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Edward Battersby Bailey, 1881-1965

C. J. Stubblefield

, 1-21, published 1 November 1965111965 Biogr. Mems Fell. R. Soc.

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EDWARD BATTERSBY BAILEY

1881-1965

Edward Battersby Bailey was a former Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and the Museum of Practical Geology, also for a time Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. He was born on 1 July 1881 and died on 19 March 1965, having dedicated his life to geological thinking and exposition. Though his studies extended beyond the confines of the United Kingdom and over a wide range of geology, his major work was interpretation, into three-dimensional concepts, of the phenomena observed by surface mapping of mainly igneous and metamorphic rocks in the mountains, hills and islands of western Scotland. His work was marked by physical and mental fearlessness and enthusiasm, reinforced by a flair or instinct for arriving at a novel explanation of his own or others’ observations.

Early yearsBailey was born at Marden in the Kentish Weald, where his father,

James Battersby Bailey, practised medicine. His paternal grandfather, James Luttrell Bailey, had commanded the Royal Irish Constabulary stationed in Belfast. Edward Bailey’s mother, Louise Florence, was the daughter of a Cumberland farmer, Isaac Carr, who also owned a cloth mill at Tiverton on Avon, upstream from Bath. Edward was the third in a family of six sons, each of whom volunteered for service in the 1914-1918 war; four of them were awarded the Military Gross and the eldest, a medical man, received a military O.B.E.; two of Edward’s brothers were killed in action.

The family moved house when, at fairly frequent intervals, the medical practice changed its location from Marden to Bognor, thence to Eastbourne, followed by Littlehampton. The few autobiographical notes which Bailey left, recall that he was a puny and sickly child with tonsil and ear troubles. But it would appear that an early inclination for an outdoor life showed itself in his ambition to join the Red Indians when he grew up. He selected and carefully marked, in his mother’s Army and Navy Stores catalogue, various items of camping equipment thought to be essential to meet his needs, and he abstracted from Longfellow’s Hiawatha, an aide-memoire of Red Indian words so that he could talk with his future adopted blood-brothers. He attended a small school at Littlehampton where he endured cruel bullying and it was with relief to him when, in the spring of 1891, the family moved again, this time to Kendal. He and his two elder brothers went to Kendal Grammar School, then a school of about 100 boys. He has recorded that



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the results had scarcely penetrated to the undergraduate level, but Bailey recalled J. J. Thomson assembling an audience one day in 1902 to explain a momentous paper delivered by Rutherford and Soddy in Canada, in which the general theory was propounded that radioactivity is the breaking up of one atom into a lighter one with the emission of charged particles. Bailey, the only geologist present, was asked by Thomson what he thought of this. He answered that the apparently irreversible decay of uranium was probably matched by a recuperative process of which at that time nothing was known. At the end of the May Term it was announced that Bailey had achieved not only a first in geology but also in physics in Part II of the Tripos. In a spirit of celebration he walked to Dulwich whither his mother had migrated after the death of Bailey’s father in 1898. A few weeks before the Tripos examination, Bailey had sat the Civil Service Commission’s examination arranged to fill two vacancies on the staff of the Geological Survey, one in England and the other in Scotland; the salary offered was £120 with annual increments of £13. J. B. Scrivenor received higher marks than Bailey and chose the English post and to Bailey’s delight left the Scottish one for him. It is said that when Bailey’s appointment was announced, the Geological Survey’s Director, J. J. H. (later Sir Jethro) Teall, told his wife that the man who broke their nephew’s nose had become a member of the Survey staff. This nephew was H. T. Ferrar, after whom the Ferrar Glacier, Antarctica, is named. He was a middleweight undergraduate with whom Bailey had sparred at Cambridge without realizing the extent of the damage inflicted.

The Geological Survey 1902-1929Bailey’s was the only first class honours awarded in geology at Cambridge

in 1902, and he received the Harkness Scholarship for that year. The Geology Tripos results were made public on 14 June and such was Bailey’s eagerness to join the Geological Survey that he reported at its Edinburgh Office four days later. B. N. Peach and J. Horne were at the height of their fame ‘floodlit by the glory of the North West Highlands’. Horne had been appointed ‘Assistant to the Director’ in Scotland in 1901, and Peach was District Geologist for Argyllshire and Inverness-shire when Bailey joined. It was Bailey’s good fortune to be assigned to Peach for training in geological mapping on the scale of six inches to one mile in Highland terrain; Peach took him first to Scarba, a deer-forested island north-east of Jura. There, in nearby islands and on the adjacent mainland, captivated by Peach’s inspiring leadership and helped by glorious sunshine, Bailey found himself on the south-western fringe of what was subsequently to prove a geological paradise for him. By coincidence, on 1 July 1902, Bailey’s twenty-first birthday, he was left alone by Peach, and he did his first day’s independent mapping for the Survey. In this and for some subsequent years, the season’s programme was to continue mapping in the deer-forest country until the end of July, take a holiday in August, move to sheep-ground in September and turn to Lowland coalfield and indoor work from October to March. Thus, in

Edward Battersby Bailey 3



September 1902, Bailey was on the mainland stationed near Crinan and he joined Peach for mapping around Kilmartin some eight miles eastwards whither Peach had travelled from the Tayvallich peninsula. Peach rode in a pony trap to the ground being mapped but Bailey, though he took a lift out in the morning, on many evenings removed his shoes and ran to his lodging barefoot. He was wont to wear ‘shorts’ for his field work, a practice which was not criticized until 1905 when he was told to conform with more formal attire. He thereupon resigned, explaining his belief that he could not do justice to his work otherwise clad. He was permitted to wear ‘shorts’ and kept up that habit for field work throughout his life.

