ecoregions - british columbia

APPENDIX 4. Ecoregion classification in thePRFRa

There are 4 ecoprovinces, 16 ecoregions, and 29 ecosections in thePRFR (Figure A4.1 ; Table A4.1).

1.1 Coast and Mountains Ecoprovince

This ecoprovince extends from coastal Alaska to coastal Oregon (FigureA.4.1). In the PRFR it includes the windward side of the CoastMountains and consists of the large coastal mountains, a broad coastaltrough, and the associated lowlands, islands, and continental shelf. Themajor climate processes involve the arrival of frontal systems from thePacific Ocean and the subsequent lifting of those systems over the coastalmountains. In the PRFR, the Coast and Mountains Ecoprovince isdivided into five ecoregions containing nine ecosections.

The Coastal Gap Ecoregion contains somewhat rounded mountainswith lower relief than those to either the north or south. Valley sides arerugged and steep, and, because of their lower relief, allow considerablemoisture to enter the interior of the province. This ecoregion includes theHecate Lowland Ecosection, an area of low relief consisting of islands,channels, rocks, and lowlands adjacent to Hecate Strait, and the KitimatRanges Ecosection, an area of subdued, yet steep-sided mountains justwest of the Hecate Lowland.

The Hecate Continental Shelf Ecoregion is a shallow mantle arealocated between the Queen Charlotte Islands and the mainland coast. Itincludes the Dixon Entrance Ecosection and the Hecate StraitEcosection, which both have only a few offshore islets in the PRFR.

The Nass Basin Ecoregion is an area of low relief located within theCoast Mountains. It is influenced by mild, coastal weather systems, aswell as the cold arctic systems. This ecoregion is not subdivided intoecosections.

The Nass Ranges Ecoregion is a mountainous area west of the Kitimatranges. Its climate is transitional between the coastal and interiorregimes. This ecoregion is not subdivided into ecosections.

The Northern Coastal Mountains Ecoregion is a rugged, largely ice-capped mountain range that rises abruptly from the coast. It includes theAlaska Panhandle Mountains Ecosection, an area of wet ruggedmountains, primarily occurring in Alaska; the Alsek RangesEcosection, an area of isolated, very rugged ice-capped mountains thatlie in the curve of the Gulf of Alaska; and the Boundary RangesEcosection, a large block of rugged, ice-capped, granitic mountains thatare dissected by several major river valleys.

a Contributed by D.A. Demarchi.

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FIGURE A4.1. Map showing the ecoprovinces, ecoregions, andecosections in the Prince Rupert Forest Region. Refer toTable A4.1 for explanation of ecosection abbreviations.

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TABLE A4.1. Ecoregion classification for the Prince Rupert ForestRegion

Ecodomain Ecodivision Ecoprovince Ecoregion Ecosection Code

Humid Humid Coast and Coastal Gap Hecate Lowland HELTemperature Maritime and Mountains Kitimat Ranges KIR

Highlands Hecate Dixon Entrance DIEContinental Shelf Hecate Strait HES

Nass Basin (Nass Basin) NABNass Ranges (Nass Ranges) NAR

Northern Coastal Alaska Panhandle APMMountains Mountains

Alsek Ranges ALRBoundary Ranges BOR

Humid Central Bulkley Ranges (Bulkley Ranges) BURContinental interiorHighlands Fraser Plateau Bulkley Basin BUB

Nazko Upland NAUNechako Upland NEU

Sub-Boreal Fraser Basin Babine Upland BAUInterior

Omineca Eastern Skeena ESMMountains Mountains

Skeena Northern Skeena NSMMountains Mountains

Southern Skeena SSMMountains

Polar Sub-Arctic Northern Kluane Plateau Tatshenshini Basin TABHighlands Boreal

Mountains Liard Basin Liard Plain LIP

Northern Eastern Muskwa EMRCanadian Rocky RangesMountains

Northern Cassiar Ranges CARMountains and Kechika KEMPlateaus Mountains

Southern Boreal SBPPlateauStikine Plateau STPTeslin Plateau TEPTuya Range TUR

St. Elias Icefield Ranges ICRMountains

Yukon - Stikine Tagish Highland TAHHighlands Tahltan Highland THH

Ecoregions

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1.2 Central Interior Ecoprovince

This ecoprovince lies to the east of the Coast Mountains, between theFraser Basin and the Thompson Plateau (Figure A4.1). In the PRFR, itmostly contains the southern Nechako Plateau and some of the mountainranges on the east side of the coastal mountains. The area has a typicallysub-continental climate, with warm summers and the maximumprecipitation occurring in late spring or early summer. In the PRFR, thisecoprovince contains two ecoregions and four ecosections.

The Bulkley Ranges Ecoregion is a narrow mountain area locatedleeward of the rounded Kitimat Ranges. Moist Pacific air invades thisarea through numerous low passes, while cold arctic air frequently stallsalong its eastern boundary. This ecoregion is not subdivided intoecosections.

The Fraser Plateau Ecoregion is a broad, rolling plateau that includesseveral shield volcanoes and a small portion of the leeward side of theKitimat Ranges. It includes the Bulkley Basin Ecosection, a broadlowland area, with a rain shadow climate in the north; the NazkoUpland Ecosection, a flat upland area, with increased precipitationlocated in the north-northeast; and the Nechako Upland Ecosection, arolling upland area with several high shield volcanoes withwell-developed alpine areas.

1.3 Sub-Boreal Interior Ecoprovince

This ecoprovince lies to the east of the Coast Mountains, to the west ofthe Interior Plains, and to the north of the Fraser Plateau (Figure A4.1).Prevailing winds bring Pacific air over the Coast Mountains to the areaby way of the low Kitimat Ranges or the higher Boundary Ranges. Muchof the area is in a rain shadow. In this region, the Sub-Boreal Interiorecoprovince is divided into three ecoregions and four ecosections.

The Fraser Basin Ecoregion consists of a broad, flat lowland with lowridges, and several large lakes in the depressions. In the PRFR, itconsists only of the Babine Upland Ecosection, a rolling upland withlow ridges, and large lakes in the depressions.

In the PRFR, the Omineca Mountains Ecoregion consists of theEastern Skeena Mountains Ecosection, an area of high, isolatedmountain groups and wide intermountain plains in the rain shadow ofthe Skeena Mountains Ecoregion.

The Skeena Mountains Ecoregion is the area of rugged ranges west ofthe Omineca Mountains. It includes the Northern Skeena MountainsEcosection, an area of rugged mountains and narrow, deep valleys withheavy snow; and the Southern Skeena Mountains Ecosection, anarea of wide valleys and isolated mountain ranges to the south.

1.4 Northern Boreal Mountains Ecoprovince

This ecoprovince lies east of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains,west of the Interior Plains, and south of the Yukon Territory, in thenortheastern part of the PRFR (Figure A4.1). This area generally consists

Ecoregions

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of mountains and plateaus separated by wide valleys and lowlands.Prevailing westerly winds bring Pacific air over the high St. EliasMountains and Boundary Ranges to the area. This area is characterizedby rain shadow effects that can cause some areas to be very dry. In thePRFR, it consists of 6 ecoregions and 12 ecosections.

