effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria on growth ... · pdf fileuse of sulphur...

Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research ISSN 2077-4605

Volume : 04 | Issue : 03 | July-Sept. | 2015 Pages: 446-459

Corresponding Author: Youssif, B. D. Sh, Plant Production Department; Soil Fertility and Microbiology Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

E-mail: [email protected]

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Effect of Sulphur and Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria on Growth and Production of Garlic (Allium sativum, L.) under Saline Conditions Youssif, B. D. Sh., Hosna, A. F. Mahmoud and Mervat A. T. Amara Plant Production Department; Soil Fertility and Microbiology Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were carried out at Ras Sudr experimental Research Station, Desert Research Center, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of source and rate of sulphur (0, 500,750 and 1000 kg. agricultural S /fed. or 0, 2 and 4 % wettable sulphur) with or without sulphur oxidizing bacteria on growth, total yield and its components and mineral contents of garlic (Chinese cultivar). The application of agricultural sulphur either at rate of 500 kg. or 750 kg. combined with 4 % wettable sulphur in the presence of sulphur oxidizing bacteria resulted in a significant increases in vegetative growth characters and yield and its components as well as mineral contents of garlic, except sodium and chloride content which were reduced with sulphur treatments. Single sulphur oxidizing bacteria showed less increases than those recorded as a result of either agriculture sulphur applied alone or combined with sulphur oxidizing bacteria. The highest values of garlic yield were obtained with sulphur oxidizing bacteria inoculation combined with agricultural sulphur at rate of either 750 or 500 kg./ fed. added to the soil plus 4 % wettable sulphur. Linear correlations revealed the existence of significant positive correlation between total yield and either bulb weight contents of S, N, P or K.

Key words: Garlic- Growth- Yield- Minerals- Agricultural sulphur- wettable sulphur- sulphur oxidizing bacteria

Introduction

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is considered as one of the most important species of Alliacea family. Increasing garlic production has become important to meet the ever increase demand of exportation and local consumption. Such increase could be achieved by growing garlic in the reclaimed areas (El-Hifny, 2010). Egypt occupied the fourth country in world for garlic production (301270 ton) in 2008 according to the Egyptian Statistics of Ministry of Agriculture.

Most of the agricultural land in reclaimed areas is calcareous soils which contain relatively high amounts of CaCO3 and extremely poor organic matter resulting in high pH (Abdou, 2006 and Khaled et al., 2006). Nutrients in such soils had become un-available for plants. This is the major factor for the widespread occurrence of plant nutrient deficiency in calcareous soils (Kaya et al., 2009 and Abdou et al., 2011). The nutrients availability in soils could be increased with the application of sulphur which, in turn, improve availability of nutrients and overcome nutrient deficiency in both alkaline and calcareous soils (Hassan et al., 2014). Abdou et al., (2011) added that sulphur gave a positive response as soil amendment in calcareous soils.

Sulphur is an essential nutrient for garlic plant. Its role was suggested to achieve balance in fertilization and increase crop production (Farooqui et al., 2009; Mohsen, 2012 and Diriba et al., 2014), to help formation of plant proteins, chlorophyll and improve growth (Abdallah et al., 2010) and improving plant growth and its nutrition and optimizing crop yield and quality (Jez, 2008). With this respect, Khalaf and Taha (1988) showed that high rate of sulphur 500 Kg S/fadden was more favourable for growth of garlic plants, total yield and N, P and K contents than the low one. Application of 200 kg S/fed as soil addition significantly increased growth and yield of garlic (Farooqui et al., 2009). Yield of onion was increased in Iran by using 300 kg. S/ha (Mohsen, 2012) and in Egypt by application 400 kg S/fed (Fatma et al., 2012). Also, sulphur addition for garlic and onion plants significantly increased the uptake of N, P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu and S (Dabhi et al., 2004). While sulfur deficiencies in the soil reduced growth, yield and quality of garlic and cause a sharp impact in agro based economy (Scherer et al., 2008).

Sharma et al., (.2002) and Fatma et al., (2012) reported that foliar spraying of sulphur at concentration of 6000 ppm improved all characters of vegetative growth of onion plant. Abd El-Fattah et al., (1992) found that 4% wettable sulphur as foliar spray significantly increased the different growth parameters, productivity and NPK content of garlic in calcareous soil. Also, Fatemah et al., (2012) showed that 0.5% wettable sulphur application as foliar spray increased growth and yield of onion in calcareous soil. Shaheen et al., (2013) found

Middle East J. Agric. Res., 4(3): 446-459, 2015 ISSN 2077-4605

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that foliar spraying of sulphur three times at a concentration of 6000 ppm gained plant growth enhancement and tuber yield of potato.

Use of sulphur oxidizing bacteria enhanced the rate of natural oxidation of sulphur and production of sulphates and makes them available to plants at their critical stages of growth, resulting in increasing plant yield (Wainright, 1984). The biochemical oxidation of sulphur in alkaline calcareous soil produces H2SO4 which, in turn, decreases soil pH, solubilizes CaCO3 more favorable conditions for plant growth including the availability of nutrients to plants (Abdou, 2006 and El-Tarabily et al., 2006). Also, Nemat et al., (2011) and Amal et al., (2014) found that inoculation with sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) increased height, yield and N uptake of onion plants when compared to those plants grown without inoculation. Moreover, Mohsen, (2012) and Mohamed et al., (2014) showed that application of 200 kg sulphur plus Thiobasillus was the best treatment and can be recommended for onion.

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of sources and rates of sulphur with or without sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB), on growth and yield and its components, as well as mineral contents of garlic (Chinese cultivar) under calcareous and saline soil conditions at Ras Sudr, South Sinai governorate, Egypt.

Materials and Methods

This study was carried out during two successive seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 at the Experimental Station of Desert Research Center at Ras Sudr, South Sinai Governorate. The aim of the study was to investigate growth and yield and its components in addition to mineral contents of garlic (Allium Sativum L.) as influenced by sulphur source and its rate of application and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria.

The soil of the experimental site was highly calcareous and saline. Soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm and 30-60 depth, which were collected from the experimental area before initiating the experiment. The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties according to Piper, (1950) and Jackson, (1967), respectively, as shown in Tables (A and B). Drip irrigation system was used; analysis of irrigation water according to Richards, (1954) is presented in Table (C). Table A: Mechanical properties of the experimental soil.

Soil depth (cm)

CaCO3 % Coarse sand (0.5- 1 mm)

Fine sand (0.1- 0.25 mm)

Silt (0.002-0.05 mm)

Total sand (0.1-1)

Clay (0-002)

Class texture %

0-30 30-60

56.99 52.48

53.68 23.74

27.60 62.34

8.05 7.59

81.28 86.08

10.79 6.33

Sandy loam Sandy loam

Table B: Chemical properties of the experimental soil.

Soil depth (cm)

pH ds/m2 Soluble anions (meq/L) …………………………………..

CO3-- HCO3- SO4-- Cl-

Soluble cations (meq/L) …………………………………….

Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ 0-30

30-60 7.7 7.4

4.77 4.16

0.00 0.00

6.00 3.00

10.50 16.10

31.20 22.50

24.00 16.83

11.00 6.00

10.52 17.80

2.18 0.09

Table C: Chemical analysis of irrigation water.

Soluble anions (meq/L) …………………………………………………

pH EC CO3-- HCO3 - SO4-- Cl-

Soluble cations (meq/L) …………………………………….

Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ 6.8 7.03 0.00 2.50 21.23 41.28 4.50 13.43 47.05 0.12

Treatments:- The experiment included twenty six treatments (A x B) which were as follow: A) Sulphur inoculation: 1- Inoculation with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (Pseudomonas sp). 2- Without inoculation. B) Sulphur Soil addition and foliar spray treatments:

1- Without addition (Control of soil addition). 2- Sprinkle with tap water (Control of foliar spray). 3- 500 kg. S /fed. soil addition (agricultural sulphur). 4- 750 kg. S /fed. soil addition (agricultural sulphur). 5- 1000 kg. S /fed. soil addition (agricultural sulphur). 6- 2% Wettable sulphur foliar spray 7- 4% Wettable sulphur foliar spray 8- 500 kg.S/fed. +2% wettable sulphur. 9- 500 kg.S/fed. +4% wettable sulphur. 10- 750 kg.S/fed. +2%wettable sulfur.

