effect of maternal lifestyle in future adult … · effect of maternal lifestyle in future adult...

EFFECT OF MATERNAL LIFESTYLE IN FUTURE ADULT

Nikki Bulani1 Sushila Sharma

1 Ayurvedic Medical officer, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India2Associate professor and HOD Stri & Prasuti Vibhag, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur,

3Associate professor and HOD Roga &

4Ex HOD Roga & Vikriti Vigyan

INTRODUCTIONThe health of the fetus is determined

by women’s diet, exercise, lifestyle choice beside the chromosomal issues1. A hypothesis postulating that the ground work for the ‘fetal basis of adult disease [FEBAD]’’ that organ undergo developmental programming

Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

Ayurveda mentioned lots of regulation which are indicated in prenatal and post natal phases for getting good health of future adult but new world needs evidence or new outlook of earlier given concepts thus new scientific evidences are genuinely importhe applicability of older concept in context of new era. Now in this review we got many evidence based researches supporting the Ayurvedic concept but some concepts of Ayurveda are still untouched.

According to Ayurveda mothers are abidecare], Ritukala paricharya [Instructions during follicular phase] etc for getting good health of future adult, so the psychological or physical health of progeny is depend not only on lifestyle during antenatal period but also it depends lifestyle adopted since starting of mother’s puberty. There are lots of sutras which define the unhealthy lifestyle effects progeny physically as well as mentally. We have classified maternal care according to the conception phlike before conception, during conception and after conception which are scattered in Ayurvedic text and found the related scientific research which are closely related with the subject along with that this review gives new applicable concept for furKeywords: Evidence base researches, Future adult, lifestyle during antenatal period

EFFECT OF MATERNAL LIFESTYLE IN FUTURE ADULTAYURVEDIC VIEW

Sushila Sharma2 Pawan Kr. Godatwar3 Mehata Piyush

Ayurvedic Medical officer, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IndiaAssociate professor and HOD Stri & Prasuti Vibhag, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur,

Rajasthan, India Associate professor and HOD Roga & Vikriti Vigyan Vibhag, National Institute of Ayurveda,

Jaipur, Rajasthan, IndiaVigyan Vibhag, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan,

India

The health of the fetus is determined by women’s diet, exercise, lifestyle choice

. A hypothe-sis postulating that the ground work for the ‘fetal basis of adult disease [FEBAD]’’ that organ undergo developmental programming

in utero predetermines subsequent physiologic and metabolic adaptation during adult life, prenatal insult such as nutritionalvation or environmental exposure which disturb developmental programming could lead to a higher risk of diseases in adult hood2. Research revealed more that the ma

International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

ABSTRACTAyurveda mentioned lots of regulation which are indicated in prenatal and post natal

phases for getting good health of future adult but new world needs evidence or new outlook of earlier given concepts thus new scientific evidences are genuinely important to find out the applicability of older concept in context of new era. Now in this review we got many evidence based researches supporting the Ayurvedic concept but some concepts of Ayurveda

According to Ayurveda mothers are abided to follow Garbhini paricharya[Instructions during follicular phase] etc for getting good health of

future adult, so the psychological or physical health of progeny is depend not only on lifeperiod but also it depends lifestyle adopted since starting of mother’s

puberty. There are lots of sutras which define the unhealthy lifestyle effects progeny physically as well as mentally. We have classified maternal care according to the conception phlike before conception, during conception and after conception which are scattered in Ayurvedic text and found the related scientific research which are closely related with the subject along with that this review gives new applicable concept for further researches.

Evidence base researches, Future adult, lifestyle during antenatal period

EFFECT OF MATERNAL LIFESTYLE IN FUTURE ADULT- AN

Mehata Piyush4

Associate professor and HOD Stri & Prasuti Vibhag, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur,

Vibhag, National Institute of Ayurveda,

Vibhag, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan,

in utero predetermines subsequent physi-ologic and metabolic adaptation during adult life, prenatal insult such as nutritional depri-vation or environmental exposure which disturb developmental programming could lead to a higher risk of diseases in adult

