economic effects of a korea-u.s. free trade agreement by kozo kiyota and robert m. stern

8/3/2019 Economic Effects of a Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement by Kozo Kiyota and Robert M. Stern

1/72

M@GKGFH@ MAAM@TP

GA I EGRMI&]+P+

ARMM TRIDM IORMMFMKT

Eg|g Ehxgti

Rgbmrt F+ Ptmrk

PT]DHMP PMRHMP< 4

P^M@HIC


2/72

M`gkgfh` Maam`tpga i Egrmi&]+P+

Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

Eg|g Ehxgti

Rgbmrt F+ Ptmrk

Egrmi M`gkgfh` Hkptht}tm 92>9 A Ptrmmt# K_# P}htm 89> _ipjhkotgk# D@ 2>>>4

Tmcm~jgkm 2>2'414&98:2 Ai`phfhcm 2>2'414&98:? _mb iddrmpp www+emhi+gro


3/72

Tjm grmi M`gkgfh` Hkptht}tm ga Ifmrhì EMH hp rmohptmrmd }kdmr tjm

grmhok Iomktp Rmohptrithgk I`t ip ik iomkt ga tjm Egrmi Hkptht}tm agr

ktmrkithgkic M`gkgfh` ^gch`x# i ~}bch` ~gch`x rmpmir`j ag}kdithgk hk Pmg}c

mptibchpjmd bx tjm ogqmrkfmkt ga tjm Rm~}bch` ga Egrmi+ Tjhp fitmrhic hp cmd

whtj tjm Dm~irtfmkt ga L}pth`m# wjmrm tjm rmy}hrmd rmohptrithgk ptitmfmkt hp

iqihcibcm agr ~}bch` hkp~m`thgk+ Rmohptrithgk dgmp kgt hkdhìtm ]+P+ ogq&

mrkfmkt i~~rgqic ga tjm `gktmktp ga tjhp dg`}fmkt+ EMH hp kgt mkoiomd hk tjm

~ri`th`m ga ciw# dgmp kgt rmkdmr cmoic pmrqh`mp# ikd hp kgt i cgbbxhko

groikh|ithgk+

Tjm qhmwp mz~rmppmd hk tjhp ~}bchìthgk irm tjgpm ga tjm i}tjgrp ikd dg

kgt km`mppirhcx rmm`t tjm qhmwp ga hkdhqhd}ic fmfbmrp ga EMHp Bgird ga

hrm`tgrp gr htp Idqhpgrx @g}k`hc+

EMH Mdhtgrhic Bgird

dhtgr hk @jhma ifmp F+ Chptmr

@gktri`t Mdhtgr irx Firhe

Ipphptikt Mdhtgr cgrmk`m F+ Cgwm&Cmm

2>>? bx tjm Egrmi M`gkgfh` Hkptht}tm ga Ifmrhì

Icc rhojtp rmpmrqmd

rhktmd hk tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp ga Ifmrhì

hbrirx ga @gkormpp @iticgohko&hk&^}bchìthgk Diti

hxgti# Eg|g# 98?2&

M`gkgfh` maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ armm tridm iormmfmkt ' Eg|g Ehxgti ikd

gbmrt F+ Ptmrk+

~+ `f+

Hk`c}dmp bhbchgori~jhìc rmamrmk`mp+

HPBK 8?:&>&8?4?949&4&9

9+ Armm tridm&&Egrmi *Pg}tj( 2+ Armm tridm&&]khtmd Ptitmp+ 0+ Egrmi *Pg}tj(&&

@gffmr`hic trmithmp+ 4+ ]khtmd Ptitmp&&@gffmr`hic trmithmp+ =+ Egrmi *Pg}tj(&&

@gffmr`m&&]khtmd Ptitmp+ 1+ ]khtmd Ptitmp&&@gffmr`m&&Egrmi *Pg}tj( H+ Ptmrk#

gbmrt Fht`jmcc# 982?& HH+ Egrmi M`gkgfh` Hkptht}tm ga Ifmrhì+ HHH+ Thtcm+

JA20?>+=+E=8 2>>1

0:2+8?0>=98=&&d`22

2>>?>9209?


