education technology for jbt students

8/3/2019 Education Technology for JBT Students

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fo"k; lwph

1 'kSf{kd rduhdh %& vFkZ] 'kSf{kd egRo] 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh izd fr] {ks =] f k{kk dk lkoZZHkkSfedrk dk y{; izkIr djus esa 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh Hkwfedk] xSj vkSipkfjd

fk{kk ,oa fk{kk rduhdh] fk{kk dh rduhdh ,oa fk{kk esa rduhdhA

2 lEis"k.k if;k %&lEizs"k.k izf;k ds Hkkx] lEizs"k.k izdkj] lEizs"k.k esa izHkkoksRikndrk c


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Concept of communication Components of communication process, sender

,message, channel, noise, receiver, react and

feedback channel.

Mode of communication, factors facilitatingcommunications ,barrier to effectivecommunication.

Edgar Dale Cone of ExperienceUNIT-III

MASS MEDIA

Meaning and types of mass media, merits,demerits and effective use of radio programmes.

Pre-telecast, telecast and post telecast activities.

Effective use of films, video programmes ,teleconferencing.

EDUSAT in teaching learning process. Strength weakness of motion pictures video

programmes, cautions to be observed in using

films.

UnitIV

Teaching skills, meaning, importance,components of different teaching skills for a

teacher.

Skill of introducing the lesson. Skill of probing questioning Skill of promoting pupil participation and other

skills

Integration of teaching skill in actual classroomteaching(Planning phase execution phase and

evaluation phase ) .UNIT-V

Computer education: Basics of computer working on

window systems, understanding and working on MS

word, Excel and PowerPoint.

UNIT-VI

textbooks,

knowledge

and learners

Unit-III

UnitIV

Capacity

development

in the use of

ICTs

ICT based

teaching-

learning

approaches

in schools

and for

teacher

professional

development.

approaches to

teaching and

learning P 1-12

JenniferTylee:

Teacher asfacilitator . UNE

(New Castle)


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Teaching styles, meaning, importance, types,

expert, formal authority, personal model,

facilitator and deligator RTE-2009, Role of

teacher as facilitator.

PRACTICAL WORK

10 days microteaching 5 days simulated teaching 20 days teaching practice in actual

classroom

Practical knowledge of computer, MSoffice, Teaching aids

Unit-IVEvery days

concepts and

situated

cognition

Unit-VIRTE-2009

Teachers as

facilitator

and delegator


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v/;k; &1'kSf{kd rduhdh

1-1 vFkZ %&orZeku le; foKku ,oa rduhdh dk le; gSA ekuo thou dk dksbZ Hkh i{k rFkk iz;kl lwpuk izkS|ks fxdh ds izHkko ls vNw rk ugha jgk gSA foKku ds {ks= esaubZ&ubZ [kkstksa] vuqla/kkuksa ls oSKkfud tfVy dk;Z dks Hkh lqxerk ls rduhd [kkstusdk iz;Ru djrs gSaaSA vkt ds ;qx esa 'kk;n dksbZ Hkh ,slk dk;Z{ks= cpk gks ftlesa ubZrduhd dk iz;ksx u gqvk gksA df"k] m|ksx] [ksy] euksjatu] foKku] lapkj] O;kikj dslkFk&lkFk fk{kk esa izks|kSfxdh dk iz;ksx gksus yxk gSA

f k{kk ds {ks= esa f k{k.k vf/kxe iz f;k dks lgt] ljy] l{ke ,oa izHkkohcukus ds fy, oSKkfud rduhdh] euksoSKkfud fl)kUrksa rFkk fof/k;ks a dk mfpr iz;ksxfk{kk izks|ksfxdh dgykrk gSA

'kSf{kd izks|ksfxdh 'kCn ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^^VSDuhdkst** (Technikos)kCn ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS dkS ky ,oa n{krk ds lkFk iz;ksx dh dyk ;kfu 'kSf{kd

izks|ksfxdh dk vFkZ gS rduhdh dk fk{kk ds {ks= esa mi;ksxA (Application of technology

in Education);k fk{kk dk ekhuhdj.k (Mechanisation of Education) 'kSf{kd rduhdh dkvFkZ O;kid gSA blesa vf/kxe iz f;k dks ljy cukus dh fof/k;ka ,oa lk/kuksa dkmfpr iz;ksx ,oa vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fu;U=.k dh ckr Hkh 'kkfey gSA

vr% ftl izdkj ekhu tfVy dk;Z dks vklkuh ls djus esa l{ke gS Bhd mlh

izdkj fk{kk rduhdh Hkh ,d izdkj dk 'kSf{kd izf;k dk ekhuhdj.k gSA vr% 'kSf{kdizks|ksfxdh fk{kk dk ekhuhdj.k gSA ekuoh; iz;klks a ds lkFk&lkFk 'kSf{kd mn~ns;ks a dhiwfrZ ds fy, ekhuksa ,oa rduhdksa dk iz;ksx djuk gSA

fk{kkfonksa us 'kSf{kd izks|ksfxdh dks vyx&vyx izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSAHkkjrh; ,oa ikpkR; fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj %&

Mk- ,l-,l- dq yd.khZ ds vuq lkj ^^ 'kS f{kd rduhdh mu lHkh iz.kkfy;ksa]

fof/k;ka ,oa ek/;eksa dk foKku gS ftlds }kjk fk{kk ds mn~ns;ksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldrhgSA

S.S Kulkarni (1968) Education Technology may be defined as the application of lawsas well as recent discoveries of Science and technology to the process of Education.

izks- fko dqekj feJk ds vuqlkj ^^ 'kSf{kd rduhdh dks rduhdks a vkSj fo"k;ksads ,sls foKku ds :i es a fy;k tk ldrk gS] ftlds }kjk fk{k.k mn~ns;ksa dh izkfIrdh tk ldsA**


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Shiv Kumar Mitra 1986 Educational Technology can be conceived as a science oftechniques and method by which educational goals could be realized.

fjpe.M(1970) ^^ 'kSf{kd rduhdh fk{k.k ,oa izfk{k.k ds mn~ns;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krsgq, leqfpr :i ls vfHkdfYir vf/kxe dh mu ifjfLFkfr;ks a dks iznku djus ls lEcfU/kr gStks vuqnsku ds loksZRre lk/ku dks tUe nsrh gSA**

W.Richmond (1979): Educational Technology is concerned with providing appropriately

designed learning situations which holding in view the objectives of technology or training, bring to

bear the best means of instruction.

jkcVZ ,-dkDl ds 'kCnks a es a ^^ ekuo dh vf/kxe fLFkfr;ks a esa OkS Kkfud izf;k dkiz;ksx gh 'kSf{kd rduhdh gSA**

Robert A. Cox 1970: The application of scientific process to mans learning conditions to

what has come recently to be called educational or instructional technology.

bZ- gsMksu ds 'kCnksa esa ^^ 'kSf{kd rduhdh 'kSf{kd fl)kUr rFkk O;ogkj dh ml 'kk[kk dks dgrs gS] ftldk lEcU/k eq[;r% mu iz k:iksa rFkk lUns kksa ds iz;ksx ls gksrk gS tks

vf/kxe izf;k dks fu;fU=r djrh gSA**

E.Hadden: Educational Technology is that branch of Educational theory and Practice which

is concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.

tSdksVk Cywej ds vuqlkj] ^^ 'kSf{kd rduhdh dks O;kogkfjd vf/kxe dh ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh Kku dk fofu;ksx dgk tkrk gSA**

J. Bloomer (1973): Educational technology is an application of scientific knowledge about

learning to practical learning situation.

jkscVZ ,e- xsXus ds vuqlkj] ^^ 'kSf{kd rduhdh ls esjk vFkZ gS O;kogkfjd Kku dh lgk;rk ls lq fu;ksftr izfof/k;ks a dk fodkl djuk] ftlls fo|ky;ksa dh 'kS f{kd iz.kkyh dsijh{k.k rFkk fk{kk dk;Z dh O;k[;k dh tk ldsA**


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Robert M. Gagne, Educational technology can be understand as meaning the development

of a set of systematic techniques and accompanying practical knowledge for designing testing and

operating schools as educational systems.

VkDkh lkdkekVks ds vuqlkj] ^^ 'kS f{kd rduhdh og iz;ksxkRed v/;;u gS ftldkeq[; mn~ns; dqN vko;d rRoksa] tSls 'kSf{kd ikB~; oLrq] fk{k.k izf;k dks fu;fU=r djdsvf/kdre 'kSf{kd izHkko mRiUu djuk gSA**

Takshi Sakamato (1971), Educational technology is an practical study, which aims at

maximizing educational effect by controlling such relevant facts as educational purpose, educational

environment, conduct of students, behaviour of instructors and interaction between students and

instructors.

ch-lh- eSfdl ds 'kCnks a esa] ^^ 'kS f{kd rduhdh dk lEcU/k ec) fof/k;ks a ds vkSjO;kogkfjd Kku ds izk:I ds fodkl ls fo|ky;ksa ds ,d 'kSf{kd iz.kkyh ds :i ls rFkk mudkewY;kadu djus ls gSA**

G.O Leith (1967): Educational Technology is an application of scientific knowledge about

learning, and conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and

learning.

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kSf{kd rduhdh ,d foKku ij vk/kkfjr/kkj.kk gS] ftldk y{; 'kSf{kd ,oa 'kSf{kd izf;kvksa dks bl izdkj fu;ks ftr djuk gS ,oafu;af=r djuk gS] ftlls v/;kiu] fk{k.k] vf/kxe rFkk Nk=ksa ds dk;Z dks vklku cuk;k tklds rFkk vf/kdre 'kSf{kd izHkko mRiUu fd;k tk ldsA

ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gSa%&

1 'kSf{kd rduhdh fk{kk ij foKku rFkk rduhdh ds izHkko dks crkrh gSA2 'kSf{kd rduhdh esa O;kogkfjd i{k dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA3 'kSf{kd rduhdh fujUrj fodklkhy izf;k gSA4 'kSf{kd rduhdh dk y{; fk{k.k] vf/kxe izf;k dks LrjksUur djuk gSA5 ;g euksfoKku ,oa bathfu;fjax ds fu;eksa ls lgk;rk izkIr djrh gSA6 'kSf{kd fodkl ds QyLo:i fk{k.k esa uoh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa] rduhfd;ksa ,oa uokpkj

dk izosk gksrk gSA7 'kSf{kd rduhdh] 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd vko;drkvksa ds vuq:i] midj.kksa

ds fuekZ.k es lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA8 'kSf{kd mn~ns;ks a dh iw frZ gsrq vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vko;d ifjorZ u ykus esa

leFkZ gSA


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^^ 'kS f{kd rduhdh ek= midj.kks a dk iz;ksx ugha gS cfYd fczVsu dh uSkuydkSa fly vkWQ ,tqdsku VSDuksykWth ds vuqlkj] ^^ 'kS f{kd rduhdh ekuo&vf/kxeds ize dks lq/kkjus ,oaa mUur djus ds fy, iz.kkfy;ksa] rduhfd;ksa vkSj lgk;dmidj.kksa dk fodkl] iz;ksx ,oa ewY;kadu gSA**

1-2 'kSf{kd rduhdh dk egRo %&ftl izdkj nSfud thou esa ekhusa tfVy dk;Z dks vklku ,oa de le; esa

iw.kZ djkrh gSa mlh izdkj fk{kk ds {ks= esa tfVy rF;ks a] vo/kkj.kkvksa dks vklkuhls 'kSf{kd rduhdh }kjk Nk=ksa rd igqapk;k tk ldrk gSA

fk{kk esa 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh vko;drk fuEu dkj.kksa ls gqbZ gS %&

1-fk{k.k dk;Z dks OkSKkfud] oLrqfu"B] Li"V] ljy ,oa :fpdj cukrh gSA2- 'kSf{kd rduhdh fk{k.k leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, mfpr ekxZnkZu iznku djrhgSA

3-f'k{k.k vf/kxe izf;k dks izHkkokkyh cukus ds fy, vuqnsku] fk{k.k izkI; mn~ns;fu/kkZfjr djuk] Nk=ksa ds izkjfEHkd O;ogkj dh tkap djuk] ikB~; oLrq dk p;u dkvk;kstu djuk mfpr fk{k.k fof/k;ks a] O;wg jpukvksa dk pquko] lgk;d lkexzh dkpquko ds fy, ijkekZ nsrh gSA

4- 'kSf{kd rduhdh lEizs"k.k dk ,d izHkkokkyh dyk ds :Ik es a fodflr djus ijcy nsrh gSA

5-;g rduhdh] euksfoKku ,oa vfHk;kfU=dh dykvksa] fof/k;ksa] fl)kUrksa ds iz;ksx ijvk/kkfjr gSA

6- 'kSf{kd rduhdh 'kSf{kd mn~ns;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh O;oLFkkdjrh gS rFkk mu ij fu;U=.k j[krh gSA

7-ftl izdkj nS fud thou es a rduhdh tfVy dk;Z dks lqyHk cukrh gS Bhd mlhizdkj 'kSf{kd rduhdh fk{k.k izf;k esa 'kfDr ,oa le; ds viO;; dks fu;fU=rdjrh gSA

8- vf/kxe ds ekiu ds fy, o fk{k.k izf;k ds ifj.kkeksa dh tkap ds fy, mfprewY;kadu izfof/k;ksa ds fodkl ij cy nsrh gSA visf{kr iquoZyu vkSj i`"Biks"k.k ijHkh cy nsrh gSA

9- 'kSf{kd izks|ksfxdh fk{k.k izfk{k.k ds {ks= esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA10- 'kSf{kd rduhdh us d{kk fk{k.k o izfk{k.k ls lEcfU/kr vusd leL;kvks a dslek/kku izLrqr fd, gSaA

11- f'k{kk dh lajpuk] izd`fr] vo/kkj.kk vkfn dks O;kid :i ls le>us esa 'kSf{kdrduhdh dk foks"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA

12- 'kSf{kd rduhdh ds iz;ksx }kjk fk{kd dh dk;Z dqkyrk esa O;kid lq/kkj yk;ktk ldrk gSA

13- 'kSf{kd rduhdh ls vf/kxe izf;k esa Hkh lq/kkj vk;k gSA14- 'kSf{kd rduhdh ds }kjk vukSipkfjd fk{kk dks vf/kd izHkkokkyh cuk;k gSA

1-3 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh idfr %&'kSf{kd rduhdh 'kCn dk vFkZ Hkh O;kid gS ftl izdkj fk{kk dk vFkZ

O;kid gSA bldks le>us ds fy, iwoZ dh /kkj.kkvksa dks tkuuk vko;d gSA

'kSf{kd rduhdh dh vo/kkj.kk le; ij cnyrh jgh gSA vkjEHkesa 'kSf{kd rduhdh dk vFkZ f k{k.k vf/kxe ds le; JO;&n; lkexzh dk


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iz;ksx tSls pkVZ] fp=] uewus] iqLrd vkfn ds iz;ksx ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkAvr% 'kSf{kd rduhdh JO;&n`; lkexzh ds lekukFkZd :i esa ekuh tkrh FkhA

/khjs&/khjs lapkj ek/;eksa tSls VSyhQksu] jsfM;ks] nwjnkZu vkfn midj.kksa dk

izpyu c


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1-4 'kSf{kd iks|ksfxdh dk {k= (cope of Eductionl Technology)%&

fofHkUu fk{kkfonks a us 'kSf{kd rduhdh ds {ks= dk bl izdkj ls o.kZufd;k gS %&

(1) rdkkh ldkekVks us vius ,d ys[k ^^ tkiku esa 'kSf{kd rduhdh dk

fodkl** (Development of Educational Technology in Japan) esa 'kSf{kd rduhdhds dk;Z{ks= dks rhu Hkkxksa es ckaVk gS %&

I (a) 'kSf{kd rduhdh ftlds varxZr JO;&n; ;U=ks a ds mi;ksx dh O;k[;k

djuk gSA (Application of Audio-Visual Equipment)

(b) kSf{kd iz .kkyh ifjfLFkfr dk v/;;u vkSj 'kSf{kd mi;ksxA (Study of

system Situation and application in Education)

(c) 'kSf{kd lwpukvksa dks bdV~Bk djuk (Educational Information Retrieval)

(d) 'kSf{kd lwpukvksa dh f;kfof/k (Educational Data Processing).

