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Economies of scale:Generative design toolsand adaptability

Scott Chase

Department of ArchitectureUniversity of Strathclyde

Design Research in the Netherlands 2005 TU Eindhoven 20 May 2005

2

Multiplicity

Variety of design alternatives Classes of designsDesign Re-use

3

Constructive approach togrammar definition

Stiny (1980)

Shape grammar

Vocabularyof shapes

Spatialrelations

Shaperules

Initialshape

4

Shape grammar

… … … … … …

Rule Derivation→

Initial shape

5

Shape grammars in design

Analysis tools

Grammars based on existing sets of designs

Modification of existing grammars to demonstrate stylistic change (Knight, 1994)

Generative tools

Facilitating design automation

Allowing greater exploration of design alternatives

6

Analysis:Palladianvillas

Stiny & Mitchell (1978)

7

Morphology: Central Asian courtyard grammars

Function

EntranceAesthetics

Access

Primary spaces

Secondary spaces

Protection

Emphasis

Iwans

Cells

Corner cells

Towers

Fortified Wall

Uniformity

Location

Size

Massiveness

Frontal

Flanking

Connection

Characteristics Spatial Elements Parameters

8

Grammars for DesignDesign brief

Grammar creation

9

Accommodationgrammar

Communal buildinggrammar

Bathhousegrammar

Infillgrammar

Spatial relationsRules Design

alternatives

Final design

10

EifForm

Planar truss grammar

Dome

Canopy/landscape

Shea (2002)

http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/enginuity/issue11/article6.html

11

Generative design tools for novice designers

Cellular automata (Krawczyk 2002)

Spatial relations/grammars (McGill 2002)

Parametric variation (Mitchell et al. 1987)

13

Implementation: Prolog grammar system

14

GEdit

15

Models of user interactionGrammar

application (derivation)

Grammar system

development

Computer control

Determinationof

rule

Determinationof

rule

Determinationof

object

Determinationof

object

Determinationof

matching condition

Determinationof

matching condition

Grammar definition

Interpretive mechanism

Object representation Control mechanism

Grammar rules

Computer control

Computer control

Computer: Full control

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Scenario 4

Scenario 5

Scenario 6

Designer: Full control

Designer: Full control over grammar application

Designer: Rule and object selection

Designer: Rule selection only

Developer

Developer

Developer

Developer

16

The problem of predetermination

As soon as you perceive an object, you draw a line between it and the rest of the world; you divide the world, artificially, into parts, and you thereby miss the Way.(Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach, 1979)

Design requires dynamic schema definition‘Kit of parts’: reductionistMinimal structure: holistic

17

ApproachCombination of two existing paradigms

shape algebras and formal logicFeatures (spatial relations) defined with logical formulasDemonstrated use of relations in practical applications

18

EmergenceA S

τ(A) ≤ S

19

Algebras of shape

SpaceElement 0-sp. 1-sp. 2-sp. 3-sp.0: point U00 U01 U02 U031: line U11 U12 U132: region U22 U233: solid U33

20

Boundary relationsabuts_within(A,B) ↔ ∃C such that

C ≤ A &C ≤ B &boundary(A) • boundary(B) • boundary(C) ≠ ∅

abuts_without abuts_within abuts_within &

abuts_without

U22

U12

21

Relations between elements in different algebras

Basic relations betweena line segment and region

inside outside inside, touching boundary

outside, touching boundary

on boundary

line A & region B: on boundary inside, touching boundary outside, touching boundary

22

Dependency network of relations

intersection (element)

intersection (shape)

n-intwithin

intersect

n-intersect

continuous

extension extended_intersection

parallel

skew

perpendicular

projection image

+

set_reduction

trans_closure

×

Š

boundary n-intersection

reduced_intersection

cohyperplanar

transformation

descriptor

23

Map queriesFind all cities which are within 5 km of the interstate highway I-5.

City = eV22(–, –, ‘city’)i5 = eV12(–, –, ‘highway’)Ans = { City | ∃p,q ∈ U02 (within(p, i5) &

within(q, City) & distance(p, q) ≤ 5)}

I-5

cities < 5 km

24

Emergence: Accessibilityaccessibility emerges from ‘continuous’ shapes

a) between regionsb) between points

AB

a)

A Bb)

25

Application:Geographic information systems

District A

District B

District D

District E

District C

Sch

ram

ka

Dr.