The Kluane Plateau Ecoregion is an area of broad smooth slopes, witha wide intermountain plain. In British Columbia, this area is representedby the Tatshenshini Basin Ecosection, an area with rounded,subdued mountains and a wide valley, leeward of the rugged Boundaryand St. Elias ranges. In spite of its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, it hasa typically cold boreal climate.

The Liard Basin Ecoregion is an extensive area of lowland to rollingupland that extends from northern British Columbia into the Yukon. Inthe PRFR it consists of the Liard Plain Ecosection, a broad, rollinglowland area with a cold boreal climate.

The Northern Canadian Rocky Mountains Ecoregion is an area ofhigh, rugged mountains that rise abruptly from the Interior Plain to theeast. In the PRFR, it is represented by only the Eastern MuskwaRanges Ecosection, an area with rugged mountains, many of which areice-capped.

The Northern Mountains and Plateaus Ecoregion is a large areawith a complex of lowlands, rolling and high plateaus, and ruggedmountains, with a dry boreal climate. It includes the Cassiar RangesEcosection, a broad band of mountains extending from the southeastcorner of the ecoregion to the northeast corner; the Kechika MountainsEcosection, an area with high mountains, but low, wide valleys in therain shadow of the Cassiar Ranges to the west; the Southern BorealPlateau Ecosection, several deeply incised plateaus; the StikinePlateau Ecosection, a plateau area with variable relief, from lowlandto rolling alpine; the Teslin Plateau Ecosection, a rolling plateau area,lying in a distinct rain shadow; and the Tuya Range Ecosection, anarea of extensive rolling alpine.

The St. Elias Mountains Ecoregion is a bold ice-capped mountain arealying leeward of the Gulf of Alaska. It is represented by the IcefieldRanges Ecosection, an ice-capped, rugged mountain area that is thesouthern extension of the St. Elias Mountains.

The Yukon - Stikine Ecoregion is a transitional mountain area lyingbetween the rugged coastal mountains to the west and the subduedplateaus to the east. It includes the Tagish Highland Ecosection, atransitional mountain area that faces northeast, with all streamsdraining into the upper Yukon River system; and the Tahltan HighlandEcosection, a transitional mountain area with several large valleysexposed to the coast.

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APPENDIX 5. Sample ecological classificationreconnaissance plot form

Plot Form

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APPENDIX 5. (Continued)

Plot Form

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APPENDIX 6. Relative and actual soil moisturerelationshipsa

In this guide we use both relative and actual classes of soil moistureregime to characterize and describe site units. On the edatopic gridspresented for each biogeoclimatic unit in Chapter 5, relative soil moistureregime (RSMR) is depicted on the left-hand vertical axis and actual soilmoisture regime (ASMR) on the right-hand vertical axis.

RSMR is useful at the field level for assessing the relative amount of soilmoisture available for plant growth within a subzone using site and soilcharacteristics (see Appendix 7).

ASMR is useful for a more quantitative comparison of soil moistureavailability among subzones. A water-balance approach is used todescribe the average amount of soil water actually available for plants.ASMR classes are defined in Table 6A.1 and the relationships betweenRSMR and ASMR for 16 subzones in the PRFR are presented in Table6A.2.

Table 6A.1. Classification of actual soil moisture regimes

Differentiating criteria Class

Rooting-zone groundwater absent during the growing seasonWater deficit occurs (soil-stored reserve water is used up and droughtbegins if current precipitation is insufficient for plant needs)

Deficit > 3 months but _< 5 months (AET/PET <_ 60 but > 40%) very dryDeficit > 1.5 months but <_ 3 months (AET/PET <_ 90 but > 60%) moderately dryDeficit > 0 but <_ 1.5 months (AET/PET > 90%) slightly dry

No water deficit occursUtilization (and recharge) occurs (current need for water freshexceeds supply and soil-stored water is used)No utilization (current need for water does not exceed supply; moisttemporary groundwater table may be present)

Rooting-zone groundwater present during the growing season(water supply exceeds demand)

Groundwater table > 30 cm deep very moistGroundwater table > 0 but <_ 30 cm deep wetGroundwater table at or above the ground surface very wet

a After Klinka et al. (1989) and Wang et al. [1992].

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Table 6A.2. Relative and actual soil moisture relationships

Relative SMRa

Actual SMRb

Biogeo-climatic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7subzone

MHwh SD SD F F F M VM W

MHmm SD SD F F F M VM W

CWHvh SD SD F F M VM W W

CWHwm SD SD SD F F M VM W

CWHvm MD SD SD F F M VM W

CWHws VD MD MD SD F M VM W

ICHvc MD SD SD F F M VM W

ICHwc MD MD SD F F M VM W

ICHmc VD MD SD SD F M VM W

ESSFwv MD SD SD F F M VM W

ESSFmc VD MD SD SD F M VM W

ESSFmk VD VD MD SD F M VM W

SBSmc VD MD MD SD F M VM W

SBSdk VD MD MD SD SD F M-VM W

BWBSdk VD MD MD SD SD F M-VM W

SBPSmc VD VD VD MD SD F M-VM W

a 0 - very xeric, 1 - xeric, 2 - subxeric, 3 - submesic, 4 - mesic, 5 - subhygric, 6 - hygric, 7- subhydric.

b VD - very dry, MD - moderately dry, SD - slightly dry, F - fresh, M - moist, VM - verymoist, W - wet.

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APPENDIX 7. Soil moisture regime identificationkeya

This key is to assist the user in identifying the soil moisture regimeusing readily observable environmental features. It should be appliedwith caution on steep, south slopes of drier subzones. In such cases, thesoil moisture regime class may be one class drier. The soil moistureregime classes 0 - 7, shown in the key, correspond to the terms very xeric(0) to subhydric (7 ).b

Category Definition

Ridge crest Height of land; usually convex slope shape.

Upper slope The generally convex-shaped, upper portion of a slope.

Middle slope The portion of a slope between the upper and lowerslopes; the slope shape is usually straight.

Lower slope The area towards the base of a slope; the slope shape isusually concave; it includes toe slopes, which aregenerally level areas located directly below andadjacent to the lower slope.

Flat Any level area (excluding toe slopes); the surface shapeis generally horizontal with no significant aspect.

Alluvium Post-glacial, active floodplain deposits along rivers andstreams in valley bottoms; usually a series of lowbenches and channels.

Depression Any area that is concave in all directions; usually atthe foot of a slope or in flat topography.

Soil depth Depth from the mineral soil surface to a root-restrictinglayer such as bedrock, or strongly compacted or stronglycemented materials (e.g., “hardpan”).

Gleyed Describes soils that have poor drainage and may begleyed or mottled; permanently saturated (gleyed) soilsare dull yellowish, blue, or olive in colour; soils thathave orange-coloured mottles indicate a fluctuatingwater table.

Coarse texture Sandyc with >35% volume of coarse fragments orloamyc with >70% volume of coarse fragments.

