effect of winter annual weedeffect of winter annual weed ... · nematode population and...
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Effect of Winter Annual WeedEffect of Winter Annual Weed Management on Soybean Cyst
Nematode Population and WeedNematode Population and Weed Density
Valerie A. Mock J. Earl Creech William G. Johnson
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Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN)
• Endoparasitic roundworm• Endoparasitic roundworm• Cysts can produce up to600 eggsgg
• Can complete lifecycle in28 days under optimal fieldconditions
• Reported in 82 of 92counties in Indiana*counties in Indiana*
• Yield loss
* Faghihi, J., and V.R. Ferris. 2006. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/Entomology/ext/targets/e-series/EseriesPDF/E-210.pdf.
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Winter Annual Weeds
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Winter Annual Weed Hosts
Purple deadnettle Henbit Field pennycress
Shepherd’s-purse Common chickweed
Smallflowered bittercress
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Cool Season Perennial Host
Mouseear chickweed
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SCN and Winter Annual Weeds• Winter annual weed survey-20041
- Indiana fields with SCN were sampled- Found 93% of fields had winter annual weedFound 93% of fields had winter annual weedhosts
• Field experiment: SCN can complete its lifecycle onpurple deadnettle 2purple deadnettle.
• Growth chamber experiment: Juveniles survivedperiods of cold temperature in roots and continued development when temperatures warmed 3development when temperatures warmed.3
1Creech, J.E., and W.G. Johnson. 2006. Weed Tech. 20:1066-1075.2Creech, J.E., W.G. Johnson, J.Faghihi, V.R. Ferris, and A. Westphal. 2005. Crop Management.3Creech, J.E., J.B. Santini, S.P. Conely, A. Westphal, and W.G. Johnson. 2007. Weed Science. 55:592-598.
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SCN Management
C i i h h• Crop rotation with non-hostcrop
• SCN-resistant soybean
• Weed management??
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Objective
To determine if winter annual weedd iti d SCN l ti d itidensities and SCN population densities can be reduced by using winter covercrops or herbicidescrops or herbicides.
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Materials & Method‘s• Experiment established in2003 (2006-2008)
West Lafayette
( )• 2 locations
- Northern site - W. LafayetteCh l ilt l l
yChalmers silty clay loamLow weed density and SCN
Vincennes
SCN- Southern site - Vincennes
Patton silt loam Vincennes
High weed density andSCN
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Materials & Method‘s
• 2 crop rotations- Soybean - soybeany y- Soybean - corn
• 6 weed management tactics: - Untreated- Untreated- Spring + fall glyphosatetreatments (Weed free)S i l h t- Spring glyphosatetreatment
- Fall glyphosate treatmentg y- Wheat cover crop- Annual ryegrass covercrop (ARG)crop (ARG)
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Data collection
SCN egg counts- Spring and fall 2007- Sieving and decanting*
Weed counts- Fall 2006-07
nematology.umd.edu/scn.html (McGawley)
Fall 2006 07- Spring 2007-08- Quadrats
* Faghihi, J., and J.M. Ferris. 2000. J. Nematol. 32:411-413.
