eddy current metal testing for conservation
DESCRIPTION
This powerpoint was presented as part of a workshop on Eddy Current Testing for Conservation at the annual metting of the AIC on May 19, 2009 Los Angeles, CA.TRANSCRIPT
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Innovations in Eddy Current Technology
by Curtis Desselles
Blythe McCarthy - Freer Gallery
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Valuable information about cultural materials is not always visible to the naked eye.
Tattoodjj, “Statue of Prometheus”, June 8, 2008, online image, Flickr. Rockefeller Center, NY.
Opacity, “statue of Bastet, gilded bronze, Late Period”, March 8, 2009, online image, flickr.
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Northwestern State University & NCPTT are continuing research into use of eddy current testing
on cultural heritage.
NCPTT, Photograph courtesy of Jason Church
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Without nondestructive testing, cultural information will be lost.
Corroded Penny - www.wildbell.com/.../ 2008/05/img_9834.jpg
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By making affordable eddy current instruments, preservationists can have access to the technology.
Eddy Current Testing, Freer Gallery
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Affordable eddy current instruments can be used to analyze cultural materials.
Eddy Current Testing, Freer Gallery
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Eddy Currents have been used in a variety of nondestructive applications.
Adam Hoke, an aviation maintenance technician with the U.S. Coast Guard, inspects the belly of a Boeing 737 using an eddy current
scanner. (Photo by Randy Montoya) Sandia Labs.
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Eddy currents were discovered in 1851 by Foucault.
Léon Foucault (1819-1868), Wikipedia.
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Applications of eddy currents include detection of cracks, discontinuities, flaws, and thicknesses.
Measuring paint thickness - NDT Resource Center
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Testing for Cracks - NDT Resource Center
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VoltageVoltage
is a measurement of the energy contained within an electric field, or an electric circuit, at a given point, measured in volts
is a measurement of the energy contained within an electric field, or an electric circuit, at a given point, measured in volts
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CurrentCurrent
a flow of electricity through a conductor, measured in amperes
a flow of electricity through a conductor, measured in amperes
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ResistanceResistance
a material's opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms
a material's opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms
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CapacitanceCapacitance
a capacitor is an electronic component used for storing charge and energy, measured in farads
a capacitor is an electronic component used for storing charge and energy, measured in farads
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InductanceInductance
a measure of the reaction of electrical components (especially coils) to changes in current flow by creating a magnetic field and inducing a voltage. Its unit is the henry
a measure of the reaction of electrical components (especially coils) to changes in current flow by creating a magnetic field and inducing a voltage. Its unit is the henry
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ConductanceConductance
a measure of a material's ability to conduct electric charge; the reciprocal of the resistance, measures in Siemens
a measure of a material's ability to conduct electric charge; the reciprocal of the resistance, measures in Siemens
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ImpedanceImpedance
the total effective resistance in an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current
the total effective resistance in an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current
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Reactance Reactance
opposition to the flow of alternating current caused by the inductance and capacitance in a circuit rather than by resistance.
opposition to the flow of alternating current caused by the inductance and capacitance in a circuit rather than by resistance.
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What are eddy currents?
Eddy Currents - NDT Resource Center
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Eddy currents are analogous to a flowing stream.
EDDIES IN THE OYASHIO CURRENT, G. K. Vallis, Princeton University
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Similarly, eddy currents can be created in metals.
Drawing Courtesy of Curtis Desselles
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Here are the steps to construct an affordable eddy current analyzer.
Chichen Itza - Travelblog.org
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Eddy currents can be created in the follow way in cultural materials.
• Create an alternating current (AC) in the form of a square or sine wave (excite circuit).• Excite a series LC circuit (coil and capacitor) who’s resonant frequency matches that of the excite circuit.• Bring the probe(s) (coil) near the metal to be tested.• Convert the voltage across the probe(s) to direct current (DC) using a diode.• Divide and store the voltage to a capacitor.• Measure the voltage in the capacitor using an analog to digital converter (ADC) ADC0831.
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A Complete Eddy Current Analyzer Circuit
A Complete Eddy Current Analyzer Circuit
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Magnet wire is used to constructed for use as probes.
Magnet Wire RadioShack® - $5.99
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Coil Construction - 30 Gauge Magnet Wire
Photographs Courtesy of Curtis Desselles and Jason Church
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Determine the inductance value with an LCR meter.
LCR Meter - Photograph Courtesy of Curtis Desselles
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Use a square or sine wave to excite the LC circuit
LC Circuit - Drawing Courtesy of Curtis Desselles
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Circuitry is built to excite the LC circuit to resonance
Propeller Demo Board - Parallax, Inc.
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The frequency of the square or sine wave must match the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.
L = Inductance in Henries
C = Capacitance in Farads
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Once at resonance, the voltage and current across the coil is at its maximum.
Drawing Courtesy of Curtis Desselles
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The AC voltage is converted to DC using a diode and it is stored in a capacitor.
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We then convert the analog signal to a digital signal using an ADC.
ADC PBasic code - Curtis Desselles
ADC0831 - Parallax Inc.