II 'kSf{kd rduhdh nwljk Hkkx %&(a) lh[kus dk dk;Ze (Programme of Learning)

(b) 'kSf{kd f;kvksa dk laxBu (Organisation of Instructional Activities)

(c) lewgksa dk mfpr xBu (Appropriate organization of groups)

III 'kSf{kd rduhdh rhljk Hkkx e(a) f k{k.k ;U=ks a dk iz k:i cukuk tSls&dqlhZ] ';keiV~VA (Design of

Teaching tools)

(b) lwpukvks a dh ;kstukvks a tSls&Ldw y Hkou] d{kk d{k (Planning of

facilities).

(2) Mjd jkSUVk (Derek Rowntra 1973)us blds N% {ks=ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS%&

1- vf/kxe ds y{; ,oa mn~ns; NkaVukA

2- vf/kxe okrkoj.k dk fu;kstu djukA


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3- fo"k; oLrq dh [kkst djuk rFkk mls lapkfjr djukA

4- mi;qDr fk{k.k O;wg jpukvksa (Teaching Strategies) rFkk vf/kxe

lapkj(Learning Media)dk p;u djukA

5- vf/kxe O;oLFkk dh izHkkokhyrk dk ewY;kadu djukA

6- Hkfo"; es a izHkko khyrk ccw> izkIr djukA

(3) fk{k.k rduhdh d rhu e[; fcUn %& dN fo}kuks us 'kSf{kdkrduhdh d rhu egRoi.kZ fcUn fpfUgr fd, gSA


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(4) dyJ"B 1980 us viu 'kks/k ea 'kSf{kd rduhdh dk foLrr{ks= dk o.kZu bl idkj ls fd;k gA

\

kSf{kdkSf{kd

ijh{k.kvuqnskd

ewY;kadu

;k,a

kSf{kdrduhdh

vf/kxe fl}kUr kks/k fk{k.k ekhu

Ukohu /kkj.kk,a ,oaiz;ksx (Innovations)

Ckgqvk;keh mikxe

a

iz.kkyh mikxe

vfHkfer v/;;u

n`; & JO; lkezxh

i`Biksk.k fl)kUr

O;fDrxr v?;;uiz.kkyhpersonalized

System of instruction

f'k{k.k ds pj.k ,oa f;k,a

fd;kRedvuqla/kku

O;Okgkjvula/kku

kSf{kdrduhdh

Lwk{e fk{k.k

fk{k.k

y?kq fk{k.k

vUr% f;kRed

foysk.k

ikB ;kstuk,a

dEI;wVj f{k.k

Lkjapukd`r lEizks.k

f'k{k.k vf/kxeizzf;k dk izcU/k

fk{k.k fl)kUr ,oa

f k{k.k O;wg jpuk,a


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(5) ts-Mh- fQu] yElMu ,o-ch- dykbM efll ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kdrduhdh dk {ks= nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS %&

1-gkMZ os;j 'kSf{kd rduhdh (Hardware Educational technology) bldsvarxZr f k{k.k e khuksa] nwjnkZu] VsifjdkMZj] dEI;wVj vkfn vkrs gSatks fk{k.k esa dke vk ldrs gSaA

2- 'kSf{kd bathfu;fjax % (Educational Engineering) blds vUrxZr ,oavf/kxe izf;kvks a dk fo ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl dk;Z lseuksfoKku lektkkL=] iz.kkyh mikxe o nwljs fo"k;ks a dh lgk;rkyh tkrh gSA bl dh lgk;rk ls iz .kkyh dk foys"k.k fd;k tkrkgSA

(6) Mk- ,l-,u- dyd.kh d vulkj % 'kS f{kd rduhdh dk {ks=fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- fk{k.k vf/kxe foys"k.k (Analysis of Teaching Learning Process)

bl vkxr (Input) ls ysdj fuxZe@mRiknu (Output) rd laf{kIrrRoksa dk o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- mijksDr rRoksa dh tkap djukA

3- iz.kkyh Input &PROCESS-OUTPUT dks bl


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Hkkjrh; vuqPNs n 45 ls 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpks a dhvfuok;Z ,oa fu'kqYd f'k{kkk dk izko/kku gSA blh lanHkZ es a jk"Vh; f'k{kk uhfr1986 eas Hkh loZO;kid iz kjfEHkd f'k{kk es a xq .kkRed lq/kkj ij fo'ks"k cyfn;k x;k gSA

Lora =rk izkfIr ls gh lkoZHkkSfed iz kjfEHkd f'k{kk dk iz ko/kku djukjk"Vh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 vkSj la'kksf/kr dk;Z ;kstuk 1992 ds ykxw gksus ijtksjnkj


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bl fn'kk esa lafo/kku dk 93oka la'kks/ku dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gS] ftldsrgr f'k{kk izkIr djuk Nk= dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj gksxkA bl fn'kk esa futh {ks= dh Hkh

tokcnsgh lkekftd f'k{kk ds izlkj ds fy, lqfuf'pr djuh gksxhA(RTE)

NCERT ds losZ ds vuqlkj 2% fo|kFkhZ fuEu miyfC/k ds dkj.k fo|ky; R;kxrsgSaA 'kSf{kd izks|ksfxdh d{kkxr izf;k dks lq/kkjus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gS] ftlls fo|kFkhZ Bgjko dks c


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(Non-Formal Education Technology)

;g f'k{kk ,d izdkj dh vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ds chp dh f'k{kkgSA ;g Kkr&vKkr nksuksa fof/k;ksa ls pyrh gSA bl izdkj dh f'k{kk fdlh Hkh vk;q dk

O;fDr fdlh Hkh LFkku ij ;k ?kj cSBs f'k{kk iznku dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds dqN mnkgj.k gS& eqDr Ldwy] eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] i=kpkj ikB~;e ,oanwjorhZ f'k{kk dk;ZeA ;g i)fr vius Lrj ij rkSj rjhdks a esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dslekuka rj gks rh gSA varj ds oy bruk gksrk gS fd bl iz.kkyh es a gj in ij ,dyphykiu gksrk gSA bldh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa %&

1- ;g iw.kZr% f'k{kkFkhZ mUeq[k iz.kkyh gSA

2- ;g izR;sd vkSj leLr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSA fdlh Hkh vk;qrFkk fdlh Hkh {ks= esa dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr bl f'k{kk dks izkIr dj ldrkgSSA

3- blds ikB~;e ,oa f'k{kk fof/k dks cgqr T;knk yphyk j[kk x;k gS rkfd gjlkeF;Z dk fo|kFkhZ blls ykHk mBk ldsaA

4- ;g xSj&vkSipkfjd fof/k;ksa ls izkIr dh tkus okyh LoS fPNd izdkj dh f'k{kkgksrh gSA

5- ;g lrr pyus okyh f'k{kk gSa

6- bl izdkj dh f'k{kk ds nkSjku fo|kFkhZ viuh vkthfodk tkjh j[k

ldrk gS] blls mlesa vkRefo'okl ,oa vkRefuHkZjrk c


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8- vf/kd ls vf/kd Nk=ksa dks lwpuk,a igqapkukA

la{ksi es a dgk tk ldrk gS fd xSj vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds izlkj esa'kSf{kd rduhdh] JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk iz;ksx] f'k{k.k vuqns'ku] izk:i fuekZ.k]

lapkj ,oa lEizs"k.k lk/ku esa lgk;rk djrh gSA 'kSf{kd rduhdh xSj vkSipkfjdf'k{kk ds {ks= es vkus okyh ck/kkvksa ,oa leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

(1) xSj vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh iznku djuk %&

'kSf{kd rduhdh] jsfM;ks] VSyhfotu vkfn ek/;eksa ls 6&14 vk;q oxZ ds fy,miyC/k 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dh tkudkjh iz nku djrk gSA ftlls f'k{kkFkhZ ftlus

f'k{kk chp esa NksM+ nh gks iqu% ukekadu ds fy, izsj.kk feyrh gSA

(2) ljy f'k{k.k lkexzh rS;kj djuk %&

'kSf{kd rduhdh xSj vkSipkfjd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds fy, ljy f'k{k.k lkexzh rS;kj djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA fofHkUu lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk bldkizpkj&izlkj Hkh djok;k tk ldrk gSA

(3) f'k{k.k dk;Z dks :fpdj ,oa izHkkoh cukuk %&

6&14 vk;q oxks Za ds fy, f'k{k.k dk;Z dks ;U=ksa ,oa midj.kks a ds iz;ksx ds}kjk :fpdj cuk;k tk ldrk gS rkfd os viuh f'k{kk dks iw.kZ dj ldsaA

(4) 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh lgk;rk ls dfBu tfVy fo"k; oLrq ds Li"Vhdj.k ds fy, fp=] ekWMy] xfrfof/k] ekufp= vkfn lgk;d lkexzh dk fuekZ .k fd;k tkldrk gSaaA

(5) f'k{kdksa ds dkS'ky dks LrjksUur djuk %&

xSj vkSipkfjd f'k{kk] {ks= esa dk;Zjr v/;kidks a dh n{krk dks LrjksUur djrhgSA f'k{k.k dkS'ky] ikB fu;kstu] lw{e f'k{k.k] vfHkfer vf/kxe] lwpuk ,oa

lapkj rduhdh izHkko (ICT) vkfn iz;Ruksa ds izHkko }kjk dk;Z dks ifj.kkeewyd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

1-7 f'k{kk dh rduhdh ,oa f'k{kk e rduhdh(Technology of Education and Technology in Education) %&

tc ge foKku ,oa rduhdh izxfr ds iz frQy uohu oS Kkfud lk/kuksa]midj.kksa e'khuksa vkfn dk iz;ksx f'k{kk esa djrs gSa rks ;g f'k{kk esa rduhdh gSA bldsvUrxZr lHkh izdkj dh JO;&n`'; lkexz h] lapkj ,oa lEizs"k.k lk/ku] tu lEilk/ku tSls jsfM;ks] VSyhfotu] VsifjdkMZj] dEI;wVj vkfn 'kkfey gSaA


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^f'k{kk dh rduhdh* blls dgha vf/kd O;kid gSA bl esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esarduhdh midj.kksa dk iz;ksx rks 'kkfey gS gh ysfdu blds lkFk&lkFk 'kSf{kd izf;kdks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, f'k{kk euksfoKku ds {ks= esa [kksts x, fofHkUu rduhdksa ,oa euks foKku fl)kUrksa] fof/k;ks a] iz.kkfy;ksa ,oa f;kvks a dk fu;ks ftr iz;ksx HkhlfEefyr gSA nksuksa esa vUrj bl izdkj Hkh n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

f'k{kk dh rduhdh %&

1- lHkh izdkj ds rduhdh midj.k

2- vfHkfer v/;;u (Programmed Learning)

3- lw{e v/;;u (Micro Teaching)

4- fk{k.k izfreku (Teaching Models)

5- O;fDrxr v/;;u (Case Study)

5- Vksyh vFkok lewg v/;;u (Team Teaching)

f'k{kk ea rduhdh %&1- foKku ij vk/kkfjr lHkh dBksj mikxe2- vkdkkok.kh3-

nwjnkZu4- vksoj gSM izkstSDVj

5- ,fifM;ksLdksi6- Ekk;k }hi7- VsifjdkMZj8- Lkh-lh-Vh-oh9- fQYel10- LykbM11- fk{k.k ekhu12- baVjusV13- nwjHkk"k

vH;kl&iu1- 'kSf{kd rduhdh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ 'kSf{kd rduhdh tkudkjh v/;kid

dks fdl izdkj lgk;rk djrh gS \2- 'kSf{kd rduhdh dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,\ blds egRo ,oa {ks= dh O;k[;k

dhft,3- f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSfrdrk ds y{; dks izkIr djus esa 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh Hkwfedk

dk o.kZu dhft,A4- 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A5- 'kSf{kd rduhdh dh nks ifjHkk"kk,a nhft,A6- ^fk{kk rduhdh* ,oa ^fk{kk esa rduhdh* esa D;k vUrj gSA7- xSj&vkSipkfjd fk{kk ds izlkj esa fk{kk rduhdh dh D;k Hkwfedk gSA8- fk{kk rduhdh ds egRo ij izdkk Mkfy,A


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v/;k;&2

lEis"k.k if;k (Communication Process)

1- lEizs"k.k fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ks a }kjk lansk Hkstus o mls izkIrdjus dh f;k gSA lekt esa ijLij fopkj vknku&iznku djus ds fy, 'kkfCnd]lkadsfrd ,oa gko&Hkkoksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Jksrk dks vius fopkj] Hkko vkfnls voxr djkrk gSA bl izdkj lEiz s"kd ,oa Jks rk ds chp dh vUr% f;k^lEizs"k.k* dgykrh gSA

lEizs"k.k 'kCn dk ewy vFkZ gS&Hkstuk] iz sf"kr djukA bl izdkj lEizs"k.kds lEcU/k esa rhu rF; Li"V gksrs gSa %&

(1) lEizs"k.k (Sender)

(2) lansk (Message)

(3) laxzkgd (Receiver)

lEizs"kd tc vius fopkj dks nwljs O;fDr laxzkgd rd Hkstuk pkgrk gS

r cog ,s lh Hkk"kk ('kkfCnd ,oa xSj 'kkfCnd) dk iz;ksx djrk gS] ftllslEizs"kd ds lkFk laxzkgd (Jksrk) Hkh vFkZ xzg.k djus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA ;fnnksuksa Hkk"kk Kku esa leFkZ gks axs rks lEizs"k.k f;k lQy gksxh] ;fn Hkk"kk lsvifjfpr gkssaxs rks lEizs"k.k izf;k fujFkZd jgsxhA

lEizs"k.k es a /ofu] 'kCn] gko] Hkko] lansk curs gSaA lEiz s"k.k es a oDrk,oa lEizs"kd nksuksa gh leku Hkko ls lEizs"k.k ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA

(1) According the Mr. J.C Aggarwal Communication means getting across ideasand information to another person. The word communication originates from

Communis a Greek word, meaning to make common. Thus a concept, fact,idea, principle or theory is passed from one individual to the other to affect

community.

;gka ij lEis"k.k lEiR;; d vFkZ dks Li"V djus okyhie[k ifjHkk"kk, iLrqr dh tk jgh gS %&

2- vjLrq ds vuqlkj] Communication is a means of persuation to influencethe other so that the desired effect is achieved.


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3- Mh- csjyks ds vuqlkj] Communication is a process of interaction of ideasbetween the communication and the receiver to arrive at a common

understanding for mutual benefit.

FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

4- Edger Dales regards Communication sharing

of ideas and feeling in a mood of mutuality.

5- Wibur Schramnds vuqlkj] Communication

is concerned with all the ways in which information and ideas are exchanged

and shared.

muds 'kCnks a esa lEiz s"k.k mu lHkh ek/;eks a ls lEcfU/kr gS ftlds }kjklwpuk vkSj fopkj fofue; gks ldrk gSA

Communiction

ORAL GRAPHICC

Spoken Heard Written ART

SYMBOLIC

Signs Pantomim

GESTURESs


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6Mk-,l- ds eaxy ds vuqlkj] ^^vUroSfDrd lEcU/kksa ds lanHkZ esalEizs"k.k dh ,d ,slh izf;k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSftlesa Hkk"kk ;k vkkfCnd ladsrksa ds ek/;e ls lekt esa jgus okys nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks viuh Hkkoukvks a rFkk fopkjksa dk

vknku&iznku djus esa vko;d lgk;rk miyC/k gks ldsA

7- Ckwdj ds 'kCnksa esa] Communication is any thing that conveys meaning thatcarries a message from one person to another.

8- ,p- QwMt ds vuqlkj] Communication is the transfer of informationfrom a sender to a receiver with information being understood by the

receiver.

9- tkWu Mh- (John Dewey)ds vuqlkj]Communication is a process of sharingexperiences till it becomes a common possession.

^^ lEizs z"k.k vuqHkoksa dks lka>k djus dh izf;k gS] ;g rc rd pyrhgS tc rd fd og lwpuk o vuqHko lka>h lEifRr ugha cu tkrh gSA**

10- gkoySaM ds vuqlkj] Communication is a process by which an individualthe communicator transmits to modify the behaviour of the other individual

receivers.

vFkkZr lEisz"k.k ,d ,slh izf;k gS ftlds }kjk lEizs"kd bl izdkj dhlwpuk gLrkUrfjr djrk gS rkfd izkIrdRrkZ ds O;ogkj esa lakks/ku gks**

bl izdkj mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lEizs"k.k esa oDrk]vius Hkkoksa] fopkjksa] O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa rd igqapkrk gSA

MESSAGE

SENDER RECEIVER

FEEDBACK

2.2 Components of Communication Process :lEis"k.k if;k d HkkXk%&


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lEizs"k.k ,d izf;k gSA bl izf;k ds fuEufyf[kr eq[; ?kVd(Hkkx) gksrs gSaa %&

(1) lEizs"kd (Sender)

(2) lansk (Message)

(3) ek/;e (Medium)

(4) 'kksj(Noise)

(5) Jksrk (Receiver)

(6) izfrf;k (React)

(7) izfriqf"V ek/;e (Feedback Mechanism)

d{kkxr lEizs"k.k f k{kk vf/kxe izf;k dk ,d egRoiw .kZ fgLlk gSA

ftlds }kjk v/;kid ,oa fo|kFkhZ lkewfgd :Ik ls dk;Z djrs gSaA R.E Kieffer

ds 'kCnksa esa] effective Teaching and communication are synonymous for good

teachers are clear communicators and good communication as effective

teachers.Our society today has a vast array of modern media ofcommunication..these modern media are among the tools, the education

profession uses to mould and shape human minds. Good teaching must be reactionand interaction with constant feedback.

vFkkZr~izHkkoh f k{k.k ,oa lEizs"k.k ,d nwljs ds iz;k;okph gSaA vPNs v/;kid

vPNs lg lEizs"kd (Sender) gksrs gSaA Li"V lEizs"k.k izHkkokkyh izf;k dks fuEufp= ds }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA


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d{kkxr lEis"k.k (Classroom Communication)

fk{k.k vf/kxe izf;k lEisz"k.k ds ek/;e ls gksrh gSA bl izf;k dksewrZ :i nsus ls lEizs"k.k dh Hkwfedk v/;kid dh gksrh gS ,oa izkIrdRrkZ dhHkwfedk esa fo|kFkhZ gksrk gSA lansk ds :i esa ikB~;e dh fo"k;oLrq gksrh gSSA

lEizs"k.k 'kkfCnd (Verbal ,oa Non Verbal ),oa xSj 'kkfCnd izdkj ls gksrk gSA

1- lEis"kd (Sender):-lEizs"kd dh Hkwfedk v/;kid dh gksrh gS vkSj d{kkxr dk;Z esa

;g lcls egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA og bl dk;Z es a lEizs"k.k&izf;k dk izkjfEHkd

fcUnw Hkh dgk tkrk gSA izHkkoh v/;kid lEizs"kd) ls fo|kFkhZ rd igaqprh gSAizHkkoh lEizs"kd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, v/;kidksa esa fuEufyf[kr xq.k gksuspkfg,A lEizs"kd vkRefooklh] fo"k; lkexzh dk Kkrk] cPpksa ds ekufld Lrj dk Kkrk] vfHkizsj.k (Motivation) dk Kkrk] lkekftd ,oa euksoSKkfudi`"BHkwfe mPpkj.k lgh ,oa le`) 'kCndks"k okyk] 'kkfCnd ,oa lkadsfrd lEizs"k.kdk Kkrk gksuk pkfg,A

Sender

v/;kid

Formulates

Encodes

Transmits

LkanskEkk/;e]

bkkjs ;k

Ekk/;e

Receivers

Lkansk

izkIrdrkZ

Decodes

Interprets


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2- lansk (Message)%&v/;kiu {ks = ea sa lans k eq [;r% fo"k;oLrq gksrh gSA ;fn ge 'kkfCnd

lEizs"k.k ds ckjs esa lkspsa rks fuEufyf[kr izu iSnk gksrs gSa %&

What is said?- How it is said?- Whom it is said to ?

bl dks i


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d{kkxr lEiz s"k.k eq [;r% nks izdkj ls Js.khc) fd;k tk ldrk gSA'kkfCnd lEizs"k.k ,oa xSj 'kkfCnd lEizs"k.k 'kkfCnd dk Jksrk ij izHkko lquus lsiM+rk gS tcfd xSj&kkfCnd O;ogkj dk izHkko Nk= ij ns[kus ls iM+rk gSA

lEizs"k.k ek/;eksa dks fuEu


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'kkfCnd ,oa xSj&kkfCnd lEiz s"k.k d{kk ds lkFk&lkFk iz;ksx fd, tkus pkfg,A xSj 'kkfCnd lEizs"k.k dk vyx ls Nk=ksa ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;g'kkfCnd lEizs"k.k dks Hkh lgkjk ns rk gS vFkkZr gko&Hkko le> dks crs gq, Jksrk dks fo"k;

oLrq tkudkjh iznku djus ds fy, iz;ksx es a yk, x, 'kCnksa dk fo ks"k /;ku fn;ktkuk pkfg,A rHkh bldk izHkko Nk= ij iM+ sxkA bl izf;k dks fuEu


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(1) Nk= dks ftKklq cukukA

(2) ,dkxzrk dks c


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lans'k izkfIr ds le; dHkh&dHkh Nk= ds eu esa 'kadk lak; Hkh jgrk gS ;g rHkhgksrk gS tc lEiz s"kd dk lansk] Li"V] ljy] cks/kxE; ugha gksrkA Nk= laans k izkIr

djus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa Jksrk (Nk=) }kjk lEizs"kd (v/;kid) dslansk dks xzg.k djus ds ckn izu ds :i esa tks izfrf;k vkrh gS tSls mls irk ugha

pykA ;g izu v/;kid ds fy, izfriqf"V dk dk;Z djrh gSA bl izu ls v/;kiddks vius lansk esa jg xbZ deh dk vkHkkl gksrk gS vkSj Nk= dks leL;k dk 'keuHkh izfriqf"V ds }kjk gks tkrk gSA

izfriqf"V] Li"Vhdj.k ,oa vkxkeh lw puk iz nku djus dh j.kuhfr cukus esalgk;d gksrh gSA dbZ iqLrdksa esa lEizs"k.k ds fuEufyf[kr Hkkx fn, x, gSa %&

Communication Components

1. Pronuciation (Clear, knowledge about pronuniciation)

2. Stress (where more stress is laid)

3. Rhythm (quality of English, utterance)

4. Intonation (contrastive, variation of pitch levels in

ulterance)

5. Pitch (vibration of vocal cords, male80-120-f-200)

6. Speed/Pause (eye span, breath, fluency)

7. Fluency in speech.

Non-Verbal Language Items

1. Gestures 2. Kinesics

Laknsk dk lapj.k


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3. Proxemics 4. Use of space

5. Use of time 6. Use of vocabulary

7. Use of proper sentences 8. Word order

2-3 lEis"k.k idkj (Mode of Communication)lEis"k.k dk


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(ii) vkkfCnd lEi"k.k %& tc lEizs"k.k (v/;kid) vius lansk dks Jksrk (Nk=) rdigqapkus ds fy, 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx u djds vkkfCnd ladsrksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS rks ;gv kkfCnd lEiz s"k.k dgykrk gSA okLrfod thou es a euq"; FkksM+k&FkksM+ k lEizs"k.kvkkfCnd djrk gSA ubZ txg ij Hkh ladsrksa ds }kjk viuh ckr nwljksa rd igqapkbZtk ldrh gSA vkkfCnd lEizs"k.k Hkh vusd izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa] tSls %&

(1) psgjs ds gko&Hkko (Facial Expression)

psgjs ds gko&Hkko Hkh d{kkxr fk{k.k dks izHkkoh cukrs gSaA eqnzk Hkh cPpks a dkslEizs"kd dk lansk igqapkrh gSA izlUu eqnzk ekgkSy dks izu iwNus okyk cukrkgS tcfd ks/k okyh eqnzk d{kk esa Hk; dk okrkoj.k iSnk djrh gSA

(2) 'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk (Body Language)%&

gkFk dh xfrfof/k;ksa] cqykus] cSBus] [kMs+ gks us] cqykus ds fy, iz;ksx esaa ykbZtkrh gSA 'kkjhfjd f;k,a Hkh fk{k.k dks izHkkfor djrh gSA d{kk esa 'kjhj dklapkyu vR;Ur larqfyr gksuk pkfg,A blls cksyuk Hkh de iM+rk gSA

(3) vkokt esa mrkj&p


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;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA

(2) fyf[kr lEis"k.k %& bl izf;k esa Nk= ;k lEizs"k.k tks Hkh lansk nsrk gS og fyf[kr:i esa gh nsrk gSA bldk lcls cM+k nks"k fyf[kr izfriqf"V nsjh ls izkIr gksrh gSA

2-4 lEis"k.k e iHkkokRikndrk c


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vr% lEis z"k.k c


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lEizs"k.k izf;k ,d mfpr ekgkSy esa lEiUu gksuh pkfg, vFkkZr tks lEizs"kdus lansk Jksrk rd igaqpkuk Fkk og Jksrk rd lgt ,oa ljyrk ls igqap ik,A lHkhNk= ogka ij lgtrk eglwl djsaA vuqkklu dk vFkZ gS lHkh Nk= vius&vius dk;Zesa layXu gksus pkfg,] D;ks afd tks Nk= dk;Z es a 'kkfey ugha gksaxs] og lEizs"k.k esaO;o/kku iSnk dj ldrs gSaA ogka vO;oLFkk ,oa 'kksjxqy gks ldrk gS tks fd lEizs"k.k

esa ck/kd gksxkA izfriqf"V ds nkSjku ,d Nk= gh v/;kid ls ckr djsxkA ckfd viuhckjh dk bartkj djsaxsA mfpr O;ogkj lEizs"k.k c


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lEizs"k.k izf;k ds eq[; pkj i{k gksrs gSa ftuds ek/;e ls lEisz"k.k f;klEiUu gksrh gSA os gS lEizs"k.k Jksrk] lkexz h] ek/;e ,oa Jksrk ijUrq pkjksa izeq[ki{k gksus ds mijkar Hkh dbZ ckj lkFkZd lEizs"k.k ugha gksrkA vr% dbZ ,sls Hkh ?kVdgSa tks lEizs"k.k izHkkoksRikndrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn lM+d dsutnhd dksbZ fo|ky; gks vkSj ogka fk{k.k dk;Z py jgk gks ijarq 'kksj ds dkj.k ogkaij lkFkZd lEizs"k.k ugha gks ikrk tcfd ogka lEisz"kd] lkexzh] ek/;e ,oa Jksrk gksrsgSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa 'kksj ck/kd gSA vr% lEizs"kd dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ck/kd rRoksadks igpkuuk pkfg, ,oa muds nwj djus ds fy, mik; djus pkfg,A

(1) ok.kh dk /khek gkuk (In audibility of speech)%&

dbZ v/;kid dkQh /kheh vkokt esa cksyrs gSa tcfd vktdy d{kk dk vkdkjc (Understanding Basic Knowledge)%&

dbZ ckj ge ;g eku dj pyrs gSa fd budks ;g vkrk gksxk vkSj vkxs c


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(5) fo"k;oLrq dk vO;ofLFkr iLrfrdj.k %&(Unsystematic Presentation of Subject Matter)

lEizs"k.k esa vO;ofLFkr fo"k; oLrq izLrqr djuk Hkh ck/kd gSA fo"k; oLrq dksigys laxfBr djuk pkfg, mls lksikuksa esa izLrqr djuk pkfg, rkfd igys lksiku dsckn nwljk ,oa rhljk vk,A

(6) 'kh?kz ifrif"V dk vHkko %&(Lack of scope of immediate feedback)

d{kkxr f k{k.k esa vf/kdrj ekSf[kd 'kkfCnd lEizs"k.k gksrk gSA fo|kFkhZ tkslans k mu rd ugha igqapkrk gS] mldh tkudkjh iznku ugha djrs u gh 'kadk dk'keu izu iwN dj djrs gSaA ftl dkj.k cgqr ls Learning Gap jg tkrs gSaa ftllscks/k ugha gks ikrkA vr% le; ij Lo;a izu iwN dj tkap ysa fd Jksrk rdlansk igqapk gS ;k ughaA

(7) d{kkxr ifjosk e


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lEiw.kZ lEizs"k.k izHkkoh jgsxkA vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk Hkh lEizs"k.k ij izHkko iM+rk gSAtks cPps lEiUu ifjokjksa ls vkrs gSa og ?kj esa jsfM;ks] VSyhfotu] dEI;wVj] v[kckj]if=dkvksa }kjk Hkh viuk Kku lao/kZu djrs gSaA mudh Hkk"kk;h {kerk izHkkfor gksrhgS tcfd xjhc cPpksa ds ikl lEizs"k.k ek/;e ek= ikB; iqLrd gh gksrh gSA mudkmnHkklu vU; ek/;eksa ls ugha gks ikrkA vr% bl ck/kk dks nwj djus ds fy, iqjkuh

if=dk,a] v[kckj] fdrkcsa fo|kfFkZ;ks a dks iznku djuh pkfg, rkfd Hkk"kk ij mudhidM+ cu ldsA