Adnan Rd.

Kappel Rd.

Bertrand Dr.

Beckius Wy.

Dadlez Dr.Froh St.

Ple

ier D

r.

Sad

owsk

i St.

Tier

ney

Pl.

Win

ter C

t.

Van

derh

eyde

n W

y.

Huxhold Br.

Gschwind Br.

Allen Br. Nikwan Br.

Lundy Wade Br.

UWM

River

UWM

River

from Huxhold, 1991, An Introduction to Urban Geographic Information Systems

26

Relational data tablesPoint table

Line table

Area table

Pointlabel Feature type Feature name

P1 intersection Adnan Rd. & Pleier Dr.P2 intersection Adnan Rd. & Sadowski St.

Linelabel Beginning pt Ending

ptLeft

polygonRight

polygonFeature

type Feature na

L1 P1 P2 - A road Adnan Rd.L2 P1 P6 A - road Pleier Dr.

Polygonlabel Centroid Feature

typeFeaturename Vertices

A P7 district District A P1,P2,P17,P13,P1B P10 district District B P2,P5,P16,P14,P2

27

Query: relational algebraName the intersections that are entirely within districts (not on district boundaries).

A = πpoint_label(σfeature_type=‘intersection’(point))B = σleft_polygon≠right_polygon(line)C = πbeginning_pt(B) ∪ πending_pt(B)

D = A – CE = πD.point_label,line.left_polygon(D D.point_label=beginning_pt line) ∪

πD.point_label,line.right_polygon(D D.point_label=ending_pt line)F = πE.point_label,area.feature_name(E E.polygon=area.polygon_label area)Answer =

πpoint.feature_name,F.area.feature_name(F F.point_label=area.point_label point)

28

Query: Vi2 representation

Name the intersections that are entirely within districts (not on district boundaries).

Ans ={⟨District, Int⟩ |district22(District) &Int = {I | intersection02(I) &

within(I, District) &¬within(I, boundary(District))}}

29

Application: Architecture1 2 3 4

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-4

2-2 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-4

3-3 3-3 3-33-3

2-3

a) node types

b) wall segments defined by a pair of node types

30

Explicit spatial relationsp1,…, p8 ∈ U02

l1,…, l5, m ∈ U12

boundary(l1) = {p1,p2}boundary(l2) = {p3,p4}boundary(l3) = {p4,p5}boundary(l4) = {p1,p6}boundary(l5) = {p2,p3}parallel(l1,l2)parallel(l3,l4)perpendicular(l1,l5)image(l1,l2) ≠ ∅image(l3,l4) ≠ ∅min_wall_thickness ≤ distance(l1,l2) ≤ max_wall_thicknessmin_wall_thickness ≤ distance(l3,l4) ≤ max_wall_thickness

l1

l2

l3

l4 l5

p1 p2

p3p4

p5p6

p7

p8

l6

m

31

Constructed elements and inferred relations

center(l5) = p8m = eU12(desc, {p1, p4})center(m) = p7l6 = eV12(desc, {p7,p8}, ‘centerline’)perpendicular(l2,l5)contiguous(l4,l1)contiguous(l1,l5)contiguous(l5,l2)contiguous(l2,l3)0 ≤ interior_angle(l1,l4) = interior_angle(l2,l3) ≤ π/2

l1

l2

l3

l4 l5

p1 p2

p3p4

p5p6

p7

p8

l6

m

32

Emergent viewsviews between spaces defined by portals

general view between spaces

axial view symmetrically aligned view (enfilade)

*

33

Emergent function

Given physical form

Relevant Physical Feature:Net Shape is Plane

Orientation:Parallel to Ground

Sheltering Function(umbrella)

Sled

Transportation Function(sled)

Orientation:Perpendicular to Ground

?

Inventions from emergent functions based on a shape’s physical features.