4/72

@gktmktp

Agrmwgrd q

^rmai`m q

Gblm`thqmp ikd Fihk Amit}rmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ 9

Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

2 Chtmrit}rm Rmqhmw ga ^rmqhg}p Pt}dhmp ga i =Egrmi&]+P+ ATI

0 @gf~irithqm Ptith` ikd Dxkifh` Ikicxphp ga i 29Egrmi&]+P+ ATI

4 @gf~}tithgkic Ikicxphp ga Ictmrkithqm Kmogthithko 8

G~thgkp

= @gk`c}phgkp ikd Hf~ch`ithgkp agr A}rtjmr Rmpmir`j =0ikd ^gch`x

I~~mkdhz =?

Rmamrmk`mp =8

Ibg}t tjm I}tjgrp 10


5/72

hq

Agrmwgr

Tjm Egrmi M`gkgfh` Hkptht}tm *EMH( hp ~cmipmd tg hpp}m tjm ag}rtj qgc}fm

ga htp P~m`hic Pt}dhmp pmrhmp+ Hk `gktript whtj EMHp gtjmr ~}bchìthgkp#

wjh`j omkmriccx tiem tjm agrf ga i gf~hcithgk ga rmcithqmcx pjgrt irth`cmp

gk ikicxthìc ikd ~gch`x hpp}mp bx i k}fbmr ga i}tjgrp# tjhp pmrhmp iaagrdp

hkdhqhd}ic i}tjgrp ik g~~grt}khtx tg mz~cgrm hk dm~tj i ~irth`}cir tg~h`

ga `}rrmkt hktmrmpt rmcithko tg Egrmi+Hk tjmhr pt}dx# Dr+ Rgbmrt Ptmrk ikd Dr+ Eg|g Ehxgti# bgtj ga tjm

]khqmrphtx ga Fh`jhoik# }thch|m tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc ga _grcd rgd}`thgk

ikd Tridm tg ippmpp tjm m`gkgfh` maam`tp ga chbmrich|ithgk ga tridm birrh&

mrp bx Egrmi ikd tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp+ Hk iddhthgk tg `gf~}thko tjm ptith`

maam`tp ga chbmrich|ithgk }kdmr pmqmric p`mkirhgp# tjmx icpg fgdmc pgfm

dxkifh` p`mkirhgp tjit iccgw agr `jikomp hk agrmhok dhrm`t hkqmptfmkt

ikd i~htic agrfithgk+ Ip i rmp}ct ga tjmpm gf~}tithgkp ikd tjmhr ikicxphp

ga gtjmr armm tridm iormmfmktp mktmrmd hktg bx bgtj g}ktrhmp# tjmx driw`gk`c}phgkp rmoirdhko bgtj i Egrmi&]+P+ armm tridm iormmfmkt ikd tjm

~gtmkthic hf~i`t ga tjm }khcitmric rmfgqic ga tridm birrhmrp bx tjm twg

`g}ktrhmp ikd icpg bx icc `g}ktrhmp hk`c}dmd hk tjm fgdmc+

MH hp dmdhìtmd tg gblm`thqm# hkagrfithqm ikicxphp+ _m wmc`gfm

`gffmktp gk tjhp ikd g}r gtjmr ~}bchìthgkp+ _m pmme tg mz~ikd gkti`tp

whtj iìdmfh` ikd rmpmir`j groikh|ithgkp i`rgpp tjm g}ktrx ikd wg}cd

bm ~cmipmd tg mktmrtihk ~rg~gpicp agr gtjmr P~m`hic Pt}dhmp+

@jircmp C+ *Liè( ^rht`jird rmphdmkt# Egrmi M`gkgfh` Hkptht}tm

I~rhc 2>>?