Brief accounts of Bailey’s field researches as they proceeded can be followed by reading the successive volumes of the annual Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey. In his first summer he acquired merit for correlating isolated strips of Dalradian quartzite found on the mainland with successions established on islands to the south-west. During that winter season he served with C. T. Clough’s unit in the Haddington and Gifford district of East Lothian, where Lower Carboniferous rocks and glacial phenomena took his interest.

In the Lowland months of his early Survey years, Bailey made many useful contributions to Carboniferous stratigraphy and his first paper, ‘On the occurrence of true Coal Measures at Port Seton, East Lothian’, he liked to recall, was written in co-authorship with David Tait, one of the Survey’s skilled fossil collectors. But Bailey’s main preoccupation in the Lowlands was revising the field characteristics, and in providing petrographical descriptions, of Carboniferous igneous rocks of the Midland Valley; these included those of East Lothian, Bathgate and Campsie Fells. Additionally he spent time deciphering stream diversion along successive margins of the Forth Glacier retreating from the Lammermuir Hills (1904). In this latter work he co-operated, at Horne’s suggestion, with P. F. Kendall who in 1902 had made known his interpretation of several dry valleys of the Cleveland Hills of Yorkshire, as resulting from the deserted spillways of glacially diverted streams. Kendall’s distaste for writing was well known and Bailey eventually prepared a draft account covering their joint work, which to his surprise was accepted without alteration by Kendall and the paper appeared in 1908. Kendall was not alone among Bailey’s co-workers who disliked writing-up a subject for publication. A more remarkable instance concerns Peach, who had been instructed to deliver several pieces of work written up before he retired from the Survey in 1905. One of these was a chapter on the Arthur’s Seat Volcano intended for the second edition of the Edinburgh district memoir. As Peach had taken Bailey many times on Saturdays and Sundays to see his revision mapping in the course of its development, Bailey offered to take a fortnight’s leave and anonymously to dictate to Peach the desired description. The offer was accepted and when any disagreement was reached Peach and he took a cab and discussed their differences on the outcrop. The venture prospered and the account of Arthur’s Seat was published separately

4 Biographical Memoirs



Edward Battersb Bailey 5

as a booklet, in addition to serving as a memoir chapter. Peach, Bailey’s ‘great master’ for whom he had deep affection, duly retired from the Geological Survey in 1905 and C. T. Clough, whom Bailey has referred to as ‘that self-effacing genius’, took over the supervision of the West Highland Field Unit.

The Survey’s geological mapping of the Glen Coe area had been startde by H. Kynaston and Peach in 1900, and it was continued by the first-named and subsequently by Bailey and others until 1908. Various steps in this team research are summarized by Bailey in his second edition of the Geology of Ben Nevis and Glen Coe (1960). His personal contribution to the mapping and interpretation began in 1905 and was such that his two senior Survey colleagues, Clough and H. B. Maufe were content to allow Bailey to write up the joint account of the cauldron-subsidence of Glen Coe for reading to the Geological Society of London in 1909. Glencoe was probably the first deeply eroded subaerial caldera in the world to receive detailed analysis. A roughly oval area some nine miles long and five miles broad, occupied by schists and by unconformable volcanic rocks of Lower Old Red Sandstone age, is believed to have subsided as a cylinder more than a thousand feet in country mostly occupied by much older Highland schists. The cauldron is bounded by a fault which had been obliterated for four miles of its course in the south by the Cruachan Granite, but elsewhere the fault’s course is emphasized locally by a discontinuous complex of granitic and porphyritic intrusions inferred to be offshoots of the Cruachan magma. A flinty crush-rock is seen at some places occupying the fault-zone. Writing later in his review ‘Some aspects of igneous geology, 1908-1958’, Bailey remarked: ‘The fault-intrusion of Glen Coe constitutes the original of ring-dyke terminology, but in its frequent external irregularity it is not typical of its class.’ Nevertheless, its description heralded the recognition and study of ring-faults and ring-dykes in many parts of the world.

In the summer of 1909, Bailey, Robert Campbell and Maufe were led by Leon W. Collet over sections in the Prealps of Switzerland and they saw structural features similar to those they knew in Scotland, and in addition, they saw evidence of transported rocks showing varying lithological facies. Bailey addressed the Geological Society of London again in 1910; this time also, the Glen Coe volcanic area occupied almost the centre of the geological map which accompanied his paper but the area described was much larger; it extended from Loch Linnhe in the north-west to the Etive and Moor of Rannoch granites in the south-east, and the topic was the structure of the older formations, the Highland Schists. The 1910 study was the outcome of team-mapping undertaken over fifteen years by Geological Survey officers. In the course of this work a stratigraphical succession for the schists, quartzites and limestones had been built up and Bailey had taken a prominent part in its building; but as Bailey stated in his paper whether this ‘should be read upwards or downwards is a matter for future enquiries to decide’. Bailey has repeatedly (for example, 1909, 1910, 1935, 1960) given credit to