Fine texture Siltyc or clayeyc with <20% coarse fragment volume.

a Adapted from Braumandl and Curran (1992), Lloyd et al. (1990), and Green et al.(1984).

b 0 - very xeric, 1 - xeric, 2 - subxeric, 3 - submesic, 4 - mesic, 5 - subhygric, 6 - hygric, 7- subhydric.

c Sandy - LS, S; loamy - SL, L, SCL; clayey - SiCL, CL, SC, SiC, C; silty - SiL, Si (seeAppendix 11 for soil texture determination).

Soil Moisture ID

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A key to the identification of soil moisture status

Soil Moisture ID

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a Generally moister if aspect is N or NE.b Generally drier if aspect is S or SW.

APPENDIX 8. Soil nutrient regime identificationtablea

Soil nutrient regime indicates, on a relative scale, the available nutrientsupply for plant growth (Pojar et al. 1987). The soil’s nutrient regimeintegrates many environmental and biotic parameters that, incombination, determine the relative amounts of available nutrients. Theaim of the assessment is to derive an estimate of the available nutrientsupply for a site, which will characterize it relative to all other sitesoccurring within the biogeoclimatic subzone or variant. The fieldassessment is a qualitative evaluation of site characteristics. Aquantitative assessment is not usually possible because critical nutrientconcentrations are unknown for most plant species. Laboratory analysisis also expensive and time consuming.

Common site factors and their relative contribution to soil nutrientregime are shown in the conceptual key on the next page. All factorsshould be evaluated to determine the site nutrient class. Use of the tableinvolves considering the relative levels of all factors. For example, a siteon an upper slope with very coarse soil (sandy texture, 70% coarsefragments [CFs]) and granitic rock fragments would be classified as verypoor for soil nutrients. In contrast, a site on a lower slope withfine-textured soil (clayey texture, 10% CFs) and dark-coloured uppermineral horizons would be classified as very rich. As many factors aspossible should be evaluated because a limiting factor may becompensated for by the effect of other factors. For example, a site withvery coarse soil (sandy texture, 80% CFs) on a lower slope could beclassified as nutrient-rich if continuous seepage was present in the soilprofile.

a Adapted from Braumandl and Curran (1992).

Soil Nutrient ID

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Soil Nutrient ID

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APPENDIX 9. Landform identification key

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APPENDIX 10. Key to common rock types of the PRFRa

Rock Type ID

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a Adapted from Braumandl and Curran (1992) and Lloyd et al. (1990)

APPENDIX 11. Soil texturing keya

Soil texture is the relative proportion of various “size fractions” of soil.

The coarse fragment fraction consists of particles >2 mm in diameter(for non-spherical particles, measure second-largest dimension). It isdivided into three size classes: gravels (2 - 75 mm), cobbles (75 - 250mm), and stones (>250 mm). Coarse fragments are estimated visually asa percentage of the whole soil (by volume): %stones + %cobbles +%gravels + %fine fraction = 100% (total soil).

The fine fraction consists of particles <2 mm in diameter. Again, the finefraction is divided into three size classes: sand, silt, and clay. The relativeproportion of fine fraction particles (sand, silt, and clay) is estimatedthrough the use of their unique properties of “feel”:

Sand always felt as individual grains (visible when soil issmeared on finger)

Fine sand dry - similar to silt;wet - not soapy or slippery, stiffer than silt (likegrinding compound or fine sandpaper)

Silt dry - feels floury;wet - slippery or soapy, slightly sticky

Clay dry - forms hard lumps;moist - plastic (like plasticine);wet - very sticky.

Most soils are a mixture of sand, silt, and clay, so the degree ofgraininess, soapiness, or stickiness will vary depending on how much ofeach particle size is present. As the amount of clay increases, soilparticles bind together better and form stronger casts, and they can berolled into thinner, stronger “worms”. As sand and silt content increase,the soil binding strength decreases and only weak to moderately strongcasts and worms can be formed. The various classes of soil texture,defined on the textural triangle in the accompanying figure, are named bya combination of the dominant particle sizes; the term loam means arelatively even mix of the three.

The field determination of soil texture is subjective and can only be doneconsistently with training and experience. Most particles >2 mm in sizemust be removed to enable precise assessment of soil texture. A small 2mm screen helps. The field tests (outlined on the following page and usedin sequence with the accompanying flowchart) are provided to assist theuser in the field determination of soil texture.

a Adapted from Braumandl and Curran (1992) and Lloyd et al. (1990)

Soil Texture Key

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• Graininess Test: Rub the soil between your fingers. If sand ispresent, it will feel “grainy”. Determine whether sand makes up more orless than 50% of the sample. Sandy soils often sound gritty when workedin the hand (do you hear the beach?).

• Moist Cast Test: Compress some moist (not wet) soil by clenching itin your hand. If the soil holds together (i.e., forms a “cast”), then test thedurability of the cast by tossing it from hand to hand. The more durableit is (e.g., like plasticine), the more clay is present.

• Stickiness Test: Wet the soil thoroughly and compress it betweenyour thumb and forefinger. Determine degree of stickiness by noting howstrongly the soil adheres to your thumb and forefinger when you releasepressure, and by how much it stretches. Stickiness increases with claycontent.

• Taste Test: Work a small amount of soil between your front teeth. Siltparticles are distinguished as fine “grittiness” (e.g., similar to thatexperienced driving on a dusty road), unlike sand, which is distinguishedas individual grains (i.e., graininess). Clay has absolutely no grittiness.

• Soapiness Test: Slide your thumb and forefinger over wet soil.Degree of soapiness is determined by how soapy/slippery it feels and howmuch resistance to slip there is (i.e., from clay and sand particles).

• Worm Test: Roll some moist soil on your palm with your finger toform the longest, thinnest “worm” possible. The more clay there is in thesoil, the longer, thinner, and more durable the worm will be. Try withwetter or drier soil to ensure that you have the right moisture content(best worm).

Well-decomposed organic matter (humus) imparts silt-like properties tothe soil. Soil feels floury when dry and slippery or spongy when moist,but not sticky and not plastic. However, when subjected to the taste test,it feels non-gritty. It is generally very dark when moist or wet, and stainsthe hands brown or black. Humus-enriched soils often occur on wet sitesin association with a heavy moss cover, and on grasslands. Humus is notused as a determinant of soil texture; an estimate of the silt content ofany humus-enriched mineral soils should be reduced accordingly.

“Organic” soil samples are those that contain more than 30% organicmatter. Soil texture is not determined on organic samples. Most organicsoils and deep organic horizons are found on wet sites, often indepressions or on floodplains, and also in association with dense mosscover (frequently Sphagnum spp.).

Soil Texture Key

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Soil texture and family particle size triangles

Soil Texture Key

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Soil Texture Key

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APPENDIX 12. A soil classification key, to thegreat group levela

This key was devised to aid field staff in classifying soils that may occurin the Prince Rupert Forest Region. Soils may be classified to the orderor great group level of the Canadian System of Soil Classification. Soilhorizons important in classifying soils are defined below.