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11- 750 kg.S/fed. +4%wettable sulphur. 12- 1000 kg.S/fed. +2% wettable sulphur. 13- 1000 kg.S/fed. +4% wettable sulphur

Preparation of Pseudomonas sp inoculum: Effective strains of Pseudomonas were located on nutrient

Broth culture medium and kept at 26-28 Co for 48 h. The optical absorption of strains mixture suspension was measured using spectrophotometer.

The assigned agricultural sulphur and farmyard manure at the rate of 30 m3/fed. were added once month before planting and mixed with the surface soil layer. The investigated wettable sulphur concentrations were sprayed after 2, 3, 4 months from planting date. Soil was inoculated with sulphur oxidizing bacteria monthly after planting (108 Cfu ml-1 of the mixture of strains suspension was added to soil). Garlic cloves were sown on both sides of the row at 10 cm apart on 2nd and 4th November of the two growing seasons, respectively. All experiment areas received the recommended dose of organic and mineral fertilizers NPK. Recommended dose of calcium superphosphate (15.5% P2O5) was added during soil preparation at rate of 300 kg./fed., Ammonium sulphate fertilizer (20.5% N) was applied at the rates of 300 kg/fed. divided into four equal doses, the first was applied to the soil during soil preparation, the second, third and fourth dose were applied after 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively, from sowing directly and before irrigation. Potassium sulphate (48% K2O) was used at rate of 200 kg/fed. divided into two equal portions, which were added after 3 and 4 month from planting, respectively. All other agricultural practices were performed when they were required and as recommended for the commercial garlic production according to the recommendations of Ministry of Agriculture. Recorded data:- Vegetative growth:- Five plants from each experimental unit were taken after 140 days from planting to record growth characters, i.e. plant height (cm), number of leaves, fresh and dry weight per plant, plant fresh weight, bulb and neck diameter, bulbing ratio (neck diameter/bulb diameter), as well as fresh and dry weight of bulb (g.), besides bulb dry matter (%). Yield and its components:- Garlic plants were harvested at 185 days after planting when leaves turned yellowish green and 50% the plants tops were bended down. The harvested garlic plants were arranged in single layers in shade aerated place (10-15 days) for curing. The following measurements were recorded: total yield for each plot, fresh and dry weight of bulb (g) and its dry matter (%), bulb, neck diameter, bulbing ratio and number and weight of cloves/bulb. Chemical composition:- Mineral contents of dry bulb were determined: nitrogen content was determined using Micro-keldahyl method described by Page et al., (1982); phosphorus was measured according to Frie et al., (1964) by using spectrophotometer; potassium and sodium were measured by flame photometer according to the method described by Brown and Lilliland (1964); chloride was determined by the method described by Richard (1954); sulphur was determined according to Chapman and Pratt (1961). Percent of dry matter was determined as described in A.O.A.C., (1975). Experimental design and statistical analysis:- The treatments were arranged in split plot design with three replicates. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria occupied the main plots, while the treatments of sulphur were distributed randomly in the sub-plots. The area of each sub- plot was 21 m2 (1/200 fed.). Obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis according to Gomez and Gomez (1984).

Results and Discussion Vegetative growth: Vegetative growth of plants was expressed as plant height (cm), number and fresh and dry weight of leaves per plant, dry mater of leaves (%), plant fresh weight (g), neck and bulb diameter (cm), bulbing ratio, fresh and dry weight and dry matter of bulb (%). Obtained data were presented in Tables (1 - 3). Effects of Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria on growth of garlic: Data presented in Tables (1-3) showed that garlic plants treated with sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) significantly improved growth characters in both growing seasons when compared to without bacteria treatments. The enhancement effect of sulphur oxidizing bacteria on garlic growth parameters could be


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attributed to its enhancement for biochemical oxidation of sulphur and producing sulphuric acid which, in turn, decreased pH of alkaline calcareous soil resulting in increasing nutrients availability required for plant growth (Abdou, 2006; El-Trabily et al., 2006 and Mohamed et al., 2014 ). Other interpretation may be due to bacterial production and exudation of different growth promoting substances such as phtohormones, vitamins, auxin, cytokinin (Amal et al., 2014). Pseudomonas strains, also, produces rhizobiotoxin which reducing ethylene content in plant. This condition promotes the development of plant root system so plant can use higher soil volume as the source of water and nutrients, increasing water and nutrients, increasing water and nutrients absorption efficiency (Alipour and Sobhanipour 2012 and Shahram et al., 2015). The obtained results were in agreement with those obtained by Nemat et al., (2011), Mohsen (2012), Hassan et al., (2014) and Mohamed et al., (2014). They found that, inoculation with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobasillus) increased plant growth and dry matter of onion when compared to those plants grown without inoculation. Effects of sulphur on growth of garlic plants:-

Data concerning the effect of agricultural sulphur as soil addition and foliar spray with wettable sulphur on garlic growth parameters presented in Tables (1, 2 and 3) showed that all studied sulphur treatments had a significant effect on all estimated growth parameters. As for the effect of agricultural sulphur, soil addition at rate of 500 or 750 kg. sulphur /fed. gave the best values of all measured growth parameters after 140 days from planting, except neck diameter which was decreased with addition 500 kg. S./fed., consequently reflected on decreasing bulbing ratio when compared to control treatment. . The results were true in both growing seasons. The observed vegetative growth improvement may be due to the favorable effects of sulphur on nutrients availability in the soil and overcome nutrient deficiencies in both alkaline and calcareous soils (Neilsen et al., 1993). The oxidation of sulphur into H2SO4 is beneficial for calcareous and alkaline soils (Tables A and B) for increasing nutrients availability by reducing pH. Sulpher may be used as a nutrients and soil acidifier and sulphur fertilizer has recently gained importance in agricultural production (Scherer et al., 2008). Diriba et al., (2014) reported that the role of sulphur in plants is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and improving growth of garlic and cucumber. Obtained results were in accordance with the results obtained by (Nielsen et al., 1993). In this respect, Sharma et al., 2002, Farooqui et al., 2009 and Fatma et al., 2012 reported that sulphur application positively affected all vegetative characters of garlic and onion plants.

As for the effect of wettable sulphur foliar sprayed on garlic growth, Tables (1, 2 and 3) showed that garlic plants treated with wettable sulphur as foliar spray gave higher values of all measured growth parameters after 140 days from planting in both growing seasons when compare to control treatment sprayed with water. The higher dose of single spraying wettable sulphur 4% recorded higher growth characters values of garlic plants through the two growing seasons as compared with 2 % wettable sulphur. The positive effect of wettable sulphur spray on plant growth may be due to the fact that sulphur is required with greater supplies for the synthesis of co-enzyme and amino acid for protein elaboration and for the formation of certain disulphide linkages that have been associated with structural characteristic of plant protoplasm (Marschner, 1995 and Shaheen et al., (2013).The observed vegetative growth improvement may be due to the role of sulphur in the protection against abiotic stress is played by its ability to induce expression of genes coding specific proteins. sulphur can induce stress tolerance by modulating physiological, and biochemical processes as well as molecular mechanisms. The role of sulphur in inducing various physiological responses in plants under salinity stress (Khan et al., 2012). Obtained results were in agreement with those obtained by Abd El-Fattah et al., (1992), Sharma et al., ( 2002), Dabhi et al., (2004), Jaggi (2005), Nasreen et al., (2007) and Fatemeh et al., (2012) using garlic and onion plants .