6

H. B. Maufe for inspiring the large-scale structural interpretation which he himself had developed and extended. Maufe had recorded in 1906 that a huge overfold is seen in Glen Etive ‘the limbs of which dip gently westwards and are at least three miles in length (from trough to crest). The quartzite which caps the hills, also forms the floors of the glens.’ This quartzite Maufe had termed the ‘Glencoe quartzite’. Bailey claimed that overfold to be a southward continuation of the Ballachulish core, which subsequently became known as the Ballachulish Recumbent Fold or Syncline. The differing thicknesses of the beds adjacent to the quartzite in the respective limbs of the fold in Glen Etive, Bailey explained as resulting from strata being cut out by a fold-fault in the lower limb of the fold, though he could only see a plane of strain-slip foliation at the inferred fault plane. Marcel Bertrand, the French Alpine geologist, in 1892 had found difficulty in realizing that in the northwest Highlands of Scotland, the thrusts showed no field evidence that they were derived from recumbent anticlines with the lower limb suppressed. Bailey stated in 1910 that in the south-west Highlands there were several recumbent folds ‘broken and entire, in certain cases not less than 12 miles in amplitude; and that these folds are by no means always in the position in which they were formed, since many of them have been subsequently rucked up and bodily involved in other isoclinal folds which, though of minor importance, are still of considerable amplitude. The fold-faults which accompany these recumbent folds, when the latter are broken, are not confined to the lower limbs of anticlines.’ These fold-faults Bailey also called ‘slides’. He believed that some of his fold-faults were thrusts and that some were lags but because in 1910 and 1916 he was undecided concerning the correct order of the stratigraphical succession he was uncertain which of his folds were anticlines and which were synclines—hence he used the non-committal term fold-fault or slide. J. J. H. Teall commenting on Bailey’s views in 1909 stated: ‘This assumed fold-fault differs in two important respects from the thrust-planes of the north-west of Scotland; it is distinctly related to a fold and is not marked by the occurrence of crushed rocks or mylonites.’ In 1922, however, Bailey decided to choose the order of succession which would enable him to interpret the Ballachulish and Fort William Slides as thrusts. As Bailey wrote later, in 1935, ‘practically every Highland geologist disagreed with’ his 1922 suggestion but the arguments put forward differed in ‘important respects’. By 1930, however, when T. Vogt, T. L. Tan ton and others had made clear to him the significance of current-bedding and graded-bedding in determining the correct order of original deposition of strata, he was enabled to convince himself that the Ballachulish Recumbent Fold is a syncline (and not an anticline) indicating movement to the northwest and thus, that the Ballachulish Slide is a lag or lag-fault. Also he then accepted R. G. Carruthers’s 1913 correction that there were three quartzites and three schists instead of one of each as claimed in Bailey’s 1910 reading of that part of the succession now known to be older than the Ballachulish Limestone. Bailey continued for many years to study the Ballachulish and

Biographical Memoirs



Leven and associated problems; in 1934 he stated that the structures were due to drag rather than to thrust tectonics and he quoted examples from the Alps where inverted limbs are thicker than normal limbs in recumbent folds. It is a feature of Bailey’s publications that he usually defined his usage of technical nomenclature and if no technical term was known to him, he did not hesitate to coin one. Thus, in his 1934 paper he introduced the ‘barbaric verb “to young” , in the sense “to present the younger aspect” ’. Later, also to assist his geological descriptions, in a paper with W. J. McCallien (1937) he coined the two terms ‘antiform’ and ‘synform’; the first for ‘a fold that closes upwards’ and the other for one closing downwards. He added that unlike anticline and syncline, the new terms carried only geometrical significance. Bailey’s final views on Ballachulish he recorded in the 1960 edition of the Glen Coe memoir.

Bailey was destined to take a major part in unravelling yet another example of complicated volcanic history. Sir Archibald Geikie when Director-General of the Geological Survey had put into action a detailed study of the Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Inner Hebrides and he had nominated Alfred Harker to take those of Skye in hand. Harker started field work for the Geological Survey in 1895 and he completed mapping the Cuillin Hills in 1901; H. B. Woodward and C. B. Wedd mapped the Mesozoic rocks and the Survey’s one-inch map of Southern Skye with its explanatory memoir appeared in 1904; together they made classic the Skye igneous centre. This work was extended by Teall and the detailed study of the Mull igneous centre began in 1907 in which year Bailey was sent to start mapping the southern part of the island. Field work in Mull continued year by year until 1914; ten field geologists in all took part, supported by J. S. Flett and later by H. H. Thomas in petrography. In no single year did the West Highland field unit number more than six men and several served only two years or less. The bulk of the field work in Mull was undertaken by Bailey, Clough, J. E. Richey, J. Grant Wilson and W. B. Wright. It has been written that no part of Britain has proved to be more complicated geologically than Central Mull. By reading accounts of the work in successive volumes of the Summary of Progress it is possible to identify which member of the team made particular discoveries and also to follow some stages in the evolution of the final story. But the credit for what Sir John Flett, in his book The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (1937) describes as ‘one of the most wonderful chapters of the geology of Britain’ must go to the team as a whole and to their leaders, C. T. Clough and after the war, E. B. Bailey. Mull was shown to be the site of two great cauldron-subsidences, totalling six miles in length along a north-westerly axis; the northern one showed almost continuous ring-dykes, the more southerly or Glen More caldera, from the occurrence within it of pillow-lavas, was deduced to have contained crater lakes, and from the great thickness of the pillow-lavas, its floor is believed to have sunk repeatedly. Explosion vents, containing an agglomerate of Tertiary igneous rocks, pierce the caldera. Cone sheets were




recognized in abundance, as also were ring-dykes and ‘ring-bosses’. Remarkable examples of gravitational differentiation of granophyre from gabbro were described, as were also the later north-westerly dyke-swarms.

The First World War interrupted the Mull survey but before enlisting, Bailey made a guide coloured copy of much of the geological map and wrote contributions in preparation for the memoirs. The completion of the map and the memoirs had to await Bailey’s return from the war late in 1918. Meanwhile Clough had met with a fatal accident whilst on duty examining sections in a railway cutting in 1916 and in 1919 Bailey was appointed to succeed him as District Geologist. Thus it fell to Bailey’s lot to bring into publication the one-inch map in 1923, the main Tertiary and Post-Tertiary rocks of Mull memoir in 1924 followed by the Pre-Tertiary rocks of Mull memoir in 1925. Subsequently a 1/10 560 coloured geological model of the area was prepared for exhibition in the Survey Museum.

Bailey took a commission in the Royal Garrison Artillery in 1915 and whilst stationed at Plymouth, in off-duty moments, he studied the geology of Drake’s Island; his account, however, was not submitted for publication until 1919. War wounds received on the Somme in September 1916 on the first day the tanks were used, and near Ypres in 1918, deprived Bailey of one eye and left him with a damaged arm. Serving mainly as a scout, he was twice mentioned in dispatches and was awarded the Military Cross and the Croix de Guerre with palm. He was also made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and he retired from the Army with the rank of Lieutenant.

Bailey’s war injuries did not diminish his boundless energy in geological field-work. Stories are told of his almost foolhardy crossing of rivers in spate. Nevertheless, on one occasion he received a caustic reprimand from Walcot Gibson, the new Assistant to the Director in Scotland, whom Bailey had led almost chin high in water across a river when there was a serviceable bridge a few yards upstream.

J. S. (later Sir John) Flett had taken over directorship of the Survey in 1920, and the West Highland unit, with Bailey in charge, completed the mapping of the north-western part of Mull, Coll and the western part of Ardnamurchan with its Mull-like centre of Tertiary igneous rocks specially studied by J. E. Richey. But field work ceased for some years in the West Highlands after 1923 and the maps and memoirs dealing with ground surveyed were prepared for publication. Mapping by Bailey’s unit was restricted to more mundane tasks such as sheets in Ayrshire with their coalfields and igneous rocks.

In 1924, however, Bailey wrote a paper which proved to be his major personal contribution to the utilization of the country’s natural mineral resources. Following his discovery of a Tertiary desert sand overlying the Chalk in western Mull, in 1922 he gave thought to the study of twenty feet or so of white round-grained sandstone overlying Cenomanian Greensand on the shores of Loch Aline, across the Sound of Mull in Morvern, on the mainland. To the north-west, this white sandstone is overlain by Senonian Chalk




and thus its age is that of part of the Chalk of the English downlands. He deduced that the white sands had been blown into the Chalk sea from a neighbouring desert. Analysis showed that the sand contained 99 • 69 per cent S i0 2 and between 1940 and the autumn of 1948, over 250 000 tons of the sand were mined and shipped from Loch Aline for use in making optical glass.

For many years, studies of the Scottish Millstone Grit had been coloured by the so-called ‘plant break’ within it, publicized by R. Kidston; and in 1926 Bailey produced an ingenious explanation which, however, is no longer felt to be so necessary. On the other hand, in the same year his paper on subterranean penetration by a desert climate contained his views on deep oxidation by air of iron carbonates and sulphides in the rocks beneath the post-Carboniferous land surface when the water table had dropped. This idea was fruitfully developed by F. M. Trotter in 1953 who showed that reddening of Lower and Upper Carboniferous strata had locally been effected to a depth of more than a thousand feet.

Bailey’s geological journeys overseas up to 1927 had been almost confined to his 1909 visit to the Prealps with Collet, and a second Swiss visit under the same leader in 1924 to the Pennine Alps; but he had also attended in 1910 the International Geological Congress in Stockholm; there he saw geological sections in Sweden and Finland led by A. G. Hogbom. His journey in 1927, however, as a guest of the Princeton Summer School of Geology across Canada from Quebec to Vancouver was especially interesting. With R. M. Field, he examined near Quebec the tectonic structures described by Logan and, inspired by H. Schardt’s studies of the Alpine Flysch breccias, he recognized with Collet and Field fossil submarine landslips. However, after his return to Britain, Bailey found himself at loggerheads with the higher administration of the Geological Survey as he has written in his book The Geological Survey of Great Britain (1952). So he applied for and obtained the chair of Geology at Glasgow, left vacant by the retirement of J. W. Gregory. He resigned from the Survey as from 24 December 1929.


Glasgow 1929-1937Compared with most of the university geology departments in the 1930s,

Glasgow had a large teaching staff and it was customary for the Professor to address a first-year class numbering four or five hundred. Bailey’s Introduction to geology (1938) written in co-authorship with his colleagues, J . Weir and W. J. McCallien, is based on his Glasgow first-year lectures. Bailey was interested in his students, their problems and their activities. He took naturally of course to refereeing at boxing. Bailey had married in 1914 Alice Meason, a sister of J. S. Flett’s wife, and like her sister, she was an endearing person. Together the Baileys took part in entertaining students and staff. They rarely missed inviting a party to Students’ Union dances. Bailey danced with his party from beginning to end; once his partner had



