ectopic gene expression in mammalian cells...gene expression vectors −contain regulatory elements...

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Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells Definition: ectopic Etymology : Greek ektopos out of place, from exout + topos place occurring in an abnormal position or in an unusual manner or form Serap Tokmak

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Page 1: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Definition: ectopic

Etymology: Greek ektopos out of place, from ex‐ out + topos placeoccurring in an abnormal position or in an unusual manner or form 

Serap Tokmak

Page 2: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

− In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase, and  therefore  the  initiation of transcription,  requires the presence of a core promoter sequence in the DNA

− Promoters are regions of DNA, which promote transcription and are found around ‐10 to ‐35 base pairs upstream from the start site of transcription

− RNA polymerase  is able  to bind  to  core promoters  in  the presence of various  specific transcription factors.

General transcription factors − bring the RNA polymerase to the correct position on the promoter− help separating the DNA strands

Specific transcription factors− can selectively regulate a gene or a gene group− bind also the promoter / enhancer regions 

− Other  proteins  known  as  activators and  repressors,  along  with  any  associated coactivators or corepressors, are responsible for modulating transcription rate.

Transcription of a gene required presence of regulatory sequences and involves protein‐DNA as well as protein‐protein interaction 

Page 3: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Gene expression Vectors

− Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes − Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

−Minimal promoters result in low level basal transcription− Constitutive promoters can drive expression of the gene regardless of the cell type− Cell‐specific promoters lead to the expression of gene in a definite cell type − Regulated promoters can be turned on and off to control the expression of the gene

Page 4: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

• Gene transfer  using − plasmid DNA (Physical or chemical non‐viral transfer)− Virus

• Depending on the need− transient or stable gene expression

• Analysis of the ectopic gene expression− selection of the cells expressing the „transgene“

− antibiotic selection− fluorescent  gene expression

− protein expression− DNA analysis

Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Page 5: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Methods:

Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Non‐viral

‐Calcium phosphate Transfection‐ Lipofection‐ Electroporation‐Microinjection

‐Retroviral Transfer

Viral

Alternative methods with combinations of viral and non-viral transfer methods

Page 6: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Calcium phosphate Transfection

− relies on precipitates of plasmid DNA with calcium ions− DNA precipitates enter the cell by endocytosis− Temperature and pH of the solution are important for an efficient transfection

Protocol:− Day ‐1: HEK 293T cells are plated 1 day prior to transfection so that they are 50‐80% confluent on the day of  transfection 

− 5x106 Cells in 10cm dish− Day  0: Two solutions are necessary

− Solution A: DNA containing solution supplemented with a CaCl2 − Solution B: HEPES‐Buffered Saline(2x)−Two solutions are mixed 1:1−1µl Chloroquine is added to the medium of HEK293T cells prior to the addition of transfection mix− incubate overnight at 37oC  and 5% CO2

− Day 1: Transfection medium is replaced with fresh culture medium and the cells are incubated till further analysis

Page 7: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Transfection of HEK293T Cells with a GFP-Plasmid

(Fluorescence microscopy)

- + Laserlight (488 nm)

Page 8: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Lipofection:  A lipid‐based transfection method

− Reagents −are generally composed of synthetic cationic lipids− assemble in liposomes or micelles with an overall positive charge at physiological pH −are able to form complexes (lipoplexes) with negatively charged nucleic acids through electrostatics interactions

Page 9: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Electroporation

− the use of high‐voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells − yields a high  frequency of  stable  transformants and has a high efficiency of  transient gene expression− high‐voltage  electric  shock  results  in  temporary  breakdown  of membranes  and  the formation of pores  that  are  large  enough  to  allow macromolecules (as well  as  smaller molecules such as ATP) to enter or leave the cell

Important criteria:

− Voltage (Volt)

− Impulse length

‐ Temperature

‐ DNA concentration

‐ Ionen combination in the electroporation medium

Page 10: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Protocol:− Cells are placed in suspension in an appropriate electroporation buffer in a cuvette− DNA is added and the cuvette is connected to a power supply− The  cells  are  subjected  to  a  high‐voltage  electrical  pulse  of  defined magnitude  and length− The cells are then allowed to recover briefly before they are placed in normal growth medium