R. Finke, Creative Imagery (1990)

34

Emergent functions

(b) GGREADA Graph Representation of the Cart

CreateRolling

(t1,3)

SupportLoad(t2,3)

Mount 1 wheel(t2,2)

Mount 2wheels(t1,2)

ProvideSurface

Area (t3,2)

1-wheel assembly #1 (t13,1)Surface Area: 0

Weight 12 g

Flat Plate (t1,1)Surface Area: 11.25

Weight: 40g

2-wheel assembly #1 (t17,1)Surface Area: 0

Weight 18 g

(a) Cart Bottom View

2-WheelAssembly#1 (t17,1)

1-WheelAssembly#1(t13,1)

FlatPlate(t1,1)

FunctionLevel

Sub-Function

Component andAssemblyLevel

GGREADA (Schmidt & Cagan 1997)

Kinematic mechanism graph grammars

6

32

1

GraphInterpretation

P5

4

R

RRR R

R

21

4 5

3

6

(5, 7) Planar graph Labeled graph

GraphInterpretation

R

P R

R

RR

R6

5

4

3

2

1


2

4

6

3

1

5 Tsai (1996)

36

Kinematics of Closed-Loop Linkages

U. Cambridge, Deployable Structures Laboratory http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/dsl/

37

(Re)design using Function/Behaviour/Structure grammars

Feature grammarsFunction-Behaviour-Structure modelsGrammar modification

38

Feature grammars and knowledge bases

Designs produced with a CAD toole.g. solid modeller

Interpretable using domain specific feature setsDomain specific knowledge base used to create feature grammarGrammar rules have associated descriptionsKnowledge base generates rules that define domain requirements

39

FBS model of design

Function: what artefact doesStructure: component parts/interconnectionsBehaviour: how structure achieves required functionF/B/S relationships captured with dependency networks (graphs)

40

FBS Descriptions

Structurei

FunctionDescriptions

BehaviourDescriptions

Structure Variable i

ExogenousVariables

Function Behaviour Structure

ExternalEffects

Structurej

Structurek

Structure Variable j

Structure Variable k

41

Panel wall representation

panel

frame

Vapourbarrier

Permeability

PanelA

PanelB

FrameThickness

Length

External Effects


Structuralbehaviour

Structuralsupport

Aesthetics

Visualseparation

Opacity

Aestheticqualities

Width

Panel wall

Material

42

Rule for panel wall construction

Vapourbarrier Permeability

PanelA

Frame

Thickness

Length


Structuralbehaviour

Structuralsupport

Visualseparation Opacity

Width

Material

frame + panel

Frame

Thickness


Structuralbehaviour

Structuralsupport

Material

frame

R1

g(R1)

43

Stylistic change andgrammar transformation

Knight (1994)Modification of grammar rules encapsulates stylistic change

Expand scopeIncorporate functional/behavioural/structural characteristicsMotivated by specific design requirements

44

Re-InterpretedFeature Graph

F1

F2

B2

B1

S1

S2

S3

S4

B3

FBS Description of Design

Knowledge Base :Sets of Abductive Rules

CAD Primitives/ Features

Derivations

(1) (2)

AdjacencySub-Graphs

(3)

(4)

FBS Description of Partial Design

F2

B2

S1

S2

B3

F1

F2

B2

B1

S1

S2

S3

B3

F2

B2

S1

(5, 10)

AdditionalKnowledge / Requirements

F

B

S

F/B/S Nodesas Indexes

Grammar(6)

(7)(8)

Initiateredesign

(9)


PanelA

Frame

Th ickness

Leng th


S tructuralbehaviourS tructural

Visualseparation Op acity

Wid th

Material

Frame

Th ickness

Function Behaviour S tructure

StructuralbehaviourStructural

Material

frame frame + panel

frame

panel

GDL object library

Generate FBS design description

45

Core wall

wall surface

wall core

insulation

46


Core

Thickness

Airtemp

External Effects


Structuralbehaviour

Structuralsupport

Solarirradiation

Soundlevel

Surface areaNoisecontrol

Heat losscontrol

Soundattenuation

Thermalconduction

Insulation

Material

Core wall+ insulation


Core

Thickness

Airtemp

External Effects


Structuralbehaviour

Structuralsupport

Solarirradiation

Soundlevel

Surface area

Noisecontrol

Heat losscontrol

Soundattenuation

Thermalconduction

Material

Core wallR2

g(R2)

47

Comparison: panel and core walls

Vapourbarrier

Permeability

SurfaceA

SurfaceB

Core

Thickness

Airtemp

External Effects


Structuralbehaviour

Structuralsupport

Solarirradiation

Soundlevel

Aesthetics

Visualseparation

Opacity

Aestheticqualities

Surface area

Noisecontrol

Heat losscontrol

Soundattenuation

Thermalconduction

InsulationA

InsulationB

Material

Vapourbarrier

Permeability

PanelA

PanelB

FrameThickness

Length

External Effects


Structuralbehaviour

Structuralsupport

Aesthetics

Visualseparation

Opacity

Aestheticqualities

Width

Panel wall

Material

Core wall

48

Detail redesign: Design for Assembly

Plate A

Plate B

Bolt & nut

Plate A

Plate B

Snap fit

49

Function driven redesign (wall example)