10told him the kind of dance it was, he was happy. He became an early member of the Scottish Youth Hostels Association and was an active Chairman of the Glasgow District Branch from 1932 to 1937. His interest continued long after he had left Glasgow and in 1948 he was elected Honorary President of the Association. He also officiated at meetings of the Rationalists in Glasgow. His lectures to the advanced geology students were full of interest but on occasions are said to have been long overtimed. But at Glasgow, he certainly inspired much useful research. Arising from Bailey’s appreciation of the importance of graded bedding, he wrote two papers (1930, 1936) on sedimentation and tectonics in which attention was drawn to the possibility of submarine earthquakes, with their accompanying tidal waves, releasing previously deposited sediments so that they would go into suspension and subsequently be deposited in a graded manner in deeper seas. These studies led to experimental work by P. H. Kuenen and C. I. Migliorini (1950) which gave to geology the concept of turbidity currents of high density, as a clarifying factor in the understanding not only of some stratigraphical problems in geosynclines but also of present-day ocean bottom configuration and physical content. Turbidity currents are now recognized as a very significant agent of deposition especially in bathyal waters. Geologically, Bailey found more freedom in the university post. He studied the metamorphic rocks of Perthshire and Antrim with W. J. McCallien and submarine faulting in Kim- meridgian times off the coast of East Sutherland with J. Weir. He also produced a collection of Tectonic essays mainly Alpine (1935), which was designed to give to English readers a supplementary volume to L. W. Collet’s The structure of the Alps (1927). Its chapter on the ‘Chronology of tectonic discovery: 1775-1893’ is specially fascinating. He attended the International Geological Congress in Washington, D.C., in 1933 and in 1935 studied rock exposures and structures in Norway with Olaf Holtedahl. This Norwegian visit led to his publication with Holtedahl of a volume dealing with the Caledonides of North-western Europe (1938). With J. H. Mackin and R. Balk he visited the Appalachians in 1936 and examined the evidence for recumbent folds in the Pennsylvanian Piedmont.

Back to the Geological Survey 1937-1945 When Bailey left the Survey in 1929, the London headquarters were in a

Victorian building in Jermyn Street in which he spent a few days in several winters for discussions with colleagues. The cheerful and modern new Museum in South Kensington had been opened in 1935, the year of the Survey’s centenary of foundation. Flett had retired from his post as Director of the Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology a few months after the opening ceremony and had been succeeded by Bernard Smith, who died after only ten months in office. There had followed an interregnum with W. F. P. McLintock as Acting Director before Bailey took over in April 1937. He returned to the Survey and Museum on the understanding that he would be given time for personal scientific research and he was relieved of much of




the administrative work by McLintock being given the post of Deputy Director. Some of his plans for conducting the organization are given in his book on the Survey’s history but the war prevented much of their implementation. As far as changes in publication were concerned, he started a Bulletin series to replace the extra parts of the annual Summary of Progress which had been devoted to short scientific papers by Survey staff and by workers on Survey collections. Two numbers of the Bulletin were published before the war temporarily stopped its appearance and to one of these Bailey contributed a paper on Caledonian tectonics and metamorphism in Skye. When Bailey attended the 17th International Geological Congress meeting in the U.S.S.R. in 1937, the invitation was conveyed for the holding of the 18th Congress in London in 1940. On Bailey’s return to London various committees were set up and McLintock was appointed as one of the two General Secretaries of the organizing committee. As the Survey was expected to take a major part in planning and leading geological excursions to various parts of the British Isles, Bailey was made Chairman of the Excursions Committee. The Congress was postponed because of the war, but such was the work of the Excursions Committee that it was readily brought up to date when, after the war, arrangements were revived for the Congress to take place in 1948.

During the war years the Survey’s regional mapping on a six inches to a mile basis ceased, and the staff’s efforts were diverted to field and indoor work concerned with rocks and minerals of direct importance to the national war effort. The collections of maps, rocks, minerals and fossils were evacuated from London and London Civil Defence Regional headquarters were installed in the Museum. Bailey gave up his Director’s room to the Regional Commissioners and with characteristic disregard for danger made do with tables on the top gallery of the Museum. When the Home Guard was formed in 1940, Bailey became Lieutenant commanding the Geological Survey and London Regional Unit of the 58th County of London Battalion—a command which he enjoyed until 1942. There were also fire watching and VI (flying bomb) warning duties in which he took part. He also gave time to editing various reports and wartime pamphlets which were issued by the Survey during the war years.

Another activity gave him much satisfaction for in 1943, he had been appointed to serve on a small committee initiated by the British Association concerned with the British National Atlas. It was resolved to issue separate loose leaf maps on a scale of 1 : 625 000, ‘about ten miles to the inch’, covering the area of Great Britain in two sheets which would carry a unifying ten-kilometre grid. Bailey agreed that the Geological Survey would prepare the two sheets to show the solid geology and he himself took a major part in the preparation of the northern sheet which comprised Scotland, a part of north England and Northern Ireland. The maps were not published until after Bailey had retired but they were ready for issue at the time of the 18th International Geological Congress in London in 1948.

In 1943 Bailey visited Malta in an attempt to find better water resources




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Edward Batter shy Bailey 13‘As in their younger days, the house of Sir Edward and Lady Bailey was a

mecca for geologists. To be entertained there to tea with Lady Bailey presiding with infinite charm was an experience many will fondly remember.’

