edward henry dowdye, jr., ph.d., physics founder pure classical physics research member american...
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Extinction Shift PrincipleExtinction Shift Principle
Discourses&
Mathematical Illustrationspertaining to the
under the Electrodynamics ofGalilean Transformations
Edward Henry Dowdye, Jr., Ph.D., PhysicsFounder Pure Classical Physics Research
Member American Physics Society
NPA
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Definition of Extinction ShiftExtinction Shift
On Galilean Transformations of VelocitiesOn Galilean Transformations of Velocities
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Definition of Extinction ShiftExtinction Shift
On Galilean Transformations of VelocitiesOn Galilean Transformations of Velocities
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On Rectilinear Motion of the PhotonsOn Rectilinear Motion of the Photons
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• All transformations are strictly carried out under Galilean Transformations of VelocitiesGalilean Transformations of Velocities
• All calculations are performed strictly in
Euclidean Space GeometryEuclidean Space GeometryNo AD HOC assumptions requiredNo requirements of a medium (no ether)No curvilinear coordinates requiredNo distortions of the standard coordinate system of
space and time required
• All Photons and Gravitons move strictly alongRectilinear PathsRectilinear Paths
Extinction Shift PrinciplePure Classical Physics . Euclidean Space . Galilean Transformations
The Photon and its Measurability
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• All Laws of Nature are totally invariant under Galilean Transformations
in Euclidean Space
from Reference Frame - to - Reference Frame
• All transformations are describable in a single set of Principal Axioms
• The exact mathematical equivalence of both Special and General Relativity is accomplished from the above premises alone
Extinction Shift PrinciplePure Classical Physics . Euclidean Space . Galilean Transformations
The Photon and its Measurability
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Extinction Shift PrincipleExtinction Shift Principle
Principal AxiomsPrincipal Axiomsof theof the
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Real WorldReal World
Hypothetical ObserverHypothetical Observerversus theversus the
ObserverObserver
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Observer's Observation {in his own frame} Observer
0 1( ) vc
011( ) 2v
c
c + v
0
5v
Hypothetical
Observer c + v
0
2v
Hypothetical
Observer
c + v
0
v
Ordinary
Observer
US
0
0
US
0 1( ) 6vc
0 1( ) 2vc
c - v
c + 6v
c
US
Primary Soure of waves
v
Hypothetical Observer versus Real World Observer
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c + v
0
v
US Shuttle
Space Detective extinguishes moving with velocity c + v.He always observes the extinction shifted length and the velocity crelative to the shuttle. Neither the true undisturbed wavelength nor the true undisturbed velocity c + v is measurable!
US
Hello ground control! Just got one! It scattered at the wavelength " ". Its speed was " C "
Space Detective Hunts Down Photon
Interference Lense
'
c
scatteredextinction shifted photon
0
'
undisturbed photon
0
ADVANCEDHypothetical Observer
0
SOME CREATURE JUST KILLED A PHOTON OF LENGTH " " ITS SPEED WAS " C+V " RELATIVE TO ALL THAT INTERFERENCE
'
Hypothetical Observer versus Real World Observer
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Equivalent WavesEquivalent Waves
IndistinguishabilityIndistinguishabilityofof
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Primary Soure of waves
v
Equivalent Waves and the Ordinary Observer
The Ordinary {Real-World} Observer can make no distinction between Equivalent Waves or Photons!
c v cc v c
B eforeIn terferen ce
A fterIn terferen ce
c + v
c+v
c
c + v
c+v
Ordinary
Observer
c
c
c + v
c+vOrdinary
Observer c
c
c
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Mathematical Proof Mathematical Proof
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Principal AxiomsPrincipal Axioms applied toapplied to
ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism
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Principal AxiomsPrincipal Axioms applied toapplied to
GravitationGravitation
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On GravitationOn GravitationThe very same principal axioms of the logical addition of velocities also apply to the exchange of gravitons between particles of mass! The motion of a particle through the field set up by a different particle under the gravitational influence of the first, has a direct representation under the electrodynamics of Galilean Transformations of Velocities, abiding strictly by the rules of rectilinear motion in Euclidean Space!!!
MM motion of Gravitons
from M
c
v
mm
motion of m
G g = field of m
c
vc'
= field of M
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Gravitational LensingGravitational LensingSignificant FindingsSignificant Findings
Fundamental Facts supported by Observational EvidenceFundamental Facts supported by Observational Evidence
on
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Significant FindingSignificant Finding
Solar Gravitational Gradientinteracts directly with
Solar Plasma Limbwhich interacts directly with
Electromagnetic Waves
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The Observational Evidence
• The gravitational gradient field of the sun acts directly on the plasma limb of the sun.
