effect of salinity on vines and wines ben ami bravdo the hebrew university of jerusalem
TRANSCRIPT
THE CAUSES OF SOIL SALINITY
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SALTS IN IRRIGATION WATER OR FERTILIZER
INSUFFICIENT IRRIGATION TO LEACH SALT OUT OF THE ROOT ZONE
POOR SOIL STRUCTURE THAT LIMITS DRAINAGE OR LEACHING OF SALTS OUT OF THE ROOT ZONE
NON UNIFORM WATER APPLICATION ACROSS THE IRRIGATED AREA, RESULTING IN LOCALIZED PATHCHES OF
INADEQCUATE LEACHING
SALINATION OF THE ROOT ZONE BY HIGH WATER TABLES WHICH MAY BRING SALTS FROM OTHER AREAS OR FROM SOIL
THE BELOW
AUSTRALIAN SOURCES
SENSITIVE TO MODERATELY SENSITIVE 3.6dS/m
OWN ROOTS –V.VINIFERA e.g. SULTANA,SHIRAZ,CHARDONNAY
MODERATELY TOLERANT TO TOLERANT 6.6 dS/m
ROOTSTOCKS: e.g. RAMSEY, 1103 PAULSEN, 140 RUGGERI, 101-14,RUPESTRIS ST. GEORGE
1.22.7
4.2Salt creeck
Ruggeri
Cc
Bb
BaAc AbAa
0
5000
10000
Concentration (ppm)
Salinity (dS/m
EFFECT O F SALINITY O N PETIO LE CHLO RIDE CO NTENT CV CABERNET SAUVIGNO N O N 2 RO O TSTO CKS AT BLO O M R.
NEGEV 1996
Salt creeck
Ruggeri
1.2 2.7 4.2
RUGGERI
SALT CREEK
aa a
a a a
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
CO
NT
EN
T
(pp
m)
SALINITY TREATMENTS (ds/m)
FIG 1 : EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON PETIOLE Cl CONTENT, RAMAT NEGEV 25/8/96
RUGGERI
SALT CREEK
1.22.74.2
RUGGERI
SALT CREEK
aa a
a
b
b
010002000
30004000
5000
CO
NT
EN
T
(pp
m)
SALINITY TREATMENTS
(dS/m)
EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON Cl BLADES CONTENT RAMAT NEGEV 5/5/96
RUGGERI
SALT CREEK
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON , RAMAT NEGEV SPRING 2/5/99
b bb
aa
a
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1.2 2.7 4.2
salinity
Cl-
[pp
m]
ruggeri
salt creek
A
C
B
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON , RAMAT NEGEV
SUMMER 8/8/99
AA
B
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1.2 2.7 4.2
salinity
CL-
[ppm
]
ruggeri
salt creek
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN BLADES, CABERNET SAUVIGNON, RAMAT NEGEV
(8.8. 99)
B
A A
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1.2 2.7 4.2
SALINITY
CL-
[pp
m]ruggeri
salt cr.
FIG.13 EFFECT OF SEASONS ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON ON TWO ROOTS STOCK
RUGGERI AND SALT CREEK, RAMAT NEGEV
1996 1997 1998 1999
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
rsm
s.csm
rspr
s.cspr
rsm
s.csm
rspr
s.cspr
rsm
s.csm
rspr
s.cspr
rsm
s.csm
rspr
s.cspr
Cl-
(p
pm
)
MIN
MAX
r =ruggeri sm =summers.c =salt creek spr =spring
FIG 5. CUMULATIVE Cl- CONCENTRATIONS IN CABERNET SAUVIGNON BLADES ON TWO ROOTSTOCK RUGGERI AND SALT
CREEK, RAMAT NEGEV
1996 1997 1998 1999
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
rsm
scsm
rspr
scspr
rsm
scsm
rspr
scspr
rsm
scsm
rspr
scspr
rsm
scsm
rspr
scspr
MIN
MAX
RU
GG
ER
I
SA
LT C
RE
EK
1.22.7
4.2
b a
ab aa
a
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
CO
NT
EN
T
(pp
m) 1.2
2.7
4.2
SALINITY dS/m
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON PETIOLE Na CONTENT OF CABERNET SAUVIGNON AT BLOOM RAMAT NEGEV 1999
1.2 2.7 4.2
ruggeri
Ca
Ba Aa
Ca
Ba
Aa
0
5000
10000
15000
pp
m
SALINITY
A: salinitya:
EEFECT OF SALINITY ON Na PETIOLE CONTENTRAMAT NEGEV AUGUST 97
1.22.7
4.2
ruggeri
salt creek
Ba Ba
Aa
Aa Aa Ab
0100200
300
400500
600
700
ppm
salinity (dS/m)
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON CABERNET SAUVIGNON BLADE Na CONTENT AT BLOOM. RAMAT NEGEV 1996
ruggeri
salt creek
EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON CHLORIDE CONTENT OF PETIOLES AT BLOOM SDE BOKER 1999
B
BB
B
A
A
AA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Cabernet s. Chardonnay Merlot Sauvignon b.
VARIETY
CL
- [
ppm
]
RUGG
S.CREEK
b aabb
EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON CHLORIDE CONTENT OF BLADES AT BLOOM SDE BOKER 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Cabernet.s. Chardonnay Merlot Savignon b.
