educational instruments
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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EDUCATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
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INSTRUMENTS…
Instruments: Collections of items or questions intended to measure, collectively (total score) levels of theoretical variables (constructs) not easily observable directly.
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THE TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS…
2. Affective Instruments3. Projective Instruments
1. Cognitive Instruments
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1. COGNITIVE INSTRUMENTS...
Measure an individual’s attainment in academic areas typically used to diagnose strengths and weaknesses
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TYPES OF COGNITIVE INSTRUMENTS...
1. Achievement tests
…provide information about how well the test takers have learned what they have been taught in school
…achievement is determined by comparing it to the normnorm, the performance of a national group of similar students who have taken the same test
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2. Aptitude tests
…measure the intellect and abilities not normally taught and often are used to predict future performance
…typically provide an overall score, a verbal score, and a quantitative score
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2. AFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTS...
Measure characteristics of individuals along a number of dimensions and to assess feelings, values, and attitudes toward self, others, and a variety of other activities, institutions, and situations
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TYPES OF AFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTS...
1. attitude scales…self-reports of an individual’s beliefs, perceptions, or
feelings about self, others, and a variety of activities, institutions, and situations
…frequently use Likert, semantic differential, Thurstone , or Guttman scales
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2. values tests
…measure the relative strength of an individual’s valuing of theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious values
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3. Personality inventories
…an individual’s self-report measuring how behaviors characteristic of defined personality traits describe that individual
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3. PROJECTIVE INSTRUMENTS...
Measure a respondent’s feelings or thoughts to an ambiguous stimulus
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PRIMARY TYPE OF PROJECTIVE TEST...
1. Associational tests
…participants react to a stimulus such as a picture, inkblot or word onto which they project a description
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STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING AN INSTRUMENT1) Determine clearly what it is you want to measure.2) Generate a pool of possible items (about 60 for a 20 item
instrument).3) Decide on question format (yes/no, strongly agree, agree, etc)4) Decide how to score the instrument (e.g. on an optimism
scale, all responses that indicate optimism should get higher scores, so that the more optimistic you are, the higher your total score).
5) Administer the instrument to a pilot sample of people: 100 - 300.
6) Scale purification: Evaluate each item using the pilot data
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RULES GOVERNING THE SELECTION INSTRUMENTS...
2. The highest reliabilityreliability
1. The highest validityvalidity
3. The greatest ease of administration, scoring, and interpretation
4. Test takers’ lack of familiarity with instrument5. Avoids potentially controversial matters
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SELECTING AN INSTRUMENT...
2. Identify and locate appropriate instruments
1. Determine precisely the type of instrument needed
3. Compare and analyze instruments4. Select best instrument
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ADMINISTERING THE INSTRUMENT...
2. Ensure ideal testing environment1. Make arrangements in advance
3. Be prepared for all probable contingencies
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TWO ISSUES IN USING INSTRUMENTS...
2. ReliabilityReliability: the degree to which the instrument consistently measures what it purports to measure
1. ValidityValidity: the degree to which the instrument measures what it purports to measure
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TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH INSTRUMENTS1. DATA2. CONSTRUCTS3. VARIABLE4. RAW SCORES5. MEASUREMENT SCALES
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DataData……the pieces of information researchers
collect through instruments to examine a topic or hypothesis
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ConstructsConstructs……abstractions of behavioral factors
that cannot be observed directly and which researchers invent to explain behavior
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VariableVariable……a construct that can take on two or
more values or scores
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Raw scoresRaw scores……the number of items an individual
scored on an instrument
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Measurement scalesMeasurement scales……the representation of variables so
that they can be quantified
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MEASUREMENT SCALES...
Nominal variables “categorical”: classifies persons or objects into two or more categories
QualitativeQualitative (categorical)
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MEASUREMENT SCALES...QuantitativeQuantitative ( (continuous) 1. Ordinal variables“order”: classifies persons or objects and ranks them in terms of the degree to which those persons or objects possess a characteristic of interest2. Interval variablesranks, orders, and classifies persons or objects according to equal differences with no true zero point3. Ratio variablesranks, orders, classifies persons or objects according to equal differences with a true zero point