His geological studies in company with W. J . McCallien were renewed. They produced in 1952 the suggestion that the Ballantrae serpentine appeared to be a submarine lava with its eruption followed by the deposition of the Bennane Head radiolarian chert, which was of somewhat earlier date than the Ballantrae radiolarian chert. A year later arising from their visits to Turkey, the same two writers, when dealing with the structures known as the Ankara melange and the Anatolian thrust, argued that the serpentines of Turkey were lavas laid down in deep sea as geosynclinal deposits as part of the ‘Steinmann trinity’; furthermore they built on Flett and Dewey’s belief that Cornish pillow-lavas released silica into sea water to increase the crop of near-surface radiolaria; and thus they claimed that the carbonated tops of the Turkish serpentines beneath radiolarian cherts or limestones were due to a similar action with similar consequences. Bailey and McCallien discussed the Steinmann trinity again in 1960. Together they also wrote concerning the minor intrusions of Slieve Gullion in County Armagh, and concerning the structural geology of the Apennines of Italy.

When the first Lady Bailey died in 1956, Bailey returned to live in London near his son Douglas, an architect. He reverted to regular attendance at the Geological Society of London meetings, and for some years he was still to be seen at British Association meetings. Bailey enjoyed writing biographies of eminent geologists, especially the geological pioneers and those whose researches had dealt with Alpine tectonics. He had contributed a biography of Charles Lyell to the Notes and Records of the Royal Society in 1959, and this was expanded into a book published in 1962. Shortly before his death he had completed a study of James Hutton.

He visited Edinburgh from time to time from London and was keen to renew his acquaintance with Arthur’s Seat, Blackford Hill and the Agassiz rock. He was married again in December 1962, this time to Miss Mary M. W. Young, who with the son and daughter of his first marriage survive him.

AppreciationIn addition to his awards for gallantry in the years of the first war and his

Knighthood, Bailey received many honours. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, he served on the Council from 1943-1945 and was a Vice-President in 1945; he received a Royal Medal in 1943. He was elected a foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1938; honorary fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India in 1941; foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, in 1944; associate of the Royal Academy of Belgium in 1946; and honorary member of the Swiss Academy of Sciences in 1948.

He received honorary degrees from the following universities: S.D. Harvard 1936; D.Sc. Birmingham 1939; LL.D. Glasgow 1946; D.Sc. Belfast



1946; Sc.D. Cambridge 1952 and D.Sc. Edinburgh 1964. He was an honorary fellow of Clare College, Cambridge.

From the Royal Society of Edinburgh he received the Neill Prize for 1920 and from the Geological Society of London, the Wollaston Fund (1910), the Bigsby (1923), Murchison (1935) and Wollaston (1948) medals. From the Edinburgh Geological Society in 1962 he received the Clough Medal founded to honour his former chief.

He was President of Section C of the British Association in 1928 and he served on the Council; he represented the Association at the annual meeting of the Ceylon Association of Science in 1954.

Apart from geology, Bailey had a keen interest in botany, ornithology, some aspects of physics and of mathematics. For many years he recorded his hobby in Who's Who as geology in the field; in very recent years it was changed to reading science. In the foregoing account only a partial picture of Bailey’s complex and colourful personality will have emerged. I append the following tribute provided by Dr J. E. Richey who served in the West Highland unit in Bailey’s hey-day.

‘A man of strong personality guided by his scientific way of thought, Bailey was especially an individualist but he played a major part in directing and assisting the work of others. In the field, whatever the problems, his own or another’s, he was always illuminating, and so often brilliant in his insight into the reasons for associations of data as to be an outstanding world figure in the science of geology. On some occasions he might be over- assertive of his own adventurous ideas, seeing beyond what others would allow. Often, too, he was correct in his judgements, while always preferring the difficult path. Where certainty was obvious, his interest flagged. So, many of his writings are complex and difficult to follow; this is not surprising when it is remembered that the things he dealt with most ardently were among the most complicated in geology. One has only to mention two of them, the interwoven events in the volcanic-intrusive history of central Mull in the Inner Hebrides, and the repeatedly refolded great folds of the Dal- radian metamorphic rocks of Scotland and north-east Ireland. With a brain never at rest, he was always busy with some original line of inquiry, and it is true, as his old Survey colleague, W. B. Wright, once remarked, that listening to Bailey was like hearing the wheels grinding inexorably along.

‘His first objective was to achieve a basic pattern, and from that to fit in other data. The guiding idea, once gained, either by arduous work or more usually by a kind of intuition, became his ruling passion. Sometimes an idea would be driven-in almost too hard and accompanied by some fantasy of language that might seem out of place. But, still, these divergences from common usage might have their advantage, bringing feeling and sensibility into some otherwise heavy argument. An abbreviated style of English, reducing the amount required in explanation or description, added to the pleasure which his writings with their vivid turn of words so often brought.

‘His attitude to his choice of subject for his investigations was quite simple.




Edward BattersbBailey 15

He considered himself free to study and write upon any subject, those he might have selected specially for himself whether his own or those already worked on by others. He delighted in putting in a strenuous visit to a locality already described and turning out some idea of his own from his examination of an exposure which he found vital. Or else, solely from the descriptions already published, he would produce a pattern quite different from that of the original writer. Never, though, would a previous author be denied full acknowledgement for his original achievement, and it was always obvious that the end in view was simply the advancement of knowledge. For one who especially enjoyed dealing with unsolved problems, persistence in furthering a certain chosen solution was a natural consequence and one with great value, if at times, disturbing, for his predecessors.