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Using Microsoft Visual Basic an algorithm was created to convert the data to a bitmap.
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Once the eddy current analyzer is built and calibrated, metal artifacts were tested.
Reference Samples - Freer Gallery
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis
• Identification of defects in metals.
• Identification and conductivity.
• Thickness determination on gilded or coated surfaces.
• Hallmark recovery on metal objects.
Photographs Courtesy of Jason Church
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Identification of defects in metals”
Drawing Courtesy of Curtis Desselles
• Eddy Current Parameter
• Phase lag is the shift in time between the eddy current response from a disruption on the surface and a disruption at some distance below the surface.
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Identification of defects in metals”
Drawing Courtesy of Curtis Desselles - 50 KHz
• Phase Lag
• Three defects at different depths and frequencies
R B G
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Identification of defects in metals”
• Phase Lag
• Three defects at different depths and frequencies
Drawing Courtesy of Curtis Desselles - 300 KHz
GBA
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Identification of defects in metals”
• Methodology
• Set frequency to 150 KHz
• Bring probe within 1 mm from test surface
• Scan object from left to right in a slow but steady manner
• Results appear on laptop screen
• High frequency
• Lower depth penetration and higher resolution
• Low frequency
• Greater depth penetration and lower resolution
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Identification of defects in metals”
Case Study
Screen Capture - 158.5 KHzAluminum (1mm) - 158.5 KHz
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Identification and Conductivity”
• Eddy Current Parameter
• Lift-off - This technique usually involves zeroing out a probe (coil) in air. Then placing the probe in contact with the sample surface. For nonmagnetic materials, the change in impedance of the coil can be correlated directly to the conductivity of the material.
• Resistance v. inductive reactance
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Screen capture of id measurementsBlack is baseline conductivity
Screen capture of id measurementsBlack is baseline conductivity
XL
R
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Identification and Conductivity”
• Lift-Off
• Zero probe
•Touch probe to sample
• Lift off in a slow and steady manner
• Touch probe to sample
• Results will appear on screen
Photograph Courtesy of Jason Church
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“Identification and Conductivity”“Identification and Conductivity”
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Thickness Measurements”
• Eddy Current Parameter
• Lift-Off
• Zero probe
•Touch probe to sample
• Lift off (1 mm) in a slow and steady manner
• Scan left to right
• Results will appear on screen
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Thickness Measurements”
Drawing Courtesy of Curtis Desselles
Lift-Off
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Recovery of Hallmarks”
• Eddy Current Parameter
• Phase lag is the shift in time between the eddy current response from a disruption on the surface and a disruption at some distance below the surface.
• Touch probe to sample
• Scan left to right
• Repeat scanning of entire object
• Results will appear on screen
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Four Techniques used in Eddy Current Analysis“Recovery of Hallmarks”
Scan of handle area
Lead Bale Seal, Los Adaes, Williamson Museum, NSU
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Building the InstrumentBuilding the Instrument
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How do we get from this…How do we get from this…
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…to this…to this
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Pre-drill Holes to Later Insert Electrical Components
Pre-drill Holes to Later Insert Electrical Components
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Copy Circuit Design to Copper Circuit Board
Use Sharpie Marker for Layout
Copy Circuit Design to Copper Circuit Board
Use Sharpie Marker for Layout
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Completed Circuit DiagramCompleted Circuit Diagram
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Etch Copper Board in Ferric Chloride Sharpie Ink Acts as a Resist
Etch Copper Board in Ferric Chloride Sharpie Ink Acts as a Resist
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Periodic Agitation Speeds the ProcessPeriodic Agitation Speeds the Process
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Solder on the ComponentsSolder on the Components
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560 pf Capacitor
↓
↑RCA Coil Inlet
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Rectifier Diode
↓
↑.1 µf Capacitor
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100 mega ohm Resistor
↓
1 mega ohm Resistor
↑
741 IC 8pin Chip
↓×
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ADC0831 Analog to Digital Converter
↓
Wires to Serial Port
↑
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Coil Construction - 30 Gauge Magnet Wire
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Coil Construction - 30 Gauge Magnet Wire
↓
Iron Ferrite Core
RCA Output
↓
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Future DirectionsFuture Directions
iPhone Applications Tomographic Layers Database of Standard Parameters Better Resolution
iPhone Applications Tomographic Layers Database of Standard Parameters Better Resolution
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iPhone ApplicationsiPhone Applications
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Eddy Current ImagingEddy Current Imaging
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Database of Standard Parameters
Database of Standard Parameters
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Conclusion
• These case studies show the potential of the affordable eddy current instrument.
• As cultural resources age and decay, valuable information can be lost.
• This research allow for affordable eddy current instruments to be applied to cultural materials.
Cultural Material - Los Adaes - Photographs courtesy of Curtis Desselles
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Acknowledgements
• Northwestern State University of Louisiana (NSU)
• National Center for Preservation Technology and Training
(NCPTT)
• Dr. Mary Striegel
• Dr. Hiram Gregory
• Dr. ElizaBeth Guin
• Jason Church
• Houren Zhu