F

Be Ba

S

F: functionBe: expected behaviourBa: actual behaviourS: structureD: description

Causal Relationships

D F’

Be’ Ba’

S’

⇒

D’

50

Structure driven redesign (snap-fit example)

F: functionBe: expected behaviourBa: actual behaviourS: structureD: description

Causal Relationships (2)

F

Be Ba

S D F

Be′? Ba′

S′

⇒

D′

51

Parametrics: Smart Geometry

www.smartgeometry.org

52

Parametrics: GDL

Kitchens Pavilions

53

GDL: Intelligent partitions

54

Digital fabrication

3D printer Laser cutter

Milling machine

types of connection

connection 1

nA profiles: many profiles A connected

with one rod

connection 2

nB profiles: many profiles B connected

with one rod

connection 3

nA+nB profiles: many A and B profiles

connected with one rod

connection 4

1A+1B profiles: one A and one B profile

connected with one rod

connection 5

1A+1B profiles: one A and one B profile

connected with two rods

57

connection 4 – profile 1A+1B

configurations

58

connection 4 – profile 1A+1B

models

59

…and the physical prototype

movie

60

Origamic architecture

movie

61Sass (2005)

62

‘Iconic’ buildings

63

Mass customisation

Strike a balanceand

Red Road Flats, Glasgow

Scottish Parliament

between

64

On the move (1973)

65

Modular/deployable designs

Cell Brick House, Atelier Tekuto

student work, Cal Poly Pomona(2003-04 formZ Joint Study report)

66

Modular design

student work, Cal Poly Pomona(2003-04 formZ Joint Study report)

67

Changing places of livingNature of work is changingCrisis in healthcareEnergy shortagesNew home based products require new type of support infrastructureAffordable sensing & computationBuilding material companies: migration from low-margin commodities to high-value systemsShortage of skilled construction labourChanges in product design, marketing & fabrication processesReturn to urban life and escalating property values place a premium on multi-use, compact, flexible, high-quality living spaceBaby boomers & GenX homebuyers demand environments & products reflecting their values & needs

from House_n project (architecture.mit.edu/house_n/)

68

Recent trends in industry

ModularityOpen SourceCustomisation

In other industries (computer, automotive)Open Source Building Alliance

69

House_nScenario (housing industry in 2015)

Developers as integratorsDesign, configuration and industry standardsFabrication and installation

Open Source Building Alliance (OSBA) projectsChassisIntegrated Interior Infill (I3)Design and Configuration Tools for Non-expert Designers

http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/

70

Building information modelling:From product model...

polyline

plan poly, door & window symbols

wall polyhed., plan & elevation symbols

polyhedron of external shape

wall geometry1: C1: non-self- intersecting

wall geometry2a: C1: well-formed poly

wall geometry3: C1: well-formed

wall frame geom: C1: well-formed polyh.

C: panel disjoint & inside frame C: pass-thru subjoint to frame interstice

C: poly = horiz. section

C: ctrline = skeleton

wall geometry2b: C1: well-formed polyelevation poly,door

& window symbols

C: poly = vert. section

pass-thru geom:

polyhedra of components

pass-thru geom2: C1: well-formed

filler geom2: C1:well-formed polyhedra C2: non- intersecting

polyhedra of frame members

polyline

C: ctrline=skeleton

wall

framepass_thrus

member

polyhedron

panelwall panel geom: C1: well-formed polyhedron

WALL FRAME PANEL

A PANEL WALL :

