ecotourism report
DESCRIPTION
Group 2 reported about Carrying capacity and other factors/issues that affect ecotourism.TRANSCRIPT
The Carrying Capacity
The Carrying Capacity
Environmental Factors:
Size of area and usable space
Fragility of environment
Wildlife resources
Fragility of environment
Social Factors:
Viewing Pattern
Tourists’ viewing choices
Visitors’ opinions
Availability of facilities
To increase carrying capacity
Design viewing tracks, trails etc.
Reduce conflict between competing uses
Provide information and interpretation services
Increase durability of resources
Encourage off-season use
Carrying capacity = Area used by tourists
Average individual standardTotal of Daily Visits = Carrying capacity X
Rotation Coefficient
Rotation coefficient = No. of daily hours
Average time of visit
Carrying Capacity = Specific area used by tourists
Average individual standard per area
Given: Size of the sample protected area = 50 hectares
Birdwatching Area
Carrying capacity
75,000 sqm / 5,000 sqm/pax = 15 pax
Rotation Coefficient
12 hrs / 6 hrs = 2
Total Daily Visit
15 pax X 2 = 30 pax
Camping Area
Carrying capacity
50,000 sqm / 500 sqm/pax = 100 pax
Rotation Coefficient
24 hrs / 24 hrs = 1
Total Daily Visit
100 pax X 1 = 100 pax
Bonsai Forest
Carrying capacity
70,000 sqm / 5,000 sqm/pax = 14 pax
Rotation Coefficient
12 hrs / 6 hrs = 2
Total Daily Visit
14 pax X 2 = 28 pax
Dipterocarp Forest
Carrying capacity
100,000 sqm / 5,000 sqm/pax = 20 pax
Rotation Coefficient
12 hrs / 6 hrs = 2
Total Daily Visit
20 pax X 2 = 40 pax
Picnic/recreation area
Carrying capacity
80,000 sqm / 200 sqm/pax = 400 pax
Rotation Coefficient
12 hrs / 4 hrs = 3
Total Daily Visit
400 pax X 3 = 1,200 pax
Swimming Area
Carrying capacity
40,000 sqm / 500 sqm/pax = 80 pax
Rotation Coefficient
12 hrs / 4 hrs = 3
Total Daily Visit
80 pax X 3 = 240 pax
Sensitive Area
Carrying capacity
84,000 sqm / 20,00 sqm/pax = 4.2 pax
Rotation Coefficient
6 hrs / 2 hrs = 3
Total Daily Visit
4.2 pax X 3 = 12.6 pax
Viewpoint
Carrying capacity
1,000 sqm / 20 sqm/pax = 50 pax
Rotation Coefficient
6 hrs / 2 hrs = 3
Total Daily Visit
50 pax X 3 = 150 pax
7.5 ha
5 ha
7 ha
10 ha
8 ha
4 ha
8.4 ha
.1 ha
Carrying Capacity of water in an islandAssumptions:
10% of rainfall (recharge), 5% to flush water 5% effective recharge
125mm x 5% 6.25 mm
1,000 hectares (Total effective recharge area)
Recharge 6.25 mm x .001m/mm x 1,000 ha x 10,000m2/ha. 62,500 m3/month or 2,083.3 m3/day
Resident use 3,000 pax x 0.25 m3/pax/day 750m3/day
Available water 2,083.3 m3/day – 750 m3/day 1,333.3 m3/day
Tourists that can be served 1,333.3 m3/day / 0.7 m3/tourist/day = 1,904 tourists
Nature for whom?