Data presented in Tables (1, 2 & 3) indicated, also, that application of agricultural sulphur as soil addition plus foliar spray with wettable sulphur significantly increased all the investigated growth parameters, except neck diameter and bulbing ratio, as compared with control treatment. The results indicated that agricultural sulphur treatments as soil addition at rate of 500+4% wettable sulfur or 750 + 2% wettable sulphur kg./fed. gave highest values of all measured growth parameters after 140 days from planting. Results were true in both growing seasons. Sulphur treatments decreased neck diameter and reflected on decreasing bulbing ratio indicating enhanced bulb maturity; lower value was obtained with soil addition of 500kg agricultural sulphur /fed. plus foliar spray with 4% wettable sulphur when compared with control treatment. Similar results were reported by Dabhi et al., (2004) and Jaggi (2005). In this respect, Shaheen et al., 2013 and Fatma et al., 2012 reported that sulphur application positively affected all vegetative characters of onion plants. Effect of the interaction between sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria:-

The effect of the interaction between all the investigated sulphur treatments and sulphur oxidizing bacteria on garlic vegetative growth during the two growing seasons shown in Tables (1, 2 & 3) indicated that application of agricultural sulphur as soil addition plus foliar spray with wettable sulphur combined with sulphur oxidizing bacteria significantly increased all the investigated growth parameters as compared with control treatment. The best values of plant height, no. of leaves/plant, bulb and neck diameter and bulbing ratio were


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recorded with agricultural sulphur treatment at the rate of 500 kg. S/fed. as soil addition plus 4% wettable sulphur as foliar spray combined with sulphur oxidizing bacteria. While 750 kg. S./fed. plus either 2 % or 4%

Table 1: Effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) on vegetative growth of Chinese garlic at 140 days old. Characteristics. Plant height (cm ) No. of leaves /plant Leaves fresh wt. /plant Dry matter of leaves (%)

Season 2007-2008

Treatments without with SoxB

Mean without with SoxB



Mean

Cont. 52.9 55.8 54.3 5.2 5.8 5.5 45.2 49.6 47.4 3.5 4.6 4.1 500 kg.S. 72.2 74.7 73.4 6.8 7.1 7.0 85.8 97.5 91.7 4.5 6.5 5.5 750 kg.S. 71.9 72.9 72.4 8.0 7.9 7.9 82.6 96.6 89.6 4.9 5.6 5.3 1000 kgS. 62.5 64.7 63.6 6.4 7.0 6.7 77.4 86.6 82.0 6.2 8.8 7.5

Water 53.3 63.2 58.2 5.6 6.3 6.0 45.3 75.9 60.6 2.4 6.5 4.5 2% wet.S. 62.7 71.1 66.9 6.6 7.2 6.9 83.9 92.1 88.0 6.4 6.8 6.6 4%wet.S. 72.5 73.2 72.8 7.0 7.5 7.2 89.8 94.8 92.3 7.0 6.9 7.0

500+2% 75.6 76.1 75.8 7.0 8.0 7.5 83.7 87.5 85.6 7.5 6.9 7.2 500+4% 78.2 82.3 80.3 7.9 8.8 8.4 89.0 99.7 94.4 8.5 7.9 8.2 750+2% 75.7 84.0 79.9 7.4 7.6 7.5 85.9 115.3 100.6 8.9 9 9.0

750+4% 71.4 76.8 74.2 7.0 8.1 7.6 82.9 123.7 103.3 9.5 10.3 9.9 1000+2% 71.5 71.2 71.3 6.7 7.5 7.1 81.0 92.0 86.5 9.2 8.8 9.0 1000+4% 67.6 68.9 68.2 6.6 7.2 6.9 80.4 84.2 82.3 4.6 7.8 6.2

Mean 68.3 71.9 6.8 7.4 77.9 92.0 5.8 7.4

L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.01 S = 0.01 Interaction = 1.58

L.S.D. at 5%SoxB = 0.12 S =0.11 Interaction = 0.13

L.S.D.at5% SoxB=0.57 S = 0.68 Interaction = 0.83

L.S.D. at 5% SoxB= 0.06 S = 0.07 Interaction =0.09

2008-2009

Cont. 54.6 57.5 56.0 5.9 6.3 6.1 47.2 48.3 47.8 3.5 4.9 4.2

500 kg.S. 77.4 78.1 77.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 97.7 107.2 102.5 4.9 8.2 6.6

750 kg.S. 73.3 73.9 73.6 8.1 8 8.1 89.7 99.3 94.5 6.8 8.2 7.5 1000kg.S 68.9 69.0 68.9 7.4 7.8 7.6 81.4 90 85.7 4.5 6.6 5.6

Water spray 52.8 68.3 60.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 48.1 72.9 60.5 4 6.3 5.2

2%wet.S. 63.7 72.3 68.0 7.2 7.2 7.2 88.6 94.1 91.4 5.3 6.6 6.0 4%wet.S. 74.3 74.5 74.4 7.5 7.9 7.7 93.3 94.9 94.1 6.8 8.6 7.7 500+2% 83.5 86.2 84.8 8.2 8.8 8.5 92.7 104.2 98.5 7.5 9.5 8.5

500+4% 84.0 84.7 84.3 8.4 9 8.7 95.6 121.3 108.5 7.1 10.9 9.0 750+2% 75.0 78.6 76.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 92.4 129.5 111.0 8.2 10.1 9.2 750+4% 71.4 74.1 72.7 8.2 8.5 8.4 91.1 110.7 100.9 8.1 9.2 8.7

1000+2% 72.5 73.2 72.8 7.3 7.9 7.6 87.3 95.9 91.6 7.5 8.8 8.2

1000+4% 68.5 69.8 69.2 7.4 7.5 7.5 86.7 84.4 85.6 7.4 8.9 8.2 Mean 70.7 73.8 7.5 7.8 84.0 96.4 6.3 8.2

L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.11 S = 0.19 Interaction = 0.24

L.S.D. at 5 SoxB = 0.02 S = 0. 04 Interaction = 0.05

L.S.D. at 5%SoxB = 0.76 S = 0.63 Interaction =0.75

L.S.D. at 5% SoxB= 0.20 S = 0.14 Interaction =0.14

500,750, 1000 kg. S /fed. soil addition (agricultural sulphur).,2%, 4% wettable sulphur foliar spray.,(SoxB) sulphur oxidizing bacteria

Table 2: Effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) on plant fresh wt. (g), neck and blub diameter (cm) and

bulbing ratio of Chinese garlic at 140 days old Characteristics. Plant fresh wt. (g) Neck diameter (cm) Bulb diameter (cm) Bulbing ratio

Season 2007-2008

Treatments without with SoxB



Mean without with

SoxB Mean

Cont. 71.3 78.6 75.0 2.47 2.45 2.46 2.97 3.18 3.08 0.83 0.77 0.80

500 kg.S. 123.9 137.1 130.5 1.83 1.72 1.78 4.56 4.58 4.57 0.40 0.38 0.39

750 kg.S. 116.8 132.6 124.7 1.9 1.88 1.89 4.24 4.40 4.32 0.45 0.43 0.44 1000kgS. 113.7 122.1 117.9 1.92 1.91 1.92 3.76 3.90 3.83 0.51 0.49 0.50

Water 75.4 107.5 91.5 2.13 2.07 2.10 3.75 3.86 3.81 0.57 0.53 0.55 2%wet.S. 116.1 126.8 121.5 1.91 1.90 1.91 3.74 4.21 3.98 0.51 0.45 0.48 4%wet.S. 123.1 131.0 127.1 1.83 1.80 1.82 4.28 4.53 4.41 0.43 0.40 0.42 500+2% 124.7 131.3 128.0 1.64 1.52 1.58 5.05 5.07 5.06 0.32 0.30 0.31

500+4% 127.8 141.3 134.6 1.45 1.35 1.40 4.63 5.32 4.98 0.31 0.25 0.28 750+2% 123.9 155.5 139.7 1.96 1.82 1.89 4.18 4.92 4.55 0.47 0.37 0.42 750+4% 117.5 159.0 138.3 2.01 1.83 1.92 3.56 3.86 3.71 0.56 0.47 0.52

1000+2% 116.0 127.3 121.7 2.03 1.87 1.95 3.37 3.6 3.49 0.60 0.52 0.56 1000+4% 115.0 119.0 117.0 2.1 1.89 2.00 3.38 3.48 3.43 0.62 0.54 0.58

Mean 112.7 128.4 1.94 1.85 3.96 4.22 0.51 0.45

L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.11 S = 0.16 Interaction =0.19