Designation Definition

Ah Dark-coloured, mineral surface horizon enriched withorganic matter.

Ae Light-coloured, near-surface horizon from which iron,aluminum, organic matter, and clay have been removed.

Ahe Dark grey-streaked surface horizon enriched withorganic matter and depleted of iron and aluminum.

Bf Dark reddish brown to red subsurface horizon, enrichedwith iron and aluminum.

Bhf Reddish brown subsurface horizon, enriched with iron,aluminum, and organic matter.

Bt Brownish subsurface horizon, enriched with clay thathas moved from a horizon above.

Bg Horizon with blue-grey colours and/or mottling (rust-coloured patches), indicative of permanent or periodicanaerobic saturation (gleyed).

Bm Brownish subsurface horizon with only slight additionsof iron, aluminum, or clay.

j Used with suffixes e, f, g, and t to indicate that criteriafor that suffix are weakly expressed “juvenile” and donot meet specified limits (e.g. Bfj, Btgj).

Of, Om, Oh Organic horizons developed mainly from mosses,sedges, rushes, and woody materials under poordrainage conditions. The state of decomposition isdenoted by:

f - fibric, poorly decomposedm - mesic, moderately decomposedh - humic, well decomposed

a After Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey (1987) and Lloyd et al.(1990).

Soil Classification

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A key to the identification of soil great groups

Soil Classification

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APPENDIX 13. Humus forms keya

This key assists users in identifying humus forms to the order level,through the use of readily observable forest floor characteristics.

Term Definition

Ah horizon A mineral horizon formed at or near the soil surface and enriched with organic matter.

L horizon The litter layer, consisting of relatively fresh residues of foliage, twigs, wood, and dead moss.

F horizon A horizon in which plant residues are partiallydecomposed; these are discoloured and fragmented, butstill largely recognizable.

H horizon A horizon dominated by well-decomposed organicmaterial; the original structure is no longerrecognizable.

Fungal mycelia A mass of thread-like filaments that constitute the“vegetative” phase of fungal development; many arebrown, black, grey, white, red, or yellow; others aretransparent.

a After Braumandl and Curran (1992) and Lloyd et al. (1990).

Humus Form ID

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A key to the identification of humus forms

Humus Form ID

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APPENDIX 14. Common plants of the PrinceRupert Forest Region

Common Names Scientific Names

TREE LAYER

alder, red Alnus rubra (7•88)a

aspen, trembling Populus tremuloides (A•2)birch, Alaska paper Betula neoalaskanabirch, paper Betula papyrifera (5•106)cottonwood, black Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (A•2)Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (3•12)fir, amabilis Abies amabilis (3•12)fir, subalpine Abies lasiocarpa (3•12)hemlock, mountain Tsuga mertensiana (3•12)hemlock, western Tsuga heterophylla (3•12)pine, lodgepole Pinus contorta var. latifolia (A•1)pine, shore Pinus contorta var. contortapine, whitebark Pinus albicaulis (A•1)poplar, balsam Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera (A•2)redcedar, western Thuja plicata (A•1)spruce, black Picea mariana (xiv)spruce, Engelmann Picea engelmannii (xiv)spruce, hybrid white Picea engelmannii x glaucaspruce, Roche Picea sitchensis x glaucaspruce, Sitka Picea sitchensis (xiv)spruce, white Picea glauca (xiv)tamarack Larix laricina (A•1)yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (A•1)yew, western Taxus brevifolia (4•25)

SHRUB LAYER

alder, green Alnus crispa ssp. crispa (7•88)alder, mountain Alnus tenuifolia (7•88)alder, Sitka Alnus crispa ssp. sinuata (7•88)azalea, false Menziesia ferrugineabirch, scrub Betula glandulosa (4•68)blueberries and huckleberries Vaccinium spp.blueberry, Alaskan Vaccinium alaskaense (5•117)blueberry, oval-leaved Vaccinium ovalifolium (5•117)cherry, choke Prunus virginianacinquefoil, marsh Potentilla palustriscinquefoil, shrubby Potentilla fruticosacopperbush Cladothamnus pyroliflorus (5•152)crab apple, Pacific Malus fuscacurrants and gooseberries Ribes spp.currant, northern black Ribes hudsonianum

a The number refers to the page on which a plant illustration occurs.

Species List

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currant, red swamp Ribes tristecurrant, stink Ribes bracteosumdevil's club Oplopanax horridus (1•4)dogwood, red-osier Cornus stoloniferaelderberry, red Sambucus racemosafalsebox Paxistima myrsinitesgooseberry, black Ribes lacustrehardhack Spiraea douglasii spp. douglasiihazelnut, beaked Corylus cornuta (5•106)highbush-cranberry Viburnum edule (5•80)huckleberry, black Vaccinium membranaceum (5•117)huckleberry, red Vaccinium parvifoliumjuniper, common Juniperus communisjuniper, Rocky Mountain Juniperus scopulorumLabrador tea Ledum groenlandicum (5•13)leatherleaf Chamaedaphne calyculatamaple, Douglas Acer glabrummountain-ashes Sorbus spp.raspberry, red Rubus idaeusrhododendron, white Rhododendron albiflorumrose, Nootka Rosa nutkanarose, prickly Rosa acicularissage, pasture Artemesia frigidasalal Gaultheria shallonsalmonberry Rubus spectabilissaskatoon Amelanchier alnifoliasnowberry, common Symphoricarpos albussoopolallie Shepherdia canadensisspirea, birch-leaved Spiraea betulifoliasweet gale Myrica galethimbleberry Rubus parviflorus (5•80)twinberry, black Lonicera involucratawillows Salix spp.willow, Barclay's Salix barclayi (5•2)willow, Bebb's Salix bebbiana (5•2)willow, bilberry Salix myrtillifoliawillow, bog Salix pedicellariswillow, grey-leaved Salix glauca (5•2)willow, netted Salix reticulata (4• 12)willow, Sitka Salix sitchensiswillow, tea-leaved Salix planifoliawillow, woolly Salix lanata

HERB LAYER

arnica, heart-leaved Arnica cordifolia (4•57)arnica, mountain Arnica latifoliaasphodel, sticky false Tofieldia glutinosaaster, showy Aster conspicuus

Species List

A • 45


baneberry Actaea rubrabeak-sedge Rhynchospora albabearberry, red Arctostaphylos rubrabedstraw, northern Galium borealebedstraw, sweet-scented Galium triflorumbluebells, tall Mertensia paniculata (4•68)blueberry, dwarf Vaccinium caespitosumbluegrass Poa spp.bluegrass, glaucous Poa glaucabluejoint Calamagrostis canadensis (4•90)bog-laurel, western Kalmia microphyllabog-orchid, white Platanthera dilatata (4•16)bog-rosemary Andromeda polifoliabracken Pteridium aquilinumbramble, five-leaved Rubus pedatus (5•127)buckbean Menyanthes trifoliatabulrush, small-flowered Scirpus microcarpusbunchberry Cornus canadensis (5•127)bunchberry, cordilleran Cornus unalaschkensisburnet, great Sanguisorba officinalisburnet, Sitka Sanguisorba canadensis (4•80)buttercup, subalpine Ranunculus eschscholtzii (4•66)cloudberry Rubus chamaemorusclover, alsike Trifolium hybridum (7•82)clubmoss, stiff Lycopodium annotinumclubrush, tufted Trichophorum cespitosumcoltsfoot, palmate Petasites frigida var. palmatuscotton-grass, narrow-leaved Eriophorum angustifoliumcow-parsnip Heracleum lanatumcow-wheat Melampyrum linearecranberry, bog Vaccinium oxycoccuscreeping-snowberry Gaultheria hispidulacrowberry Empetrum nigrumdaisy, subalpine Erigeron peregrinus (4•15)deer-cabbage Fauria crista-gallifairy-slipper Calypso bulbosa (5•188)false Solomon's seal Smilacina racemosafern, beech Phegopteris connectilisfern, deer Blechnum spicant (4•16)fern, lady Athyrium filix-femina (5•20)fern, oak Gymnocarpium dryopteris (4•79)fern, spiny wood Dryopteris expansa (5•20)fern, sword Polystichum munitum (5•20)fescue, Altai Festuca altaicafireweed Epilobium angustifoliumfoamflowers Tiarella spp.foamflower, one-leaved Tiarella unifoliatafoamflower, three-leaved Tiarella trifoliata

Species List

A• 46


geranium, northern Geranium erianthum (4•84)goatsbeard Aruncus dioicusgoldthread, fern-leaved Coptis aspleniifolia (4•88)goldthread, three-leaved Coptis trifoliaground-cedar Lycopodium complanatum (4•83)groundsel, arrow-leaved Senecio triangularis (4•26)hellebore, Indian Veratrum viridehorsetail, common Equisetum arvense (8•6)horsetail, meadow Equisetum pratensehorsetail, swamp Equisetum fluviatile (8•6)horsetail, wood Equisetum sylvaticum (8•6)junegrass Koeleria spp.kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva-ursilily-of-the-valley, false Maianthemum dilatatumlingonberry Vaccinium vitisidaealousewort, Labrador Pedicularis labradoricalupine, arctic Lupinus arcticuslupine, Nootka Lupinus nootkatensismarsh-marigold, white Caltha leptosepalameadowrue, western Thalictrum occidentale (4•54)mitrewort, common Mitella nudamountainavens Dryas spp.mountain-avens, yellow Dryas drummondiimountain-heather, Alaskan Cassiope stellerianamountain-heather, clubmoss Cassiope lycopodioidesmountain-heather, pink Phyllodoce empetriformis (4•66)mountain-heather, white Cassiope mertensiana (5•152)mountain-heather, yellow Phyllodoce glanduliflora (5•152)needlegrass Stipa spp.nightshade, enchanter's Circaea alpinaoniongrass, Alaska Melica subulatapaintbrushes Castilleja spp.partridgefoot Luetkea pectinata (4•66)peavine, purple Lathyrus nevadensispinegrass Calamagrostis rubescensprince's pine Chimaphila umbellata (5•127)pyrola, pink Pyrola asarifoliaqueen's cup Clintonia uniflora (4•42)raspberry, trailing Rubus pubescensrattlesnake-plantain Goodyera oblongifoliareedgrass, Pacific Calamagrostis nutkaensisreedgrass, purple Calamagrostis purpurascensricegrass Oryzopsis spp.sage, pasture Artemisia frigidasagewort, mountain Artemisia arcticasarsaparilla, wild Aralia nudicaulissaxifrage, leatherleaf Leptarrhena pyrolifoliascouring-rush, dwarf Equisetum scirpoides

Species List

A • 47


sedges Carex spp.sedge, many-flowered Carex pluriflorasedge, pale Carex lividasedge, Ross' Carex rossiisedge, Sitka Carex sitchensissedge, slough Carex obnuptasedge, soft-leaved Carex dispermasedge, spikenard Carex nardinasedge, water Carex aquatilissedge, yellow-flowered Carex anthoxantheasingle delight Moneses uniflora (4•16)skunk cabbage Lysichiton americanumstarflower, northern Trientalis europaeastrawberry, wild Fragaria virginiana (4•80)sundew, round-leaved Drosera rotundifolia (5•206)sweet-cicely Osmorhiza spp.sweetgrass, alpine Hierochloe alpinatoadflax, bastard Geocaulon lividumtrisetum, nodding Trisetum cernuumtwayblade, heart-leaved Listera cordatatwinflower Linnaea borealis (4•49)twistedstalks Streptopus spp.twistedstalk, clasping Streptopus amplexifoliustwistedstalk, rosy Streptopus roseustwistedstalk, small Streptopus streptopoidesvalerian, Sitka Valeriana sitchensisvetch, American Vicia americanaviolets Viola spp.violet, early blue Viola adunca (5•206)violet, stream Viola glabellawheatgrass, slender Elymus trachycauluswildrye, blue Elymus glaucuswildrye, fuzzy-spiked Leymus innovatuswildrye, hairy Elymus hirsutuswillowherb, broad-leaved Epilobium latifolium (4•58)wintergreen, one-sided Orthilia secundawintergreen, pink Pyrola asarifoliawood-reed, nodding Cinna latifolia (4•90)yarrow Achillea millefolium

MOSS LAYER

dicranum, thin-leaved Dicranum acutifoliumfalse-polytrichum Timmia austriacafeathermoss, red-stemmed Pleurozium schreberi (5•178)lepidozia Lepidozia filamentosalichen, cladonia Cladonia spp.lichen, cladonia Cladonia gonechalichen, cladonia Cladonia gracilislichen, coral Stereocaulon spp.

Species List

A• 48


lichen, dog Peltigera spp.lichen, freckled Peltigera aphthosa (4•86)lichen, green kidney Nephroma arcticumlichen, orange-foot Cladonia ecmocynalichen, red soldier Cladonia bellidiflora (5•178)lichen, reindeer, green Cladina mitislichen, reindeer, grey Cladina rangiferina (5•178)lichen, reindeer spp. Cladina spp.lichen, witch's hair, common Alectoria sarmentosaliverwort, alligator-skin Conocephalum conicumliverwort, cedar-shake Plagiochila porelloidesliverwort, leafy Barbilophozia spp.liverwort, leafy, common Barbilophozia lycopodioides (5•91)liverwort, leafy, golden Herbertus aduncusliverwort, leafy, mountain Barbilophozia floerkeiliverwort, shiny Pellia neesianamoss, bent-leaf Rhytidiadelphus squarrosusmoss, electrified cat's-tail Rhytidiadelphus triquetrusmoss, flat Plagiothecium undulatummoss, glow Aulacomnium palustre (5•178)moss, golden fuzzy fen Tomenthypnum nitensmoss, haircap Polytrichum spp.moss, haircap, juniper Polytrichum juniperinummoss, heron's-bill Dicranum spp.moss, heron's-bill, curly Dicranum fuscescens (5•91)moss, knight's plume Ptilium cristacastrensis (4•76)moss, lanky Rhytidiadelphus loreus (4•76)moss, leafy Mnium, Plagiomnium, Rhizomnium spp.moss, leafy, coastal Plagiomnium insignemoss, leafy, large Rhizomnium glabrescensmoss, leafy Rhizomnium nudummoss, Oregon beaked Kindbergia oreganamoss, palm tree Leucolepis menziesiimoss, pipecleaner Rhytidiopsis robusta (4•76)moss, ragged Brachythecium spp.moss, ragged, woodsy Brachythecium hylotapetummoss, rock Rhacomitrium spp.moss, rock, hoary Rhacomitrium lanuginosummoss, sickle Drepanocladus uncinatusmoss, step Hylocomium splendens (5•178)moss, wiry fern Thuidium abietinumscapania Scapania bolanderisiphula Siphula ceratitessphagnums Sphagnum spp. (5•171)sphagnum, common brown Sphagnum fuscumsphagnum, common green Sphagnum girgensohniisphagnum, common red Sphagnum capillaceumsphagnum, fat Sphagnum papillosum

Species List

A • 49

Appendix 15. Comparison charts for visualestimation of foliage covera

Cover Charts

A• 50

a From Luttmerding et al. (1990).

APPENDIX 16. Mapping procedures fortreatmentunit maps

Outlined here are the steps involved in producing an ecosystem (ortreatment unit) map, at a scale of 1:5000 to 1:20 000, of a relatively small management unit (less than 500 ha). More complex ecosystemmaps of large study areas (watersheds or local resource use planningareas) are generally produced by mapping specialists. Severalconsultants are available throughout the province with experience inthese larger projects. Mitchell et al. (1989) outlines standard methodsand terminology for ecosystem mapping used by the Ministry of Forests,and Courtin et al. (1989) describe an approach to woodlot managementthat incorporates ecological stand mapping. The user should refer tothese publications for more detail on mapping concepts and procedures.

The major steps required to produce an ecological stand map are: 1)preliminary legend production; 2) pre-stratification (typing) of aerialphotographs; 3) systematic field survey; 4) refinement of photo typingand labelling of map polygons; and 5) production of final map.

1 Producing a Preliminary Legend

A legend, in its simplest form, is a listing and explanation of abbreviations(numbers, letters, symbols) used to denote the site units that occur withinthe map area. For the most part, the listing of site series, phases, and seralassociations described for each of the subzones will serve as a preliminarylegend. Other stand or site attributes can also be added depending on therequirements of the survey. For example, symbols for stand age, treespecies composition, or percent slope might supplement the site unitnumbers/letters. Such a legend will enable you to place a preliminarylabel on polygons (map delineations) outlined on the aerial photos.

2 Typing Aerial Photographs

Assuming that aerial photographs of an appropriate scale are available(preferably 1:10 000 colour, but 1:20 000 or 1:15 840 black and white arealso used), the next step is to delineate (using a stereoscope and greasepencil) logical, homogeneous units on the photos that reflect ecological sitecharacteristics. Many features are visible on aerial photos that provideclues to identifying ecological site units. Important features to note arelandform, slope position and degree, slope shape (concave vs convex),aspect, drainage pattern, and canopy characteristics (based on tone andtexture) that will reflect crown closure, species composition, and relativegrowth/productivity. Photo typing is a skill that only improves with muchpractice in combination with ground truthing to calibrate the eyes.

Use the various tools in the guide and your experience to predict what siteunits occur in each of your types (polygons) and put a tentative label (usingsite series numbers or other abbreviations from your legend) on each. Insome cases a polygon may be a complex of two or three units that individ-ually cover too small an area to delineate separately. In this case the

Mapping

A • 51

proportion of each site unit within the map polygon can be indicated bysingle or double slashes (“/ “ for units of roughly equal area or “// “ for thefirst unit dominant over the second) or by actual percentages. Generally,polygons should not be smaller than 1 cm2, which represents .25 ha and 1 ha at 1:5000 and 1:10 000, respectively. Exceptions to this would besmall, easily recognizable features such as wetlands and clearings thatmay require special consideration and also help to orient you on the map.

3 Systematic Field Survey (Ground Truthing)

A properly typed photo facilitates efficient field sampling. Once thetyping is complete, put together a sampling plan, ensuring that there areat least two plots in each type. Complex types may require more plots.Establish plots, sample and describe each of the types as outlined inSection 3.2.1, and identify site units as outlined in Section 3.2.2. Severaltransects should be walked through the area with a compass and a hipchain so as to cross as many types as possible. Take care to locate plotsand transects accurately on the photo. In addition to recording the plotinformation, take notes as you walk and record changes that occur atspecified distances along the transects.

4 Refining and Labelling Map Polygons

The next step is to refine the map polygon boundaries and labels on theaerial photos, based on the results of the field survey. As the transectsand sample plots are completed in the field, modify type lines and labelswhile the information is fresh in your mind. The legend may have to bemodified to accommodate previously undescribed units. Once back in theoffice, finalize the linework, polygon labels, and legend. It may bedesirable to combine similar polygons into “treatment units” if you feelthat the units are not significantly different ecologically to warrantdifferent operational treatments. It is preferable, however, to maintain asmuch detail as possible on the original map and, from this, moregeneralized interpretive maps can be produced for specific applications.

5 Producing the Final Map

Exactly what form the final map takes will depend on its proposed use andthe resources available to produce it. The final product may range from asimple sketch map to a sophisticated colour-themed digital (computer-generated) map. For small settings, where the topography does not varymuch and the map is not very complex, it may be adequate to trace thephoto linework and some of the important planimetric detail (streams,lakes, roads) onto a mylar in order to produce the final map. For largermaps encompassing more than two aerial photos, or where the topographyis variable and steep, the linework will have to be transferred to a basemap using special plotting equipment (e.g., a Kail plotter, zoom transferscope, or epidiascope) that corrects for distortion of scale on the photos.There are several mapping firms throughout the province that specializein Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the production of digital mapproducts, either directly from aerial photos or from a plotted map. Digital

Mapping

A• 52

maps are extremely useful for permanent storage of extensive field databy map polygon. They are ideal for producing interpretive maps and forlong-term monitoring of treatments tied to specific map units.

Mapping

A • 53

APPENDIX 17. Free growing stocking standardsand guidelines for the PRFRa

Pre-Harvest Silviculture Prescriptions

The District Manager must ensure that prescriptions are designed tomeet target free growing stocking standards with the correct tree speciesfor the sites in question. Prescriptions must include sufficient detail todemonstrate this. For example, on sites where pure lodgepole pineplanting is prescribed and no significant ingress is expected tosupplement stocking, the prescription must show that prescribedplanting densities are sufficient to meet targets at free growing.Additionally, where pest risks have been identified, modified initialstocking may be warranted.

Well-spaced Trees Only

The trees used to meet basic silvicultural obligations must be well spacedand of preferred and acceptable species. Both target and minimumstocking standard guidelines consider well-spaced trees only.

The total number of trees and tree species present on an area will, inmost cases, be much higher than that reported as well spaced anddesignated as preferred and acceptable for the purpose of basicsilviculture. These additional trees or tree species may be desirable tomeet other management objectives (e.g., site amelioration or wildlifehabitat), but may not be used to fulfill basic silviculture requirements.

Minimum Stocking for Preferred Species

To satisfy basic silviculture requirements, a minimum number ofpreferred and acceptable well-spaced trees is required at the time of bothregeneration delay and free growing assessments. Of this total, aminimum number of preferred species must also be present at bothassessments before an area can be considered acceptably stocked (Table17A.1).

TABLE 17A.1. Minimum number of well-spaced trees to meetacceptable stocking standards

Stocking StandardsWellspaced stems per hectare

Target at free growing 400 600 800 900 1000 1200(preferred and acceptable)Minimum at regeneration delay 200 400 500 500 500 700(preferred species only)Minimum at free growing 200 400 500 500 500 700(preferred and acceptable)Minimum at free growing 200 400 400 400 400 600(preferred species only)

a Refer to Silviculture Interpretations Working Group (1993) for further explanation(Appendix 17 is an excerpt from that publication).

Stocking Standards

A• 54


In the past, the percentage of acceptable species allowable in determiningwhether an area is satisfactorily restocked has been capped at anarbitrary percentage of the total allowable trees in a plot. The newsystem of requiring a minimum number of well-spaced trees of preferredspecies at both the time of regeneration delay and free growingassessments is more proactive. The new system insists on having thecorrect number of the best species on the site, whereas the old systemwas more concerned with restricting the numbers of less desirablespecies on the site.

Minimum stocking standard guidelines represent densities below whichyield will be significantly lowered, given anticipated final crop densitieswithin planned rotations.

A uniform target and minimum stocking standard was established for allconiferous species in order to reflect the current precision of silviculturesurveys and operational field survey constraints.

Minimum and target stocking standards assume a level of normal oraverage random mortality beyond free growing. Where local experienceor conditions indicate higher levels of random mortality, stocking levelsshould be increased.

Regeneration Delay

For the CWH, CDF, ICH, SBS, SBPS, BWBS, IDF, MS, BG, and PPzones, regeneration must be established on site at least 5 years before afree growing assessment (i.e., early free growing date equals actualregeneration delay achieved plus 5 years). For the ESSF and MH zones,this establishment period is 8 years. If the regeneration is achievedearlier than specified in the PHSP, the early free growing date may beadvanced by the same amount, resulting in a possible earlier fulfilmentof basic silvicultural obligations.

In these guidelines, the short regeneration delay periods indicate thatartificial regeneration is the preferred method of reforestation. The longregeneration delay periods indicate that either planting or naturalregeneration may be acceptable methods. Where both natural andartificial regeneration are acceptable options in the PHSP, theseguidelines recommend that the long regeneration time frames be used forregeneration delay and free growing, regardless of the regenerationmethod selected. By stating that either option is acceptable, we aretherefore willing to accept the longer time frames, which allowsreasonable flexibility in planning and does not penalize those who opt toplant. Timing can always be advanced if goals are achieved ahead ofschedule. To achieve this, an amendment must be made to the PHSP.

Stocking Standards

A • 55


Free Growing Seedling Definition

The free growing seedling definition was standardized for the CWH,CDF, ICH, SBPS, BWBS, SBS, and Vancouver Forest Region IDFww. Itspecifies a crop tree/brush ratio within the 1-m radius cylinder such thatthe crop tree must be 150% of the height of the competing vegetation. Forthe ESSF, IDF, MH, MS, PP, and BG zones, the ratio must be 125%.

A tree meets the free growing definition when:

• it is healthy, undamaged, and well spaced;

• it meets the minimum age criteria; and

• it meets the size standards (relative to competing vegetationwithin the effective growing space).

The rationale for the extended early free growing date and lower croptree/brush ratio for the ESSF and MH is based on generally slowerconifer growth rates and single-layer brush communities. By comparison,other zones have more rapid growth rates for both crop trees andcompeting vegetation with a more complex, multi-layer brushcommunity, hence the more secure crop tree/brush ratio of 150%.

If a 150% ratio is achieved in the ESSF or MH zones 5 years afterregeneration delay, it is recommended that the District Manager declarethe area free growing

In general, the District Manager has the flexibility to declare an area tobe free growing before the specified early free growing date if all otherfree growing objectives/criteria have been met. Such incentives must beavailable to encourage the practice of quality silviculture in return forprompt relief of obligations.

A free growing survey will not be completed immediately following abrushing treatment. The vegetation must be given time to “recover”before a realistic assessment of free growing can be made. For the ICH,IDF, MS, PP, BG, SBPS, CWH, CDF, MH, and ESSF zones, this periodwill be a minimum of two complete growing seasons. For the SBS andBWBS zones, this period will be a minimum of three complete growingseasons if brush control was done using herbicides, and three completegrowing seasons if the site was manually or otherwise treated. Thedifferent periods are based on perceived differences in conifer growthrates and brush re-invasion rates in these zones.

Stocking Standards

A• 56

AP

PE

ND

IX 1

7.(C

onti

nu

ed)

Tab

le 1

7A.2

.F

ree

grow

ing

stoc

kin

g st

anda

rds

guid

elin

es f

or t

he

Pri

nce

Ru

pert

For

est

Reg

ion

BW

BS

Zon

e Sit

e se

ries

Sto

ckin

g s

tan

da

rds

Reg

ener

ati

on

Ass

essm

ent

% t

ree

ov

er(w

ell-

spa

ced

/ha

)d

ela

yE

arl

iest

La

test

bru

sh

BW

BS

dk

1B

WB

Sd

k2

Ta

rget

Min

imu

m(y

ears

)(y

ears

)(y

ears

)

01/0

3/04

/05

01/0

3/05

1200

700

712

1515

006

/07

0806

1000

500

49

1515

002

0210

0050

07

1215

150

0410

0050

04

915

150

09/1

0/11

07/0

840

020

04

915

150

31/3

2/81

31/3

2/81

00

00

00

Stocking Standards

A • 57

AP

PE

ND

IX 1

7.(C

onti

nu

ed)

Tab

le 1

7A.2

.(C

onti

nu

ed)

CW

H Z

one

Sit

e se

ries

Sto

ckin

g s

tan

da

rds

Reg

ener

ati

on

Ass

essm

ent

% t

ree

ov

er(w

ell-

spa

ced

/ha

)d

ela

yE

arl

iest

La

test

bru

sh

CW

Hv

h2

CW

Hv

m1

CW

Hv

m2

Ta

rget

Min

imu

m(y

ears

)(y

ears

)(y

ears

)