(9) fu;kstu dk vHkko (Lack of Planning)%&

izHkkoh lEizs"k.k ds fy, fo"k; oLrq] mn~ns;] dFku vkfn dk igys gh fu;kstugksuk pkfg,A fu;kstu ds vHkko esa lEisz"k.k iz f;k izHkkfor jgrh gSA le; vkSjtkZ Hkh u"V gksrh jgrh gSA

vr% izHkkoh lEizs"k.k ds fy, fu;ksftr O;oLFkk dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, ftlesadsUnz fcUnwpquko lkexzh laokn vkfnA

(10) :fp dh deh (Lack of Interest)%&

izHkkoh lEizs"k.k ds fy, lEizs"kd ,oa Jksrk dh fo"k; oLrq ds fy, #fp gksukvko;d gSA

;fn Jks rk dh fo"k; oLrq ds fy, :fp u gks rks lkexz h pkgs fdruh Hkh:fpdj u gks og mlds cks/k ls oafpr jgsxk vkSj lEiz s"k.k izf;k fu"izHkkoh jgtk,xhA

vr% izHkkoh lEizs"k.k ds fy,] lEizs"kd ,oa Jksrk nksuksa dk gh fo"k; oLrq esa:fp dk gksuk vko;d gSA fk{kd dks vr% ckj&ckj bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,fd D;k fo|kFkhZ mldh ckrksa dks /;ku ls lqu jgk gS ;k ughaA

(11) Jksrk (Nk=) lEcU/kh dfe;k %&(Deficiency on the Part of Receiver)%&

dHkh&dHkh Nk= esa 'kkjhfjd nks"k Hkh lEizs"k.k ds ck/kd rRo cu tkrs gS aA tSls

Jo.k nks"k] mPpkj.k nks"k] ekufld ruko] eancq f)rk ,oa vU; fodykaxrk (n;


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ckf/krk lEcU/kh nks"k) mijksDr nks"kks ds dkj.k Hkh Nk= lans k iz kIr ugha dj ikrkAmnkgj.k ds fy, ftls de lqukbZ nsrk gS] og izu dk tokc ugha ns ik,xkA ftls fn[kkbZ ugha ns rk og ';keiV~ V ls iz u ugha mrkj ldsxk] ea ncqf) ckyd T;knklkexz h xzg.k ugha dj ik,xkA ekufld rukoxzLr ckyd /;ku ugha yxk ik,xkAog Hk; ,oa vlqj{kk ls izHkkfor jgsxkA

vr% lEizs"k.k lqfufpr djus ds fy, de lqukbZ nsus okys Nk= dks izFke iafDresa fcBkuk pkfg,A ftl Nk= dks de fn[kkbZ ns rk gS] mls ,sud dh lykg nsuhpkfg;s ,oa mls Hkh igyh iafDr esa LFkku nsuk pkfg,A eancqf) ckydksa ds fy, O;fDrf k{kk ;kstuk rS;kj djuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ds cPpksa dh fk{k.k fof/k;ks a dk KkuvftZr djuk pkfg,A

Hk;eqDr okrkoj.k LFkkfir djus ds fy, v/;kid dks Nk=ksa ds lkFk i{kikriw.kZ

O;ogkj ugha djuk pkfg,A og Nk= dk lgh fgrS"kh gksuk pkfg,A

(12) lwpuk rduhd i;kx dk vHkko %&(Lack of Information Technology)

izkjfEHkd Lrj ij vHkh Hkkjrh; d{kkvksa esa rduhdh dk vHkko jgk gSA vHkh

Hkh Xyksc] VsifjdkMZj] VSyhfotu] dEI;wVj] LekVZ cksMZ d{kkvksa rd ugha igq apk gS tkslEizs"k.k dk izHkkoh ek/;e gSA

vr% lHkh d{kkvksa rd mijksDr lkexzh miyC/k djokbZ tkuh pkfg, rkfdlEizs"k.k dks izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldsA lsok iw.kZ izfk{k.kksa dks l[r cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A blds fy, f k{k.k vfHk:fp okys v/;kidksa dk p;u djds dM+k izf k{k.k gksukpkfg,A

2-6 ,Mxj dk vuHko f=dks.k %&(Edgars Cone of Experience)

KkusfUnz;ksa(Senses) dks Kku dk izosk }kj dgk x;k gS vkSj lHkh fk{kkfonksa uscgqbUnzh; vuqnsku ij cy fn;k gSA ;g vuqnsku Nk= dks pgaqeq[kh fodkl djus esalgk;d gksrk gSA

xka/kh th ds vuqlkj] ^^ lPph f k{kk dsoy lgh vH;kl vkSj 'kkjhfjd vaxksa

(gkFk] ikao] vka[ksa] dku ,oa ukd) ds izfk{k.k ls izkIr gksrh gSaA


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True education of the intellect can only come through a proper exercise and trainingof bodily organs- hands, feet, eyes, ears and nose.

Lkh[kus ds nkSjku lcls egRoiw.kZ vax tks ckyd lh[kus esa iz;ksx djrk gS] ogvka[ks vkSj dku gSA bUgha ds }kjk og vf/kdre nqfu;k dks tkuus dk iz;kl djrkgSA og tc ls gks k laHkkyrk gS] rc ls gh tkuus ds fy, vka[kksa ,oa dkuksa dhbfUnz;ks a dk iz;ksx djrk gSA vf/kxe dks c


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cgq&bfUnz; vuqns ku ds fy, ,Mxj Ms y us n`;&JO; (Audio VisualAids)lk/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls vuqHkoks a ds vk/kkj ij ,d foks"k izdkj dk oxhZdj.kizLrqr fd;k gSA ftls mlus vuqHko dk f=dks.k dh laKk nh gSA ;g fp= 2-1 esafn;k x;k gS%&

,Mxj f=dks.k dh O;k[;k % bl dksu ls lcls uhps izR;{k rFkk lkFkZd vuqHkoksadks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;g vuqHko lcls rkdroj ekus x, gSaaA bu vuqHkoksa dksiznku djus okys gS a&jaxhu fQYe] CCTV iznZ ku] T.V iznkZu] O;fDrxr vuqHko ,oaiz;kstuk Hkze.kA

fp= esa n;&JO; lk/kuksa ds fk{k.kksa ds fk{k.k izHkkoksa dks Hkh fn[kk;k x;k gSAfp= dks ;fn ge ckjhdh ls ns[ks a rks ckbZa vkSj ,d yEch js[kk }kjk ij ls uhpsdh vkSj ?kVrk gqvk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA nwljs 'kCnks a esa ekSf[kd 'kCnks a dk izHkkolcls de gS rFkk izR;sd lk/kuksa dk lcls vf/kdA

fp= esa foLrkjiwoZd fn;k x;k gS %&

ekSf[kd ladsr ( Verbal Symbols)

kkar fp=

Pky fp=

izn'kZu lkexzh(Exhibits )

Hkze.k( Field Trips)

iznkZu( Demonstrations)

vfHku; iznkZu( Dramatisation)

vk;ksftr d`f=e vuqHko( Contrived Experience)

okLrfod d`f=e vuqHko Real Direct Experience)

Motion Pictures

Still Pictures

jsfM;ks izlkj.k( Radios

n`;kRed ladsr(Visual


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vuqHkoksa dk dks.k

vuqHko dh O;k[;k %&(Description of cone of experience)

(1)izR;{k rFkk okLrfod vuqHko (Direct Experience)%&

f'k{k.k esa izR;{k vuqHko lcls izcy ekus x, gSaA izR;{k ,oa okLrfod vuqHko

iznku djus ds fy, v/;kid dks ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg, ftlesaNk= cgqbfUnz;ksa }kjk okLrfod vuqHko izkIr dj ldsA blds fy, fo"k;okj izkstSDV

pkVZl

iznkZu iVVfLFkj ekMy

foHkkftr ekMy

dk;Zkhy ekMyMk;hjek

fp= foLrkjd ;a=

LykbZMProjection

jaxhu LykbZM

Film Stripjaxhu

vksoj gsM izkstsDVj

Pky fp= ewd B+W

Pky fp= vkokt jaxhu

dSlsV & jaxhu fQYe

CCTV iznkZu

izn'kZuO;fDrxr vuqHko

iz;kstuk Hkze.k

kCn Word lcls de izHkkoh

jaxhu pkSd

lQsn pkSd


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dk;Z fpfUgr djus pkfg,A los Z{k.k dk vk;kstu djuk tSls Ldwy ds vklikl dsi'kqvksa] if{k;ksa] isM+&ikS/kksa] feV~Vh ds uewus] tyL=ksarksa dk losZ{k.k vkfn

(2) vk;ksftr df=e vuHko (Contrived Experience) %&

dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a izR;{k vuqHko iznku ugha fd, tk ldrsA ml fLFkfr esd`f=e vuqHko oLrqvksa ds ekSu izfr:Ik ,oa f;kRed ekWMy cukdj tkudkjh nh tkldrh gSA dbZ ckj okLrfod oLrq cgqr cM+h gksrh gS ysfdu mlds ekWMy dks cukdjNksVk djds crk;k tk ldrk gSA mlds fy, vko;d gS fd rS;kj fd;k x;k ekWMyokLrfod oLrq dh lgh udy gksA vk;ksftr d`f=e vuqHko esa Hkki ds bZatu dkekWMy] Hkk[kM+k cka/k dk ekWMy] bXyw dk ekWMy] lkSj eaMy] Tokykeq[kh dk ekWMy] jsfxLrkku dk ekWMy] vj.; LFky] ikB kkyk] fpfdRlky;] f=Hkqt] vk;r] oxkZdkj]rktegy] dqrqcehukj dk ekWMy cuk, tk ldrs gSaaaA

(3) vfHk;u vuqHko (Dramtition)

ukVdksa dk vk;kstu djds mlesa Nk=ksa dks vfHku; esa Hkkx ysdj ml ik= dsvuqHko fn, tk ldrs gSaA blls mUgs a fLFkfr dks le>us es a dkQh lgtkrk vuqHkogksxhA mnkgj.k ds fy, jktk gfjkpUnz] fir` HkDr Jo.k] egkjktk vkksd] iapk;r]fo/kku lHkk] yksd lHkk dgkuh ij ukVd vk;kstu dj mijksDr fo"k;ksa dks vklkuhls le>k;k tk ldrk gSaA

(4) inkZu (Demonstration)

izn'kZuksa esa v/;kid Nk=ksa dks fdlh oLrq ;k fl)kUr dk iz;ksx d{k esa djdsfn[kkrk gSA blesa Nk=ksa dks midj.kksa ds iz;ksx fof/k fujh{k.k e dk Kku gksrk gSaAmidj.kksa ds iz;ksx fof/k fujh{k.k e dk Kku gksrk gSA cgqr ls izu Hkh Nk=ksa }kjkiz;ksx ds nkSjku iwNs tkrs gSaA bles a dqN rF;ks a dks v/;kid vius gko&Hkko }kjk

le>k ldrk gS] dqN iznkZu ds fy, fo"k; gks ldrs gSaA

(5) Hkze.k (Field Trips)

v/;kid Nk=ks a dks fofHkUu LFkkuks a ij ys tkdj tkudkjh iznku djrk gS tSlsMkDVj dh dk;Zokgh fn[kkuk] fpfdRlky;] cSad] dkj[kkuk] fdlh ,sfrgkfld LFky dksfn[kkukA


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(6) inkZfu;k yxkuk (Exhibitions)%&

izn'kZfu;ka s esa Nk= dh lgHkkfxrk lqfufpr djuh pkfg,A iznkZuh dh lkexzhNk= ,oa v/;kid }kjk la;qDr :i ls rS;kj dh tkuh pkfg,A iznkZuh LFky ij Nk=

viuh cukbZ xbZ oLrq ds lkFk&lkFk vkSj Hkh cgqr lkexzh ns[krs gS a vkSj cgqr lkjh tkudkjh dks iz kIr djus dk volj iz kIr gksrk gSA blesa fo|kFkhZ }kjk lkexzh]cqysfVu] cksMZ] iksLVj ,oa laxzgky; esa fLFkr oLrq,a 'kkfey dj ldrk gSA

(7) pyfp= ed ,oa vkokt (Film Strips)%&

dbZ oLrqvksa ds fp= fQYe ds ek/;e ls fn[kk, tk ldrs gSaA 'kSf{kd {ks= ds fu;ksftr dk;Ze UGC ,oa IGNOU}kjk izlkfjr fd, tkus okys dk;Ze gSA fQYesa

Nwus] Lokn ysus vksj eglwl djus ds vuqHkoksa ds lkFk lh/ks yhu ugha gksrsA os ,d?kVuk dks ns[krs gSa vkSj dYiukRed jhfr ls gh yhu gks ldrs gSaA ?kVuk eas ge 'kq:ls ysdj var rd lkFk ugha jgrsA

(8) jfM;ks ilkj.k (Radio Broadcasting)%&

cgqr jkT;ks a esa jsfM;ks }kjk Hkh 'kS f{kd fo"k;ks a ij dk;Ze izlkfjr fd, tkrsgSaA dbZ dk;Ze rks Ldwy le; es a izlkfjr fd, tkrs gS a ftls Nk=ks a dks jsfM;ks ls

lh/kk lquk;k tk ldrk gSA jsfM;ks rFkk fjdkMZ lkewfgd :i ls mRikfnr ,sls lansk gSaatks 'kkjhfjd :Ik ls vuqifLFkfr Jksrkvksa ds fy, rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA

(9) irhdh; vuqHko (Symbolic Experience)

izrhdh; vuqHko esa Nk= dks rRdkfyd 'kkjhfjd f;k vuqHko gksrh gSA blizdkj ds vf/kxe vuqHko esa Nk= Hkys gh 'kkjhfjd lgHkkfxrk de djrs gksa ijarqmudh dYiukRed vUrxzZLrrk dk Lo:i cM+k gh O;kid vkSj ifjd`r gks tkrk gSA

(10) n`; irhd pkd ckM fp= vkfn (Visual Symbols)%&

n`; izrhd vewrZ gksrs gS a tks le`) vFkZ dks crkus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA bldsvarxZr ,Mxj MsYk ds vuqlkj] pkVZ] xzkQ] ekufp=] pkd cksMZ] fp= vkfn vkrs gSaA;s lkefxz;ka izk;% n`; izrhd ds ek/;e ls lansk dk lapkj djrh gSaA

n`; izrhd dk iz;ksx djrs le; vkus okyh dfBukbZ ds ckjs esa ,Mxj Msyfy[krs gS a&dHkh&dHkh ,d cgq r ljy izrhd dks Hkh le>uk dfBu gks ldrk gS


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D;ksa fd izrhd ,d Bksl vuqHko dk izfrfuf/kRo ugha djrk gSA ;g dqN ,slh phttSlk ugha yxrk ftls nkZd igys ls tkurk gksA tks ewfrZd ugha gSA lkFk gh ,dizrhd ,d Nk= dks rc ijskkuh esa Mky ldrk gS tc og mls ,d Li"V vuqHkofoks"k dks lh/khs&lh/kh ;kn ugha fnykrk vFkok ;fn Nk= izrhd ds ml oLrq ds lkFkugha tksM+ ldrk ftldk og izrhd izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA

(11) ekSf[kd ladr] Hkk"k.k vkfn %&(Verbal-Oral Symbols)

,Mxj Msy us bls vius vuqHko 'kadq ds fk[kj ij j[kk gSA 'kkfCnd ladsr muizR;;ksa dh rjg ugha yxrsA ftlds fy, og iz;ksx fd, tkrs gS aA mnkgj.k ds fy,cQZ 'kCn dks ftu izrhdksa ds :i esafy[krs gSa og 'kCn cQZ tSlk ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAv/;kid vf/kdre d{kk esa ekSf[kd :i ls gh fk{k.k djrk gSA]

la{ksi es a ,Mxj Msy dk vuqHko 'kadq ,d ,slk n;&ekWMy gS ;k ,d ,slhfp=kRed ;qfDr gS tks fk{kd dks vkykspukRed :i ls mu rjhdksa ds ckjs esa lkspusesa lgk;rk djrk gS ftu rjhdksa ls lgt :i esa ladYiuk,a fodflr gksrh gSaA

fk{k.k eas dsoy ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikB~;&oLrq dk leqfpr,oa LFkk;h Kku iznku ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, og vusd JO;&n;lk/kuksa ds fk{k.k dh lgk;rk lkexzh ds :i esa iz;ksx djus ij cy nsrs gSa rkfd

fo|kFkhZ vf/kxe vuqHko dks LFkk;h :i ls xz g.k dj ldsaA mUgksaus bu ekWMy dsek/;e ls fk{k.k esa iz;qDr dh tk ldus okyh bu lgk;d lkefxz;ksa dk foys"k.kxgurk ls fd;k gS vkSj buds mi;ksx ls fk{k.k dh c


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(8) fk{k.k lw=ksa ds mi;ksx esa lgk;d A

(9) Hkk"kkxr vfHkO;fDr dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;dA

(10) d{kk esa mfpr vUr% lEca/k ,oa 'kSf{kd okrkoj.kA

(11) pqukSrhiw.kZ Nk=ksa dh vko;drk iwfrZ esa lgk;d

(12) vuqkklughurk dh leL;k ds lek/kku esa lgk;dA

(13) ekufld 'kfDr;ksa ds fodkl esa lgk;dA

(14) oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k ds fodkl esa lgk;dA

(15) mUUkr fk{k.k fof/k;ksa ,oa rduhdh dk volj iznku djus esa lgk;d

vH;kl&iu1- lEizzs"k.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ifjHkk"kkvksa }kjk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A2- lEizs"k.k izf;k ds dkSu&dkSu ls Hkkx gSa \ O;k[;k dhft,A3- lEizs"k.k ds izdkj crk,a\ lEizs"k.k izHkkoksRikndrk c


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v/;k;&3tu lpkj ek/;e (Mass Media)

3-1 ekl ehfM;k ,d vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS vksj bldk vFkZ vkWDlQksMZ 'kCndks"kds vuqlk ekl dk vFkZ (Mass) cgqrk;kr esa ,df=d yksx ;k oLrq,aA fgUnh esa bldsi;kZ;okph gSa&yksx]tu] HkhM+] ny lewg vkfnA

vaxzsth Hkk"kk esaMedi a dk vFkZ gSMeans or ways of communication vFkkZrlwpuk] lekpkj] fopkj vfkn dk vknku&iznkuA

lkew fgd :i ls Mass Media dk vFkZ gS tu lapkj dk turk ;k lkewfgd

yksxksa dks lwpuk vkfn iznku djukA

vr% vaxz sth Hkk"kk ds Mass Media ls rkRi;Z gS ^tu lapkj ek/;e* rFkklkewfgd ek/;eA ;kfu tc fdlh lwpuk] lekpkj] fopkj vkfn dks nwj&nwj jgus okys lHkh O;fDr;ksa rd igq apkus ds fy, ftl ek/;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mls

tulapkj ek/;e (Mass Media) dgrs gSaA

orZeku ;qx rduhdh dk ;qx gSA nqfu;k NksVh gks jgh gS vksj lwpuk c


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tu lapkj ek/;fed f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkS fedj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSAljdkj }kjk pyk, x, lHkh 'kS{kf.kd dk;Ze tu&tu rd igaqpkus esa tu lapkjek/;e lgk;d gksrs gSaA lkoZtfud igqap] ukekadu ,oa Bgjko esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSaA

(2) ikS< fuj{krk dks lekIr djus ea lgk;d %& (Eradication of Adult illiteracy)

tu lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk izlkfjr dk;Ze izks


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4- bl deh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, tu lapkj ek/;eks a dk iz;ksx djrs gq, mfprj.kuhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3-2 tu lapkj ds izdkj(Types of Mass Media):-

tu lapkj ek/;e eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gSa %&

(1) eqfnzr ek/;fed (Print Media)

(2) xSj&eqfnzr ek/;e (Non-Print Media of Electronic Media)

(1) efnr ek/;e (Print Media)

eqfnzr tu lapkj ek/;e es a] lekpkj] lwpuk] fopkj] vuqHko fyf[kr :i lsJks rk ,oa ckyd rd lEizs f"kr fd;k tkrk gSA Jks rk ,oa vf/kxedRrkZ ml lwpuk]lekpkj ,oa fopkj dks i


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ifjorZu dh tkap ugha dj ldrhA

ikB~;&iqLrdsa iwoZ fu/kkZfjr 'kSf{kd y{;ksa dh izkfIr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA ikB~;&iqLrd cs grj gS vFkok ughaA bldk fu/kkZ j.k mldh mi;ks fxrk ls fd;k tkldrk gSA vPNh ikB~; iqLrdksa dh fuEufyf[kr [kqfc;ka gks ldrh gSA

(a) cf


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(iii) if=dk, %&

if=dkvksa dh Hkh lekpkj i= dh rjg viuh Hkwfedk gSA Nk=ks a ,oa tuekulds fy, Kku izkfIr dk ,oa izHkkoh ek/;e gSA ;g ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;ka izsf"kr djrh gSvkSj yksxksa dks nqfu;ka] ns'k] izns'k ds ?kVuke dk foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh nsrh gSA ;glkaLd` frd ijEijkvks a] jhfr&fjoktks a] /kkfeZd ,oa jk"V h; ioksZ a dh tkudkjh Hkh iznkudjrh gSA if=dk,a dbZ cky lkfgR; ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS tks Nk= dk euksjatu ,oa tkudkjh le; ij miyC/k djkrh jgrh gSA cky lkfgR; ls laca f/kr dqN

if=dk,a gS a] paid] bUnz /kuq"k] vDdM+&cDdM+] ifjcks/k] Readers Digest vkfnA blesavk;q oxZ ds vuqlkj gh lkexzh izsf"kr dh tkrh gSA

bu if=dkvksa ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa esa lkfgR; ds izfr :fp mRiUu gksrh gS] dbZNk=ksa ds ys[k] dfork,a] dgkfu;ka] izlax] fo"k; vk/kkfjr ys[k Nirs gS aA dbZ fo|ky;Hkh viuh okf"kZd if=dk fudkyrs gSa tks fd lkfgR; {ks= es a :fp c


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(B) lkQVos;j ;k eny (Software):-

;s os HkkS frd midj.k gks rs gS a ftu ij fdlh Hkh lkexzh] lwpuk] tkudkjh]vuqHko vkfn dks igys vafdr fd;k tkrk gSA (Programme cuk;k tkrk gS) vkSj mlds

ckn gkMZos;j dh lgk;rk ls mudk izlkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA bldh rqyuk ge eu ;kvkRek ls dj ldrs gS aA ftl izdkj ekuo 'kjhj esa fdlh Hkh dFku dks izdV djrsgq, lf; gks tkrs gS a vkSj eu gh ml fopkj dks izdV djus ds fy, fofHkUu vaxksadk (Loj] ftg~ok] gksaB) lapkyu djrk gSA mlh izdkj fdlh 'kSf{kd dk;Ze dks pykus

ds fy, Hkh ;a=ksa gkMZos;j(TV, Computer, Radio) dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tu lapkj esavf/kdrj ek/;e veqfnzr Js.kh ds gSA dqN mu esa ls bl izdkj gS %&

i) Vsfyfotu (Television) :-

Vsfyfotu nks 'kCnks a ls feydj cuk gSA Tele (nwj) vkSj Vision dk vFkZ gSns[k vFkkZr~n`'; gekjs ls okLrfod :i ls nwj gSa] ysfdu mls Hkh ge viuh vka[kksa lsns[k ldrs gSaA bls fgUnh esa nwjn'kZu Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g izlkfjr dgha vksj gksrk gS vkSj

fn[kkbZ dgha vksj iM+rk gSA TV gekjs ns'k esa lcls vf/kd iz;ksx esa yk;s tkus okyk

lapkj ek/;e gSA bl dks yksx euksja tu ds fy, (Entertainment)] lwpuk ds fy,

(Information),oa f'k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, (Education) iz;ksx djrs gSaA

nwjn'kZu dk bfrgkl %&

1923 esa Mk- Cykfnfej oksfdu us fp= dks ok.kh nsus ds iz'u ij dk;Z fd;kA1927 bZ- es a U;w;kZd ,oa okf'kaxVu ds e/; csy VsfyQks u yscksjsVjht us rkj ds

ek/;e ls T.V. dk vfo"dkjd ekuk tkrk gSA mlus izdk'k fdj.kks a dks bysDVkfudflxuyksa esa cnyus dk iz;kl fd;kA

1936 bZ- esa lcls igys T.V. dk;Ze dk izlkj.k B.B.C. us vkjaHk fd;kA

1939 esa fo'o esys esa lc usT.V. ns[kkA ogha ls lkjs fo'o esa rduhdh gLrkarj.k

ls lkjs fo'o esa igqap x;kA

izkphu Hkkjr esa lat; us /k`rjk"V dks lkjk dq:{ks= ;q) dk fooj.k crk;k FkkAdqN nwjn'kZu dh iz.kkyh ml le; Hkh miyC/k gksxhA

ijarqUNESCOdh lgk;rk ls 15 flrEcj] 1959 dks Hkkjr esa nwjn'kZu dk

'kqHkkjaHk gqvkA ;qusLdks us blT.V. dk;Ze dks pykus ds fy, 20]000 Mkyj dkvuqnku fn;kA bl dk;Ze dk eq [; y{; cPpksa dks f'k{kk iz nku djuk ,oa izlkj

djuk vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;Zeksa ds ek/;e ls turk dks tkx` r djuk FkkAlcls igys blds fy, ,d NksVk lk LVwfM;ks Hkou vkdk'kok.kh Hkou ds lkFk cuk;k


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x;kA

1961 es a mPprj fo|ky;ksa ds fy, fu;fer T.V. dk;Ze dk izlkj.k 'kq:gqvkA blT.V. dk;Ze ds ifj.kke dkQh mRlkgiw.kZ jgsA vkt Hkkjr esa INSAT-4 dhJ`a[kyk ds mixzg bl dk;Z dks djus esa lgk;rk dj jgs gSaA 1984&85 rd nwjn'kZugjsd ?kj rd igqap x;kA 15 vxLr 1982 dks jk"Vh; dk;Zeks a dk mn~?kkVu gqvkA

INSAT-1A ds mi;ksx ls jaxhu T.V. dk izkjaHk gqvkA rc ls vkt rd yxkrkj blesalq/kkj gks jgk gSA

nwjn'kZu dk mi;ksx vkt u ds oy tula pkj ek/;e ds :i esa gks jgk gS]cfYd ;g euksjatu] f'k{kk] izlkj] foKkiu] laxhr vkfn ds L=ksr ds :i esa Hkh mHkjjgk gSA

3-3 'kSf{kd njn'kZu (Educational Television) %&

'kSf{kd nwjn'kZ u dk vFkZ gS 'kSf{kd mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, nwjn'kZ u dkmi;ksxA Hkkjr esa Hkh 'kSf{kd y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, e'khuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS]

ftuesaT.V. izeq[k gSA

i) ek/;fed Ldy njn'kZu ifj;kstuk %&

;g 1961 esa vkjaHk dh xbZA blds varxZr 11oha d{kk ds fy, rhuikB~;eksa] HkkSfrdh] jlk;u ,oa vaxzsth ds fy, dk;Ze izfr lIrkg izlkfjr fd, tkrsFksA ;g fnYyh ds ek/;fed Ldwyksa dh f'k{k.k dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, dkjxjlkfcr gqbZA

ii) mixg vuqns'ku nwjn'ku dk i;kx %&(Satelite Instructional Television Experiment)

;g dk;Ze 1975 dks N% jkT;ksa ds 2330 xkaoks a dh turk rd viusdk;Ze izLrqr djrk FkkA ;g xzkeh.k {ks= esa f'k{kk dk izlkj ds fy, dk;Ze izLrqr

djrk FkkA ;g eq[;r% nks fo'ks"k dk;Ze izlkfjr djrk FkkA (1) d`f"k laca/kh f'k{kk ds

dk;ZeA (2) xzkeh.k izkFkfed fo|ky; laca/kh dk;ZeA


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iii) iksLV lkbV ifj;kstuk (Post Site Project)

bl ifj;kstuk ds rgr 1977 esa t;iqj es a ,d izs"k.k dsUnz dh LFkkiuk dhxbZA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; %&

(1) uohu d`f"k oSKkfud vuqla/kkuksa dks xzkeh.kksa rd vklkuh ls igqapkukA

(2) xzkeh.k cPpksa dks f'k{kk dh egRkk ,oa LokLF; i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA

(3) jk"Vh; ,drk dk fodkl djukA

(iv) Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; mixg %&(Indian National Satelite of INSAT)

bl dk iz{ksi.k 1982 dks fd;k x;k vkSj 6 flrEcj dks bldk iz;ksx 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds :i esa fd;k tkus yxkA ;g N% jkT;ks a (vka/k izns'k] fcgkj] xqtjkr]egkjk"V] mM+hlk o mRrj izns'k) dks ykHkkfUor djus yxkA ;g ogka 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds}kjk f'k{kk ds izfr yksxksa dks tkx:d djus yxkA

v) mPprj f'k{kk nwjn'ku ifj;kstuk(Higher Education Television Project)

;g ifj;kstuk U.G.C. }kjk 1984 dks 'kq: gks xbZA bl dk;Ze }kjk LukrdLrj ds Nk=ks a] lsokjr f'k{kdksa dks vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls 'kSf{kd Lrj c


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nwjn'kZu lEizs"k.k lapkj f;k dk ,d izHkkoh rFkk 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku gSA nwjn'kZuds iz;ksx dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS %&

(A) [kqykifjiFk njn'kZu (Open Circuit T.V.)

bldk izlkj.k dsUnz }kjk ok;q ds ek/;e ls dk;Zeksa dks xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSrFkk fofHkUu LFkku dks izsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa lkekU;rk blh ek/;e lsnwjn'kZu dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