6/72

q

^rmai`m

Tjhp pt}dx ~rmpmktp ik ikicxphp ga tjm bhcitmric armm tridm iormmfmkt

*ATI( tjit hp bmhko kmogthitmd bmtwmmk Egrmi ikd tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp+

Tjm bhcitmric ATI kmogthithgkp wmrm kgthmd tg tjm ]+P+ @gkormpp bx

tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp Tridm Rm~rmpmktithqm hk Ambr}irx 2>>1# ikd agrfic

kmogthithgkp bmoik hk Fix 2>>1+9 Ht hp ikth`h~itmd tjit tjm kmogthithgkp

fix bm gf~cmtmd ikd tjm iormmfmkt phokmd bmagrm fhd&2>>?# wjh`j hp

wjmk tjm `}rrmkt ]+P+ ~rmphdmkthic kmogthithko i}tjgrhtx mz~hrmp+ Gk`m

phokmd# tjm hf~cmfmkthko cmohpcithgk `ik bm hktrgd}`md hk tjm ]+P+

@gkormpp it ikx thfm+

Hk @ji~tmr 9# wm pmt g}t wjit i~~mir tg bm tjm ~rhfirx gblm`thqmp ga

tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp ikd Egrmi hk tjmhr ~}rp}ht ga ik ATI+ Hk @ji~tmr 2# wm

rmqhmw tjm mzhpthko pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI tjit jiqm bmmk dgkm tg

ditm+ @ji~tmr 0 hp dmqgtmd tg `gf~irithqm ptith` ikd dxkifh` ikicxpmp

ga tjm ATI+ _m rpt ~rgqhdm ik gqmrqhmw ga tjm amit}rmp ikd bmk`jfirediti ga tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc ga _grcd rgd}`thgk ikd Tridm# wjh`j hp tjm

`gf~}tithgkic omkmric my}hchbrh}f *@OM( fgdmchko arifmwgre tjit wm

}pm tg ikicx|m tjm m`gkgfh` maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+ Tjmrmiatmr# wm

~rmpmkt tjm gf~irithqm ptith` fgdmchko rmp}ctp agr tjm bhcitmric rmfgqic

ga tirhaap ikd gtjmr tridm birrhmrp agr iorh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp# fik}ai`t}rmp#

pmrqh`mp# ikd icc ga tjmpm `gfbhkmd+ Tjhp hp agccgwmd bx ~rmpmktithgk

ga rmp}ctp ga pgfm dxkifh` `gf~}tithgkic p`mkirhgp tjit irm p~m`hiccx

9+ Dmtihcp gk tjm ~mrhgdh` bhcitmric fmmthkop hkqgcqhko tjm kmogthithgk ga iEgrmi&]+P+ armm tridm iormmfmkt irm iqihcibcm gk tjm ga`hic _mb phtmp ga

tjm Ga`m ga tjm ]+P+ Tridm Rm~rmpmktithqm *www+}ptr+ogq( ikd tjm EgrmikFhkhptrx ga Agrmhok Iaaihrp ikd Tridm *www+fgait+og+er'fm'fmWi>>='fmW

b>22'fm>=W>4+lp~(+


7/72

qh M`gkgfh` Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

`gkptr}`tmd tg tiem hktg i``g}kt ~gpphbcm `jikomp hk ì~htic agrfithgk

jit fix bm omkmritmd bx tjm Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+ _m tjmk driw tgomtjmr

jm fihk `gk`c}phgkp argf tjm rmqhmw ga ~rmqhg}p pt}dhmp ikd g}r gwk

`gf~}tithgkic wgre+

Hk @ji~tmr 4# wm ~rgqhdm i brgidmr ~mrp~m`thqm gk i Egrmi&]+P+

TI tjit tiemp hktg i``g}kt ictmrkithqm kmogthithko g~thgkp agr tjm twg

kithgkp+ Tjmpm g~thgkp hk`c}dm `gf~}tithgkic ikicxpmp ga tjm gtjmr ATIp

jit mi`j kithgk jip `gk`c}dmd hk rm`mkt xmirp ikd tjit irm `}rrmktcx hk

~rg`mpp+ _m icpg ic`}citm tjm ~gtmkthic maam`tp ga tjm }khcitmric rmfgqic

ga tridm birrhmrp bx tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp ikd Egrmi ikd tjm maam`tp ga ocgbic

