effect of rubber mill dumpsite soil amended

8/18/2019 EFFECT OF RUBBER MILL DUMPSITE SOIL AMENDED

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PROJECT CODE: 000009

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EFFECT OF RUBBER MILL DUMPSITE SOIL AMENDEDWITH POULTRY MANURE ON THE GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN YAM BEAN ( Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst. Ex A. Rich. H!"#s

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tit$% P!&% ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' iC%"ti ic!tio) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' iiD%*ic!tio) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' iiiD%c$!"!tio) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' i+Ac,)o-$%*&%#%)t ' ' ' ' ' ' ' +T! $% o Co)t%)ts ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' +List o T! $%s ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' +iA st"!ct ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ixCHAPTER ONEI)t"o*/ctio) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 00.0 A "ic!) Y!# B%!) ( Sphenostylis Stenocarpa ' 10.2 Bio$o&3 o Sphenostylis Stanocarpa ' ' ' 40.5 Us%s o A "ic!) Y!# B%!) ' ' ' ' ' 60.1 7/sti ic!tio) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 80.9 O :%cti+% o St/*3 ' ' ' ' ' ' ;CHAPTER TWO< LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 R/ %" E $/%)t ' ' ' ' ' ' 0=2.2 C$!ssi ic!tio) o A "ic!) Y!# B%!)' ' ' 012.5 Li#it!tio) o A "ic!) Y!# B%!) ' ' ' 2=

2.1 Th% W!3 Fo"-!"* ' ' ' ' ' ' 20CHAPTER THREE< MATERIALS AND METHODS5.0 Ex>%"i#%)t!$ Sit% ' ' ' ' ' ' 215.2 Ex>%"i#%)t!$ M!t%"i!$s ' ' ' ' 295.5 So/"c% o Soi$ S!#>$%s ' ' ' ' ' 295.1 G%"#i)!tio) T%sts (Vi! i$it3 T%st ' ' 295.9 Ex>%"i#%)t!$ P"oc%*/"% ' ' ' ' 24


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5.4 D%t%"#i)!tio) o G"o-th P!"!#%t%"s' ' 265.6 D%t%"#i)!tio) o F"%sh !)* D"3 W%i&ht' ' 285.8 St!tistic!$ A)!$3sis ' ' ' ' ' 28CHAPTER FOURR%s/$ts ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2;CHAPTER FIVE9.0 Disc/ssio) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 519.2 Co)c$/sio) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 549.5 R%co##%)*!tio) ' ' ' ' ' ' 56

R% %"%)c%s ' ' ' ' ' ' 58


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ABSTRACTThe effect of rubber mill effluent on germination and eedlinggro!th of "frican #am $ean % Sphenostylis stenocarpa & !eree'aluated in thi tud() *i'e rate of the effluent namel( 0)00+2,+ ,0+ -, and 100. /er 3 g oil !ere u ed in a com/letel(randomi ed de ign !ith i re/licate for each treatment) There ult ho! that 100. dum/ ite oil ga'e the mean highergermination than other treatment le'el ) %2,+ ,0+ -, and 100.re /ecti'el(&) The rate of reduction in the /lant gro!th/arameter !a ob er'ed to be do e de/endent) There !a

ignificant difference %P )00,& bet!een control and the differentcontaminated oil on the /lant height+ number of lea'e andleaf area of the /lant)


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Effluent are !a te /roduced from indu trie and the(

'ar( de/ending on the human acti'itie that /roduce them)

Production of the e !a te i an integral /art of indu trial

acti'itie but unfortunatel( our inabilit( to antici/ate or /redict

the t(/e and magnitude of unde ired con e5uence of unbridled

relea e of effluent in our en'ironment+ cou/led !ith the gro!th

of indu triali ation ha'e re ulted in ma i'e and de tructi'e

o/eration in our eco ( tem) "lthough indu trial /roce e are

de irable at the ame time+ the eriou and irre'er ible damage

due to the en'ironment through their a//arentl( innocuou

di charge of effluent are un5uantifiable)

6ntil no!+ effluent are di charge into ri'er + e tuarie +

lagoon + or the ea !ithout an( form of treatment) 7o!e'er+

de /ite the treatment being em/lo(ed b( ome indu trie + it i


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till im/o ible to remo'e all unde irable /ro/ertie from

effluent )

8ince commercial e /loration of /etroleum tarted in

igeria in 19, %O oh+ 2003&+ /etroleum ha continuou l( gro!n

to be mini tr( of the igerian econom() The e /loration of

/etroleum ha led to the /ollution of land and !eather !a( ) The

agricultural land ha'e become le /roducti'e and the cree

and the fi hing !ater ha'e become more or le dead) 8e'eral

ci'il unre t due to en'ironmental degradation due to oil

e /loration ha'e al o been !itne ed in the iger Delta Region

of igeria %;noni et al+ 200oreo'er+ the infiltration of the containment into oil /ore lead


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to the e /ul ion of air thu de/leting o (gen re er'e in the oil

and im/eding it diffu ion into the dee/er la(er %"(otamuno et

al)+ 200


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Oil contaminated oil generall( cau e dela(ed in eed

emergence) Thi i due to /oor !et abilit( and aeration of the

oil and lo of eed 'iabilit() Change in oil condition) Cau e

/rogre i'e de/re ion in height+ number of lea'e and other

/arameter !hich im/lie tre ful condition )