(B) cn ifjiFk njn'kZu (Close Circuit T.V.)

bldk iz;ksx mPp Lrj ds 'kS f{kd laLFkkuksa es a fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d izdkjdh LFkkuh; O;oLFkk gksrh gS tks fd fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= esa vkus okyh ,d ;k vf/kdlaLFkkvksa rd lhfer gksrh gSA

f'k{kk d idkj d vk/kkj ij nwjn'ku dk;e %&(1) vkSipkfjd 'kSf{kd ilkj.k %&

bl izdkj ds dk;Zeksa dk laca/k Ldwyh ikB~;e ls ugha gksrk gS ijarq Nk=ksa ds Kku lo/kZu esa ;g dk;Ze dkQh lgk;d gksrs gS aA izlkj.kks a esa u`R;] ukVd]laxhr] cky dk;Ze] efgykvksa ds fy, dk;Ze] [ksy dk;Ze vkfn gksrs gSaA

(2) vukSipkfjd 'kf{kd ilkj.k %&

bl izlkj.k esa izR;{k :i ls 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSA bl izdkjds izlkfjr gksus okys ikBksa dks fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa }kjk rS;kj djk;k tkrk gSA ;s izlkj.kfuEufyf[kr oxksZa ds fy, gks ldrs gS %&

(a) xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 'kSf{kd lqfo/kkvksa ds foLrkj ds fy,

(b) Ldwyh Nk=ksa ds ikB~;e ls lacaf/kr

(c) fo'ofo|ky; ds ikB~;e ls lacaf/kr

(d) izks


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'kSf{kd njn'kZu d ykHk (Merits of Educational TV):-(1) izlkfjr fd, tkus okys lkjs dk;Ze fo'ks"kKksa }kjk cuk, tkrs gSaA

(2) ,d gh le; esa vf/kd Nk=ksa dks ykHkkfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(3) nwjn'kZu dk;Ze nwjnjkt {ks=ksa esa Hkh izlkfjr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(4) ;g ,d de [kphZyk lk/ku gSA

(5) ;s dk;Ze f'k{k.k vf/kxe izf;k dks lq/kkjus eas cgqr ykHknk;d gksrs gS D;ksafdizlkfjr 'kSf{kd dk;Zeksa esa n`';&JO; lkexzh rFkk midj.kksa dh iw.kZ ;kstuk] fedizLrqfrdj.k vkSj ,dhdj.k lfEefyr gksrk gSA

(6) nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr gksus okys dk;Zeksa esa Jo.k ,oa n`'; nksuksa bfUnz;ksa

dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bl dkj.k ikB] euksjatd] :fpdj] vkd"kZd ,oa vklku gkstkrk gSA

(7) dk;Ze dks ns[kdj v/;kid Hkh vius f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa dks lq/kkjus dk

iz;Ru djrk gSA

(8) Nk= Ldwy esa cSBs&cSBs lalkj ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh lSj djrs gSaA

(9) Nk= fofHkUu ns'kksa ds jgu&lgu] os'k&Hkw"kk] u`R;] laxhr ,oa Hkk"kk vkfn dsdk;Zeksa ls ykHk mBkrs gSaA

(10) nwjn'kZu ds 'kSf{kd dk;Zeksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk dh fofHkUu dfe;ka tSls

f'k{kdksa dk vHkko] Hkouksa dh deh] lkexzh dh i;kZIr ek=k vkfn ds gy gksus esalgk;rk feyrh gSA

nwjn'kZu dh dfe;ka(Demerits of T.V.) :-

(1) fcuk ljdkjh vuqnku ds ikB'kkykvksa dks nwjn'kZu dh O;k[;k djuk

dfBu gSA

(2) nwjn'kZu ds [kjkc gksus ij fctyh u gksus ij fo'ks"kK dh lsokvksa dh

vko';drk gksrh gS] tks dkQh [kphZyk gksrk gSA

(3) nwjn'kZu izlkj.k ds fy, ,d gky dh vko';drk gksrh gS tgka lHkh Nk= cSBdjdk;Ze ns[k ldsA ijarq LFkku ds vHkko ds dkj.k ;g lqfo/kk lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa miyC/k ughagks ldrhA

(4) izk;% 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr gksus okys dk;Zeksa dks

nksgjk;k ugha tkrkA


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(5) ;g lEizs"k.k dk ,d rjQk ek/;e gSA Nk= var% f;k laHko ugha gksrhA

3-4 jfM;k (Radio):-

;g tu lapkj dk ,d JO; lk/ku gS ftlesa Jksrk dsoy fopkj] lekpkj ,oatkudkjh lqu ldrk gSA

egkRek xka/kh us jsfM;ks dks ,d vn~Hkwr peRdkj ekukA

bVyh ds bysDV hdy ba thfu;j ekjdksuh us 1884 esa js fM;ksa dk vfo"dkjfd;kA 1895 esa mUgksaus ,d ehy dh nwjh rd jsfM;ks lapkj LFkkfir djus esa lQyrk izkIr dhA jsfM;ks ij vkokt igyh ckj 1906 es a lquh xbZ FkhA 1920 ds ckn

vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu lfgr dbZ ns'kksa us jsfM;ks dk izlkj.k fd;kA Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks dhkafr 1921 esa Mkd ,oa rkj foHkkx us eqEcbZ esa vkbZA 1924 dks enzkl izslhMsalhDyc us jsfM;ks dk izlkj.k fd;kA

Hkkjr esa 1927 dks bafM;u cz ksMdkfLVax dEiuh ds uke ls jsfM;ks dsUnz dkizkjaHk gqvkA 1936 esa bl uke dks ^^vky bafM;k jsfM;ks** j[kk x;kA 1957 esalwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky; us bl uke dks ^^vkdk'kok.kh** j[kkA

1978 esa oxhZl lfefr us vkdk'kok.kh dh Lok;rk ij tksj nsdj egRoiw.kZekxZ [kksykA

lkekU;rk jsfM;ks 18 ls 20 ?kaVs fofHkUu dk;Ze izlkfjr djrk gS ftu esa eq[;r% lkaLd` frd] lkfgfR;d] Kkuo/kZd ,oa euksjatu iznku djus okys gksrs gSaAizlkfjr gksus okys dk;Zeksa dh fuEufyf[kr fo/kk,a gks ldrh gSA

(1) lekpkj (2) okrkZ

(3) lk{kkRdkj (4) ifjppkZ

(5) if=dk (6) fopkj xks"Bh

(7) dgkuh (8) vka[kksa ns[kk gky

(9) jsfM;ks fjiksVZ (10) efgykvksa ds dk;Ze

(11) etnwjksa ds fy, dk;Ze (12) d`f"k ppkZ

(13) laxhr dk;Ze (14) vkidh ckr

(15) Qhpj fQYe (16) ukVd


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(17) cPpksa ds dk;Ze (18) ;qok dk;Ze

(19) LokLF; ppkZ (20) ;qxok.kh

(21) vkidh ilUn vkfnA

jfM;ks dk;e d ykHk (Merits of Radio):-

(1) ;g ekSf[kd :i ls lekpkj dks tulk/kkj.k rd igqapk nsrk gSA

(2) lekpkj&lwpuk] tkudkjh igqapkus dk rhoz lk/ku gSA

(3) lLrk tulapkj ek/;e

(4) ;g lk/ku lHkh ds fy, lqxe ,oa xzkg~k gSA fuj{kj] va/kk jksxh O;fDr Hkhdk;Zeksa dk ykHk mBk ldrk gSA

(5) ;g vkikr fLFkfr esa Hkh lekpkj izsf"kr dj ldrk gSA

(6) ;g HkkSxksfyd lhekvks a] jk"Vh;&varjkZ"Vh; lhekvksa] ck/kkvksa vkfn ls izHkkfor ughajgrkA

(7) 'kCn] laxhr ,oa /ofu bl ds izk.k gksrs gSaA

(8) vU; dk;Z djrs gq, Hkh jsfM;ks dk;Ze lqus tk ldrs gS aA blds fy, ,d ckj[kpZ djus ij vf/kd le; rd bl lk/ku dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

jsfM;ks }kjk 'kS f{kd dk;Ze Hkh izLrq r fd, tkrs gSa ftues a ls izeq[kfuEufyf[kr gS %&

1) Hkk"kk lc/kh ilkj.k %&(Broad castings of Language Programme)

;g dk;Ze 1979&80 es a Hkk"kk izf'k{k.k ds mn~ ns'; ls pyk;k x;k FkkAlcls igys jktLFkku ljdkj us fgUnh Hkk"kk esa f'k{k.k ds fy, dk;Ze cuk;k FkkA

2) fo|ky; ilkj.k (School Broadcasting):-

1973 esa igyh ckj dydrk ls fo|ky; ds fy, 'kSf{kd dk;Ze dk izlkj.k

fd;k x;k FkkA blds ckn ljdkj us ikB'kkykvksa dks jsfM;ks [kjhnus ds fy, vuqnku fn;k FkkA igys dk;Ze ikB~;e vk/kkfjr ugha gksrs Fks ysfdu ckn esa dk;Ze


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ikB~;e vk/kkfjr cuus yxsA vkt Hkh vyx&vyx jkT; vius 'kSf{kd ikB~;e dsvuqlkj jsfM;ks dk;Ze cukrs gS a vkSj mUgs a izlkfjr djrs gSaA DPEP dk;Ze ds nkSjkuHkh f'k{kdksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds fy, jsfM;ks okrkZ rS;kj dh xbZ FkhA

3) vukipkfjd f'k{kk d dk;e dk ilkj.k %&

Hkkjr esa vf'kf{kr yksxksa dks ns[krs gq, 1956 esa ljdkj us iw.kk ds ikl 144xkaoks a dks ykHkkfUor djus ds mn~ns'; ls ^^jsfM;ks Qksje** uked dk;Ze cuk;k ,oa

izlkfjr fd;kA UNESCO dh lgk;rk ls bls rS;kj ,oa izlkfjr fd;k x;kA

4) fo'ofo|ky; ilkj.k (University Broadcasting):-

1965 esa lcls igys losZ{k.k fd;k x;k fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij jsfM;ks dk;Zeksa dkvPNk izHkko iM+rk gSA

vr% lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ks a us vius&vius Lrj ij jsfM;ks dk;Ze rS;kj fd,vkSj mudk izlkj.k Hkh vkjaHk fd;kA vc gjsd fo'ofo|ky; vius ikB~;e ds vuqlkjdk;Ze rS;kj djus yxs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, NCERT ubZ fnYyh] CIEFL gSnjkckn jsfM;ks

ij izlkfjr djus ds fy, vius fo'ks"k dk;Ze cukrs gSaA IGNOU vkSjNIOS Hkhvius ikB~;e ds vuqlkj dk;Ze cukdj jsfM;ks ij izlkfjr djokrs gSaA

jfM;ks dk;e d ykHk (Merits of Radio) :-

1) dfBu fo"k;ks dks le>ku d fy, %&

dfBu fo"k; dks vklkuh ls fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls le>k;k tkldrk gSA lkekftd laLFkkvks a ds izdj.k tSls ifjokj fu;kstu ds ykHk ukVd }kjkvklkuh ls le>k, tk ldrs gSaA

2) ns'k&fons'k e ?kfVr ?kVukvka dh tkudkjh nsuk %&

;g tkudkjh fo|kFkhZ ds lkekU; Kku esa o`f) djrk gSA ns'k esa gksus okyh

izxfr ,oa ;kstukvksa ds fy, Nk= tkx:d gksrs gSA rRdkfyd ?kVukvksa ds fy, Nk=tkx:d gksrs gSA rRdkfyd ?kVukvks a dk izlkj.k rqjar djrs gS aA ftudk vU; lk/kuksa}kjk rqjar izlkj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA


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3) i'kalk ,o vfHko`fr dk mHkkju d fy, %&

jsfM;ks dk iz;ksx iz'kalk ,oa vfHko`fr dks mHkkjus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, 'kkL=h; laxhr rFkk yksdxhrksa dks lqurs jgus ls Hkkjrh; laxhr HkhijEijk dh iz'kalk dk mnHko lgt vkSj LokHkkfod gSA

4) fo"k; vuHkoh O;fDr;ka dk d{kk&d{k ea ykuk %&

jsfM;ks f'k{kkfonksa dks d{kk&d{k es a ykrk gSA budh okrkZ uohure gkrh gSAblls Nk= ,oa v/;kidksa nksuksa dks ykHk gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr izfl) ys[kdksa] f'k{kk

'kkfL=;ksa] fo}kuksa ds Hkk"k.k] okn&fookn] fopkj xks"Bh dks lquu Hkh lqyHk gks tkrk gSA

5) Ldyh fo"k;ks d ifr ckydka ea :fp ink djuk %&

ukVdh;dj.k }kjk jsfM;ks fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa :fp iSnk djrk gSA mldh dYiuk 'kfDresa fodkl djds fo"k;ksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk djrk gS D;ksafd ukVdh;dj.k ls fo"k;brus ljy cu tkrs gSa] ftruk vkSj fdlh lkexzh ls laHko ughaA bl izdkj uhjl oxaHkhj fo"k;ksa dks Hkh jsfM;ks izlkj.k ds }kjk :fpdj


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;g de [kphZyk lk/ku gSA ,d le; esa yk[kksa O;fDr lqu ldrs gSaA

9) c


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6) i;ksxkRed dk; laHko ugha %&

jsfM;ks izlkj.k es a iz;ksxkRed dk;Z ugha fd; tk ldrk] u gh Nk= i


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lqu ldsA

nwjn'kZu dk f'k{k.k ea i;ksx djus dh mfpr O;oLFkk %&

(1) v/;kid dks pkfg, fd nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr gksus okys dk;Zeksa dh lwph cukysaA

(2) nwjn'kZu dk;Ze fn[kkus ls igys v/;kid vius vkidks iw.kZ :i ls rS;kj djys rkfd vko';drk iM+us ij Nk=ksa dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldsA

(3) nwjn'kZu dk;Ze fn[kkus ls igys v/;kid }kjk Nk=ksa dks mfpr funs Z'k ns fn,tkus pkfg, rkfd vko';drkuqlkj Nk= egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa ij /;ku nsa ldsA

(4) nwjn'kZu dk;Ze fn[kkus ls iwoZ lsV dh tkap dj ysuh pkfg,A

(5) nwjn'kZu izlkj.k ls igys dejs ds HkkS frd okrkoj.k dk fujh{k.k dj ysukpkfg,A

(6) nwjn'kZu midj.k bl izdkj j[ksa fd lHkh Nk= Bhd izlkj ls ns[k ldsA

(7) izlkj.k ds nkSjku mfpr vuq'kklu gksuk pkfg,A

(8) v/;kid Lo;a Hkh izlkj.k dk;Ze dks lko/kkuh ls ns[ksaA

(9) izlkj.k gks us ds ckn bl fo"k; ij ppkZ gksuh pkfg,A Nk=ks a dh ikB laca/kh'kadkvksa dk 'keu gksuk pkfg,A

(10) izlkfjr dk;Zeks a ds xq.k nks"kksa ds ckjs esa laca f/kr oxksZ a dks lwfpr djsa rkfdvxys izlkj.k dk;Zeksa esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldsA

dk;e ilkj.k l ioZ v/;kid d dk; %&

(1) nSfud izlkj.k dks le;&lkj.kh vkSj fo"k; lwph ds ckjsa esa igys ls gh djysa rFkk izlkj.k iwoZ ml fo"k; ij Nk=&Nk=kvksa ls okrkZyki dj ysaA

(2) dk;Ze dh fo"k; oLrq ds ckjs esa dqN lkekU; iz'u iwN dj fopkj foe'kZdjsaA blls cPpksa esa izlkj.k ds fy, fo"k;&oLrq ds ckjs esa mRlqdrk tkx`r gks lds rFkk cPps dk;Ze ds fy, ekufld :i ls rS;kj gks lds vkSjdk;Ze esa :fp vkSj yXu ls /kS;ZiwoZd xzg.k dj ldsA

(3) Vh-oh- dks fu/kkZfjr le; ls 5 feuV iwoZ [kksy ns aA lHkh izdkj dhvkSipkfjdrk,a iw.kZ dj ysaA

(4) dk;Ze izlkj.k ds le; Nk=ksa ds lkFk v/;kid Hkh iwjs le; rd mifLFkr jgsA blls vuq'kklu cuk jgsxk vkSj cPps Hkh dk;Ze dks Hkyh Hkka fr ns[kldsaxsA


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(5) vius lg;ksxh v/;kid dks Hkh izlkj.k ns[kus ds fy, vkeaf=r djs aA izlkj.kdh vPNh ckrks a dks fy[k ysa rkfd izlkj.k ds ckn ds okrkZyki esa bl lkexzhdk iz;ksx dj ldsA

(6) izlkj.k ds le; Nk=&Nk=kvks a dh xfrfof/k;ks a ij utj j[ksa rFkk mls uksV Hkh

djsaA

ilkj.k d ckn v/;kid dk dk; %&

(1) dk;Ze lekIr gksus ij Vh-oh- can dj nsa rFkk Iyx dks lfV ls fudkysa ysaA

(2) Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks vius LFkku ij mlh izdkj cSBs jgus nsaA okrkZyki vkjaHk djus ds fy, dqN lkekU; iz'u iwNsaA blls dk;Ze dh iwujko` fr gksxhA

lkFk&lkFk fo"k; cPpksa dks vPNh rjg ls ;kn gks tk,xkA

(3) dk;Ze dh ?kVuk ds ckjs esa iwNsA

(4) Nk=ksa dks dk;Ze dh ?kVukvksa] xhrksa] dforkvksa vkfn dks lqukus rFkk dk;Zedh f;kvksa dks vfHku; }kjk djus dks izksRlkfgr djsaA

(5) d{kk ds lHkh Nk=ks a dks iz'uksrj esa Hkkx ysus ns aA mudks eqDr :i ls cksyusdk volj iznku djsa rFkk muds iz'uksa@'kadkvksa dk lek/kku vo'; djsaA

(6) izlkfjr dk;Ze ls Nk=ks a us fdruk lh[kk] bldk ewY;kadu djsaA fo"k; oLrq dks le>us esa enn djsaA vko';drkuqlkj ';keiV~V ij fy[kdj le>k;k

tkuk pkfg,A

(7) dk;Ze laca/kh f;kDyki ds fy, Nk=ks a dks izksRlkfgr djsa rFkk mUgs a vH;kldk;Z Hkh nsaA

(8) Vsfyfotu ij izlkfjr dk;Zeks a dk i`"Biks"k.k nsuk vko';d gSA mlds lq>ko] leh{kk rFkk vykspuk dk Vh-oh- ds dk;Ze rS;kj djus esa egRoiw.kZ;ksxnku gksxk rFkk Hkfo"; esa izlkfjr gksus okys dk;Zeks a esa lq/kkj ykus rFkkmUgsa :fpiw.kZ cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk iznku djsxkA Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lq>koksarFkk vkykspuk &lekykspuk dks Hkh lacaf/kr vf/kdkjh dks izsf"kr djsaA

3-5 py fp= dk iHkkoh i;ksx %&(Effective use of films) :-

fgUnh esa py fp= dk vFkZ gS pyrk gqvk fp= vFkkZr~ xfr'khy fp=A py fp=,d lkekftd lapkj ek/;e gS tks ,d fo'kky tu leqnk; ds g~n;] efLr"d] thou]rkSj&rjhdkas vkfn dks izHkkfor djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA

i) py fp= ds fodkl esa lcls igys ewd fp= okyh fQYe cuhA Hkkjr esa


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1899 bZ- es a ^^fn jsLVlZ**] ^^eSu ,.M eah** fQYesa cukbZA jktk gfj'kpaniw.kZr% Hkkjrh; Qhpj fQYe FkhA bl fQYe ds fuekZrk nknk lkgc QkYds FksA

ii) cksyrh fQYe %&

1931 dks Hkkjr esa igyh cksyrh fQYe ^^vkye vkjk** cuhA bldk fuekZ.kbEihfj;y fQYe dEiuh us fd;k FkkA

iii) jxhu fQYea %&

vknsZ'kh bZjkuh us igys jaxhu fQYe 1937 esa ^^fdlku dU;k** cukbZA

f'k{kk txr esa fofHkUu fo"k;ks a ds fy, py fp=ksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gSaA y|q f'k{k.k pyfp=] izys[kh;] pyfp=] izk;ksftr pyfp=] :id pyfp= vkfncuk, tkrs gSaA

f'k{k.k vf/kxe dk;ksZa esa pyfp= dh mi;ksfxrk fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ds :i esadh tk ldrh gSA

(1) pyfp= dh lgk;rk ls v/;kid fdlh ?kVuk dk fjdkMZ fo|kFkhZ ds lkeusizLrqr dj ldrk gSA

(2) pyfp= cgqr nwj ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dks Hkh vklkuh ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkeus ykldrk gSA

(3) pyfp= ?kVuk e dks ?kVuk J`a[kyk esa le; rRo dks fu;af=r dj ldrs gSaA

(4) pyfp= dh lgk;rk ls v/;kid ,oa Nk=ksa dh vfHko`fr;ksa dks izHkkfor fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

pyfp= dk egRo (Importance of films):-

1) lthork %& bl ikB esa lthork vk tkrh gS D;ksafd v/;kid bls fn[kkrs gq, o.kZu djrk gS vkSj ns[kus vkSj lquus dh izf;k es a leUo; gksrk jgrk gSftlls ikB esa lthork vk tkrh gSA

2) lLrk %& ;g ,d ckj cukbZ tkus ls dbZ ckj iz;ksx esa ykbZ tk ldrh gSA


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3) gYdk %& ;g dkQh gYdh gksrh gSA ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd vklkuh lsys tk;h tk ldrh gSA

4) VwVus dk dksb [krjk ugh %&fQYe ifV~V;ka izk;% lsyqykbM esa cuh gks rh gSAvr% bls va/ksjs dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

5) va/ksjk djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ughaA D;ksafd ;g izkstsDVj ls pyrh gSA vr%bls va/ksjs dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

6) foLrkjioZd tkudkjh %& ifV~V;ksa dh lgk;rk ls foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh nh tkldrh gSA

7) LFkkb Kku inku djus ea lgk;d %&dfBu 'kCn vkSj izlax Hkh mfpr fp=ksa dh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls le>stk ldrs gSaA

8) lkjka'k ljyrk ls iLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS %&fQYe ifV~V;ksa }kjk ikB dk lkjka'k vklkuh ls izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks

iw.kZ Kku esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA

9) Kku dks ljyrk ls inku djuk %& fQYe }kjk Kku dks ljyrk ls dfBu fp=] laca/kh fVIi.kh djds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrkgSA

fQYe iV~Vh i;kx djrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa %&

1) iz;ksx ls igys Nk=ksa dks rS;kj djukA

2) izR;sd Qz se dks mrus le; rd fo|kFkhZ ds le{k j[kuk tc rd og 'kh"kZd dksi


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3-6 ohfM;k dk;e (Video Programme):-

ohfM;ks Hkh tu lapkj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA ;g ,d JO;&n`'; lk/ku gStks Vsfyfotu i ohfM;ks Iys;j(Video Player) ds lkFk pyrk gSA

Vsfyfotu dk;Ze dks izlkfjr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA nwjn'kZu dks ohfM;ksIys;j ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA ftl Hkh dk;Ze dks izlkfjr djuk gS ml dk;Ze dhdlSV ;k CD ohfM;ks Iys;j ij pykbZ tkrh gSA nwjn'kZu ml dk;Ze dks fn[kkus esalgk;rk djrk gSA

ohfM;ks Iys;j ,d ,slk midj.k gS tks dSlsV] lh-Mh- ;k Mh-oh-Mh- ij vafdrvkadM+ksa dks fof'k"V rjaxksa ds :i esa cnydj nwjn'kZu (TV) lSV ij igqapkrk gS vkSj TVmu rjaxksa dks iqu% dk;Ze ds :i esa viuh Lhu ij fn[kkrk gSA

'kSf{kd dk;Ze ds HkaMkj.k (Storage) ds igys ohfM;ks dSlsV dk izpyu Fkk]

ftldh HkaMkj.k {kerk de FkhA mls pykus ds fy, Video Cassette Player dh

vko';drk gksrh Fkh ysfdu vktdy ohfM;ks dk nwljk :iCompact DiscPlayer ,oaMh-oh-Mh- Iys;j Hkh miyC/k gSA bu dh dk;Ze HkaMkj.k {kerk Hkh dkQh gSA foLr`rtkudkjh bl izdkj gS%&

1) ohfM;ks fMLd Iy;j (Video Disc Player) :-

lEizs"k.k ds {ks= esa ohfM;ks fMLd uohure [kkstksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g ,d fjdkMZdh Hkka fr gksrk gSA blesa ,d ekLVj Vsi iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ohfM;ks fMLd ijvkokt lfgr vFkok fcuk vkokt ds n`';] bysDVksfud ek/;e vFkok vkIVhdyh fjdkMZdh tkrh gSA ohfM;ks fMLd iz.kkyh esa Jo.k ds nks ekxZ gksrs gSA ,d gYdh izdk'k js[kkgksrh gS tks lafpr fo"k; oLrq dks n`';&JO; ds :i esa iqu:Rikfnr djrh gSA

2) Mh-oh-Mh- (D.V.D.) :-

Mh-oh-Mh- Hkh lh-Mh- ds ln`'; gksrk gS ysfdu bldh HkaMkj.k {kerk dbZ xq.kkvf/kd gksrh gSA bl ij yxHkx 7 ?kaVs ds dk;Ze dh lkexzh dks vafdr fd;k tkldrk gSA

3) ckSf)d ohfM;k fMLd (Intelligent Video Disc):-


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;g ohfM;ks DISC dEI;wVj ls tqM+h gksrh gSA ;g f'k{kk 'kkfL=;ks a ds fy, cgqr

mi;ksxh gSA bl lk/ku }kjk O;fDrxr vf/kxe (Individualized Learning) ds fy,

var%f;k vuqns'ku (Interactive Learning) iznku fd;k tkrk gSA bles a fMLd ek=

lwpukvks a ds HkaMkj.k ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj blesa nks izdkj dhrduhdsa Vsfyfotu ,oa dEI;wVj iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

ohfM;ks fMLd d ykHk (Advantages of Video DISC):-

1) cgqr cM+h ykbczsjh dks NksVh fMLd ij mrkjk tk ldrk gSA

2) HkaMkj.k ds fy, de LFkku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

3) ;g lLrh gksrh gS tcfd iqLrdsa egaxh gksrh gSA

4) lh[kus okys dh mRikndrk vklkuh ls c


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'kgjh {ks=ksa rd gh lhfer gks ldrk gSA

6) lHkh ikB'kkykvksa esa fctyh dh O;oLFkk Hkh ugha gSA vr% bldk lapkyu lHkhikB'kkykvksa esa laHko ugha gksxkA

3-7 nj lEeyu (Tele Conferencing):-

VsfydkUQzsa flax ,d ,slh bySDVkfud iz.kkyh gS ftlesa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd nwjcSBs O;fDr vius bfPNr fo"k; oLrq ls laca f/kr ppkZ] ifjppkZ es a Hkkx ys ldrs gSa]viuh ckr dg ldrs gSA nwljksa dh ckr ,oa iz'u lqu ldrs gSa vkSj iz'uksa ij rqjar izfrf;k,a@lq>ko ;k vfHker iz kIr dj ldrs gS aA blds }kjk lwpukvksa dk Hkhvknku&iznku gks ldrk gSA fo'ks"kK dh lsok,a tu&tu rd igqapkbZ tk ldrh gSaA

VsfydkUQzas flax es a dbZ ek/;e Hkkx ysrs gSa vkSj blesa f}ekxhZ; izlkj.k }kjk

var%f;k lkewfgd lapkj(Interactive Group Communication) dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA

VsyhdkUQzflx d idkj %&1) vkfM;ks dkUQzaflax(Audio Conferencing):2) n`'; dkUQzsflax (Video Conferencing):3) dEI;Vj dkUQzaflax(Computer Conferencing) :

1) vkfM;ks dkUQasflax (Audio Conferencing):

vkfM;ks dkUQzsaflax esa O;fDr ls O;fDr ,oa VsfyQksu ds }kjk ppkZ dh tkrh gSA bl nkSjku fopkjksa ,oa tkudkjh dk vknku iznku Hkh gksrk gSA bles a ek= 'kkfCndizrhdksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, tkudkjh lEizsf"kr dh tkrh gSA

bl lqfo/kk dk iz;ksx O;kolkf;d laLFkk,a djrh gSa] tSls Mk- fdlh Hkh ejhtds bykt ds fy, nqfu;k ds fo'ks"kK MkDVj ls vkfM;ks dkUQzsal djds tkudkjh xzg.kdj ldrk gS vkSj ejht dk csgrj bykt dj ldrk gSA

2) n`'; dkUQsaflax (Video Conferencing):

ohfM;ks dkUQzsaflax esa JO; ,oa n`'; lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djds vkeus&lkeus ckr

dh tkrh gSA blesa vyx&vyx LFkkuks a ij cSBs O;fDr] TV Set, Video Camera ,oaVsfyQksu ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds nwj lEesyu esa fo'ks"kK ds fopkjka s dks lqu


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ldrs gSaA muds gko&Hkko ns[k ldrs gSa] fp=] ekMy vkfn iznf'kZr fd, tk ldrs gSaAtkudkjh dk vknku&iznku df=e mixzg ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku Hkh

IGNOU ds ek/;e ls le; ij fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij nwj esa NCERT ds vf/k"Bkrk]jkT; ifj;kstuk ds funs'kd og f'k{kkfon gksrs gSaA fo'ks"kKks a dk iSuy fo"k; ij ppkZdjrs gq,&nwj lEesyu es a nwljs fdukjs ij cSBs v/;kidksa dks VsfyQksu ds ek/;e ,oa

QSDl ds ek/;e ls vis iz'u iwNus dk volj feyrk gSA lkFk&lkFk v/;kidksa dksfo'ks"kK dh izfrf;k,a ,oa lq>ko izkIr gks tkrs gSA ;g ,d cgqr gh dkjxj fo/kk gS]ftlls ,d gh le; esa gtkjks a f'k{kd ns'k ds dksus&dksu esa jgdj fo'ks"kK ds fopkj,oa lq>ko izkIr djrs gSaA