. Research revealed more that the ma-

International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

Ayurveda mentioned lots of regulation which are indicated in prenatal and post natal phases for getting good health of future adult but new world needs evidence or new outlook

tant to find out the applicability of older concept in context of new era. Now in this review we got many evidence based researches supporting the Ayurvedic concept but some concepts of Ayurveda

arbhini paricharya [antenatal [Instructions during follicular phase] etc for getting good health of

future adult, so the psychological or physical health of progeny is depend not only on life-period but also it depends lifestyle adopted since starting of mother’s

puberty. There are lots of sutras which define the unhealthy lifestyle effects progeny physi-cally as well as mentally. We have classified maternal care according to the conception phase like before conception, during conception and after conception which are scattered in Ayur-vedic text and found the related scientific research which are closely related with the subject

ther researches. Evidence base researches, Future adult, lifestyle during antenatal period

Bulani Nikki et; all; Effect of Maternal Lifestyle in Future Adult- An Ayurvedic View

326 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 3; May - June 2014

ternal lifestyle can jeopardize the baby’s health. Mother healthy eating practices and lifestyle are suggested for getting healthy progeny3. In fact maternal micronutrients also determine offspring size and body com-position4. Usually mothers have sufficient knowledge to adopt healthy lifestyle but mothers are not particularly concerned about it, as they perceive it as inevitable, Addi-tionally the finding that women rarely fol-low advice from health professionals. Many women believed that pregnancy was time for rest. Some time women described cutting heavily on physical activity during preg-nancy due to fear for the baby. Some time women perceived sedentary lifestyle during pregnancy, Studies revealed that pregnant women are inhabit to indulge with other un-healthy lifestyle like indulge to alcohol con-sumption5, Smoking6, sleep duration de-creased7. Other environment factor like psy-chological stressed condition, maternal edu-cation, and maternal occupation also risks for children health8

Ayurveda also believes, maternal lifestyle very important factor for future adult health. According to Ayurveda moth-ers are abide to follow garbhini paricharya[antnatal care], ritukala paricharya [In-structions during follicular phase] etc for getting good progeny, so The psychological or physical health of progeny is depend not only on lifestyle during antenatal period but also it depends lifestyle adopted since start-ing of mother’s puberty. There are lots of sutras which define the unhealthy lifestyle effects progeny. These are explained under following heading:-Garbhadhan ayu [Conception age of par-ents] 9

Garbhadhan kala [Day of conception] 10

Ritukala charya [Life style during follicular phase] 11

Garbhadhan vidhi [Process of fertilization]12

Garbhopghatkar bhav [Don’ts in Antenatal phase]13

Dohrid avmanna [Poor maternal care] 14

Prasava paricharya [care during parturition] 15 Acharya’s quoted that if women will not follow the above indication, she will get physically or mantle compromised baby. Many advanced scientific evidence based trial also support the Ayurvedic concept of lifestyle. Although many concepts still not supported by researches. Here many re-searches based on maternal lifestyle and their effect on children are analyzed and compared with Ayurvedic view, these are following

Everything the pregnant women feel and .think is communicated through neuro hormones to her unborn child just as are alcohol and nicoteine16.

Many researches revealed that the an-xious, stress and fearful state released the stress hormone these hormone cross through the placenta to the baby. The hundreds of studies have confirmed that chemical released by the pregnant mother’s body are transported into the womb and affect the unborn baby 17 .

Increased risk of childhood or adulthood obesity due to intrauterine exposure of maternal smoking18. Smoking effects the baby’s hypothalamus and neuro behavior system19.

Smoking during pregnancy causes intra-uterine growth retardation20.

Childhood obesity is related to maternal lifestyle such as short sleep duration and skipped breakfast.21



It has been reported that undernourish-ment during pregnancy increase risks of adult obesity in child22.

Under nutrition of mother causes intrauterine growth retardation and in-crease risk of abnormal glucose toler-ance.23

Low maternal Vit B 12 status is also associated with increased risk of neuraltube defect and poor offspring cognitive function24.

Important role for maternal one carbon metabolism in offspring growth and pro-gramming of noncommunicable disease risk. These ideas are supported by ani-mal studies25

Birth weight was reported to mainly af-fect by second half of pregnancy life-style.26.

Smoking during seventeen weeks preg-nancy are related with childhood obes-ity27.

Pregnant women suffering from stress are also more likely to have homosexual children of both genders because their raised level of stress hormone cortisol affects the production of fetal sex hor-mone28.

Pre birth exposure to both nicotine and amphetamine increase the chance of les-bian daughter29.

Poor nutrition can impair brain develop-ment of fetus.30.

Use of drugs in prenatal period can re-sult in adult addiction use of marijuana can cause Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 31.