Page 11: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Microinjection

−injection of a DNA solution into the pronuclei of fertilized eggs is the most common method for making transgenic animals−Materials to inject are

− DNA− RNAi (Knockdown)− Protein− as well as the whole nucleus (to generate clones)

http://www.research.uci.edu/tmf/dnaMicro.htm

http://labspace.co.kr/bbs/data/products/eppen.jpg

Page 12: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Retroviral Transfer

Retroviruses:− RNA viruses− Retroviral upon infection of the target cell, the RNA genome is reverse transcribed into DNA − viral provirus integrates into the target cell genome

Page 13: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Vectors for Gene Transfer

Page 14: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

The Replication Cycle of Retroviruses

translation: protein of desire(e.g. GFP)

viral vectorvi

rus

Page 15: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Stucture of a Retrovirus

LTRs: long terminal repeatsΨ+ (psi): packaging signal

(RNA, 2x)

Buchschacher, G. L. and Wong‐Staal F. 2000

Page 16: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

YGen X

LTR LTR

YLTR LTRgag envpol

Generation of retroviral particle

Wild type virus

Transfer construct(with therapeutic  gene)

Packaging plasmid gag polY

envYEnvelope plasmid

Page 17: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

YGen X

LTR LTR

gag polY

envY

Transfection into a packaging cell

Packaging cell

Production and release of viral particles into the 

culture medium

Transduction of target cells

Page 18: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Selection/detection for transfected/transduced cells 

1. Selection marker: Antibiotic resistence (i.e. puromycin)

transfection selection experiment(1‐2 weeks)

2. Fluorescent protein: GFP, YFP, ....

transduction  after 3‐4 days: experiment

Reporter genes must− not interfere with the cellular functions in the target cell− encode  proteins  that  can  be  distinguished  from  the  ones  present in  the target cell− code for proteins that are readily detectable

Page 19: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

GFP mice GFP lymphoma cells

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

Page 20: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment
Page 21: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Detection of transduced cells via FACS: Fluorescence activated cell sorting

Page 22: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

A flow cytometer has 5 main components:

• a flow cell ‐ liquid stream (sheath fluid), which carries and aligns the cells so that they pass single file through the light beam for sensing 

•an optical system ‐ commonly used are lamps (mercury, xenon); high‐power water‐cooled lasers (argon, krypton, dye laser); low‐power air‐cooled lasers (argon (488 nm), red‐HeNe (633 nm), green‐HeNe, HeCd (UV)); diode lasers (blue, green, red, violet) resulting in light signals 

•a detector and Analogue‐to‐Digital Conversion (ADC) system ‐ which generates FSC and SSC as well as fluorescence signals from light into electrical signals that can be processed by a computer 

•an amplification system ‐ linear or logarithmic

•a computer for analysis of the signals. 

Page 23: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

FSC correlates with the cell volume and SSC depends on the inner complexity of the particle (i.e., shape of the nucleus, the amount and type of cytoplasmic granules or the membrane roughness). 

Flow cytometry can be used to measure

•DNA (cell cycle analysis, cell kinetics, proliferation, etc.) •chromosome analysis and sorting (library construction, chromosome paint) •protein expression and localization •Protein modifications, phospho‐proteins •transgenic products  in  vivo, particularly  the Green  fluorescent protein or  related fluorescent * cell surface antigens (Cluster of differentiation (CD) markers) •intracellular antigens (various cytokines, secondary mediators, etc.) •enzymatic activity •apoptosis (quantification,  measurement  of  DNA  degradation,  mitochondrial membrane potential, permeability changes, caspase activity) •cell viability•oxidative burst

