivile
S
choo l
Morning Star DriveIntersection
Final design
Apollo Way mid-block crossing
100m Pedestrian Star Rating
Estimated cost over 20 years:
300,000 ZAR (≈ US$26.000)
Potential fatal and serious injuries avoided over 20 years:
4.8
85%+reduction in pedestrian
crossing risk
Final design – Star Ratings
Siv
ile
Sch
ool
Vision for Star Rating for Schools
ViDA – how to find it
www.irap.net/en/resources/vida-online-software
Kenya2,500km assessed + SRIP
South AfricaStar rating schools projects + SRIP
Nigeria130km assessed + SRIP
Tanzania3,000km assessed + SRIP
Accra120km assessed + SRIP + ViDA workshops
RAP IN AFRICAEgypt3,300km assessed + SRIP
Addis Ababa150km assessed + SRIP + ViDA workshops
Uganda3,000km assessed + SRIP
Botswana50km demonstration assessment + SRIP + ViDA workshop (proposal)
NCTTCA1,000km assessments + SRIP + ViDA workshops (proposal)
POLICY IMPACTMinimum 3-star
Economic Benefits
ADB Board Approval
55% reduction in death & serious injury
GUIDELINES, STANDARDS
COMMITMENTSNo 1- or 2-star roads by 2020
75% of travel on 3-star or better by 2020 and approaching 100% by 2025
90% of travel on 3-star or better roads by 2020
Roads of National Significance (RONS) to be 4-star
Minimum 3-star related targets for national highways
All new roads 4-star and no road user group less than 3-star
3-star or better by 2020 for 75% of travel on high volume road networks
UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those invulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities, and older persons
iRAP mission
Maximising travel on 3-star or better roads for all road users
TIME FOR RESULTS
“At least 3-star safety on the
highest risk roads by 2020
– no excuses”
UN Secretary General’s Report
Senior Road Executives Programme 2016
Road Safety
Thank you for your attention
Stephen StaceyRegional Director, Europe Middle East and Africa, iRAP