The e tre condition interfere !ater u/ta e and ga eou

e change) Thi ma( create a condition of /h( iological) Thi ma(

create a condition of /h( iological drought %>c Co!n et al+

1992&)

0.0 A "ic!) Y!# B%!) ( Sphenostylis Stenocarpa

"frican (am bean %8/heno t(li tenocar/a& %7och t) E@"

Rich& 7arm + belong to the legume famil() ;t i culti'ated in

igeria mainl( for eed and al o gro!n for tuber in Cote

dA;'oire+ Bhana Ethio/ia /art of Ea t "frica+ >ala!i+ and

imbab!e %6tter+ 200-&) ;t i 'igorou 'ine t!ine and climb to

the height of about un and re5uire ta ing) ;t flo!er /rofu el(


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PROJECT CODE: 000009in 100=1,0 da( /roducing brightl( coloured flo!er !hich ma(

be /in + /ur/le or greeni h !riter) The lightl( !ood( /od

contain 20=30 eed + the( are u/ to 30cm long and mature

!ithin 120 da( ) The /lant /roduce underground tuber that

are u ed a food in ome /art of "frica and that er'e a

organ of /erenation of the !ild) "frican (am Tuber %"#$& eed

are highl( rich in itamin C+ dietar( fibre+ 'itamin $


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/rotein and o'er three million children lac ufficient /rotein

!ithin the la t decade and therefore uffer gro l( retarded

/h( ical gro!th and de'elo/ment) The "frican #am bean i one

of the tuber no!n a legume % "8+ 19-9& and the( are

chea/er than animal /roduct uch a fi h+ meat and egg)

Therefore+ the( con umed !orld!ide a maFor ource of chea/

and e /eciall( in de'elo/ing or /oor countrie !here

con um/tion of annual /rotein ma( be limited a a re ult of

economic+ ocial cultural or religiou factor %Ola(ide+ 19 2&)

Blobal food ecurit( ho!e'er i becoming ha ( !ith increa ing

de/endence on a fe! maFor ta/le cro/ ) Thu ha re ulted in

an alarming reduction not onl( in cro/ di'er it( but al o in the

'ariabilit( !ithin cro/ )

0.2 Bio$o&3 o Sphenostylis Stanocarpa

"frcian (am bean %"#$& sphenostylis stenocarpa i a

'igorou + herbaceou + climbing 'ine reaching 1),=2m in height+


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!ith trifoliate lea'e + the leaflet being u/ to 14cm in length and

,cm broad) The flo!er are mau'i h=/in + /ur/le or greeni h=

!hite in colour+ about 2),cm in length and borne on tout

au iliar( /educle ) ;t i glabrou eed /od !hich are linear+ flat+

!ith margin rai ed+ 2,=30cm long and 1=1),cm broad+

containing 20=30) 8eed !hich ma( be elli/ oid+ rounded or

truncated+ and ho! con iderable 'ariation in i e and colour+

the large t are u uall( about 1cm long and 0)-cm !ide) 8eed

colour ma( 'ar( from cream(=!hite or bro!ni h=(ello! to dar

bro!n+ ometime !ith blac marbling+ and there a//ear to be

a number of t(/e according to eed colour) The /lant /roduce

mall /indle= ha/ed tuber + about ,=-),cm long)

There i ome e'idence that (ield of eed and tuber are

in 'er el( related)


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Plate 1: T(/ical "frican (am $ean eed


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Plate2: A Typical Yam Bean tuber

0.5 Us%s o A "ic!) Y!# B%!)

The eed and tuber are the t!o organ of economic

im/ortant /ro'iding food for both human and li'e toc )

7o!e'er+ there i a cultural and regional /reference for each+


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e t "frican /refer the eed to the tuber + !hile tuber are

highl( reli hed b( the Ea t and Central "frican )

Thu + e ce/tional nutritional /ul e ha a 'er( ignificant

lin !ith "frican ocio=cultural life for in tance+ there are time

in Bhana !hen the( /re/are a /ecial mean from "frican (am

bean ee during the celebration of /ubert( rite in adole cent

girl %Potter+ 1992&)

The eed of "frican (am bean are coo ed and eaten a

food+ ho!e'er+ it i ometime neglected in mo t igerian

home becau e of long hour coo ing %4=


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0.1 7/sti ic!tio)

The cro/ ha not recei'ed ade5uate re earch attention u/

till no!+ it i cla ified a a neglected under=utili ation /ecie

%$io'er it(+ 2009&) "t /re ent "frican (am bean ha been

relegated to an unim/ortant /o ition a it i gro!n

/redominantl( b( the older generation of farmer ) The bul of

genetic re ource to thi cro/ are in the hand of the e farmer

!hich threaten it ur'i'al) There i therefore a need for

germ/la m collection+ characteri ation and con er'ation to

/re'ent it from being e tinct)

0.9 O :%cti+% o St/*3

The main aim of thi tud( i to determine the gro!th

/erformance of "frican (am bean %"#$& Sphenostylis stenocarpa

on rubber dum/ tie oil)


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effect of rubber mill dumpsite soil amended

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