L.S.D.at 5% SoxB=0.018 S = 0.019 Interaction = 0.043

L.S.D. at 5%SoxB = 0.59 S = 0.85 Interaction = 0.10

L.S.D.at 5% SoxB =0.001 S =0.001 Interaction =0.12

2008-2009 Cont. 76.3 78.3 77.3 2.22 2.12 2.17 2.89 3.28 3.09 0.77 0.65 0.71

500 kg.S. 137.6 151.2 144.4 1.53 1.52 1.53 4.11 4.85 4.48 0.37 0.31 0.34 750 kg.S 128.7 139.8 134.3 1.64 1.58 1.61 3.77 4.45 4.11 0.44 0.36 0.40

1000 kg.s. 117.3 129.6 123.5 1.65 1.61 1.63 3.48 4.22 3.85 0.47 0.38 0.43 Water 79.6 112.1 95.9 1.83 1.81 1.82 3.38 3.53 3.45 0.54 0.51 0.53

2%wet.S. 122.7 129.8 126.3 1.64 1.6 1.62 3.73 4.18 3.95 0.44 0.38 0.41 4%wet.S. 128.5 148.8 138.7 1.51 1.49 1.50 3.97 4.76 4.37 0.38 0.31 0.35 500+2% 131.3 141.2 136.3 1.31 1.29 1.30 4.57 4.59 4.58 0.29 0.28 0.29 500+4% 136.1 147.5 141.8 1.2 1.19 1.20 4.76 4.87 4.82 0.25 0.24 0.25 750+2% 125.7 164.3 145.0 1.65 1.51 1.58 4.27 4.76 4.51 0.39 0.32 0.36 750+4% 130.0 169.6 149.8 1.69 1.55 1.62 3.97 4.15 4.06 0.43 0.37 0.40

1000+2% 127.3 136.1 131.7 1.74 1.57 1.66 3.95 4.03 3.99 0.44 0.39 0.42

1000+4% 121.4 124.4 122.9 1.81 1.59 1.70 3.85 4.03 3.94 0.47 0.39 0.43 Mean 120.2 136.4 1.65 1.57 3.90 4.29 0.44 0.38



L.S.D. at 5% SoxB = 0.11 S = 0.19 Interaction =0.53

L.S.D. at 5% SoxB =0.007 S =0.008 Interaction =0.088



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Table 3: Effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) on fresh weight (g), dry weight of bulb (g) and dry matter of bulb (%) of Chinese garlic at 140 days old

Characteristics. Fresh weight of bulb (g) Dry weight of bulb (g) Dry matter of bulb (%)

Season 2007-2008

Treatments without withSoxB Mean without with SoxB Mean without with SoxB Mean

Cont. 26.1 29.0 27.6 8.3 8.7 8.5 0.32 0.30 0.31 500 kg.S. 38.1 39.6 38.9 13.1 13.3 13.2 0.34 0.34 0.34 750 kg.S. 34.2 36.0 35.1 15.9 16.7 16.3 0.46 0.46 0.46 1000 kgS. 35.3 36.5 35.9 12.6 12.8 12.7 0.36 0.35 0.36

Water 30.1 31.7 30.9 12.2 12.9 12.6 0.41 0.41 0.41 2% wet.S. 32.1 34.6 33.4 13.0 14.4 13.7 0.40 0.42 0.41 4% wet.S. 33.3 36.2 34.8 14.3 15.1 14.7 0.43 0.42 0.43 500+2% 41.0 43.8 42.4 16.7 15.5 16.1 0.41 0.35 0.38 500+4% 38.8 41.6 40.2 17.4 17.6 17.5 0.45 0.42 0.44 750+2% 38.0 40.2 39.1 17.0 17.5 17.3 0.45 0.44 0.45 750+4% 34.6 35.3 35.0 16.4 16.6 16.5 0.47 0.47 0.47 1000+2% 34.9 35.3 35.1 15.3 16.3 15.8 0.44 0.46 0.45 1000+4% 34.6 34.8 34.7 15.3 15.8 15.6 0.44 0.45 0.45

Mean 34. 7 36.5 14.4 14.9 38.9 43.7 L.S.D. at 5% SoxB = 3.72

S = 6.39 Interaction =2.41


L.S.D. at 5% SoxB = 0.18 S =0.017 Interaction =0.13

2008-2009 Cont. 28.1 31.0 29.6 11.1 12.6 11.9 0.40 0.41 0.40

500 kg.S. 40.0 44.0 42.0 13.2 17.6 15.1 0.33 0.40 0.37 750 kg.S. 39.1 40.5 39.8 16.5 16.7 16.6 0.42 0.41 0.42 1000 kg.S 36.0 39.6 37.8 15.9 15.8 16.3 0.44 0.40 0.42

Water 31.4 35.8 33.6 13 13.7 13.4 0.41 0.38 0.40 2% wet.S. 34.1 38.1 36.1 14.2 14.8 14.5 0.42 0.39 0.40 4% wet.S. 35.3 39.1 37.2 14.6 15.6 15.1 0.41 0.40 0.41 500+2% 38.6 46.3 42.5 15.7 16.3 15.9 0.41 0.35 0.38 500+4% 40.5 43.3 41.9 17.4 18.4 17.9 0.43 0.42 0.43 750+2% 39.4 43.0 41.2 18.3 18.5 18.5 0.46 0.43 0.45 750+4% 37.6 40.2 38.9 17.3 17.6 17.5 0.46 0.44 0.45 1000+2% 36.1 40.2 38.2 16.5 16.9 16.6 0.46 0.42 0.44 1000+4% 34.7 40.1 37.4 15.3 16.5 15.9 0.44 0.41 0.43

Mean 36.2 40.1 15.3 16.2 0.42 0.40 L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.51 S = 0.56 Interaction =0.68




wettable sulphur combined with sulphur oxidizing bacteria gave the highest dry weight of leaves and plant. The increases were significant in both growing seasons. Obtained results indicated the significant effect of bacterial inoculation combined with 750 k g. agricultural sulphur plus 4 % wettable sulphur on plant height, number of leaves, leaves fresh weight leaves dry matter %, plant fresh weight bulb and neck diameter and bulbing ratio. While adding bacteria without sulphur increased percent of leaves dry matter. The positive effect of agricultural sulphur plus wettable sulphur combined with sulphur oxidizing bacteria on plant growth may be due to the role of sulfur as a soil amendment and as an essential nutrient to crops grown in calcareous soils. The biochemical oxidation of sulphur produces H2SO4 which decrease soil pH and solubilizes CaCO3 in alkaline calcareous soils to make soil conditions more favorable for plants growth which reflected on increasing of nutrients availability for plant (Abdou, 2006; El-Tarabily et al., 2006; Heydarnezhad et al., 2012 and Hassan et al., 2014). Also, Fatemeh et al., (2012) and Shaheen (2013) showed that addition of 0.5 % wettable sulphur is essential for nutrient availability in calcareous soils and increased all the investigated growth parameters. Obtained results indicated that sulphur facilitated the solubility of the P, Fe and Zn by soil microorganism.

Yield and its components:-

Effects of sulphur oxidizing bacteria:-

Results in Tables (4 & 5) showed that inoculation with sulphur oxidizing bacteria increased yield of garlic, fresh and dry weight of bulb, bulb diameter, number and weight of cloves/bulb and bulb dry matter but decreased neck diameter and bulbing ratio when compared with un-inoculated treatment. The effect of bio fertilizer may be due to the effect of nutrients mobilizing microorganisms which improved nutrients availability and increased level of extractable minerals. Bacteria improved yield and its components by the production and exudation of different growth promoting substances such as phytohormones and vitamins, which led to increasing growth and yield of the crop (Ali et al., 2008). The results of bio-S-fertilizer on growth parameters obtained in this study were in agreement with those obtained by Deluca et al., (1989), Ahmed et al., (2003), Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007), Nemat et al., (2011), Mohsen (2012), Shaheen et al., (2013) and Amal et al., (2014).The favorable effect of sulphur oxidizing bacteria on yield and its components of onion and garlic may due to that bio-S-fertilizer enhanced sulpher solubilization (El-Sheekh, 1997, El-Tarabily et al,. 2006 and Hassan et al., 2014).


452

Table 4: Effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) on yield (ton/fed), fresh weight of bulb, dry weight of bulb (g) and dry matter of bulb of Chinese garlic at 185 days old.