• The plasma limb of the sun acts directly on the electromagnetic waves propagating along a minimum-energy or a least-time path within the plasma limb as would be defined by the gravitational gradient field of the sun.
• The gravitational gradient field of the sun acts only indirectly on the electromagnetic waves that are being deflected by the plasma limb.
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All electromagnetic waves propagating in the plasma-free vacuum space appear to be unaffected by the gravitational gradient field of the sun and of the stars
The Observational EvidenceAll electromagnetic waves in the plasma limb
propagate along a minimum-energy path
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VSUN
Earth1.00 AU
Venus0.72 AU
Mercury0.38 AU
Earth1.00 AU
VEARTH
VSUN = 14.14 VEARTH
grav
itatio
nal p
oten
tial
VS
UN
distance r
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The Gravitational Potentialof the SUN and of the EARTH at a given point of reference
where the point of reference is near Earth’s Surface
VSUN = 14.14 VE
where the point of reference is anywhere in space
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The Gravitational Potential Gradientof SUN compared to EARTH along Earth’s Orbit
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R 4G MR c 2
r R R
R
M
2R
r R R
Gaussian Sphere of 2 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 3 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 4 Solar Radiii
Sun
thin plasma rim
The Observationsas function of
Impact Parameterin empty vacuum space
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R 4G MR c 2
r R R
R
r R12 R 2
M
2R
r R13 R 3
r R14 R 4
r R R
Gaussian Sphere of 2 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 3 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 4 Solar Radiii
Sun
thin plasma rim
General Relativitypredicts as function of
Impact Parameterin empty vacuum space
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42
G MR c
22
2 G MR c
12
2 G MR c
GeneralRelativity
integrated effect
Gauss Law
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22
2 G MR c
12
2 G MR c
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Sg dA 4 GM 2
2GMg R
gA ( )(4 R ) 4 GM
22GM
1 Rc
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MINIMUM ENERGY PATH or MINIMUM TIME PATH
PRINCIPAL OF RECIPROCITY
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Gravitational Light Bendingas function of
Impact Parameterin
Plasma Free Vacuum Space
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R 4G MR c 2
r R R
R
r R12 R 2
M
2R
r R13 R 3
r R14 R 4
r R R
Gaussian Sphere of 2 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 3 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 4 Solar Radiii
Sun
thin plasma rim
General Relativityas function of
Impact Parameterin empty vacuum space
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R 4G MR c 2
r R R
R
M
2R
r R R
Gaussian Sphere of 2 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 3 Solar Radii
Gaussian Sphere of 4 Solar Radiii
Sun
thin plasma rim
The Observationsas function of
Impact Parameterin empty vacuum space
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1 .7 5 a rc s e c o b s e rv e d
N o le n s in g o b s e rv e d
R 2 R3 R
N o le n s in g o b s e rv e d
A light bending effect due to the sun’s gravitational field, should, as theoretically predicted by General Relativity, take place at the Gaussian sphere, 2R, yielding 1/2 of 1.75 arcsec, at the Gaussian sphere, 3R, yielding 1/3 of 1.75 arcsec.This should be noticeable for nR using modern technical means.
As Function of the Impact Parameter
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The focal length F and the radius R of the sun are expressed in the same units. The light rays from a distant star of 1 solar mass M and 1 solar radius R will come to a focus at a distance of roughly 550 astronomical units, assuming a convergence angle of 1.75 arcsec. It has been a long desire of astrophysicists, SETI study groups and the International Academy of Astronautics, to send instruments to large astronomical distances to exploit the light bending focal length of the sun’s rim.
550 AU
1.75 arcsec
The Focal Lengthof the
Solar Plasma Rim
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Distance h(RSUN ) above Rim
r = RSUN + h
Acceleration
gSUN
1/r 2 Effect
Acceleration m/s2
1/r 2 Effect
Observed Lensing
Predicted by General Relativity
1/R EffectR = RSUN + h
h = 1.0, r = 2.0 RSUN 0.25 gSUN 68.5 m/s2 none 0.88 arcsec
h = 0.5, r = 1.5 RSUN 0.44 gSUN 121.8 m/s2 none 1.17 arcsec
h = 0.2, r = 1.2 RSUN 0.69 gSUN 190.3 m/s2 none 1.45 arcsec
h = 0.1, r = 1.1 RSUN 0.83 gSUN 226.4 m/s2 negligible or none 1.59 arcsec
h = 0, r = 1.0 RSUN 1.00 gSUN 274.0 m/s2 1.75 arcsec 1.75 arcsec
Distance / Rsun
0.10
0.05
0
no lensing observed
negligible or no lensing observed
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The Shapiro DelayA Frequency Dependent Transit-Time Effect
noticeable transit time delay as a function of the impact parameter of the microwave beam relative to the sun
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no bending of optical, IR or UV waves due to the electron density profile
THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE
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SOLAR PLASMA INDEX OF REFRACTION
r(Rsun) Ne( cm^-3) Ne / Nc Ne / Nc n=1-½Ne/Nc 1 / n 1 / n 1 / n2.2GHz 8.8GHz 8.8GHz 2.2GHz 8.8GHz Optical
200 5.4606E+00 9.0985E-11 5.6866E-12 1.0000000000 1.0000000000 1.0000000000 1.0000000000
150 1.0124E+01 1.6869E-10 1.0543E-11 1.0000000000 1.0000000001 1.0000000000 1.0000000000
100 2.4386E+01 4.0632E-10 2.5395E-11 1.0000000000 1.0000000002 1.0000000000 1.0000000000
50 1.1282E+02 1.8798E-09 1.1749E-10 0.9999999999 1.0000000009 1.0000000001 1.0000000000
40 1.8640E+02 3.1059E-09 1.9412E-10 0.9999999999 1.0000000016 1.0000000001 1.0000000000
30 3.5868E+02 5.9763E-09 3.7352E-10 0.9999999998 1.0000000030 1.0000000002 1.0000000000
20 9.1538E+02 1.5252E-08 9.5327E-10 0.9999999995 1.0000000076 1.0000000005 1.0000000000
15 1.7986E+03 2.9968E-08 1.8730E-09 0.9999999991 1.0000000150 1.0000000009 1.0000000000
12 3.0559E+03 5.0919E-08 3.1824E-09 0.9999999984 1.0000000255 1.0000000016 1.0000000000
11 3.7631E+03 6.2702E-08 3.9189E-09 0.9999999980 1.0000000314 1.0000000020 1.0000000000
3 9.2431E+04 1.5401E-06 9.6257E-08 0.9999999519 1.0000007701 1.0000000481 1.0000000000
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THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE
No Gravitational Light Bending OccursAt Astronomically Large Impact Parameters
in empty vacuum space
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THE QUESTION IS
Where are the Einstein Rings?
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No Gravitational Light Bending on the Rays of Star Light atAstronomically Large Impact Parameters
in empty vacuum space
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Distance h(RSUN ) above Rim
r = RSUN + h
Acceleration
gSUN
1/r 2 Effect
Acceleration m/s2
1/r 2 Effect
Observed Lensing
Predicted by General Relativity
1/R EffectR = RSUN + h
h = 1.0, r = 2.0 RSUN 0.25 gSUN 68.5 m/s2 none 0.88 arcsec
h = 0.5, r = 1.5 RSUN 0.44 gSUN 121.8 m/s2 none 1.17 arcsec
h = 0.2, r = 1.2 RSUN 0.69 gSUN 190.3 m/s2 none 1.45 arcsec
h = 0.1, r = 1.1 RSUN 0.83 gSUN 226.4 m/s2 negligible or none 1.59 arcsec
h = 0, r = 1.0 RSUN 1.00 gSUN 274.0 m/s2 1.75 arcsec 1.75 arcsec
Distance / Rsun
0.10
0.05
0
no lensing observed
negligible or no lensing observed
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From the BookDiscourses & Mathematical Illustration pertaining to the
Extinction Shift PrincipleSolved Problems on GRAVITATION
Solar Light Bending (in Plasma Atmosphere of Sun)Here, it is found that, due to the gravitational gradient of the plasma of the sun, the very same light bending equation of
is derived using pure classical assumptions only. Exactly 1.75 arcsec of light bending in the plasma atmosphere of the sun is predicted by this Extinction Shift Principle because of pure classical reasons only. The significant finding here is that for nearly a century of intense observations, an indirect interaction between the gravitational field of the sun and the rays of light of the stars has been observed, not a direct interaction as predicted by General Relativity. The mere fact that this effect is observed for a century only in the plasma atmosphere of the sun is in itself a direct violation and thus an astrophysical discount and disproof of the light bending rule of General Relativity. Recall that Relativity claims gravitational light bending effect should occur in the vacuum space just slightly above the solar rim of the plasma as well as in the solar plasma atmosphere.
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Integrated Effect of the Gravitational Gradient Field
(Potential) of mass M
r Rr G M
rr R
rG M
Rdr
2
Max Velocity v 2 G MR
Light Ray Frequency ' ( ) ( ) 0 021 1 2
vc
2
2G M
R c
Light Ray Wavelength
' ( ) ( ) 0
10
2 11 1 2vc
2
2G M
Rc
' ( ) 021 2
G MR c
Number of Wavelengths per unit
Length
n G MR c
1 1
1
1 2
01 0
21 ' ( )( )
v2
c2
Redshift
Redshift
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Energy along path of light as function of
Gravitational Potential 0
21 2( )G Mrc
Change in Energy
per unit length
dd r
G Mr c
02
2 2
02
2 2G M
r cR
Deflection Angle
upon approach
ap p
GMr cr
r RG M
R c
a pp dr
2 22 2 2
Deflection Angle
upon receding
re cG M
r cr R
rG MR c
r e c dr
2 22 2 2
Net Deflection Angle rec a ppG M
R c4
2
rec a p pG MR c
42
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less than1 arcsec
Telescope
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Observed and Recorded by Modern Astrophysics since 1992
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If the light bending rule of General Relativity were actually correct then occasional distortions in the images of the stellar objects moving about Sagittarius A* will most likely have been observed and recorded; given modern Astrophysical means.