01/0

401

/06

01/0

690

050

06

1114

150

05/0

6/07

/08/

09/1

5/17

04/0

5/07

/08/

09/1

004

/05/

07/0

890

050

03

811

150

0303

0380

040

06

1114

150

13/1

112

/14

09/1

180

040

03

811

150

02/1

2/14

/16/

18/1

902

/13

02/1

040

020

03

811

150

10/3

1/32

/33

11/3

1/32

/51

31/3

2/51

00

00

00

Sit

e se

ries

Sto

ckin

g s

tan

da

rds

Reg

ener

ati

on

Ass

essm

ent

% t

ree

ov

er(w

ell-

spa

ced

/ha

)d

ela

yE

arl

iest

La

test

bru

sh

CW

Hw

mC

WH

ws1

CW

Hw

s2T

arg

etM

inim

um

(yea

rs)

(yea

rs)

(yea

rs)

01/0

2/08

01/0

3/05

01/0

3/05

900

500

611

1415

003

/04/

05/0

604

/06/

07/0

804

/06/

07/0

890

050

03

811

150

0911

1180

040

03

811

150

0202

600

400

611

1415

010

1010

400

200

38

1115

007

/31/

32/5

109

/31/

3209

/31/

32/5

10

00

00

0

Stocking Standards

A• 58

AP

PE

ND

IX 1

7.(C

onti

nu

ed)

Tab

le 1

7A.2

.(C

onti

nu

ed)

ES

SF

Zon

e

Sit

e se

ries

Sto

ckin

g s

tan

da

rds

Reg

ener

ati

on

Ass

essm

ent

% t

ree

ov

er(w

ell-

spa

ced

/ha

)d

ela

yE

arl

iest

La

test

bru

sh

ES

SF

mc

ES

SF

mk

ES

SF

wv

Ta

rget

Min

imu

m(y

ears

)(y

ears

)(y

ears

)

01/0

401

/03

01/0

3/04

1200

700

715

2012

505

/06/

0704

/05

05/0

612

0070

04

1220

125

02/0

302

0210

0050

07

1520

125

08/0

9/10

06/0

707

/08/

0910

0050

04

1220

125

31/5

131

/51

31/5

10

00

00

0

ICH

Zon

e

Sit

e se

ries

Sto

ckin

g s

tan

da

rds

Reg

ener

ati

on

Ass

essm

ent

% t

ree

ov

er(w

ell-

spa

ced

/ha

)d

ela

yE

arl

iest

La

test

bru

sh

ICH

mc1

ICH

mcl

aIC

Hm

c2IC

Hv

cIC

Hw

cT

arg

etM

inim

um

(yea

rs)

(yea

rs)

(yea

rs)

01/0

3/04

/05

01/0

2/03

01/0

3/04

/05/

06/

01/0

2/03

/04/

0501

/03/

04/0

5/06

1200

700

49

1515

051

/52/

53/5

402

0202

1000

500

712

1515

006

0706

07/0

8/51

1000

500

49

1515

051

1000

500

38

1115

052

5240

020

03

811

150

0840

020

04

915

150

3131

/32

3131

/32

00

00

00

Stocking Standards

A • 59

Tab

le 1

7A.2

.(C

onti

nu

ed)

MH

Zon

e

Sit

e se

ries

Sto

ckin

g s

tan

da

rds

Reg

ener

ati

on

Ass

essm

ent

% t

ree

ov

er(w

ell-

spa

ced

/ha

)d

ela

yE

arl

iest

La

test

bru

sh

MH

mm

1M

Hm

m2

MH

wh

Ta

rget

Min

imu

m(y

ears

)(y

ears

)(y

ears

)

01/0

401

/04

01/0

3/04

900

500

715

2012

503

/05/

0703

/05/

0705

/07

900

500

412

2012

506

0606

800

400

715

2012

502

/09

02/0

909

800

400

412

2012

508

0802

/08

400

200

412

2012

531

/51

31 /5

131

00

00

00

SB

S Z

one

Sit

e se

ries

Sto

ckin

g s

tan

da

rds

Reg

ener

ati

on

Ass

essm

ent

% t

ree

ov

er(w

ell-

spa

ced

/ha

)d

ela

yE

arl

iest

La

test

bru

sh

SB

PS

mc

SB

Sd

kS

BS

mc2

Ta

rget

Min

imu

m(y

ears

)(y

ears

)(y

ears

)

01/0

301

/03/

04/0

501

/03/

0412

0070

07

1215

150

06/0

805

/06/

08/0

912

0070

04

915

150

0202

0210

0050

07

1215

150

04/0

5/06

0707

/10/

1110

0050

04

915

150

0709

/10

1240

020

04

915

150

31 /3

231

/32/

81/8

231

00

00

00

Stocking Standards

A• 60

APPENDIX 18. Glossary of common and scientificnames of common forest pests

Common name Scientific name Pest code

Diseases

Annosus Root Disease Heterobasidion annosum (=Fomes annosus) DRNAtropellis Canker Atropellis piniphila DSAComandra Blister Rust Cronartium comandrae DSCFir Broom Rust Melampsorella caryophyllacearum DAFHemlock Dwarf Mistletoe Arceuthobium tsugense DMHLodgepole Pine Dwarf Arceuthobium americanum DMP

MistletoePhellinus Root Disease (cedar Phellinus weirii (=Poria weirii) DRC

strain)Rhizina Root Disease Rhizina undulata DRRShepherd's Crook Disease Venturia macularis DLLSpruce Broom Rust Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli DAFStalactiform Blister Rust Cronartium coleosporioides DSSTomentosus Root Disease Inonotus tomentosus (=Polyporus tomentosus) DRTWestern Gall Rust Endocronartium harknessii DSG

Insects

Black Army Cutworm Actebia fennica IDALodgepole Pine Terminal Pissodes terminalis IWP

WeevilPoplar and Willow Borer Cryptorhynchus lapathi IWMountain Pine Beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae IBMSpruce Bark Beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis IBSSpruce Leader Weevil Pissodes strobi IWSTwo-Year-Cycle Budworm Choristoneura biennis IDBWarren's Root Collar Weevil Hylobius warreni IWWWestern Balsam Bark Beetle Dryocetes confusus IBBWestern Blackheaded Budworm Acleris gloverana IDHWestern Forest Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma californicum IDF

Mammals

Deer Odocoileus spp. ADPorcupine Erethizon dorsatum APSnowshoe Hare Lepus americanus AHTree Squirrel Tamiasciurus spp. ASVole Microtus spp. AV

Common Forest Pests

A • 61

Request for Revisions

This document represents the first region-wide guide for ecosystemidentification and interpretation in the Prince Rupert Forest Region.Revisions and additions will be made to this guide following developmentof other site interpretations and further sampling. To ensure that you arenotified about future revisions and field guide inserts please print yourname and address below and mail to:

Regional Research Ecologist B.C. Ministry of Forests Bag 5000 Smithers, B.C. V0J 2N0

Please notify me of changes and additions or revisions made to: “A fieldguide to site identification and interpretation for the Prince RupertForest Region”.

Name: ____________________________________________

Address: ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Tel./E-mail: ____________________________________________

Comments: Your comments on this publication are required to improvethe presentation of further BEC information. Please write yourcomments, suggestions, and criticisms below and overleaf, and mail tothe above address.

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