Characteristics. Yield (Ton/fed.) Fresh weight of bulb (g) Dry weight of bulb (g) Dry matter of bulb (%)

Season 2007-2008

Treatments without with SoxB Mean without with SoxB Mean without with SoxB Mean without with SoxB Mean

Cont. 4.82 5.15 4.99 45.7 48.5 47.1 9.5 10.7 10.1 0.21 0.22 0.22 500 kg.S. 7.93 8.32 8.13 57.1 61.5 59.3 16.5 17.6 17.1 0.29 0.29 0.29 750 kg.S. 7.31 7.14 7.23 69.4 78.1 73.8 15.9 16.6 16.3 0.23 0.21 0.22 1000kg.S 6.13 6.88 6.51 66.8 75.4 71.1 15.6 14 14.8 0.23 0.19 0.21

Water 5.32 5.65 5.49 50.1 63.3 56.7 10.1 10.6 10.4 0.2 0.17 0.19

2% wet.S. 6.95 6.63 6.79 62.5 76.5 69.5 10.2 11.3 10.8 0.16 0.15 0.16 4%wet.S. 8.42 8.67 8.55 65.3 79.5 72.4 13.9 14.8 14.4 0.21 0.19 0.20 500+2% 8.78 9.22 9.00 80.6 85.3 83.0 14.5 14.4 14.5 0.18 0.17 0.18

500+4% 9.34 10.33 9.84 83.6 86 84.8 15.9 16.3 16.1 0.19 0.19 0.19 750+2% 9.25 9.94 9.60 87.1 91.1 89.1 16.7 18.6 17.7 0.19 0.2 0.20 750+4% 8.89 9.67 9.28 88.5 95.5 92.0 18.8 20 19.4 0.21 0.21 0.21

1000+2% 8.23 9.54 8.89 78.3 91.2 84.8 13.7 14.3 14.0 0.17 0.16 0.17 1000+4% 7.76 9.35 8.56 73.1 84.2 78.7 12.7 13.4 13.1 0.17 0.16 0.17

Mean 7.63 8.19 69.9 78.2 14.2 14.8 0.20 0.19


L.S.D.at 5% SoxB = 0.56 S =0.76

Interaction = 1.00

L.S.D.at 5% SoxB =0.09 S =0.12 Interaction =0.12

L.S.D.at 5% SoxB =0.006 S =0.007 Interaction = 0.004

2008-2009 Cont. 4.60 5.21 4.91 44.2 50.3 47.3 11.0 11.4 11.2 0.25 0.23 0.24

500 kg.s. 6.65 8.50 7.58 58.9 63.3 61.1 14.4 17.9 16.2 0.24 0.28 0.26 750 kg.s. 7.50 8.42 7.96 79.9 71.2 75.6 14.6 14.8 14.7 0.18 0.21 0.20 1000kg.s. 7.23 8.10 7.67 77.2 68.6 72.9 14.1 14.8 14.5 0.18 0.22 0.20

Water 5.54 6.80 6.17 65.1 64.9 65.0 11.5 12.5 12.0 0.24 0.19 0.18 2%wet.S. 7.00 8.23 7.62 67.1 65.3 66.2 15.0 15.4 15.2 0.22 0.24 0.23 4%wet.S. 8.56 8.60 8.58 81.3 78.3 79.8 18.0 17.2 17.6 0.22 0.22 0.22 500+2% 9.11 9.44 9.28 89.1 85.4 87.3 17.6 18.8 18.2 0.20 0.22 0.21 500+4% 9.60 9.21 9.41 88.3 87.8 88.1 18.6 19.0 18.8 0.21 0.22 0.21 750+2% 9.00 9.80 9.40 87.9 92.9 90.4 19.2 20.2 19.7 0.22 0.22 0.22 750+4% 9.43 11.90 10.67 89.3 91.3 90.3 21.3 22.7 22.0 0.24 0.25 0.24 1000+2% 8.44 10.24 9.34 80.1 97.3 88.7 17.1 17.4 17.3 0.21 0.18 0.20 1000+4% 7.90 9.11 8.51 74.9 86 80.5 14.7 15.7 15.2 0.20 0.18 0.24

Mean 7.74 8.74 75.6 77.1 15.9 16.8 0.21 0.22 L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB =0.10 S =0.13 Interaction =0.43


L.S.D. at 5% SoxB =0.15 S =0.32

Interaction =0.17

L.S.D.at 5%SoxB = n.s S =0.01 Interaction = 0.006


Table 5: Effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) on neck and bulb diameter (cm), bulbing ratio, No. and wt.

(g) of cloves of Chinese garlic at 185 days old. Characteristics. Neck diameter (cm) Bulb diameter (cm) Bulbing ratio No. of cloves /bulb wt. (g) of cloves

Season 2007-2008 Treatments without with

SoxB Mean without with

SoxB Mean withou

t with SoxB



Mean

Cont. 1.25 1.00 1.13 4.43 4.60 4.52 0.28 0.22 0.25 21.0 20.8 20.9 2.23 2.32 2.28 500 kg.S 0.55 0.53 0.54 5.23 5.50 5.37 0.11 0.10 0.11 16.6 15.7 16.2 4.91 5.24 5.08 750 kg.S. 0.57 0.55 0.56 6.7 6.87 6.79 0.09 0.08 0.09 15.9 15.0 15.5 4.44 4.65 4.55 1000kg.s. 0.88 0.72 0.80 6.17 6.73 6.45 0.14 0.11 0.13 17.3 17.0 17.2 3.55 3.94 3.75

Water 1.15 0.95 1.05 5.1 5.33 5.22 0.23 0.18 0.21 20.0 19.0 19.5 2.63 3.27 2.95 2%wet.S. 1.00 0.88 0.94 5.57 6.30 5.94 0.18 0.13 0.16 19.0 18.4 18.7 3.46 3.81 3.64 4%wet.S. 0.88 0.74 0.81 5.7 6.57 6.14 0.13 0.10 0.12 17.5 17.0 17.3 4.27 4.77 4.52 500+2% 0.75 0.65 0.70 6.03 6.77 6.40 0.13 0.10 0.12 18.8 16.6 17.7 4.88 4.97 4.93 500+4% 0.52 0.44 0.48 6.63 6.93 6.78 0.09 0.06 0.08 17.6 16.0 16.8 5.67 5.96 5.82 750+2% 0.56 0.51 0.54 6.23 7.00 6.62 0.09 0.07 0.08 17.5 15.6 16.6 5.29 5.53 5.41 750+4% 0.63 0.57 0.60 6.77 7.40 7.09 0.09 0.08 0.09 18.3 18.5 18.4 4.85 5.25 5.05

1000+2% 0.76 0.68 0.72 5.63 6.87 6.25 0.14 0.10 0.12 19.0 18.5 18.8 4.33 4.64 4.49 1000+4% 0.77 0.66 0.72 5.73 6.63 6.18 0.13 0.10 0.12 20.0 18.4 19.2 3.96 4.25 4.11

Mean 0.79 0.68 5.84 6.42 0.13 0.10 18.3 17.4 4.1 4.19 4.51


L.S.D. at 5 % SoxB = 0.13 S = 0.21 Interaction =0.24

L.S.D. at5% SoxB = 0.003 S = 0.009 Interaction =0.04

L.S.D.at 5% SoxB = 0.40 S = 0.70 Interaction =0.83

L.S.D. at 5% SoxB=0.0.02 S = 0.01 Interaction =0.13

2008-2009 Cont. 1.17 0.92 1.05 4.63 4.83 4.73 0.25 0.19 0.22 20.3 19.5 19.9 2.24 2.62 2.43

500 kg.S. 0.47 0.45 0.46 5.53 5.83 5.68 0.08 0.08 0.08 16.2 15.0 15.6 3.66 4.29 3.98 750 kg.S. 0.49 0.47 0.48 6.73 7.00 6.87 0.07 0.07 0.07 15.6 14.6 15.1 5.15 6.34 5.75 1000kg.s. 0.80 0.64 0.72 6.27 6.57 6.42 0.13 0.10 0.12 17.5 17.2 17.4 3.53 4.00 3.77