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Data analysis
PROC MIXED- Locations analyzed separately- Locations analyzed separately- All data were log transformed- Means separated at P=0.05p- Back-transformed means will bepresented for clarity
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Northern SCN egg counts (no. / 100 cc of soil)Weed management * rotation * season
S (C)* S (S)
Weed management rotation seasonP=0.0145
Weed mgmt. Spring‘07
Fall‘07
Spring‘07
Fall‘07
/ 100 f il_________ no. / 100 cc of soil _________
UntreatedWheatWheatARGFall ‘06 (F)Fall 06 (F)F + S Spring ‘07 (S)p g ( )
* Spring 2007 corn planted
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Northern SCN egg counts (no. / 100 cc of soil)Weed management * rotation * season
S (C)* S (S)
Weed management rotation seasonP=0.0145
Weed mgmt. Spring‘07
Fall‘07
Spring‘07
Fall‘07
/ 100 f il_________ no. / 100 cc of soil _________
Untreated 0 bWheat 6 abWheat 6 abARG 4 abFall ‘06 (F) 11 abFall 06 (F) 11 abF + S 4 abSpring ‘07 (S) 16 ap g ( )
* Spring 2007 corn planted
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Northern SCN egg counts (no. / 100 cc of soil)Weed management * rotation * season
S (C)* S (S)
Weed management rotation seasonP=0.0145
Weed mgmt. Spring‘07
Fall‘07
Spring‘07
Fall‘07
/ 100 f il_________ no. / 100 cc of soil _________
Untreated 0 b 10 aWheat 6 ab 0 aWheat 6 ab 0 aARG 4 ab 4 aFall ‘06 (F) 11 ab 1 aFall 06 (F) 11 ab 1 aF + S 4 ab 5 aSpring ‘07 (S) 16 a 0 ap g ( )
* Spring 2007 corn planted
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Northern SCN egg counts (no. / 100 cc of soil)Weed management * rotation * season
S (C)* S (S)
Weed management rotation seasonP=0.0145
Weed mgmt. Spring‘07
Fall‘07
Spring‘07
Fall‘07
/ 100 f il_________ no. / 100 cc of soil _________
Untreated 0 b 10 a 1 aWheat 6 ab 0 a 2 aWheat 6 ab 0 a 2 aARG 4 ab 4 a 4 aFall ‘06 (F) 11 ab 1 a 2 aFall 06 (F) 11 ab 1 a 2 aF + S 4 ab 5 a 2 aSpring ‘07 (S) 16 a 0 a 0 ap g ( )
* Spring 2007 corn planted
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Northern SCN egg counts (no. / 100 cc of soil)Weed management * rotation * season
S (C)* S (S)
Weed management rotation seasonP=0.0145
Weed mgmt. Spring‘07
Fall‘07
Spring‘07
Fall‘07
/ 100 f il_________ no. / 100 cc of soil _________
Untreated 0 b 10 a 1 a 6 bWheat 6 ab 0 a 2 a 47 abWheat 6 ab 0 a 2 a 47 abARG 4 ab 4 a 4 a 30 abFall ‘06 (F) 11 ab 1 a 2 a 161 aFall 06 (F) 11 ab 1 a 2 a 161 aF + S 4 ab 5 a 2 a 39 abSpring ‘07 (S) 16 a 0 a 0 a 46 abp g ( )
* Spring 2007 corn planted
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SCN Conclusions• S(C) rotation in spring
- Higher SCN egg counts in spring timingthan untreated
- SCN eggs may have hatched in untreatedl tplots
• S(S) rotation in the fall• S(S) rotation in the fall- Higher SCN in fall timing than untreated- Winter annual weeds may serve as trap cropy p p
• Cover crops not effective in reducing SCNpopulations
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Spring weed counts (Northern)
50
60
40
50
r m
2
30
ds
pe
10
20
Weed
0
10
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Northern)
50
60a
40
50
r m
2
b b30
ds
pe b b
10
20
Weed
0
10c
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Northern)
50
60
40
50
r m
2
30
ds
pe
a a
10
20
Weed a a a
0
10b
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Northern)
50
60
40
50
r m
2
a30
ds
pe
aa
a
aa a
10
20
Weed a
b0
10b
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Northern)
50
60
40
50
r m
2
30
ds
pe
a aa
a
a
10
20
Weed a a a
a
0
10b b
ba
bc
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Southern)
240
160
200
r m
2
120
160
ds
pe
40
80
Weed
0
40
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Southern)
240a
a a
160
200
r m
2
120
160
ds
pe
40
80
Weed
0
40 b
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Southern)
240
160
200
r m
2
120
160
ds
pe
40
80
Weed
ba a
0
40c
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Southern)
240
160
200
r m
2
120
160
ds
pe
aab
40
80
Weed
ba a
bab
0
40c c
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring weed counts (Southern)
240
160
200
r m
2
a
120
160
ds
pe
aab
a
a
40
80
Weed
ba a
bab
b
0
40c c c
Unt. ARG Wheat Fall gly.
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Spring Weed Count Conclusions
• Fall glyphosate treatments provide betterweed suppression than cover crops.
• Annual ryegrass and wheat did not reduceSCN winter weed hostsSCN winter weed hosts.
• Winter weed hosts seem to compete betterthan the non-hosts with annual ryegrassthan the non hosts with annual ryegrassand wheat.
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Future Research
T d t i if i t l d• To determine if winter annual weeds can:- Stimulate earlier egg hatch in spring- Serve as trap crops in the field- Serve as trap crops in the field- Increase soil microbes that suppressSCN
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Questions??