ecosystems
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecosystems: Need to Ecosystems: Need to KnowKnow
Distribution, characteristics Distribution, characteristics and adaptation of three and adaptation of three
ecosystems (coniferous and rain ecosystems (coniferous and rain forests and savannah forests and savannah
grasslands)grasslands) Human activity and impact on Human activity and impact on
each ecosystem. each ecosystem.
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Ecosystems: KeywordsEcosystems: Keywords BiodiversityBiodiversity
Coniferous woodlandConiferous woodland EcosystemEcosystem HydrologyHydrology
Savanna GrasslandSavanna Grassland Slash and burnSlash and burn
SoilSoil Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
DeforestationDeforestation Desertification Desertification
Sustainable DevelopemntSustainable Developemnt
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What is an Ecosystem?What is an Ecosystem?
A community of plants and animals which interact with A community of plants and animals which interact with each other and with the non-living environment.each other and with the non-living environment.
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Living Creatures
Ecosystem Links
Vegetation
Energy from the sun
Rocks and Soil
Climate
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Nutrient cycle
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Nutrient Cycle
Twigs and leaves fall to the ground and become ‘litter’
Decomposition (breaking down) of litter by termites, fungi and bacteria
Nutrients enter the soil
Soil is fertile
Dense vegetation
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What are the What are the worlds major worlds major ecosystems ecosystems (biomes)? (biomes)?
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Coniferous Coniferous forestforest
otherwise known as: otherwise known as:
Taiga or Taiga or BorealBoreal
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Reasons for distribution Reasons for distribution of Coniferous Forestof Coniferous Forest
Very cold winters Very cold winters Strong windsStrong winds
Short warm summersShort warm summers Low annual precipitationLow annual precipitation
Only a few types of tree (pine, spruce) can survive the cold = no biodiversity
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Plant adaptationsPlant adaptations
Conical shape (flexible, bend in Conical shape (flexible, bend in strong winds)strong winds)
Downward sloping branches (snow Downward sloping branches (snow slides off)slides off)
Needle leaves (Water loss by Needle leaves (Water loss by transpiration reduced)transpiration reduced)
Thick Bark (Protects from cold, sap Thick Bark (Protects from cold, sap contains anti freeze)contains anti freeze)
Evergreen (Must be ready for short Evergreen (Must be ready for short growing seasonsgrowing seasons
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Animal AdaptationsAnimal Adaptations
Colour changeColour change FurFur HibernationHibernation Dig for foodDig for food
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Human ImpactsHuman Impacts
Deforestation Deforestation TourismTourism Acid RainAcid Rain
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Tropical Rainforest Tropical Rainforest LocationLocation
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Tropical Rainforest Tropical Rainforest ClimateClimate
Hot all year roundHot all year round Wet all yearWet all year High annual rainfallHigh annual rainfall No SeasonsNo Seasons Vegetation needs both of theseVegetation needs both of these Extensive species eg mahogany and Extensive species eg mahogany and teak (massive bio diversity)teak (massive bio diversity)
Only restriction to growth is access Only restriction to growth is access to sunlightto sunlight
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Leads to five Leads to five layerslayers
Great density of Great density of vegetationvegetation
Great heightGreat height Massive Massive biodiversitybiodiversity
Evergreen trees Evergreen trees (constant growth)(constant growth)
Thin BarksThin Barks Adaptations to Adaptations to reach sunlightreach sunlight
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Soils - LatosolsSoils - Latosols Deep soilDeep soil Red in colourRed in colour However high rainfall However high rainfall creates similar creates similar conditions to conditions to podsols, thin humus, podsols, thin humus, rapid leaching then rapid leaching then depositiondeposition
Minerals held in Minerals held in large quantity of large quantity of leaf litter which is leaf litter which is rapidly recycledrapidly recycled
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Traditional Human Traditional Human ImpactImpact
Traditionally impact minimalTraditionally impact minimal Access difficult Access difficult Hot, humid climate with many Hot, humid climate with many pestspests
Latosol soil soon found to be Latosol soil soon found to be infertile on removal of infertile on removal of vegetationvegetation
Highly specialised nomadic Highly specialised nomadic cultures only survived wellcultures only survived well
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RESOURCESRESOURCESTRANSPORTTRANSPORT
FARMINGFARMINGSETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS
Modern Human Impact
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RESOURCESRESOURCES
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TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
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SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS
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FARMINGFARMING
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RESOURCESRESOURCESTRANSPORTTRANSPORT
FARMINGFARMINGSETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS
Modern Human Impact
Leads To DEFFORESTATION
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ConsequencesConsequences
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What is What is Sustainable Sustainable development?development?
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What is sustainable What is sustainable development?development?
"Development that meets the "Development that meets the needs of the present without needs of the present without compromising the ability of compromising the ability of future generations to meet future generations to meet their own needs."their own needs." - The United - The United Nations World Commission on Nations World Commission on Environment and Development Environment and Development
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Liana projectLiana project Founded in 1995, the Liana Project Founded in 1995, the Liana Project coordinates the efforts of skilled coordinates the efforts of skilled people within the forest communities of people within the forest communities of the Brazilian Government’s Extractive the Brazilian Government’s Extractive Reserves. Reserves.