Water 1.07 0.87 0.97 5.40 5.40 5.40 0.20 0.16 0.18 18.9 18.6 18.8 3.41 3.87 3.64 2%wet.S. 0.92 0.80 0.86 5.70 5.70 5.70 0.16 0.14 0.15 18.0 18.0 18.0 3.76 4.46 4.11 4%wet.S. 0.80 0.66 0.73 6.73 7.67 7.20 0.12 0.09 0.11 17.5 16.6 17.1 4.57 4.53 4.55

500+2% 0.67 0.57 0.62 6.73 6.63 6.68 0.10 0.06 0.08 18.3 16.0 17.2 4.76 5.29 5.03 500+4% 0.44 0.36 0.40 7.03 6.87 6.95 0.06 0.05 0.06 17.5 15.3 16.4 4.70 5.82 5.26 750+2% 0.48 0.43 0.46 7.03 7.30 7.17 0.07 0.06 0.07 18.4 15.0 16.7 5.25 6.24 5.75 750+4% 0.55 0.49 0.52 7.13 7.90 7.52 0.08 0.06 0.07 17.8 16.7 17.3 5.16 5.55 5.36

1000+2% 0.68 0.60 0.64 6.93 6.80 6.87 0.10 0.09 0.10 17.9 17.9 17.9 4.54 5.65 5.10 1000+4% 0.69 0.58 0.64 5.80 6.67 6.24 0.12 0.09 0.11 18.5 17.2 17.9 4.17 5.00 4.59

Mean 0.71 0.60 6.28 6.55 0.12 0.10 17.9 16.7 4.22 4.90 L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.03 S = 0.04 Interaction =0.04




L.S.D.at5%SoxB=0.0.04 S = 0.02 Interaction =0.19

500,750, 1000 kg. S /fed. soil addition (agricultural sulphur).,2%, 4% wettable sulphur foliar spray. (SoxB) sulphur oxidizing bacteria


453

Effects of sulphur:- Data in Tables (4 and 5) revealed that total yield, fresh and dry weight of bulb, bulb dry matter, bulb and neck diameter, bulbing ratio, number and weight of cloves /bulb were significantly improved with both agricultural sulphur added to the soil or wettable sulphur foliary sprayed. Regarding agricultural sulphur, the maximum values of bulb diameter and weight and bulb yield were obtained in case of using agricultural sulphur at rate of 750 kg./fed.. These finding were completely true in both seasons, except dry weight of bulb which reached highest values with rate of 500 kg. agricultural S /fed. These results might be attributed to the favorable effect of sulphur on reducing soil pH, increasing soil particles flocculation, thereby improving soil structure and increasing the availability of certain plant nutrients in the soil (Diriba et al., 2014). Another possibility could be due either to the fact that sulphur is required with greater supplies for garlic than other crops or for the synthesis of co-enzyme and amino acid for protein elaboration and for the formation of certain disulphide linkages that have been associated with structural characteristics of plant protoplasm (Marschner, 1995). In addition, the influence of sulphur on the yield of garlic could be attributed to its important role in plant protein and some hormones formation. Also, sulphur is necessary for enzymatic action, chlorophyll formation, synthesis of certain amino acids and vitamins, hence it helped to have a good vegetative growth leading to get high yield of garlic (Diriba et al., 2014). Moreover, the increment of onion bulb yield with 750 kg S/fed. might be due to the increase of the vegetative structures formation for nutrient absorption and photosynthesis and increase production of assimilates to fill the sinks, resulting in increasing bulb yield (Abd El-Fattah et al., 1992). Similar results using onion plants treated with sulphur fertilization have been reported by (Dabhi et al., 2004; Jaggi, 2005 and Nasreen et al., 2005). Obtained results also suggested that sulphur deficiency has adverse effect on yield of garlic. Increasing sulphur availability has been associated with increasing yield, bulb weight, bulb diameter and dry weight of garlic (Farooqui et al., 2009). In the same regard, Mohsen (2012) showed that sulphur fertilizer significantly increased bulb dry matter of onion and cucumber. In addition, Ahmad and Al-Fraihat (2009) reported that application of 200 kg N/ha + 100 kg S/ha increased the total and marketable yield of onion. The role of sulphur in soil is very important for plant to optimize crop yield and quality (Abd El-Fattah et al., 1992 and Jez, 2008). As for wettable sulphur, data presented in Tables (4 and 5) showed that garlic plants treated with wettable sulphur as foliar spray gave higher values of all measured yield parameters at 185 days old in both growing seasons when compared with control treatment. The higher dose of wettable sulphur 4% treatment recorded the heaviest bulb and yield of garlic plants in the first and second seasons as compared to the application of 2 % or control (spray water treatment). Such increase may be due to the increment of bulb size and weight. Also, the influence of wettable sulphur on the yield of potato could be attributed to an important role of sulphur in plant protein and some hormones formation, also sulphur is necessary for enzymatic action, chlorophyll formation, synthesis of certain amino acids and vitamins, hence it help to have a good vegetative growth leading to get high yield (Shaheen et al., 2013). This might be due to the improvement effect of sulphur on vegetative growth and accelerating the photosynthesis in storage organs of bulbs and increased allocation to the bulbs resulting in an increase of diameter and weight of the bulb. These results were in agreement with those of Jaggi (2005) and Ahmed and Al- Fraihat (2009). Sulphur can be oxidized in soil and produce sulphoric acid which resulted in the reduction of soil pH consequently releases the fixed nutrients such as Zn and makes them available and facilitates their absorption by plant roots (Dabhi et al., 2004). Concerning the effect of the two studied sources of sulphur, i.e. agricultural sulphur as soil addition and foliar spray with wettable sulphur on garlic yield and its components during the two growing seasons were shown in Tables (4 and 5) indicated that addition of agricultural sulphur in combination with sulphur foliar spray significantly increased all the investigated yield and its components parameters as compared with control treatments. Results, also, revealed that the highest values of the investigated yield and its components were, generally, recorded with soil application of agricultural sulphur at rate of 750 and 500 t/fed. combined with spraying wettable sulphur at the rate of 4%. Obtained results could be attributed to the role of sulphur as a soil amendment and as an essential nutrient to crops grown in calcareous soil or to the biochemical oxidation of sulphur produces H2SO4 which decreases soil pH and solubilizes CaCO3 in alkaline calcareous soils to make soil conditions more favorable for plants growth including the availability of plant nutrients leading to get high yield (Abdou 2006; El-Tarabily et al., 2006). Similar results were reported by, Coolong et al., (2004). Shortly, it could be stated that the obtained results indicated that each interaction factor might be act individually not independently. Effect of the interaction between sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria:- Data presented in Tables (4 and 5) showed that garlic plants treated with sulphur combined with sulphur oxidizing bacteria gave the highest values of yield and its components in both growing seasons when compared to single treatments. The best yield components were obtained with inoculation of sulphur oxidizing bacteria combined with soil application of agricultural sulphur at the rate of 750 t/fed. plus spraying wettable sulphur at the rate of 2 % followed by combined with agricultural sulphur at the rate of 750 t/fed. plus wettable sulphur at