Heavy alcohol use can cause intellectual disability, heart problem, learning beha-vior problem 32

Both fetal and maternal genetic suscepti-bility affect the intrauterine during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, when primi-tive heart is forming and developing. Three folate related functional polymor-phism combined with maternal pericon-ceptional obesity, smoking, alcohol in-take and folate supplement use on the risk of Congestive heart diseases [CHD]. Maternal genotype was not indepen-dently associated with CHD risks for any functional polymorphisms33,34, but find-ing indicate that periconceptional mater-nal obesity, smoking and alcohol use combined with functional polymor-phisms may increase the risk of CHD.35

New research by the universities of Ex-eter and oxford provides the first evi-dence that a child’s sex is associated with the mother’s diet. The study shows a clear link between higher energy intake around the time of conception and the birth of sons36

Prenatal exposure to diverse environmental chemical dysregulates the fetal epigenome, with potential conse-quence for subsequent developmental disorders and disease manifesting in childhood. Windows of potential vulne-rability to epigenetic dysregulation are represented by three dynamic stage first Fo [primordial germ cells of each of par-ents], F1 [The embryonic period of offspring maintain methylation in so-matic cell], F2 [ developmental germ cell ] 37

The above study shows the relation between maternal lifestyle and its effect on progeny. SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION OF AYURVEDIC CONCEPTS



Before studying the risk factors we should know about the deferent vulnerable periods for developmental defect. These pe-riods are divided according to conception. These stages are also vulnerable to epige-netic dysregulation. 1. Before conception – this phase is re-

lated with the development of male and female gamete. These are also known as F0 stage. Ages of parents are significant factor to develop either health or un-healthy progeny. This period also asso-ciated with Ritukala paricharya which significantly determine the future of progeny.

2. At the time of conception – This phase is associated with contact of sperm and ovum. The time of conception is asso-ciated significantly with fertilization and formation of embryo [F1 phase], deter-mine sex, chromosomal defect and sur-vival of progeny etc.

3. After conception – This phase again divided in two phase

a. During pregnancy – Garbhopghatkar bhav and Dohridavmanna can be studied under this topic, The connection between mother and fetus is umbilical cord which regularize the development of different organs [like genital organ F2 phase].

b. After pregnancy – Post natal care is ma-jor determinative factor for adult well being. Before Conception

Garbhadhan ayu [Age of conception]:-Acharya charka quoted that the ideal age of conception for mother is 16 yrs onwards and for father is 25 yrs onwards. If mother age is under 16 yr either fetus may not survive or born unhealthy [ durbala indriya]. If the

mother is too old than new born will prone to have many diseases.

Studies show teenage pregnancy in human female under the age of 20. Longitu-dinal studies of the offspring of teenage mothers suggest that their offspring are at risk for many negative outcome across the lifespan , even after controlling for the effect of lower socioeconomic status38. Earlier [ Ayurveda era] the health of mother can tole-rate the pressure of pregnancy at the age of 16. Studies revealed that older women are more likely to have pre existing medical disorder such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension39. Pancreatic B cell function and insulin sensitivity fall with elder age. Women with the predisposition to type 2diabetes are therefore more likely to have an inadequate B cell response to stimulate and be more insulin resistance than younger women, which when combined, make ges-tational diabetes more likely40

Older women delivering a small for gestational age baby may be related to poorer placental perfusion or Trans placental flux of nutrients41. Increased flux of nu-trients across could cause fetal hyperinsule-nemia and accelerated fetal growth42.

Several studies showed an associa-tion of high risk for breast cancer with ad-vanced maternal age at reproduc-tion43.Advanced maternal age at child birth was observed among first born men with testicular cancer44.Several studies have investigated advanced parental age as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease and mental dis-order45

Ritukala Paricharya46 [lifestyle during follicular phase]

Acharya sushrut expalained some daily activities which should follow from the



first day of ritukala [Follicular phase] negli-gence of these activities would have harmful

for her progeny. The following table shows activities and their effect on progeny.

Activities of women Effect on Progeny

Day Sleep Somnolent

Apply collyrium Blind

Weeping Disease in eyes

Repeated bath and application of lepa Sorrow full

Massage with oil Handicapped

Cutting the nails Defected nail

Running Hyperactive

Laughing Lips teeth, tongue, palate become black

Talkativeness Talkative

Hearing loudness Deaf

Hair setting Baldness

Contact to air/ hard working Delirium

The purpose of these activities to provide an environment that ensures deli-very of developmentally competent oocyte and capacitation sperm to the site of fertili-zation. These activities help to select the follicle for ovulation must be at the right place at the right time.