(3) dEI;Vj dkUQsaflax (Computer Conferencing):-

blesa VsfyQks u lsV ds LFkku ij dEI;wVj dke djrk gSA ;g JO;&n`';

nwj&lEesyu dh rjg gksrk gSA blesa lHkh Hkkx ysus okys vius&vius dEI;wVj ds lkFkbaVjusV ds tfj, tqM+rs gSa vkSj tkudkjh ,oa lwpuk dk vknku iznku djrs gSaA

nwj lEeyu d ykHk (Merits of Teleconfrencing):-

1) ;g izR;{k f'k{k.k tSlk gh lk/ku gSA

2) nwj&nwj rd QSys Nk=@O;fDr;ksa ds fy, ;g lk/ku cgqr mi;qDr gSA

3) ;g ,d yphyh iz.kkyh gS ftlesa vklkuh ls la'kks/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4) bl fof/k }kjk ifjlj ls ckgj ds v/;;u dsUnzksa ls lEi ljyrk ls cuk;ktk ldrk gSA

5) bl iz.kkyh esa rqjar i`"Biks"k.k nsuk vklku gksrk gSA

6) bl iz.kkyh ds varxZr vuqns'ku lkexzh ds Lrj esa lq/kkj yk;k tk ldrk gSvkSj mls vkSj csgrj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

7) ;g fof/k nwljh fof/k;ksa ls de [kphZyh gSA

bafnjk xka/kh eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] jk"Vh; fo|ky;] loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku bl iz.kkyhdk iz;ksx lQyrkiwoZd dj jgk gSA

3-8 f'k{k.k vf/kxe if;k ea ,tlsV (mixg) dk i;ksx (EDU SAT in TeachingLearning Process)

mUur ns'kks a esa f'k{kk ds dk;Zeksa dks mixzgksa }kjk izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ftldh xq.kork Hkh vPNh gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh bl fn'kk esa iz;kl 1975&76 esa


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American Application Technology Satelite-ATS-6 }kjk fd;k x;kA bldk eq[; mn~ns';N% jkT;ks a ds 2400 xkao esa LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk ls lacaf/kr dk;Ze izlkfjr djukFkkA

1990 ls INSAT - iz.kkyh }kjk 'kSf{kd dk;Ze Hkh izlkfjr fd, tkus yxsgSaA bles a >kcqvk fodklkRed lEiz s"k.k pSuy us vius dk;Ze iz lkfjr fd, vkSjlQyrk gkfly dhA blh dh lQyrk dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBuus 2002 esa Edusat Project dks Lohdkj fd;kA

20 fnlEcj 2004 dks ^,twlsV* mixzg dks varfj{k esa NksM+k x;kA ;g mixzgvka/kzizns'k ds Jh gfjdksVk ls NksM+k x;k FkkA ;g ,d Geo-Stationary mixzg gS vkSjbldk otu 1950 fdyksxzke gSA ;g lkr lky rd viuh lsok,a 'kSf{kd dk;Ze dksizlkfjr djus ds fy, nsrk jgsxkA

2008 dks bljks ,oa vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- eqEcbZ ds lg;ksx ls ns'k ds fofHkUubathfu;fjax dkyst esa bl Edusat ds ek/;e ls 'kSf{kd dk;Ze izlkfjr fd, tk jgsgSaA vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- eqEcbZ ds izlkj.k ij vk/kkfjr dqy 15 dkslZ 'kq: fd, gSaA

vc rd ns'k ds lHkh jk"Vh; rduhdh laLFkku o nwljs bathfu;fjax dkystksa esaLFkkfir ;a=ks a dh lgk;rk ls Edusat dh lgk;rk ls 'kSf{kd dk;Ze izlkfjr 'kq: gksx, gSaA

ns'k esa bl le; 30]000 ls Hkh vf/kd d{kkvksa dks ,twlsV ds ek/;e tksM+kx;k gS vkSj ogka 'kSf{kd dk;Ze izlkfjr gks jgs gSaA Hkfo"; esa bldk vkSj izlkj gksusdh laHkkouk gSA

f'k{k.k vf/kxe if;k e ,twlsV dk mi;kx %&

'kq:&'kq: esa ,twlsV }kjk izlkfjr dk;Ze nwjn'kZu ,oa jsfM;ks dh rjg gh Fksysfdu bls fodkl ,oa 'kSf{kd lEizs"k.k bdkbZ tks fd ISRO vgenkckn dh bdkbZ gS ds

lkFk feydj ,tw lsV dks JO;&n`'; f}i{kh; var%f;k lEizs"k.k usVo es a ifjofrZrdjus esa lQyrk izkIr dh gSA foKku izlkj ds ikl ,d LVwfM;ks gS ftls f'k{k.k Nksj

(Technology End) dgk tkrk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk ns'k es a 20 jkT;ks a es a {ks=h; dsUnzLFkkfir fd, x, gSaA izR;sd dsUnz ij mixzg var%f;k VehZuyl yxs gS aA ftUgs a ,l-

vkbZ-Vh- dgk tkrk gSA ;g ISRO dh lgk;rk ls cuk, x, gSaA bu lHkh SITS dks

d{kk Nksj(Class Ends) dgrs gSaA tc ,twlsV ds }kjk 'kSf{kd dk;Ze izlkfjr fd;k

tkrk gS rks f'k{kd fo'ks"kK] f'k{k.k Nksj(Teaching End) ij cSBrs gSa vkSj lh[kus okys

(Learning End) d{kk Nksj ij cSBrs gSA og Nk= O;fDr lh/kh var%f;k fo'ks"kKksa dslkFk dj ldrs gSaA iz'uksa dk lek/kku 'kh?kz gh gks tkrk gSA

tkudkjh ,oa lwpuk ds vknku&iznku ds fy, fMthVy dSejk] Mh-oh-Vh- Iys;j]


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fM'k ,aVhuk Lohpj vkfn Hkh gksrs gSaA blesa nksuksa Nksj ij dEI;wVj ,oa baVjuSV dk Hkhiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fjdkMZ dh xbZ lkexzh Hkh ,twlsV dsUnzksa ij mixzg dh lgk;rkls izlkfjr gksrh gSA

foKku izlkj dk ,twlsV lEizs"k.k usVo izR;sd eaxyokj dks lqcg 11 ctsfoKku fo"k; ij d{kkvksa vkSj ifjppkZvksa dk vk;kstu djrk gSA

,twlsV ds iz;ksx ls egkuxj es a jgus okys Nk=ksa dh rjQ nwj&nwjkt es a jgusokys Nk=ksa dks Hkh f}i{kh; lEizs"k.k usVo lsok miyC/k gks xbZ gSA d{kk esa lapkfyrdh xbZ f'k{k.k f;k ds leku gh ,twlsV f'k{k.k&vf/kxe iz f;k gSA var% f;k dsfy, ,twlsV esa fofo/k midj.kksa dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

EDUSAT-Bridging the Devide

The pivotal role of education as an instrument of social change by altering the

human perespective and transforming the traditional mindset of society is well recognised.

The universalisation of education has been become the top priority, especially for the

developing countries. But the extension of quality, education to remote and rural regions

becomes a Herculean task for a large country like India with multi-lingual and Multi-cultural

population separated by cast geographical distances, and, many instances, inaccessible

terrain. Since independence, India has seen substantial increase in the number ofeducational institutions at primary, secondary and higher levels as well as the student

enrolment. But the lack of adequate rural educational infrastructure and non- availability of

good teachers in sufficient numbers adversely affect the efforts made in education.

Satellites can establish the connectivity between urban educational institutions with

adequate infrastructure imparting quality education and the large number of rural and semi-

urban educational institutions that lack the necessary infrastructure. Besides supporting

formal education, a satellite system can facilitate the disseminatin of knowledge to the rural

and remote population about important aspects like health, hygiene and personality

development and allow professionals to update their knowledge base as well. Thus, in spite

of limited trained and skilled teachers, the aspirations of the growing student population at

all levels can be met through the concept of tele-education. The concept of beaming

educational programms through satellites was effectively demonstrated for the first time in

India in 1975-76 through the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) conducted

using the American Application Technology Satellite (ATS-6), During this unique experiment,

which is hailed as the largest sociological experiment conducted anywhere in the world

programmes pertaining for health, hygiene and family planning were telecast directly to

about 2,400 Indian villages spread over six states. Later, with the commissioning of INSATsystem in 1983, a Variety of education programmes is being telecast. In the 90s, Jhabua


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Development Communication Channel (JDCP) and Training and Development

Communication Channel (TDCC) further demonstrated the efficacy of tele- education. With

the success of the INSAT based educational services, a need was felt to launch a satellite

dedicated for educational service and ISRO conceived the EDUSAT Project in October 2002.

EDUSAT is the first exclusive satellite for serving the educational sector. It is specially

configured for audio-visual medium, employing digital interactive classroom and multimedia

multicentric system. The satellite will have multiple regional beams covering different, part

of India- five Ku-band transponders with spot beams covering northern, north-eastern,

eastern, southern and western regions of the country, Ku-band transponder with its

footprint covering the Indian mainland region and six C-band transponders with their

footprints covering the entire country.

EDUSAT is primarily meant for providing connectivity to school, college and higher

levels of education and also to support non-formal education including development

communication. The scope of the EDUSAT programme is planned to the realised in three

phases.

In the first phase of pilot projects, Ku-band transponder on board INSAT-3 B, which

is already in orbit, is being used. In this phase, Visveswaraiah Technology University (VTU) in

Karnataka, Y B Chavan State Open University in Maharastra and the Rajiv Gandhi Technical

University in Madhya Pradesh are covered. In the second phase, EDUSAT spacecraft, once

commissioned in orbit, will be used in a semi-operational mode with at least one uplink in

each of the five spot beames. About 100-200 classrooms will be connected in each beam.

Coverage will be extended to two more states and one national institution. In the third

phase, EDUSAT network is expected to become fully operational. ISRO will be providing

technical and managerial support in the replication of EDUSAT ground systems to

manufacures and service providers. End users are expected to provide funds for this. In this

phase, ground infrastructure to meet the country's educational needs will be built during the

period, EDUSAT will be able to support about 25 to 30 uplinks and about 5000 remote

terminals per uplink.

While ISRO will provide the space sagment for EDUSAT System and demonstrate the

efficacy of the satellite system for interactive distance education, content generation is the

responsibility of the user agencies. The quantity and quality of the content would ultimately

decide the success of EDUSAT System. This involves an enormous effort by the user

agencies. To help in this, ISRO, in cooperation with the user agencies, has already organised

five conferences at the regional level, one of the national level and on conference of vice-

chancellors of Indian universities to create awareness about the EDUSAT and its capabilities.

The latest conference at Bangalore was jointly organised by ISRO and the Association of


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Indian Universities in July 2004.

The Indigenous realisation and launch of EDUSAT will provide a substantial boost to

contrywide distance education in India.

vH;kl&i'u1- tulapkj ek/;e (Mass Media) dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A

2- tulapkj ek/;e fdrus izdkj ds gSa \ O;k[;k dhft,A

3- 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds D;k&D;k ykHk gS \ bldh dfe;ksa dh Hkh foospuk dhft,A

4- jsfM;ks dk;Ze ds ykHk ,oa dfe;ksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

5- fuEufyf[kr ij uksV fy[ksa %&

i) pyfp= dk izHkkoh iz;ksxA

ii) ohfM;ks dk;ZeA

iii) nwj&lEesyu (Teleconferncing)

iv) f'k{k.k vf/kxe izf;k esa ,twlsV dk iz;ksxA


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CHAPTER-IV

f'k{k.k dkS'ky (TEACHING SKILLS)

4-1 f'k{k.k dkS'ky ds }kjk f'k{kd ds O;ogkj dk irk pyrk gSA f'k{kd dhlHkh f;k,a Nk=ks a ds vf/kxe dh vksj dsfUnzr jgrh gSA f'k{kd dh bl izdkjdh fofHkUu f;kvksa esa Hkk"k.k nsuk] mnkgj.k nsuk] iz'u iwNuk] dfBu 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k djuk] dHkh dqN djds fn[kkuk gksrk gSA f'k{kk izf;k esa iz;ksx dhtkus okyh bl izdkj dh f;kvksa dks gh f'k{k.k dkS'ky dgk tkrk gSA fofHkUu

izdkj dh f'k{k.k f;kvksa dh lQyrk gh f'k{k.k dyk dgykrh gSA lkjka'k esadgk tk ldrk gS] f'k{k.k dkS'ky f'k{kd ds O;ogkjks a dk ,d lEeqp; (Set)gksrk gS tks Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe esa fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls lgk;rk djrk gSAlHkh f'k{k.k dkS'ky f'k{kd dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk O;kogkfjd i{k izLrqr djrs gSaA fofHkUu f'k{kkfonksa }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk"kkvks a ls f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk vFkZ vf/kdLi"V gks tkrk gS %&

i) ,u-,y-xst ds vuqlkj] ^^ f'k{k.k dkS'ky og fof'k"V vuqns'ku izf;k gS] ftlsv/;kid viuh d{kk&f'k{k.k es a iz;ksx djrk gSA ;g f'k{k.k e dh fofHkUu f;kvksa ls lacaf/kr gks rk gS] ftUgs a f'k{kd viuh d{kk dh var% f;k esa

yxkrkj mi;ksx djrk gSA**

Teaching skills are specific instructional activities and procedures that a teacher may

use in his lesson. These are related to the various stages of teaching or in the

continuous flow of the teacher performance. (Gage 1978).

ii) ch-ds-iklh ds vuqlkj] ^^ f'k{k.k&dkS'ky] f'k{k.k f;kvksa o O;kogkjksa lslEiknu ls gS tks Nk=ksa ds lh[kus ds fy, lqxerk djus ds bjkns ls fd,tkrs gSaA**

A teaching skills is defined as a set of teaching behaviours, especially effective in

bringing about desired changes in pupil teachers. The behaviours are definable,

observable measurable and amenable to traning (Passi 1981)

iii) eSdbZuVs;j rFkk OgkbV ds vuqlkj] ^^ f'k{k.k dkS'ky f'k{k.k O;ogkjksa ls lacaf/krog Lo:i gS tks fd vUr% izf;k mu fof'k"Ve; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiUu djrkgS tks 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSa vkSj Nk=ksa ds lh[kus

esa lqxerk iznku djrk gSA**


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M.C.Intyr and white," Teaching skill is a set of related teaching behavior which are

specified types of classroom Interaction situations tends to facilitate the achievment

of specified educational objectives."

iv) 'kSf{kd 'kCndks"k d vuqlkj] ^^ dkS'ky ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd f;kvks a dksec) vkSj lefUor iz.kkyh gSA

f'k{k.k dkS'ky dks foLr`r :i ls le>us ds fy, f'k{k.k dh vo/kkj.kk dksle>uk gksxkA

f'k{k.k ,d ,slh izf;k gS] tks lk/kkj.kr;k d{kk ds okrkoj.k esa pyrh gS]

education technology for jbt students

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