454

the rate of 4 %. The least values of yield were recorded with control treatment. These findings were true during the two growing seasons. The highest weight of cloves/blub was recorded with plants treated with sulphur oxidizing bacteria combined with soil addition of 500 kg. agricultural sulphur plus foliar spray with 4 % wettable sulphur. On the other hand, neck diameter and bulbing ratio gave the best results which were significantly decreased. Obtained results were in agreement with those obtained by Ahmad and Al-Fraihat (2009), Nemat et al., (2011) and Heydarnezhad et al., (2012) who found that inoculation with sulphur oxidizing bacteria combined with sulphur increased yield of onion. Also, Deluca et al., (1989) found that, application sulphur plus Thiobasillus was the best treatment and can be recommended for onion. Mohsen (2012) added that the population of sulphur oxidizing bacteria was increased in the soil following treatment of onion with sulphur and the maximum bulb dry matter was obtained of 200 kg/ha sulphur application plus Thiobasillus. It could conclude that application of the bio-S-fertilizer increased yield and dry matter of garlic due to that bio-S-fertilizer enhanced sulphur solubilization (El-Sheekh, 1997 and Hassan et al., 2014). Also, the effect of bio fertilizer may be due to the effect of nutrients mobilizing microorganisms which help in availability of metals and increased level of extractable mineral (Ali et al., 2008 and Heydarnezhad et al., 2012). Obtained results agreed with those of Ahmed et al., (2003) and Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007) who mentioned that sulphur dissolving bacteria had the ability to bring sulphur in soluble forms consequently reduce pH and bring about the dissolution of bonds forms of sulpher and render then available for growing plants. Chemical composition of garlic bulb: Effects of sulphur oxidizing bacteria on Chemical composition:- Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur contents were significantly increased with sulphur oxidizing bacteria inoculation in both growing seasons as shown in Tables (6 and 7), while chloride and sodium contents were decreased with bacteria inoculation. The effect of bio fertilizer may be due to the effect of nutrients mobilizing microorganisms which helped in availability of metals and increased level of extractable mineral (Ali et al., 2008 and El-Tarabily et al., 2006). Obtained results were in agreement with those obtained by Ahmed et al., (2003), Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007), Shaheen et al., (2013), Hassan et al., (2014) and Mohamed et al, (2014). They mentioned that sulphur oxidizing bacteria reduced pH and increased the available macro and micro nutrients required for growing plants, except sodium and chloride. Effects of sulphur on Chemical composition:- Tables (6 and 7) demonstrated that the nutritional values of garlic bulb, i.e. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur, Chloride and Sodium contents were influenced by the application of agricultural sulphur as soil addition at different rates in both growing seasons. Results showed that the investigated nutrient contents, except sodium and chloride, in garlic bulb tissues were significantly higher with agricultural sulphur at rate of 500 or 750 kg. S/fed. when compared with sulphur treatment at rate 1000 kg. S/fed. or control (without sulphur addition) in both growing seasons of study. These results might be attributed to the favorable effect of sulphur on reducing soil pH, increase soil particles flocculation, thereby improving soil structure and increasing the availability of certain plant nutrients in the soil (Marschner, 1995). Sulphur application increased the uptake of N, P, K and S which might influence the synthesis and translocation of stored materials. Also, phosphorus and zinc availability were higher and prolonged with the application of sulphur due to lowering soil pH and releasing the fixed nutrients (Mohsen 2012 and Diriba et al,. 2014). Obtained results were in confirmation with those obtained by Abdallah et al., (2010) and Motior et al., (2011).

As for foliar spray with wettable sulphur, Tables (6 and 7) indicated that it significantly increased the element contents of garlic bulb tissues. These results were true in both growing seasons of study. The highest values of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur contents in garlic bulb tissues were obtained with wettable sulphur spray at concentrations 4% when compared to water spray. While sodium and chloride were decreased with wettable sulphur foliary sprayed; lower values were obtained with spraying 4% wettable sulphur in the two growing seasons. The positive effect of foliar spray treatments may be due to the effect of sulphur foliar spray on delivering nutrients immediately to the tissues and organs of crop and increasing quality. Anonymous (2004) revealed that foliar spray method surpassed soil addition with respect to nutrient contents and overcome the negative effect of stress conditions. These results were in accordance with those obtained by Dabhi et al., (2004), Jaggi (2005) and Abdou et al., (2011). They found that sulphur showed a positive response on the amendment of calcareous soil. Diriba et al., (2014) found that increasing sulphur rates tended to increase dry matter of garlic and N, P, K and S contents. Fatemeh et al., 2012 showed that elemental sulphur application considerably increased the electrical conductivity (EC) and the solubility of the P, Fe and Zn was significantly increased after 60 days of incubation with the application of 0.5% wt. sulphur. Data presented in Tables (6 and 7) indicated, also, that application of sulphur as soil addition plus foliar application of wettable sulphur significantly increased all the investigated chemical composition, except sodium and chloride, as compared with control treatment. Agricultural sulphur treatments as soil addition at rate of


455

Table 6: Effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of Chinese garlic at 185 days old.

Characteristics. Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus (%) Potassium (%).

Season 2007-2008

Treatments without with SoxB Mean

without with SoxB Mean

without with SoxB Mean

Cont. 3.23 3.31 3.27 0.15 0.16 0.16 1.06 1.15 1.11 500 kg.S. 4.12 4.34 4.23 0.34 0.35 0.35 2.00 2.14 2.07 750 kg. S 4.00 4.09 4.05 0.28 0.28 0.28 1.67 1.83 1.75 1000 kg S 3.83 3.89 3.86 0.26 0.3 0.28 1.85 2.01 1.93

Water 3.40 3.45 3.43 0.19 0.21 0.20 1.13 1.32 1.23 2% wet.S. 3.70 3.7 3.70 0.22 0.25 0.24 1.45 1.51 1.48 4% wet.S. 3.80 3.94 3.87 0.24 0.27 0.26 1.67 1.78 1.73 500+2% 4.00 4.23 4.12 0.35 0.35 0.35 1.90 1.94 1.92 500+4% 4.58 4.66 4.62 0.36 0.37 0.37 2.08 2.18 2.13 750+2% 4.50 4.64 4.57 0.35 0.36 0.36 2.05 2.16 2.11 750+4% 4.46 4.62 4.54 0.35 0.34 0.35 2.00 2.14 2.07

1000+2% 4.40 4.6 4.50 0.31 0.34 0.33 2.00 2.11 2.06 1000+4% 4.32 4.45 4.39 0.29 0.32 0.31 1.91 1.97 1.94

Mean 4.03 4.15 0.28 0.30 1.75 1.86


L.S.D. at 5% SoxB = 0.01 S =0.01 Interaction =0.04


2008-2009 Cont. 3.32 3.45 3.39 0.16 0.19 0.18 1.17 1.28 1.23

500 kg. S. 4.16 4.52 4.34 0.34 0.36 0.35 2.15 2.18 2.17 750 kg. S. 4.3 4.52 4.41 0.28 0.29 0.29 1.95 2.15 2.05 1000 kg.s. 3.53 4.13 3.83 0.27 0.31 0.29 1.99 2.1 2.05

Water 3.44 3.56 3.50 0.19 0.23 0.21 1.29 1.31 1.30 2% wet.S. 3.82 3.87 3.85 0.23 0.26 0.25 1.42 1.58 1.50 4% wet.S. 3.89 3.98 3.94 0.26 0.28 0.27 1.77 1.93 1.85 500+2% 4.28 4.35 4.32 0.36 0.37 0.37 1.97 1.98 1.98

500+4% 4.62 4.66 4.64 0.37 0.37 0.37 2.14 2.23 2.19 750+2% 4.55 4.61 4.58 0.36 0.36 0.36 2.16 2.25 2.21 750+4% 4.63 4.65 4.64 0.35 0.36 0.36 2.15 2.27 2.21

1000+2% 4.54 4.57 4.56 0.32 0.34 0.33 2.11 2.16 2.14 1000+4% 4.51 4.53 4.52 0.31 0.31 0.31 2.07 2.09 2.08

Mean 4.12 4.26 0.29 0.31 1.87 1.96


L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.01 S =0.03 Interaction = n.s

L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.08 S =0.07 Interaction =0.11


Table 7: Effect of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SoxB) on sulphur, chloride and sodium of Chinese garlic at 185 days old.