Not any Studies revealed correlation between follicular phase activities and psy-chological problems but one of the study determine whether maternal exposure to pu-bertal abuse is associated with risk for emo-tional symptoms in offspring .correlation between puberty phase emotional stress are more likely to have children with autism47.

Globally women and girls have de-veloped their own personal strategies to manage the menstruation. These vary from country to country and within countries, de-pendent on an individual preferences, avail-able resources, economic status, local tradi-tion and cultural believes and knowledge or education. 48

These all activities are considered as restriction due to lack of knowledge about menstrual education. Now Government plan to give menstrual education at school or at home, for encouraging good menstrual practices49. Study suggested that follicular phase compromises Indies of power perfor-mance in fairly active women ages 18-25 year50 At the time of conceptionGarbhadhan Kala [ Time of Conception ]

Acharya Sushrut explained that con-ception day is also important factor to de-velop illness or good health of progeny. If conception is carried out on first day the baby can not survive. On second day and third day baby may die within 10 days but fourth day conception may results long life of baby and physically developed child will born. Conception on paired days result pre-dominance of male birth and conception on unpaired days result predominance of fe-male birth51



Some studies revealed that they did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that pregnancies probably conceived around the time of ovulation result in a predomin-ance of female births52.

Time of conception, depends upon timing and frequency of intercourse in fertile window, fertile window made up according to menstrual cycle. Fertile phase is deter-mined by maximum life span of sperm and egg. Sperm can survive a maximum of five days in fertile cervical fluid and ovum can survive for up to one day. Theoretical fertile window is thus six days long comprised of the five days before ovulation and the day of ovulation maximum chance of successful conception when intercourse on any of these six days. In recent analysis of 119,398 cycles from women try to conceive. It was found that 94% of women who became pregnant had intercourse on at least one of these three days, for conception purpose, it is thus ideal to have intercourse during three day fertile windows which include ovulation day and the two previous days53.

According to Ayurveda fertile period is starts from 4 th day to onwards because the mouth of cervix is opened, It will closed after completion of menstruation. Several studies show that life spans of sperm extend from 24 hrs to 6.1 days. So it can be con-cluded that once sperm enter to womb it will survive from 24 hours to approximately 7 days and achieve the fertilization. After Conception Garbhadhan Vidhi [

Process Of Fertilization]Acharya Sushruta explained the

process of fertilization. Fertilization takes place with help of four things Matured ovu-lation and proper menstruation. Healthy

uterus, Healthy neutrition of mother, Healthy sperm.

The planned pregnancy results an adult, who will be beautiful, strong, long lived, rich and capable enough to take care of their parents54.

The mother play main role for get-ting healthy child. Three out of four factors are associated with only female. Here acharya gives the term vidhipurvaka which can be known as planned or intended preg-nancy . As we know that family planning is one of the 10 great public health achieve-ment of the 20th century where goal of fam-ily planning is to improve pregnancy plan-ning and prevent unintended pregnancy55. Although studies revealed that they did not observed any increased risk of adverse preg-nancy outcomes among women who expe-rienced an unplanned pregnancy while using natural family planning56

Garbhopghatkar Bhav [ Donts in Ante natal care]

Garbhopghatakar bhav the activities which are prohibited for mother during an-tenatal period . These activities can cause the diseases in progeny. Mother are in habbit to take sleep in Pratato uttanshayini avasthaor in supine position the baby pressurise the vena cava due to more gravitational force, These results reduce venous return to the heart. Decreased cardiac output activate the aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex cause the fetal hypoxia. Some psychological stressed condition like kalikalah shila [hab-bit to Quarreling] , shoknitya [ depressive illness], Amarshini etc caused the mental disease in progeny. Some defective dietary habbits like excessive intake of fish, frog flesh, pig flesh, buffalo, and cow flesh caused disease in different organs like CNS,



genito urinary system etc. Excessive intake of sweets causing obesity, Diabetes. Exces-sive intake of acidic food causing skin and eye diseases, salty food causing baldness and whitishness of hair. These factors are somehow related with the epigenetic me-chanism and influencing the new progeny.Dohrid avamanana [Satisfaction of Mother After first trimester]

After first trimester the fetoplacental circulation is established so the fetus gets its nutrition from mother. Mother adopted un-healthy lifestyle like Unhealthy nutrition, psychological stress, sleep pattern, occupa-tion, other desires may effect fetal growth.

