ed psych 6604
DESCRIPTION
Ed Psych 6604. M odeling and the Social Cognitive View on Reinforcement and Punishment. Spenser Artaiz, Lori Calabrese, Andre Celestino, Morgan McClain. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ed Psych 6604
Modeling and the Social Cognitive View on Reinforcement and Punishment
Spenser Artaiz, Lori Calabrese, Andre Celestino, Morgan McClain
Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action."
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory, 1977
Social Learning Theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context.
ASSUMPTIONS OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
● People learn by observing others. ● Learning is an internal process that may or may not result in
an obvious behavior. ● Behavior is directed toward specific goals.● Motivation makes the difference in success.● Behavior becomes self-regulated.● Reinforcement and punishment have several
indirect effects on learning and behavior.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW OF REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT● People form expectations about possible consequences
of a response based on how current responses are reinforced or punished.
● Learners often base outcome expectations on existing patterns of reinforcement, non-reinforcement and punishment.
NONOCCURRENCE OF EXPECTED CONSEQUENCES
● When expected rewards don’t happen, we perceive them as punishment.
● If an expected punishment doesn’t happen, people often feel reinforced for the behavior
● It increases the chances of the rule being broken again.
● Teachers must follow through on promised consequences.
EXPECTATIONS:● are influenced by observations of
consequences other people receive● .Vicarious Experiences. ● Vicarious Reinforcement: When we observe someone
else being reinforced for a behavior.● Vicarious punishment: When we observe someone else
being punished for a behavior.
MODELING-Humans are born to imitate-Starts in infancy-Mirror neurons in the brain become active when learners either observe others engaging in a behavior or when learners engage in that behavior themselves
-Our brains are prewired to make connections between observing and doing-This enhances our ability to learn new skills from the social and cultural surroundings
3 TYPES OF SOCIAL LEARNING
Live: real people we actually watch doing something.
Symbolic: real or fictional characters seen in TV, film, books and media.
Verbal Instructions: descriptions of how to successfully execute certain behaviors without another human being.
EFFECTIVE MODELS
Write the names of 5 people you admire, whose
behaviors you would like to imitate in some
way.
Beside each name, write
down at least one reason why
you admire them.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE MODELS
●Competence●Prestige and Power●Gender appropriate behavior●Relevant to the learner’s own
situation
HOW MODELING AFFECTS BEHAVIOR
Observational learning effect: when a child learns a new behavior after watching modelResponse facilitation effect: when a child displays a learned behavior more often after seeing model being reinforced for behaviorResponse inhibition effect: when a child displays a learned behavior less often after seeing model punished for that behavior.Response disinhibition effect: when a child displays a forbidden behavior more often after seeing model do the behavior with no adverse consequences.
SUCCESSFUL MODELING
•Attention: the learner must pay attention to the model
•Retention: the learner must remember what the model does
•Motor Reproduction: the learner must be physically capable of reproducing the modeled behavior.
•Motivation: the learner must be motivated to to demonstrate the modeled behavior.
THE BOBO DOLL STUDY
THE BOBO DOLL STUDYDoes the violence that children observe on TV, movies and video games lead them to aggressive behavior?
CONCLUSIONS
Social Cognitive Theory •-Focuses on the learning that occurs within a social/cultural context•
ü-Learners observe new behaviors and skills from a modelü
ü-They may demonstrate those skills or not
ü- Social Cognitivists believe people and their behavior become self-regulated (thinking before you do). ü
•-Reinforcement and punishment influence an individual’s behavior only if the learner connect the consequence to specific things he/she has done
•-Successful modeling includes attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation
QUIZ
Mrs. Purdue believes that using demonstrations in class
will help her students better understand the concepts
that she is teaching. Mrs. Purdue most likely believes
which assumption of social-cognitive theory?
1. Learning by observation
2. Reciprocal learning
3. Self-regulation of behavior
4. Indirect effects of reinforcement and punishment
5. Goal-directed behavior
QUIZ
Mrs. Purdue believes that using demonstrations in class
will help her students better understand the concepts
that she is teaching. Mrs. Purdue most likely believes
which assumption of social-cognitive theory?
1. Learning by observation
2. Reciprocal learning
3. Self-regulation of behavior
4. Indirect effects of reinforcement and punishment
5. Goal-directed behavior
QUIZ
Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of
the mutual interaction of environment, person, and
1. Learning
2. Heredity
3. Goals
4. Behavior
5. Cognition
QUIZ
Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of
the mutual interaction of environment, person, and
1. Learning
2. Heredity
3. Goals
4. Behavior
5. Cognition
QUIZ
Emily is in middle school and tries to imitate her sister,
who plays volleyball really well. This behavior fits under
which characteristic of effective models?
1. Competence
2. Behavior relevant to the learner's own situation
3. Symbolic Modeling
4. Prestige and Power
5. Gender-appropriate behavior
QUIZ
Emily is in middle school and tries to imitate her sister,
who plays volleyball really well. This behavior fits under
which characteristic of effective models?
1. Competence
2. Behavior relevant to the learner's own situation
3. Symbolic Modeling
4. Prestige and Power
5. Gender-appropriate behavior
REFERENCES
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis. (2014). Educational Psychology: Developing Learners (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Nolen, Jeannette L. (2013). Bobo Doll experiment. Retrieved from:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1567717/Bobo-doll-experiment
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS ?