ECTOPARASITESParasitology DepartmentMedical Faculty of USU

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EctoparasitesGeneralDefinition: parasites which live on the surface of a host and are dependent on at least one gene or its product from that host to complete their own life cycle (Dr.Clive Bennet 1998)*Dewi Masyithah

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EctoparasitesGeneralEctoparasite infestations are often seen in pediatric patientsTypical infestations result from arthropods such as: Mites, Lice, Bugs, and Flea*Dewi Masyithah

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MitesThere are some arthropods belonging to order Acarina such as, Itch mites (Sarcoptes scabiei), and harvest mites/ red bug mites (Trombiculidae).

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Itch Mites(Sarcoptes scabiei)featuresAdult female: 0.4mm longIt burrows into stratum corneum layer of skinEggs: laid in burrows, glossy, white and smooth, lays2-3 eggs/day; hatch in 3-4 daysLarvae grise to skin surface and mature in 14 to 17 days.Adult females: life span 30 daysAdult male: dies shortly after mating*Dewi Masyithah

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Scabieslife cycle*

ScabiesfeaturesBurrow of Sarcoptes consisting adult female and eggs*Dewi Masyithah

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ScabiesEpidemiologyTransmissions:Close contact such as; holding hands, sharing towel, clothing or bedding Personal contact: sleeping together, sexualBreeding environments:In overcrowded living conditionsElderly nursing homesIn school children playing togetherRoommatesSexual patrners*Dewi Masyithah

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Human scabies *Dewi Masyithah

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ScabiesPreventionAvoid sharing personal stuffCheck family membersClothing and underwear should changed regularlyHave regular bathingKeep all bedding well laundered*Dewi Masyithah

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Harvest Mites (Red bug mites)/ TrombiculidaeGeneralInfected stage is the larvae as known chiggersChiggers attach the skin of a host and bite, causing a wheal of intense itching and severe dermatitis.Some species are vectors of the rickettsiae that causes scrub typhus.

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LiceFeaturesOrdo pthiraptera; subordo: anopluraDorso-ventrally flattened bodieswingless Permanent ectoparasites of mammals: sucking bloodNocturnal feedingThose parasitic to humans are: body louse, head louse and pubic louseLice live on the blood of a host, obtained by piercing the skin and sucking the blood through their mouth parts. The area bitten becomes itchy and inflammed, and often infected from scratching*Dewi Masyithah

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Body LouseGeneralDue to: Pediculus humanus corporisBody lice are found on the body and clothing or bedding used by infested people. Occasionally eggs are attached to body hair*Dewi Masyithah

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Body LouseGeneralEpidemiology*Dewi Masyithah

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Body LouseMedical importantDermatitisVector of diseases:Trench Fever:Louse borne epidemic typhusLouse borne relapsing feverTransmission:Fecal contaminationBody crushingPhysical contact*Dewi Masyithah

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Body LousePrevention and controlPersonal hygieneChanging and washing the clothing in water hotter than 60C, preferably followed by ironingPermethrin in lotion, shampoo, emulsion, and powder*Dewi Masyithah

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Head LouseGeneralDue to: Pediculus humanus capitisDefinition: parasitic insectsm found on the heads of peopleCommonly found on the scalp, behind the ears and near the neckline at the back of the neck.Children 3-10 years are commonly affected *Dewi Masyithah

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Head LouseGeneralThe adult female louse lays 7 to 10 eggs daily in egg casings (nits) that are cemented to the base of hair shaftsEggs hatch in 8 to 10 days, mature in 8 to 15 days, and live 9 to 30 days as adult*Dewi Masyithah

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Head LouseepidemiologyTransmission: head to head contact is common during play at school and at home;Wearing clothing, such as hat, scarves, coats etcUsing infested combs, brushes, or towelsLying on a bed, couch, pillow, carpet that has recently been in contact with an infested person*Dewi Masyithah

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Head LouseMedical importantItchyErythemaDiscomfortSecondary infection:Vagabondd disease: darkened, thickened skin (hyperceratination)Plica polonica: exudate, fungus grow, a fetid odor*Dewi Masyithah

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Head LousePrevention and controlPersonal hygieneRegularly washing with soap and warm waterRegularly combing with ordinary combPermethrin in lotion, shampoo, emulsion, and powder*Dewi Masyithah

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Pubic louse*Dewi Masyithah

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Bugs/ Cimex lectularusGeneral*Dewi Masyithah

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Bugs/ Cimex lectularusEpidemiology*Dewi Masyithah

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FLEASEPIDEMIOLOGYTransmitter of bubonic plague: caused by Yersinia pestis (Disease of rodents; human secondarily infected). Most important species: Xenopsylla cheopis.Transmitter of Typhus: Murine Typhus or flea-borne typhus. Caused by Rickettsia mooseri. Infection from feces/crushed bodies of infected fleas*Dewi Masyithah

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FLEASMedical importantsection female tunga PENETRATES THE SKIN*Dewi Masyithah

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