Acharya sushruta describes some desires of mother in antenatal period which effects behavior of future adult. Acharyamentioned that these desires must be ful-filled because if mother is unsatisfied that will harm the fetus due to excessive secre-tion of cortisol in maternal stress condition.

If mother desire is pleasant and healthy than it must be fulfilled because the pleasant diet, environment gives stimulation for the mental and physical growth of prog-eny. The desires can be divided in three cat-egories1- Desire of specific food like goat, buf-

falo, pig etc flesh2- Desire for specific environment like mo-

nastery, temples where statue of god present, fort where king can be seen, Forest where violent animals found

3- Desire for wearing ornaments There are lots of studies which are some

how related with the Ayurvedic concept. Many of evidences, including epidemiologic data and data from extensive clinical and experimental studies, indicate that early life events play a powerful role in influencing

development of baby and later susceptibility to certain chronic diseases. The develop-mental plasticity requires stable modulation of gene expression and this appear to be me-diated, at least in part by epigenetic process such as DNA methylation and histone mod-ification. Thus both the genome and the epi-genome interactively influence the mature phenotype in utero life and determine sensi-tivity to later and subsequent risk of dis-ease57.

One of the study shows slow growth in utero may be associated with increased allo-cation of nutrients to adipose tissue during development and may than result in accele-rated weight gain during childhood. which may contribute to a relatively greater risk of coronary heart diseases, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes mallites.Role of Epigenetics

Researches focused the correlation be-tween early development of fetus and manifestation of disease in term of epigentics, Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression or phenotype occurring without changes in DNA sequence58. The prenatal period is highly susceptible to epi-genomic deregulation with implication for health lifelong and Trans generationally. The role of prenatally acquired somatic epi-genetic alteration disease has been quite widely studied. The early emotional envi-ronment can lead to long lasting epigenetic changes in the brain. One of the first exam-ples of this came from animal studies of maternal care. Rats pups who were licked and groomed a lot by their mother showed reduced anxiety and lower stress responses in adulthood. These effects were due to epi-genetic changes within the brain of the offspring specifically at the receptor for the



stress hormone cortisol59. The epigentic deregulation are represented by three dy-namic stages these are1. beginning with F0 the primordial germ

cell of each of the parents, through ga-metogenesis,

2. after fertilization, the embryonic period of offspring [F1] ,

3. Followed by the methylation in somatic cells and the development of germ cells that will become F2.

Factors like alcohol consumption, smoking stress etc affect to F1 generation and subse-quently to F2 generation. Environmental epi-genome reflects the constant interplay be-tween the environment, which includes both endogenous [such as hormone levels or im-mune status] and exogenous factor [ such as nutritional and chemical exposure] and the epigenome.

It is very difficult to overemphasize of prenatal environment to a developing fetus . Indeed a pregnant mother’s health, diet and level of exposure to toxins and environ-mental all have direct effect on fetal devel-opment. Environmental toxin that might harm a fetus are taken voluntarily, such as drugs, alcohol and cigarettes these all has been linked to an increased risk of stillbirths, low birth weights, cleft lip60

Prasava Paricharya [effect of parturition especially second stage of labor]

Acharya sushruta explained the ef-fect of second stage labour on future child, he explained that bearing down efforts are only applied on the presence of contraction without contraction these efforts can harm the baby, This will cause deafness, dumb-ness, handicapped trauma on head of baby, cough, breathlessness, weight loss, and ab-normal physical appearance of the baby.

Study revealed that mode of birth may have a strong association with women’s psychological and physical outcome in first few months after delivery. Women’s symp-toms were highest at 10 days in postnatal period. A survey based study done on 5332 women. The women included according to mode of birth. Most women [n=3275 61%] had unassisted vaginal birth. Vantouse-as-sisted vaginal birth and forceps assisted va-ginal births and were reported less fre-quently by 6% [n=302] and 7% [n=359] of women, respectively. A total of 12% [n=630] of women had a planned caesarian and for 13% [n=675] their caesarian was unplanned. The most common physical symptoms reported at 10 days after birth were fatigue or severe tiredness [37%], breastfeeding problems [35%], painful stitches [34%] and backache [28%]. The psychological symptoms like depression [11%], anxiety[17%] and PTSD- type symptoms [1 symptom 24%, 2-3% symp-toms 9%] at 1 months after birth observed in case of forceps assisted vaginal birth and unplanned cesarean section reported the poorest psychological well being after birth also. While those women who had unas-sisted vaginal births and planned caesarian section births were less affected by the birth process. On result suggest that both psy-chological and physical domain need to be assessed in terms of understanding the fac-tors influencing the duration and severity of problems affecting women’s postnatal health and well being61 because it can be causative factor for developing the emotional imbal-ance in adult behavior. Premature delivery independent of size for gestational age, has been associated with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in pre pubertal children



that may track into young adulthood and may be accompanied by elevated blood pressure.

According to modern parlance the bearing down efforts without contraction cause the hypoxia in baby, acidosis and fetal distress conditions CONCLUSION

Maternal life style with good diet and healthy lifestyle do not ensure a healthy child, although they do play protective role. There is need to follow the Ayurvedic way of prenatal and postnatal care with merging the valid modern researches. This review provides new concepts for monitoring the pregnant women or women want to get pregnant. Lots of questions arise to ask with women before pregnancy or after pregnancy. These questioners will help not only to pre-vent chronic diseases in mother and child

but also it help to provide distress reliving counseling. Ayurvedic health professional should follow the revalidation of Ayurvedic way of planned pregnancy. There is need of clinical trials to know the outcome of Ayur-vedic garbhini paricharya and find out anynegative effects of maternal stress and un-healthy lifestyle. The standardization of thegarbhini paricharya and Ayurvedic method of planned pregnancy are needed to opti-mizing the pregnancy outcome.

CORRESPONDING AUTHORDr. Nikki Bulani

House No-1Govind Nagar West JaipurMedical Officer, Jaipur B zone

Ayurvedic Medical officer, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Email: [email protected]

REFERENCES

1 . Cohan JS; Latest research on preconception and prenatal nutrition midwifery today int. midwife 2013 summer [106] 52- 4 PMD: 238478992 Baker, Julie, Grewal, Dhruv and lewy, Michael.[1992]. An experimental approach to making retail store environmental decision. Journal of retailing 68 [winter], 445-460.3 Heery E, Mc connon A, Kelleher CC, Wall PG, Mc auliffen . Perspective aon weight gain and lifestyle practice during pregnancu among women with a history of macrosomia; a qualitative study in republic of ireland.BMC, pregnancy child birth. 2013 nov 6 : 13 :2012 doi; 10,1186/1471-2393-13-2024. Deshmukhu, katre P, Yajnikcs, Influence of maternal vit B12 and folate on growth and insulin resistence in ththe offspring . Nestle nutr inst. Workshop ser. 2013: 74:145-54 discussion 154-6: doi; 10.1159 1000348463. Epub 2013 jul 19.5 Ong K.K., Ahmed. M.l.:.Emmett, P.M.Preece,M.A. and dunger D.B and ALPSPAC study team.. [2002] size at birth and early childhood growth in relation to maternal smoking, parity and infant breast –feeding ; longitudinal birth cohort study and analysis. Pediatr.Res, 52, 863-867 6Ong K.K., Ahmed. M.l.:.Emmett, P.M.Preece,M.A. and dunger D.B and ALPSPAC study team.. [2002] size at birth and early childhood growth in relation to maternal smoking, parity and infant breast –feeding ; longitudinal birth cohort study and analysis. Pediatr.Res, 52, 863-867 7 Takashi mizutani, kohta Suzuki, Naoki kondo, Zentaro yamagata, Association of maternal lifestyle including smoking during pregnancy with childhood obesity: North American association for the study of obesity : doi 10.10038/oby 2007,373 8 Takashi mizutani, kohta Suzuki, Naoki kondo, Zentaro yamagata, Association of maternal lifestyle including smoking during pregnancy with childhood obesity: North American association for the study of obesity : doi 10.10038/oby 2007,373



9 . (Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya .Sharirsthana, 10th chapter,60th shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nimbandhacharyacommentary by dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 1997,10.(Ed.)Trikamji, Acharya . Sharir sthana, 2nd chapter, 33rd shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nibandhasamgraha commentary by Dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 199711 (Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya . Sharir sthana, 2nd chapter, 26th shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nibandhasamgraha commentary by Dalhana, Yadavji, wChaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 199712 (Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya . Sharir sthana , 2nd chapter, shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nibandhasamgrahacommentary by Dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 199713 (Ed.)Trikamji, Acharya. Agnivesh. Sharir sthana, 8 th chapter, 21 shloka, Caraka samhita, Ayurveda Depika commentary by Cakrapanidutta, Rastriya Sanskrit Samsasthan, reprint 2006 pp. 410.14 (Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya . Sharir sthana, 3 rd chapter, 19-26 th shloka, Sushruta samhita ,

