ecosystem services
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Ecosystem Services. What Nature Does for Us. Ecosystem Services Approach. Ecosystem – environment Ecosystem Services – the goods and services which the environment provides for people - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
www.nienvironmentlink.org
Ecosystem Services
What Nature Does for Us
Ecosystem Services Approach• Ecosystem – environment • Ecosystem Services – the
goods and services which the environment provides for people
• Ecosystem Services Approach – putting a value on these services and considering that value when making land and sea use decisions
Renewable Energy
Timber
Livestock
Crops
FisheriesDrinking
Water
Provisioning ServicesThe products obtained from ecosystems
Flood Control
Water Purification
Regulating ServicesThe benefits obtained from ecosystem processes
Carbon Storage
Pollination
Climate Change Mitigation and
Adaptation
Scenery
Tourism
Sense of Place
Cultural ServicesThe non-material benefits of
ecosystems
Archaeology
Biodiversity
Soil Formation
Supporting ServicesThe functions necessary for ecosystems to deliver
services
Nutrient Cycling
Water Cycling
SceneryRenewable
Energy
Tourism Timber
Livestock
Crops
FisheriesDrinking Water
Flood ControlBiodiversity
Sense of Place
Water Purification
Carbon Storage
Soil Formation
Northern Ireland’s Ecosystem Services
New Jargon or New Thinking?• Accepted Internationally and at
UK level – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UK National EA, TEEB, Nagoya treaty, UK Environment White Paper
• Natural Capital, Green Infrastructure
• Criticised for being ‘too human oriented’ – but any value is better than zero value
New Approach!• Holistic, integrated, long term• Identifying ‘win-win’ outcomes• Way to deliver legislation and policy
– Water Framework Directive– Greenhouse Gas Targets– Energy and Resource Efficiency– Food and Energy Security
• Deal with Climate Change – resilience and adaptation; Low Carbon Economy
Integration
‘Effectively establishing coherent and resilient ecological networks on land and
at sea requires a shift in emphasis, away from piecemeal conservation actions and
towards a more effective, more integrated, landscape scale approach.’
Biodiversity 2020; a strategy for England’s wildlife and ecosystem services
DEFRA 2011
Framework & Evidence• Baseline assessment – to monitor change• Linkages to other major strategies & themes
– Biodiversity – TEEB– Landscape scale conservation– Green infrastructure & Natural capital– Climate change adaptation & mitigation
• Evocative & understandable language & rationale
• Highlights local action & financial benefits
The NI NEA
Northern Ireland’s Ecosystems
Land Uses
Woodland
Habitats
Agricultural Land Use
Agricultural Land Classification
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
BroadleafConiferousAncientOtherMountains Moors and HeathsSNGEnclosed FarmlandWoodlandsFreshwaterUrban Coastal Margin Rough GrazingGrassAgricultural Crops Horticulture Other Agricultural Land useOtherClass 2 - Very Good QualityClass 3a - Good QualityClass 3b - Moderate QualityClass 4 - Poor QualityClass 5 - Very Poor QualityUrbanDisturbedWaterNS
% of Total Land Area (Northern Ireland)
Changes in Land Use 1998 - 2007
NEA – Next Steps• Defra – £1.2 million / 18 months; Scottish
Government – £10 million/ 5 years• UK 4 priority areas
– Research and valuation– Cultural Services – Scenarios – future planning– Promotion and Communication
• NIEA – Peatland Services • DARD – Policy review
Value and Price• Functioning ecosystems deliver Goods (public
and private)• These ‘goods’ have value (but are they valued?)• Without a price, value is underestimated or
ignored completely in political and developmental decisions
• Not easy • Only provisioning is commonly given a financial
value• Others complex to evaluate - use proxies, partials
Is our Environment Valuable?
Globally degradation of ecosystems & services costs $50 billion annually
In 2006 the environment contributed £573 million and accounted for 32,750 FTE jobs
A CT IO N S FO R B IO D IVE RS ITY 2011-2016 IR ELAN D ’S N ATIO N AL B IO D IVER SITY PLAN
In 2011 the historic environment of NI generated $287 million of output and sustains 5,400 FTE jobs
Ireland’s National Biodiversity Plan estimates value of ecosystem services at €2.6 billion/year
Valuing an Ecosystem
What does Peatland do for us?• Livestock grazing• Fuel peat• Wind farms• Carbon storage• Flood prevention• Water purification• Tourism• Archaeological heritage• Scenery• Soil formation• Biodiversity
How can we obtain many of these outputs
without endangering the ability to provide
the others?
Ecosystems work for free!
But only if they’re cared for
Sustainable Catchment Management
CarbonGood
WTW
CarbonBadWTW & Extension
Drivers of Change
The Ecosystem Services Approach• Determine what public goods – including
energy, food and their security – Northern Ireland wants its land to provide
• Compare this with the capacity of different ecosystems and areas to deliver different services
• Develop policy and fiscal incentives to encourage the use of land to provide multiple ecosystem services suited to the capacity of the land to deliver, taking care to avoid unintended or perverse outcomes
Realising Land Capability
• The capability of land to provide different services depends upon its
inherent characteristics and land use history.
–Soil type
–Soil quality
–Water availability
–Natural ecosystems
–Current and historical vegetation
• Not all land is suitable for all uses. Land use decisions should be based on
capability of the land and society’s needs
How Do We Manage Land?
We are Ignorant – but it’s no Excuse• No perfect valuation for ecosystem services in
NI (or anywhere else)• We do know:
– What they are and what they do for us – They need to be actively protected– They incur costs if degraded (fire, alien species)– They cost to replace (pollination, water purification)
• Try to avoid unintended consequences• Manage to enhance resilience
Pollination
EducationalAesthetic
Cultural Heritage
InspirationalSpiritual
Food Freshwater
Fuel and EnergyWood
FibreGenetic resources
Water Regulation
Disease Regulation
Pollution ControlWater Purification
Nutrient cycling
Primary production
Soil formationGrass
Forest
Moorland
Bare groundWater
• What type of system is this?• How can we describe this system?• How does this system work? • Is this system working well – is it
sustainable?• How do we value this system?• How is this system changing?• What causes this system to change?• How might this system change? • What differences will system change
produce?• How should this system change?
A Systems Approach
Benefits of the Approach• Increase long term resilience of policies
and actions• Reduce risks from failure of natural
systems• Reduce public costs of degraded systems• Help to deliver policy objectives• Delivers other aspects of legislation and
policy
How can adopting the ecosystem services approach help to address many of the
issues facing Northern Ireland’s environment, economy and rural
community?
How can the ecosystem approach help DARD deliver its legislative requirements
and policy commitments?
Today’s Work