Issues Facing the Development of Ecotourism in the Philippines
A. Environmental
B. Institutional
• 1. Long Gestation Period2. Ecotourism is a niche market3. No or little existing ecotourism programs
C. Policy
D. General Knowledge
E. Lack of Skilled Ecotourism Personnel
Ecotourism – The Activity
Mountaineering/Trekking
Mountaineering/Trekking
Climbers’ Responsibilities
If there is an established trail, walk in a single line
Do not take anything from the forests as souvenir
Avoid disturbing wildlife
Never leave garbage along the trail or at the campsite
For human waste, each climber can dig his own “toilet”
Bring along camping equipment
Do not bathe or wash dishes along rivers
Be sensitive; learn the locals’ culture
Abandon the old practice of digging trenches
Do not buy
Find out the maximum capacity
Always register
Avoid giving money
Make sure that health measures are taken into account
Always hire a guide
Mountaineering/Trekking
Mountaineering/Trekking
Grading System
Easy 2-4 hours of walking
Gradual trail Clearly Marked
Located in rolling terrain
Moderate4-6 hours of
walking
Trail with combination of few steeps ascents
rolling terrain
Strenuous 4-8 hours of walking
Steep Trail Obstacles, thick vegetation,
rivers crossings Water discipline
Birdwatching
Bird watching
PHILIPPINE EAGLE(Pithecophaga jefferyi)
BLACK SHAMA (Copysychus Cebuensis)
Bird watching
PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT
(Polypectron emphanum)
SERPENT EAGLE(Spiloris Holospilus)
Bird watching
PHILIPPINE FALCONET
(Microhierax erythrogonys)
SLENDER-BILLED CUCKOO DOVE
(Macropygia phasianella tenuiostris)
Bird watching
YELLOW-BREASTED FRUIT DOVE
(Ptilinopus occipitalis)
MARCHE’S FRUIT DOVE
(Ptilinopus Marchei)
Bird watching
LUZON BLEEDING HEART
(Gallicolumba Luzonica Luzonica)
COLASISI/PHIL HANGING PARAKEET
(Loriculus Philipensis regulus)
Bird watching
MINDANAO LORIKEET(Trichologossus
Johnstoniae Johnstoniea)
PHILIPPINE COCKATOO(Kakatoe haematuropygia)
Bird watching
BLUE-HEADED RACKET TAILED PARROT
(Prioniturus discurus)
PHILIPPINE MALLARD
(Anas Luzonica)
Bird watching
SHINY DRONGO/ BALICASSIAO
(Discrurus balicassius Mirabilis)
ELEGANT TITMOUSE
(Parus elegans visayanus)
Bird watching
PHIL GLOSSY STARLING
(Aplonis panayensis panayensis)
BLACK-BACKED COLETO
(Sarcops calvus melanonotus)
Bird watching
PHIL FLOWER PECKER(Dicareum australe
haematosticum)
PHILIPPINE TROGON
(Harpactes ardens ardens)
PHIL COUCAL(Centropus viridis viridis)
Bird watchingPossible sites for
birdwatching:
Olango Island
Philippine Eagle Nature
Research Center
Calauit Island Mt.
Makiling
Scuba Diving
Issues affecting the diving community
Spearfishing
Feeding
Touching
Agitating
Playing
Scuba Diving
Dive sites:
ANILAO PUERTO
GALERA EL NIDO
MOALBOAL BALICASAG
ISLAND
Whale Watching
Marine Mammals Species:
Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaengliae)
Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps)
Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia simus)
Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)
Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides)
Melon-headed Whale (Pepeonocephala electra)
Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresca attenuata)
Marine Mammals Species:
Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macroryhnchus)
Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis)
Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)
Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella
attenuata)Fraser’s Dolphin (Lagenodelphis
hosei)Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops
truncatus)False Killer Whale (Pseudorca
crassidena)Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Stripped Dolphin (Stenella Coeruleoalba)
Dugong (Dugong Dugon)
Caving (Spelunking)
Safety MeasuresLight is the most important tool.
Never enter a cave alone.
Never enter a cave without proper equipment.
Always tell somebody where the team will go and what time it is expected to be back
Look for tell-tale signs of flash-flooding, like mud on the wall
Never enter a cave without a competent guide
Never touch any animal inside a cave
Never touch delicate limestone formations
Do not leave anything inside caves
Never write or vandalize the cave formations and walls
Never take anything as souvenir.
Caves
INDAY NELLY DELES MYSTICAL CAVE
SOHOTON CAVES NATIONAL PARK
SAGADA
HOYOP-HOYOPAN
PENABLANCA
Community Ecotourism