Nibandhasamgraha commentary by Dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 199715 (Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya . Sharir sthana, 10 th chapter, 11th shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nibandhasamgraha commentary by Dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 199716 Thomas verny MD, Dr. verny’s books, professional publication and founding of the association for prenatal and perinatal psychology and health [APPPAH] and pre and perinatal journal.17 James Goodlatte: A mother;s emotions affect her unborn child ; Epoch times: January 14,2014 18 Power,C. Jefferis,B.J.[2002] fetal environment and subsequent obesity : a study of maternal smoking. Int.j.Epidemol.31 413-419 19 World health organization [1997] obesity: preventing and managing tha global epidemic/ report of a WHO Consultation. Presented at the world health organization, june 3-5 geneva, Switzerland.20 Rudinger von kries, Andre Michael toschke, berthold kolet zko, William slicker: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity: American journal of epidemiology.vol156 no.10 printed in USA, DOI:10.1093/AJE/KWF12821 Oyman, Nakammurak, Tsuchiyay Y, Yamamotom, Unhealthy maternal lifestyle leads to rapid infant weight gain prevention of future chronic disease: tohoku J.Exp.Med 2009 Jan 217[1] 67-7222 Cole,T.J., Bellizzi,M.C., Flegal,K.M., Dietz,WH [2000] Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide; international survey BMJ 320: 1240-1243 23 Ravelli,G.P., Stein,A.Z, Susser,MW [1976] Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy : N EngljMed. 295: 349-35324 Deshmukhu, katre P, Yajnikcs, Influence of maternal vit B12 and folate on growth and insulin resistence in ththe offspring . Nestle nutr inst. Workshop ser. 2013: 74:145-54 discussion 154-6: doi; 10.1159 1000348463. Epub 2013 jul 19.25 Batra V, Sridhar S, Devasagayam TP, Enhanced one carbon flux towards DNA methylation: Effect of dietary methyl supplements against gamma radiation induced epigenetics modification ; Chem Biol Interact, 2010 feb 12.183 [3] : 425-33 doi 10.1016 /jcbi.2009.11.010 Epub 2009 Dec 2126 Bryan,S. M., Hindmarsh,PC [2006] Normal and abnormal fetal growth. Horm.Res 65: 19-27. [Suppl3]27 YerushalmyJ, The relationship of parents cigarette smoking to outcome of pregnancy – implication as to problem of inferring causation from observed association,Am J Epidemol 1971:93: 443-5628 Dr Dick swab: We are our brains, Professor of neurobiology at Amsterdam university, Britain29 Dr David badash neuroscientist on 20 jan 2014gay determined by mothers lifestyle.30 Sharon Secor d; How can poor nutrition affect prenatal development? www.everydaylife.globalpost.com/can-poor-nutrition-affect-prenatal-development-27421.html31 National treatment agency for substance misuse 2002: Advisory council on the misuse of Drug 2003: Department for education for education and skills 200332 www.cigna.com/healthwellness/hw/medical-topics/alcohal or drug use -during pregnancy-ae 1198. 33 Hobbs CA, Jemes SJ, Parisian A, kRakowiak PA, Jernigan S, Green haw JJ, et al congenital heart defects and genetic variants in the methylenetetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, j.Med Genet 2006 feb: 43 [2] 102-634 Shaw GM, LuW, Zhu H, Yang W, Briggs FB, Carmichaet SLet al . 118 SNPs of folate related genes and risks of spinabifida and contruncal heart defect :BMC