VARIETY
CL-
[ppm
]
RUGG
S.CREEK
A ABBAB
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON LEAF CL Sauv.Blanc 23.5.08
R. Negev
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
101/14 216/3 paulsen ruggeriroots toc k
1.2
2.7
4.2
A
A
A
AB
B
A
ABB
A
A
A
A
ppm
salinity
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON LEAF CL CONTENT Sauv Blanc 08.08
R. NEGEV
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
101/14 216/3 P AUL S E N R UG G E R I
roots toc k
ppm
1.2
2.7
4.2
B
AB
A
A
B
AB
AA
A
AA
A
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON LEAF Na CONTENT Sauv. Blanc
23.05.08 R. Negev
020406080
100120140160180200
101/14 216/3 P AUL S E N R UG G E R I
roots toc k
ppm
1.2
2.7
4.2
A
A AA
AA
A
A
AA
A
A
salinity
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Na LEAF CONTENT Sauv.Blanc 08.08
R. NEGEV
050
100150200250300350400450500
101/14 216/3 P AUL S E N ruggeri
roots toc k
ppm
1.2
2.7
4.2A
A
A
AA A
AA
A
A
AA
Ds/m
1.22.7
4.2
mulched
control
Ba Ba
Aa
BbABa
Ab0
100
200
300
400
500
Na (ppm)
SALINITY dS/m
EFFECT OF MULCHING ON Na SOIL CONTENT AT 30-60cm DEPTH Sauvignon Blanc R. NEGEV 2001
A: salinitya:mulch
. EFFECT OF SLINE WATER IRRIGATION ON CROP YIELD OF CABERNET SAUVIGNON R.N
1999
BAB
A
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1.2 2.7 4.2
SALINITY (dS/m)
Kg/
0.1h
a ruggeri
s.creek
EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON PHENOLS CONTENT OF CABERNET SAUVIGNON
WINES R.N. 1999
AB
0
200
400
600
800
1000
RUGGERI SALT CREEKROOTSTOCK
mg
/ l
EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON MUST BRIX - RAMAT NEGEV CABERNET SAUVIGNON 12/8/96+21/8/96
b
a
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
ruggeri salt creek
BR
IX
(%)
B
A
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
Ruggeri Salt Creeck
aroma compounds
%
area
EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON LIMONENE 1 CONTENT OF MUST R.N.1999
EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON WINE HARMONY - RAMAT NEGEV CABERNET SAUVIGNON
21/8/96
aaa
b
aa
1112131415
1.2 2.7 4.2
SALINITY TREATMENTS (dS/m)ruggeri
salt creek
EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON SENSORY EVALUATION SCORE R.N 1999
B
A
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
Ruggeri Salt creeck
Rootstock
sco
re
List of sixteen volatiles (some of them unidentified) out of thirty-six compounds in the 1997 wines which were found to be significantly affected by saline water irrigation treatments:
Scan # Order Name Ion trace
228 1* 1-butanol (?) 41
236 2* Amyl acetate (iso or N) 70
265 3* Oxirane (4 methyl 2,3 epoxy pentane) 41
308 4* ? 70
318 5 Hexanoic acid hexyl ester 144
342 6 Acetic acid hexyl ester 61
350 7 ? 77
376 8 ? 55 + 56
382 9 Propanoic acid, 2 hydroxy ethyl ester 45 + 118389 10 1 Hexanol 84394 11 3 Methyl 1,4 Pentadiene 67400 12* ? 58427 13 Octanoic acid ethyl ester 172434 14* acetic acid 60 + 61482 15* ? 56486 16* ? 70489 17 3 Methyl 2 butanol 73495 18 1 Propoxy 2 propanol (?) 59509 19* ? 87513 20 Decanoic acid ethyl ester 156 + 199 + 200527 21* Butanoic acid diethyl ester 174575 22* ? 87
580 23 Phenyl ethyl acetate 104
583 24 Beta Demascenone 121 + 190
590 25* Nerol 68 + 69 + 93
600 26* Benzyl alcohol 107 + 108
608 27* Ethyl 3 ethylbutyl butanedioate 129
613 28 2 Phenyl ethanol 91
653 ? 128 + 151
662 30 Octanoic acid 60
679 31 ?
726 Pyranone (?) 144
738 3 ? 93
762 34* Butanedioic acid diethyl ester 101
841 35 ? 173
904 36? 149
* = Significant
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON , RAMAT NEGEV
SUMMER 8/8/99
AA
B
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1.2 2.7 4.2
salinity
CL-
[ppm
]
ruggeri
salt creek
השפעת הכנה על ריכוז מינראלים בפטוטרות קברנה סוביניון רמת נגב 6.9.01
B
A
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
רוג'רי סלט קריק
כנה
P[pp
m] 1.2
2.7
4.2
השפעת הכנה על ריכוז מינראלים בפטוטרות קברנה סוביניון רמת נגב 6.9.01
A
B
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
רוג'רי סלט קריק
כנה
Cl-[
ppm
]
1.2
2.7
4.2
EFFECT OF ROOT STOCK ON NO3- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLE LEAFES SAUVIGNON RAMAT NAGEV ' 99
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
ruggerisalt cr.
ROOT STOCK
NO
3- [
pmm
]
1.2
2.7
4.2A B
השפעת הכנה על ריכוז מינראלים בפטוטרות קברנה סוביניון רמת נגב 6.9.01
B
A
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
רוג'רי סלט קריק
כנה
P[pp
m] 1.2
2.7
4.2
FIG. 1. EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK AND SALINITY ON PETIOLE CLORIDE CONCENTRATION PETIOLE, CABERNET SAUVIGNON RAMAT NEGEV (8.8.99)
bb a
aa
a
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
RuggeriSalt creeck
ROOTSTOCK
CL-
[ppm
] 1.2
2.7
4.2
A B
1.2 2.7 4.2
ruggeri
Ba Ba
Aa
Aa Aa Ab
0
200
400
600
800
ppm
salinity (dS/m)
Fig. 1. Effect of salnity treatments on Na content of the petioles at bloom time. (Capital and small letters denote
differences between rootstocks and salinities respectively )
ruggeri
salt creek