Characteristics. Sulphur (%) Chloride (%) Sodium (%) Season 2007-2008

Treatments without with SoxB Mean without with SoxB Mean without with SoxB Mean Cont. 0.51 0.58 0.55 1.33 1.22 1.28 0.85 0.83 0.84

500 kg.S. 0.65 0.67 0.66 1.08 0.97 1.03 0.66 0.64 0.65 750 kg. .S. 0.63 0.65 0.64 1.18 1.07 1.13 0.74 0.72 0.73 1000 kg.S 0.61 0.64 0.63 1.27 1.16 1.22 0.79 0.77 0.78

Water 0.53 0.57 0.55 1.3 1.20 1.25 0.83 0.81 0.82 2% wet.S. 0.57 0.59 0.58 1.15 1.04 1.10 0.75 0.73 0.74 4% wet.S. 0.58 0.62 0.60 1.11 1.00 1.06 0.72 0.7 0.71 500+2% 0.71 0.75 0.73 0.99 0.88 0.94 0.65 0.63 0.64 500+4% 0.75 0.77 0.76 0.96 0.85 0.91 0.63 0.61 0.62

750+2% 0.73 0.76 0.75 1 0.89 0.95 0.68 0.66 0.67 750+4% 0.74 0.75 0.75 1.12 1.01 1.07 0.72 0.7 0.71

1000+2% 0.68 0.68 0.68 1.21 1.10 1.16 0.74 0.72 0.73

1000+4% 0.65 0.65 0.65 1.28 1.17 1.23 0.77 0.75 0.76 Mean 0.64 0.67 1.15 1.04 0.73 0.71


L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.07 S =0.02 Interaction = n.s

L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.008 S = 0.009

Interaction =n.s

2008-2009 Cont. 0.55 0.60 0.58 1.27 1.24 1.26 0.81 0.78 0.80

500 kg. .S. 0.67 0.72 0.70 0.95 0.92 0.94 0.66 0.62 0.64

750 kg.s. 0.65 0.68 0.67 0.99 0.96 0.98 0.7 0.65 0.68 1000 kg.S. 0.63 0.65 0.64 1.00 0.97 0.99 0.78 0.76 0.77

Water 0.55 0.59 0.57 1.18 1.15 1.17 0.79 0.76 0.78

2% wet.S. 0.62 0.63 0.63 1.12 1.09 1.11 0.71 0.68 0.70 4% wet.S. 0.64 0.71 0.68 1.05 1.02 1.04 0.73 0.71 0.72 500+2% 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.93 0.90 0.92 0.64 0.58 0.61 500+4% 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.89 0.86 0.88 0.61 0.59 0.60 750+2% 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.94 0.91 0.93 0.65 0.62 0.64 750+4% 0.71 0.73 0.72 1.06 1.03 1.05 0.71 0.67 0.69

1000+2% 0.68 0.70 0.69 1.15 1.12 1.14 0.8 0.7 0.75 1000+4% 0.65 0.68 0.67 1.22 1.19 1.21 0.79 0.71 0.75

Mean 0.66 0.69 1.06 1.03 0.72 0.68 L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.008

S = 0.009 Interaction =0.044

L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.01 S =0.13 Interaction =n.s

L.S.D. at 5% for SoxB = 0.004 S =0.005 Interaction =0.009


either 500 or 750 kg S /fed. plus 2% wettable sulphur gave the highest values of all chemical composition. The results were true in both growing seasons. On the contrary, sodium and chloride of garlic bulb tissues were decreased with increasing the level of agricultural sulphur application as soil addition and foliar spray as wettable sulphur when compared to other treatments. The lowest contents of both sodium and chloride were


456

obtained with 500 kg.S./fed. plus either 2% or 4% wettable sulphur when compare to control treatments. These results were in accordance with Farooqui et al., (2009), Abdallah et al., (2010), Abdou et al., (2011), Mohsen (2012) and Diriba et al., (2014). Effect of the interaction between sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria:- Data shown in Tables (6 and 7) indicated that the highest values of N, P, K and S were obtained with inoculation of sulphur oxidizing bacteria combined with agricultural sulphur as soil addition either at rate of 500 or 750 kg S/fed.plus foliar spray with wettable sulphur at concentration of 4% in both growing seasons as compared with control treatments. On the other hand, inoculation sulphur oxidizing bacteria combined with soil addition of agricultural sulphur or foliar spray with wettable sulphur decreased Na and Cl content in garlic bulb tissues when compare to other treatments. Mohsen (2012) found that using 200 kg/ha sulfur and thiobasillus increased absorption of P, Fe, Zn of onion.These results were in accordance with Dabhi et al., (2004), Jaggi (2005), Abdou (2006), Abdou et al., (2011), Fatma et al., (2012) and Hassan et al., (2014). Correlations: Of great important was the question in how far the total yield of garlic (ton/fed.) was correlated with either bulb weight (gm) or the contents of S, N, P or K %. It can be seen from Fig. (1) that there were highly significant positive correlations between the total yield of garlic and either bulb weight, S, N, P, or K content. Correlation coefficients (r) were, 0.782, 0.891, 0.929, 0.917 and 0.881 in the first season, respectively. Corresponding coefficients in the second season were 0.754, 0.847, 0.870, 0.871, and 0.826 respectively. Linear regression of garlic yield (ton/fed.) on the investigated independent variables showed that regression coefficients were 0.313 and 0.314 for bulb weight (gm),18.7 and 20.2 for sulphur content (% ), 3.29 and 3.01 for nitrogen, 21.8 and 21.3 for phosphorus (%), and 4.08 and 3.60 for potassium (%) in the first and second season, respectively. This indicated that for each one gram increase of bulb weight, yield of garlic correspondingly increased by 0.313 to 0.314 (ton/fed.). Also, for each one percent increase of sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, yield correspondingly increased by 18.7 to 20.2, 3.29 to 3.01, 21.8 to 21.3 and 4.08 to 3.60, respectively.

Fig. 1: Relationships between total yield of garlic (ton/fed.) and either bulb weight (g) and its mineral contents

of S,N, P or K. Regression lines, correlation equations and coefficients (r), coefficients of determination ( r² ) and regression coefficients (b) were shown.

Regression of garlic yield ( ton/fed.) on bulb weight ( gm ),

Y = - 3.255 + 0.313 X, r = 0.782. r 2 = 0.611, b = 0.313.

First season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Bulb weight ( gm )

Gar

lic y

ield

(ton

/fed.

)

Regression of garlic yield (ton/fed. ) on bulb weight (gm ),

Y = - 3.73 + 0.313 X, r = 0.753, r 2 = 0.528, b = 0.313.

Second season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Bulb weight ( gm )

gar

lic y

ield

(ton

/fed.

)

Regression of garlic yield (ton/fed.) on sulphur content ( % )

Y = - 4.367 + 18.71X, r = 891, r 2 = 0.793, b = 18.7 First season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Sulphur content ( % )

Gar

llic

yiel

d (to

n/fe

d.)

Regression of garlic yield (ton/fed.) on sulphur content ( % )

Y = - 5.513 + 20.2 X, r =0.847, r 2 = 0.717, b = 20.2 Second

season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Sulphur content ( % )

G

arlic

yie

ld (t

on/fe

d)

Regression of garlic yield(ton/fed.) on nitrogen content ( % ) ,

Y = - 50.54 + 3.29 X, r = 0.929, r 2 = 0.862, b = 3.29 .First season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Nitrogen content (% )

G

arlic

yield

(ton/f

ed.

)

Regression of garlic yield (ton/fed.) on nitrogen content (% )

Y = , r = , r 2 = b= , Second season.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Nitrogen content ( % )

Garlic

yield

(ton/f

ed.

)

Regression of garlic yield ( ton/fed.) on phosphorus content

( % ) Y = 1.474 + 21.8, r = 0.917, r 2 = 0.841, b = 21.8. First

season.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Phosphorus content percentage

Garl

ic yie

ld ( to

n/fed

.

)

Regressionof garlic yield ( ton/fed.)on phosphorus content ( % ),

Y = 1.8 + 21.26

r = 0.871 ,r 2 = 0.0.758, b = 21.26.Second season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Phosphrus content ( % )

Garl

ic yie

ld (to

n/fed

. )

Regression of garlic yield (ton/fed.) on potassium content

(%), Y = 0.527 + 4.08 X, r = 0.881, r 2 = 0.777, b = 4.08. First

season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Potassium content ( % )

Garl

ic yie

ld (to

n/fed

. )

Regression of garlic yield (ton/fed.) on potassium content (%),

Y = 1.323 + 3.6 X, r = 0.826, r 2 = 0.68.2, b = 3.6. Second season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Potassium content ( % )

Garl

ic yie

ld (to

n/fed

. )


457

Conclusions Under saline conditions of Ras Sudr, South Sinai Governorate, garlic treated with sulphur oxidizing bacteria combined with soil addition of agricultural sulphur at rate of 750 followed by 500 kg S/fed plus foliar spray with wettable sulphur at concentration of 4% is advisable for better growth of garlic plants (Chinese cultivar) and to ensure high yield and good garlic bulb quality either physical or chemical properties.

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