Med genet 2009:10;49

35 Chariotte.A, Hobbs,Mario.A, Cleves, Mohammad.A, Karim, Weizhi, Stewart.L, Macleod, Folate related gene environment interaction and congenital heart defects. Obstet Gyne Col. Aug 2010:116 36 University of Exeter ‘’ Mothers diet influence infant sex : high energy intake linked to conception of sons” Science daily, 23 april 2008. <www.sciencedaily.com/ release/2008/04/080422194553.htm>37 Frederica perera, Julie herbstman; Prenatal enviorment exposures, epigenetics and disease: Reprodd Toxicol. Apr 2011;31[3];363-37338 FurstenbergFF, Levine JA, Brooks- Gunn J. The children of teenage mothers:patterns of early childbearing in two generation, Family planning perspectives.1990: 22:54;6139 Hansen, J.P.[1986] Older maternal age and pregnancy outcome A review of the literature .Obstet.Gynecol.Surv.41,726-74240 M,jolly, N.sebire, J.harris, S.robinson and L.regan . the risk associated with pregnancy in human aged 35 years or older.www.humrep.oxfordjournal.org/content/15/11/2433. Fullref=2041 Godfrey.k, breier,b and Cooper,C, [1999] constraints of the materno-placental supply of neutrients: causes and consequence. I n O’ brien S, wheeler,T, Barker, D [eds], fetal programming influences on development and disease in later life, RCOG Press, London, Uk, pp 283-29842 Pederson,J[1977] the pregnant diabetic and her newborn 2nd edn. Williams and wikins, Baltimore, USA43 Zhang Y, Cupples LA. Rosenberg, Colton T, Krengen BE, parental age at birth in relation to a daughter: risk of breast cancer among female participants in Framingham study [united state] .cancer cause control [1995: 6:23-29]44 Swerdlow AJ, HuttlySR, Smith PG, Prenatal and familial association of testicular cancer Br.J. cancer 1987:57:571-7745 FratiglionilL, Ahilbom A, Vitanen M, winblad B, risk factor for late onset of Alzheimer disease a population based case control study. Ann, neurol 1993: 33: 258-26646 (Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya .Sutrasthana, 2nd chapter26th shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nimbandhacharya commentary by dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 199747 Ricardo Araya, Xianzhang Hu, Jon Heron, Mary-Anne Enoch, Jonathan Evans, Glyn Lewis, David Nutt, David goldman : Effects of stressfull life events, maternal depression and 5-HTTLPR genotype on emotional symptoms in preadolescent children : American journal of medical genetics Part B-Neuropsychiatric Genetics: vol 150 B,Issue5, pages670-682, 5 july200948 Colin sumpter; a systematic review of the health and social effect of menstrual hygiene management: department of diseae control, london49 AliTS, Rizvi SN [2010] Menstrual knowledge and practice of female adolescent in urban Karachi, Pakistan, journal of adolescence 33: 531-541 doi: 10.1016/ j.adolescence.2009.05.01350 Gierald Maserson : the impact of menstrual phases on anerobic power performance in collegiate women; Department of health physical education and recreation , Southwest Missouri state university, springfield, Missouri 658051(Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya .Sharitsthana, 2nd chapter 33rd shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nimbandhacharyacommentary by dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 199752 James,W.H.[1997] Follicular phase length, time of insemination, mean cycle length, season of mother’s birth and sex ratio of offspring. Hum. Reprod.12, 398-39953 www.fertilefriend.com/faqs/intercourse-timing-and-frequency.html.com54 (Ed.) Trikamji, Acharya .Sharitasthana, 2nd chapter, 35 th shloka, Sushruta samhita , Nimbandhacharya commentary by dalhana, Yadavji, Chaukhamba Orientalia, 6th edition, 1997,55 www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=1356 Adenike Bitto, Ronald H. Gray, Joe L Simpson, John T Queenan, , Robert T Kambic, Aifredo Perez, Patricio Mena, Michele Barbato, Chuanjun Li, Victoria Jennings, Adverse Outcomies of Planned and Unplanned pregnancies am-ong Users of Natural Farmily Planning: A Prospective Study: American journal public health 1997[87:338-343]



57 Peter D.Gluckman, MD, D.Sc, Mark A. Hanson, D Phill, Cyrus cooper, M.D. and kent L. Thornburg,Ph.D, effect of in utero and early life conditions on adult health and disease, N Engl J Med 200 8:359:61-7358 Bollati V, Baccarli A, review of enviormental epigenetics: heredity [edinb] 2010 jul 105 [1] : 105-1259 Weaver Ic, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D’Alessio AC, Sharma S, Secki JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ, Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 2004 Aug: 7[8]:847-54.Epub 2004 jun 2760 Ericson et al 1979: knight and rhind 197561 Rowlands and redshaw : Mode of birth and women’s psychological and physical wellbeing in the postnatal period: BMC Pregnency and childbirth 2012,12;138, www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/138

effect of maternal lifestyle in future adult … · effect of maternal lifestyle in future adult...

Documents