‘An outstanding quality was Bailey’s fairmindedness. But it was otherwise in physical matters, and there were no excuses for the companion preferring indoors to the field on an indifferent day. A description of his own experience on one occasion was that the rain was horizontal! Prior to the First World War and before his marriage in 1914 he was not an easy man to live with. But later, in his home in Edinburgh, Glasgow or London, the Baileys’ hospitality was marvellous, and with them were centred many friendships. Like his great brother-in-law, Sir John Flett, he could appreciate too the needs of illness. At times indeed he suffered himself. Perhaps every other year in the field, with a hot sun beating down at a constant angle upon his bare legs during some long traverse across country, he would turn for home with the pain of sunburn in them and perforce be an invalid for a few days in some tent or lodging. On these hard treks he would hearten himself by reciting some stirring poem, such as Tennyson’s ‘Revenge’ or Browning’s ‘Give a Rouse’. On another kind of occasion, near the end of a long day, sitting on a pile of roadstones with a companion equipped from a passing shop, he even accepted the rather diffident offer of a spare bun, so that the two opposites could munch in harmony.

‘There cannot often have been a more assiduous worker. Pictures come to memory of his distaste for any waste of time; one, of a bell-tent in a flooded meadow in Glen Forsa in Mull, with Bailey lying on a camp-bed and the water risen to near the canvas, reading a book on physics which somehow had arrived by post; another, of him still mapping on the hill at dusk, in July, and then climbing 2000 feet or more to reach a summit and so make downhill again for a light in a cottage by the shore where his simple evening meal would be waiting for him.

‘Only latterly, during a few days’ memorable, final excursion as leader of a bus party from the Edinburgh Geological Society to his beloved stamping- ground of Glen Coe, Ballachulish and Glen Nevis, did his pace as a guide approximate both physically and mentally to that of his companions; and one of them at least who had been with him on many previous occasions over that famous area never found its complex geology more lucidly or more effectively demonstrated.



‘As a leader in science Bailey filled many roles. First, as district geologist of the Scottish Unit which had previously been led by B. N. Peach and then by C. T. Clough, he continued and extended far the scientific and economic value of its work. Only when the needs of the service required his restriction to office routine, and a return to field work seemed remote, he sought freedom elsewhere, and obtained it as professor of geology in the University of Glasgow. Again, in that place of teaching and research, he gave to many an unforgettable basis for their progress in life. So, in Survey and University, many enthusiasms were planted under his leadership and by his example.

‘Finally, when called to London in 1937 to be Director of his first choice, the Geological Survey, he made that difficult decision, with the necessary stipulation for him that he should continue also with his scientific research. It was just the turn of the luck that, very soon, the Hitler war broke out. Even so, friends visiting him from Scotland would find him at times still with his old enthusiasms mercifully unaffected. But, wherever his work lay, in London headquarters or committee rooms, on inspection of field units or district offices, on occasion abroad as far as Malta and Ceylon, Bailey was always in the forefront of every endeavour.’

I am grateful to Dr Richey for his tribute and also to Lady (Mary) Bailey, Mr Douglas Bailey, Professor O. M. B. Bulman, Professor W. J. McCallien and Dr G. H. Mitchell for giving me valued information.

C. J. Stubblefield


BIBLIOGRAPHY1903. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1902. Knapdale, 74-75; East Lothian, 124, 126-129.1904. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1903. Ardgour, 71; East Lothian (including Port Seton

Coal Measures), 100-101, 106-108, 110, 113-114; Mid Lothian, 102, 115-116.1905. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1904. East Lothian (including phonolite dome, Traprain

Law), 92-93, 95-97; Campsie Fells, 98-99; Bathgate, 106-107, 110-113, 116, 118, 120- 121.

1905. (With D. Tait.) On the occurrence of true Coal Measures at Port Seton, East Lothian. Trans Edin. Geol. Soc. 8, 351-362.

1905. On the occurrence of two spherulitic (‘Variolitic’) basalt dykes in Ardmacknish,Argyll. Trans Edin. Geol. Soc. 8, 363-371.

1906. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1905. Loch Leven, Argyll, 91-92, 99-101; Knapdale,92-93, 102; Cauldron Subsidence of Glen Coe, 96-97 and fig. 2; Campsie Fells (including fissure neck), 134, 138.

1907. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1906. Kinlochleven, 77; Knapdale and Kilberry, 77-78;Glen Coe, 78-79; Campsie Fells, 91-92.

1908. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1907. Glen Orchy to Glen Nevis, 63; Mull (includingLoch Don anticline), 65-70; Colonsay, 70-75; Campsie Fells, 93-94, 97-98.

1908. (With H. K ynaston a nd o t h e r s .) The geology of the country near Oban and Dalmally (Explanation of Sheet 45). Mem. Geol. Surv.

1908. (With P. F. K e n d a l l .) The glaciation of East Lothian south of the Garleton Hills. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 46, 1-31.



Edward BattersbBailey 171909. In Sum. Prog. .SW. for 1908. Scottish nepheline rocks, 44-46; Ballachulish Slide,

51-54.1909. (With B. N. P e a c h a n d o t h e r s .) The geology of the seaboard of mid Argyll including

the islands of Luing, Scarba, the Garvellachs and the lesser isles, together with the northern part of Jura and a small portion of Mull. (Explanation of Sheet 36.) Mem. Geol. Surv.

1909. (With C. T. C l o u g h & H. B. M a u f e .) The cauldron-subsidence of Glen Coe and the associated igneous phenomena. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. Loud. 65, 611-678.

1909. (With G. W. G r a b h a m .) Albitization of basic plagioclase felspars. Geol. Mag. (5), 6,250-256.