As Predicted by General Relativity: Not Currently Observed
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Direct Gravitation-Electromagnetism Interaction
THE PREDICTION OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
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No Direct Gravitation-Electromagnetism Interaction
THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCENo Gravitational Light Bending Occurs
in Empty Vacuum Space
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R
M
2R Gaussian Sphere of 2 R
Gaussian Sphere of 3 R
Gaussian Sphere of 4 R
Black HolesBlack HolesEmission Theory
R
THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCEat the
Galactic Center
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Einstein Ring CalculationEinstein Ring Calculation
DL DSL
DS
24
1 2 approach recede
GMRc
Assume : : 1:1:2L SL SD D D
R2
Einstein ring of radius
1M
1
4G MR c 2 1 2
RD
RDL SL
4G Mc 2
R R2 1D
1D
2 D DD DL SL
SL L
L SL( ) ( )
T O T A L g en era lcase
R
D4G Mc D
D DD DL
2L
L SL
SL L
2G Mc D2
L D DL S L
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From symmetry we have
Solving for the radius of the impact parameter of the light ray and thus the radius of the Einstein Ring expressed in radians we have
and finally
Radius of the Einstein Ring
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Note that the angle of deflection for the approach segment, one half of the total gravitational effect, is exactly equal to the radius of the solved Einstein ring expressed in radians and is given as
This is a rarely covered fundamental on in modern academic textbooks. The accumulative effect must sum the effects on the light ray upon approach and receding the gravitating mass.
From above, the total accumulative effect is thus
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22GM
1 Rc
2
p
a(1 e )1 eCos( )r( )
R r( ) p
2 2 2 2
1 eCos( )2GM 2GM1 Rc c a(1 e )c
[ ]
E. H. Dowdye, “Time resolved images from the center of the Galaxy appear to counterGeneral Relativity”, Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 328, 2, pp. 186-191 (2007)
Published online at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch
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2
2GMg R
gA ( )(4 R ) 4 GM
Sg dA 4 GM
22GM
1 Rc
2
p
a(1 e )1 eCos( )r( ) R r( )
p
2 2 2 2
1 eCos( )2GM 2GM1 Rc c a(1 e )c
[ ]
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SUMMARY
• The gravitational gradient field of the sun acts directly on the plasma limb of the sun.
• The plasma limb of the sun acts directly on the electromagnetic waves propagating along a minimum-energy or a least-time path within the plasma limb.
• The gravitational gradient field of the sun acts indirectly, not directly, on the electromagnetic waves propagating in the plasma limb of the sun.
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SUMMARY
All electromagnetic waves in the plasma limb propagate along a minimum-energy path
All electromagnetic waves propagating in the plasma-free vacuum space appear to be unaffected by the gravitational gradient field of the sun and of the stars
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SUMMARYThe severe dependency of the observedgravitational deflection of microwaves
on the IMPACT PARAMETER
is solid evidence light bending rule ofGeneral Relativity is violated.
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THERE IS STILL THE BURNING QUESTION
Where are the Einstein Rings?
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY
Where is Einstein at Sagittarius A*?
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"Wenn die Lichtgeschwindigkeit auch nur ein bißchen von der Geschwindigkeit der Lichtquelle abhängig ist, dann ist meine ganze
Relativitätstheorie und Gravitationstheorie falsch.“
"If the velocity of light is only a tiny bit dependent on the velocity of the light source, then my whole theory of Relativity and Gravitation is false.“
{Quotation of A. Einstein from a letter to Erwin Finley-Freundlich: August 1913}.
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Nobel Prize Physicist Dr. Albert Einstein receivesa Lincoln University honorary degree for his accomplishments during his visit in 1946.
http://www.lincoln.edu/sesquicentennial/legacy.html
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Extinction Shift PrincipleExtinction Shift Principle
Discourses & Mathematical Illustrations pertaining to the
under the Electrodynamics ofGalilean Transformations
www.extinctionshift.com
Significant Findings on Gravitational Lensing
www.extinctionshift.com/SignificantFindings.htm
Books available on Create Space, in eBook for Kimble and Nook