DOOR

WALL FRAME

PANEL

PANEL

PANEL

DOOR

71

…to database

72

…to detailed building representations

73

International Alliance for Interoperability

http://www.iai-international.org

74

IFCs

ISO-10303-21;HEADER;FILE_DESCRIPTION (('ArchiCAD 8.10 Release 1 generated IFC file.', 'Build Number of the Ifc 2x2 interface: 35270 (31-03-2004)\X\0D\X\0A'), '2;1');FILE_NAME ('test-ifc.ifc', '2004-10-27T10:44:38', ('Architect'), ('Building Designer Office'), 'PreProc -Ifc Step Toolbox Version 2X2 (7. May 2003)', 'Windows System', 'The authorising person.');FILE_SCHEMA (('IFC2X2_FINAL'));ENDSEC;DATA;#1 = IFCORGANIZATION ('GS', 'Graphisoft', 'Graphisoft', $, $);#3 = IFCPERSON ($, 'Undefined', $, $, $, $, $, $);#4 = IFCORGANIZATION ($, 'OrganizationName', $, $, $);#5 = IFCPERSONANDORGANIZATION (#3, #4, $);#7 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .LENGTHUNIT., .MILLI., .METRE.);#8 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .AREAUNIT., $, .SQUARE_METRE.);#9 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .VOLUMEUNIT., $, .CUBIC_METRE.);#10 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .PLANEANGLEUNIT., $, .RADIAN.);#11 = IFCMEASUREWITHUNIT (IFCPLANEANGLEMEASURE (0.0174532925199433), #10);#12 = IFCDIMENSIONALEXPONENTS (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);#13 = IFCCONVERSIONBASEDUNIT (#12, .PLANEANGLEUNIT., 'DEGREE', #11);#14 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .SOLIDANGLEUNIT., $, .STERADIAN.);#15 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .MASSUNIT., $, .GRAM.);#16 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .TIMEUNIT., $, .SECOND.);#17 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .THERMODYNAMICTEMPERATUREUNIT., $, .DEGREE_CELSIUS.);#18 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .LUMINOUSINTENSITYUNIT., $, .LUMEN.);#19 = IFCUNITASSIGNMENT ((#7, #8, #9, #13, #14, #15, #16, #17, #18));#25 = IFCDIRECTION ((6.123031769111886E-017, 1.));#6 = IFCOWNERHISTORY (#5, #2, $, .NOCHANGE., $, $, $, 1098870277);#2 = IFCAPPLICATION (#1, '8.0', 'ArchiCAD 8.0', 'ArchiCAD');#35 = IFCMATERIAL ('Masonry Block');#36 = IFCMATERIALLAYER (#35, 190., $);#37 = IFCMATERIALLAYERSET ((#36), 'Masonry Block');#38 = IFCMATERIALLAYERSETUSAGE (#37, .AXIS2., .POSITIVE., 0.);#39 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((0., 0.));#40 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((14100.60786950733, 0.));#41 = IFCPOLYLINE ((#39, #40));#42 = IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION (#26, 'Axis', 'Curve2D', (#41));#43 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((0., 0.));#44 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((14100.60786950733, 0.));#45 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((13910.60786950733, 190.));#46 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((0., 190.));#47 = IFCPOLYLINE ((#43, #44, #45, #46, #43));#48 = IFCARBITRARYCLOSEDPROFILEDEF (.AREA., $, #47);#49 = IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D (#23, #22, #20);#50 = IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID (#48, #49, #22, 2700.);#51 = IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION (#26, 'Body', 'SweptSolid', (#50));#52 = IFCBOUNDINGBOX (#23, 14100.60786950733, 190., 2700.);#53 = IFCDIRECTION ((6.123031769111886E-017, 1.));

75

Kinetic architecture

Fox (2000)“a building with variable location or mobility and/or variable geometry or movement.”

Kas Oosterhuis (2003)“a building that [is] controlled by sensors-actuators system to be able to respond according to the data received in form of movement.”

Generative systems for kinetic mechanisms

6

32

1

GraphInterpretation

P5

4

R

RRR R

R

21

4 5

3

6


GraphInterpretation

R

P R

R

RR

R6

5

4

3

2

1


2

4

6

3

1

5


77

Deployable structures

U. Cambridge, Deployable Structures Laboratory http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/dsl/Dept. of Engineering Science, Oxford University

78

Dynamic modelling


79

Calatrava

Milwaukee art museum

80

Hoberman arch

http://www.hoberman.com/fold/olympics/arch.html

81

Biomimetics

D. Dollens, www.tumbletruss.com

82

Summary: Economies of scale

Generative design toolsCreation of a Variety of design alternatives

ParametricsClasses of designs

Modular, reconfigurable, adaptable designsDesign Re-use

economies of scale: generative design tools and adaptability · economies of scale: generative...

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