1910. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1909. Mull (arcuate folds and cone-sheets), 27, 30.1910. (With C . T. C l o u g h a n d o t h e r s .) The geology of East Lothian including parts of the

counties of Edinburgh and Berwick (Explanation of Sheet 33, with parts 34, 41). 2nd ed. Mem. Geol. Surv.

1910. (With B. N. P e a c h a n d o t h e r s .) The geology of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh (Sheet 32, with part 31). Mem. Geol. Surv.

1910. Recumbent folds in the schists of the Scottish Highlands. Quart. 7. Geol. Soc. Lond.66, 586-618.

1911. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1910. Mull, 38.1911. (With C . T. C l o u g h a n d o t h e r s .) The geology of the Glasgow district (Parts Sheets

30, 31, 22, and 23). Mem. Geol. Surv.1911. (With G. H. C . C r a ig a n d o t h e r s .) The geology of Colonsay and Oronsay with

part of the Ross of Mull (Explanation of Sheet 35, with part of 27). Mem. Geol. Surv.1911. (With B. N. P e a c h a n d o t h e r s .) The geology of Knapdale, Jura and North Kintyre

(Explanation of Sheet 28, with parts of 27 and 29). Mem. Geol. Surv.1911. The geology of the neighbourhood of Fort William. Proc. Geol. Assoc. Lond. 22,

179-203.1911. A new vulcanology. Geol. Mag. (5), 8, 268-273, 311-316.1912. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1911. Mull, 35-36.1912. (With M. M a c g r e g o r .) The Glen Orchy anticline (Argyllshire). Quart. J. Geol. Soc.

Lond. 68, 164-178.1912. The New Mountain of the year 1910, Usu-San, Japan. Geol. Mag. (5), 9, 248-252.1912. (With A. H aricer a n d o t h e r s .) Report of an excursion to the West Highlands of

Scotland and the Isle of Skye. Proc. Geol. Assoc. Lond. 23, 156-166.1912. A Mull problem: the great Tertiary breccia. Geol. Mag. (5), 9, 517.1913. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1912. Mull, 46-47, 66; Carruthers’s correction of Loch

Leven Succession, 51-53.1913. The Loch Awe syncline (Argyllshire). Quart. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 69, 280-306.1914. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1913. Oban, 37-39; Mull (including gravitational differ

entiation and ring-bosses), 50-53; Ayrshire, 62-64, 66-68.1914. The Ballachulish fold near the head of Loch Creran. Quart. J . Geol. Soc. Lond. 70,

321-327.1914. The Sgiirr of Eigg. Geol. Mag. (6), 1, 296-305.1915. The water of volcanoes. Geol. Mag. (6), 2, 175-177.1915. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1914. Oban, 34; Mull (including pillow-lavas of crater

lake and ring-dykes), 37-42.1916. (With H. B. M a u fe a n d o t h e r s .) The geology of Ben Nevis and Glen Coe and the

surrounding country (Explanation of Sheet 53). Mem. Geol. Surv.1917. The Islay anticline (Inner Hebrides). Quart. J . Geol. Soc. Lond. 62 for 1916, 132-164.1919. Drake’s Island, Plymouth. Geol. Mag. (6), 6, 262-265.1919. Iceland—a stepping-stone. Geol. Mag. (6), 6, 466-477.1920. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1919. Ayrshire and Renfrewshire, 27, 29, 30.1921. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1920. Mull (including Tertiary desert sand), 38, 42, 58.



x8 Biographical Memoirs

1921. (With D. Tait.) Geology, pp. 63-99 In Edinburgh's place in scientific progress. Edinburgh& London: W. & R. Chambers, Ltd.

1922. In Sum.Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1921. Ayrshire, 17; Ardnamurchan, 18; Coll, 92-97.1922. The structure of the south-west Highlands of Scotland. Quart. Geol. Soc. Lond. 78,

82-131.1923. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1922. Tiree, 92-93; Ardnamurchan, 94; Cretaceous

desert sand, Morven, 96-97.1923. Volcanic vent parasitic on St Leonard’s sill. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. 11, 223-229.1923. C. T. Clough, M.A., LL.D., F.G.S. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. 11, 236-238.1923. The Islay succession. Geol. Mag. 60, 286-287.1923. The metamorphism of the south-west Highlands. Geol. Mag. 60, 317-331.1923. (With J. M a th ie s o n .) Glacial strand-lines of Loch Tulla. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. 11,

193-199.1924. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1923. Ayrshire, 89-103; Ardnamurchan, 127-128.1924. The desert shores of the chalk seas. Geol. Mag. 61, 102-116.1924. (W ith C. T. C lo u g h a nd o t h e r s .) Tertiary and post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch

Aline, and Oban (a description of parts sheets 43, 44, 51, 52). Mem. Geol. Surv.1925. In Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1924. Ayrshire, 89-95.1925. Perthshire tectonics: Loch Tummel, Blair Atholl, and Glen Shee. Trans. Roy. Soc.

Edin. 53, 671-698.1925. (With E. M. A n derso n a nd o t h e r s .) The geology of Staffa, Iona, and Western Mull

(Sheet 43). Mem. Geol. Surv.1925. (With C. T. C lo u g h a nd o t h e r s .) The geology of the Glasgow district (Parts Sheets

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Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 57, 429-467.1934. The interpretation of Scottish scenery. Scot. Geogr. Mag. 50, 308-330.1934. West Highland tectonics: Loch Leven to Glen Roy. Quart. J . Geol. Soc. Lond. 90,

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