Page 24: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

gag RREΨR U5 R U5ΔU

3

sd sa

eGFPSFFVU3

cPPT

IRES

Flag-NLSPeptide

eGFP

CD

34

100

1

01

10

2

103

1

04

100 101 102 103 104

100

1

01

10

2

103

1

04

100 101 102 103 104

100

1

01

10

2

103

1

04

100 101 102 103 104

100

1

01

10

2

103

1

04

100 101 102 103 104

CP day 1 CP day 10

NC128 day 1 NC128 day 10

95 % 96 %

96 % 11 %

Transduction of hematopoetic Leukaemic cell line

Page 25: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Insertional mutagenesis

tumor supressor

oncogene

vector

vector

ATG

Page 26: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

end

Page 27: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Gene Targeting

• transfer of a gene of interest into ES cells

• i. e. by electroporation

• selection of the transfected/ transduced cells 

• possible: PCR to identify transgene in the right locus

• transfer of engineered ES cells into pseudopregnant animal

Page 28: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment
Page 29: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Reverse Transcription of Retrovirus‐

Page 30: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

1 Minus‐strand DNA synthesis is initiated using the 3′end of a partially unwound transfer RNA which is annealed to the

primer‐binding site (PBS) in genomic RNA, as a primer. Minus‐strand DNA synthesis proceeds until the 5′end of genomic RNA is reached, generating a DNA intermediate of discrete length termed minus‐strand strong‐stop DNA (–sssDNA). Since the binding site for the tRNA primer is near the 5′ end of viral RNA, –sssDNA is relatively short, on the 

order of 100–150 bases2 

Following RNase‐H‐mediated degradation of the RNA strand of the RNA:–sssDNA duplex, the first strand transfer causes –sssDNA to be annealed to the 3′end of a viral genomic RNA. This transfer is mediated by identical sequences known as the repeated (R) sequences, which are present at the 5′ and 3′ends of the RNA genome. The 3′end of –sssDNA was copied from the R sequences at the 5′end of the viral genome and therefore contains sequences 

complementary to R. After the RNA template has been removed, –sssDNA can anneal to the R sequences at the 3′end of the RNA genome. The annealing reaction appears to be facilitated by the NC.

3 Once the –sssDNA has been transferred to the 3′R segment on viral RNA, minus‐strand DNA synthesis resumes, 

accompanied by RNase H digestion of the template strand. This degradation is not complete, however.4 

The RNA genome contains a short polypurine tract (PPT) that is relatively resistant to RNase H degradation. A defined RNA segment derived from the PPT primes plus‐strand DNA synthesis. Plus‐strand synthesis is halted after a portion of the primer tRNA is reverse‐transcribed, yielding a DNA called plus‐strand strong‐stop DNA (+sssDNA). Although all strains of retroviruses generate a defined plus‐strand primer from the PPT, some viruses generate additional plus‐

strand primers from the RNA genome.5 

RNase H removes the primer tRNA, exposing sequences in +sssDNA that are complementary to sequences at or near the 3′end of plus‐strand DNA.

6 Annealing of the complementary PBS segments in +sssDNA and minus‐strand DNA constitutes the second strand 

transfer.7 

Plus‐ and minus‐strand syntheses are then completed, with the plus and minus strands of DNA each serving as a template for the other strand.

Page 31: Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells...Gene expression Vectors −Contain regulatory elements similar to endogenous genes −Promoter choice depends on the aim of the experiment

Aufbau [Bearbeiten]LTRs enthalten alle Signalsequenzen, die zur Steuerung der Genexpression notwendig sind von 5' nach 3':

Abschnitt  U3  (unique 3')  mit  GRE (charakteristische  Basensequenz  TGTTA),  Enhancer(TGTGCTAAG) und Promotor (TATA‐Box) 

Abschnitt R (redundant) mit einem Polyadenylierungssignal (AATAAA) für die Bildung eines poly(A)‐Schwanzes zur Stabilisierung der mRNA (siehe Transkription und Gen) 

Abschnitt U5 (unique 5') 

Funktionen [Bearbeiten]LTRs  können  die  Transkription  initiieren,  verstärken  und  steuern.  Sie  bieten Bindungsstellen  für  Transkriptionsfaktoren,  die  für  die  Gewebespezifität  verantwortlich sind. Sie können aber auch die Transkription terminieren.