By creating locally controlled micro-By creating locally controlled micro-enterprises that use sustainably enterprises that use sustainably harvested vines and natural fibers to harvested vines and natural fibers to make furniture and decorative goods, the make furniture and decorative goods, the project integrates forest conservation, project integrates forest conservation, local economic development, and the local economic development, and the preservation of traditional skills. preservation of traditional skills.
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There are six aimsThere are six aims
Improve quality of life of localsImprove quality of life of localsProvide secure income for localsProvide secure income for localsDevelop ways of increasing Develop ways of increasing production without debtproduction without debt
To conserve the environmentTo conserve the environmentTo encourage re-useTo encourage re-useTo develop technology which is To develop technology which is appropriate to the skills, wealth appropriate to the skills, wealth and needs of localsand needs of locals
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Products made with Products made with amazonian fibresamazonian fibres
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You MUST know a full You MUST know a full case study for human case study for human impact in a Tropical impact in a Tropical
rainforest – rainforest – recommend AMAZONrecommend AMAZON
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Where do we find tropical Where do we find tropical grasslands?grasslands?
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Climate graph for Mopti (Mali)
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april may june julyaugust
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Months
Rainfall (mm)
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Climate Graph for Serengeti, Tanzania
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Tropical Tropical Grassland/SavannaGrassland/Savanna
Tall tufted grasses with the Tall tufted grasses with the occasional tree or shruboccasional tree or shrub
Close to streams and rivers Close to streams and rivers cover including trees may cover including trees may increaseincrease
Moderate biodiversityModerate biodiversity Two main layers of vegetationTwo main layers of vegetation Extensive animal lifeExtensive animal life
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Savanna SoilSavanna Soil
Hot temps = high evaporation Hot temps = high evaporation ratesrates
Upward movement of water carries Upward movement of water carries dissolved minerals eg calciumdissolved minerals eg calcium
Minerals deposited in upper Minerals deposited in upper layers = rich soillayers = rich soil
Litter layer large especially at Litter layer large especially at the start of the dry seasonthe start of the dry season
Decomposition rapid in wet Decomposition rapid in wet season, much slower in dry seasonseason, much slower in dry season
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AdaptatiAdaptation on
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Areas of bare ground Areas of bare ground Drought Resistance – deciduous Drought Resistance – deciduous trees that lose leaves during trees that lose leaves during dry season. bdry season. b
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Scavengers – an essential Scavengers – an essential part of the food chainpart of the food chain
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Flora of tropical Flora of tropical grasslandsgrasslands
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How is this plant adapted How is this plant adapted to its environment?to its environment?
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How has How has this this tree tree
adapted adapted to the to the
climate?climate?
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ECOTOURISMECOTOURISM
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Case Study: The Case Study: The SerengetiSerengeti
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The biggest threat The biggest threat facing tropical facing tropical grasslands is grasslands is
desertificationdesertification
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DESERTIFICATIONDESERTIFICATION What is What is desertificationdesertification??
Desertification is when a desert gradually spreads to the surrounding areas of semi-desert
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DESERTIFICATIONDESERTIFICATION What is What is desertificationdesertification??
Desertification is when a desert gradually spreads to the surrounding areas of semi-desert
As tropical grassland buffers the edge of many deserts it is particularly vulnerable to desertification
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What might cause What might cause desertification?desertification?
Brainstorm your ideasBrainstorm your ideas
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MEMORY MAPSMEMORY MAPS
Drought in the Sahel
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* * * * NEWS FLASH * * * *
MONDAY 22ND MARCH 1973
DROUGHTS HAVE PLAGUED THE LAND HERE IN THE SAHEL STRETCHING FROM WEST AFRICA EASTWARDS FOR FIVE YEARS BUT IS DROUGHT HERE REALLY THE PROBLEM?
• LAND USE PRACTISES HAVE CAUSED THE DEATHS OF MORE THAN 100,000 PEOPLE
• OVER 12 MILLION CATTLE HAVE DIED
• SOCIAL ORGANISATIONS HAVE BEEN DISRUPTED ON A NATIONAL SCALE
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The SAHELThe SAHELThe Sahel is located in the southern region of the Sahara desert, Africa.
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The Sahel regions are areas which The Sahel regions are areas which experienceexperience
desertification.desertification.
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Why does the Sahel suffer from Why does the Sahel suffer from desertification?desertification?
DESERTIFICATION
Increase in population Increase in cattle
Deforestation for fire wood Grassland grazed more intensively
Roots no longer hold soil together Roots may be eaten as well as grass
Leaves no longer protect soil from weatherLess vegetation means less protection from weather
Loose top soil blown away by wind
(Soil Erosion)
=
Loose top soil blown away by wind
(Soil Erosion)
=DESERTIFICATION
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