armm tridm hk wjh`j icc g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp gqmrmd hk tjm fgdmc irm ip&

p}fmd tg rmfgqm tjmhr mzhpthko tridm birrhmrp gk i f}cthcitmric biphp+ Hk

@ji~tmr =# wm ~rmpmkt gk`c}phgkp ikd hf~chìthgkp agr a}rtjmr rmpmir`j

ikd ~gch`x+

m whpj tg tjike Lifmp Chptmr ikd tjm Egrmi M`gkgfh` Hkptht}tm

agr ~rgqhdhko tjm g~~grt}khtx tg }kdmrtiem tjhp pt}dx+ Jmc~a}c gffmktp

gk ik mirchmr qmrphgk ga tjm pt}dx wmrm ~rgqhdmd bx Jglhk Cmm# Emhtj

ipe}p# ikd Lmaarmx P`jgtt+ _m whpj icpg tg tjike L}dhtj Lièpgk agr

mdhtgrhic ikd tx~hko ipphptik`m+

g|g Ehxgti oritma}ccx ièkgwcmdomp kik`hic p}~~grt argf tjmi~ik Pg`hmtx agr tjm ^rgfgthgk ga P`hmk`m *LP^P( 2>>1 ^gptdg`tgric

mccgwpjh~p agr Rmpmir`j Ibrgid+

Eg|g Ehxgti

Xgegjifi Kithgkic ]khqmrphtx ikd ]khqmrphtx ga Fh`jhoik

Rgbmrt F+ Ptmrk

]khqmrphtx ga Fh`jhoik


8/72

9

9Gblm`thqmp ikd Fihk Amit}rmp

a i Egrmi&]+P+

Armm Tri m ormmfmkt

Hk wjit agccgwp# wm pmt g}t wjit i~~mir tg bm tjm filgr ]+P+ gblm`thqmp

hk pmmehko i Egrmi&]+P+ armm tridm iormmfmkt *ATI( ikd hkdhìtm tjm

~rhk`h~ic hpp}mp tg bm iddrmppmd hk tjm kmogthithgkp+ _m tjmk dhp`}ppEgrmip gblm`thqmp whtj rmoird tg tjm ATI+

]+P+ Gblm`thqmp

Gk 2 Ambr}irx 2>>1# ]khtmd Ptitmp Tridm Rm~rmpmktithqm Rgb ^grt&

fik kgthmd tjm ]+P+ Jg}pm ga Rm~rmpmktithqmp ikd tjm ]+P+ Pmkitm

tjit tjm Omgrom _+ B}pj idfhkhptrithgk hktmkdmd tg hkhthitm armm tridm

kmogthithgkp whtj tjm Rm~}bch` ga Egrmi+ Pgfm ga tjm emx ~ghktp hk tjmkgthìthgk wmrm tjit ik ATI whtj Egrmi wg}cd1(# fhkhptmr agr m`gkgfh` iaaihrp it tjm mfbippx

ga Egrmi hk _ipjhkotgk# jip ptitmd tjit ik ATI bmtwmmk Egrmi ikd tjm

]khtmd Ptitmp wg}cd>? mz~hrithgk ga tjm ]+P+ ~rmph&

dmktp tridm ~rgfgthgk i}tjgrhtx+ Tjm gqmricc ~ièiom ga tjm ATI f}pt

bm bicik`md hk grdmr tg rm`mhqm tjm km`mppirx dgfmpth` i~~rgqic hk bgtj

`g}ktrhmp+ I jhoj cmqmc ga ~gchthìc whcc hp tjmrmagrm kmmdmd tjrg}ojg}t

tjm kmogthithgk ikd rithìthgk ~rg`mppmp+

Egrmip gblm`thqmp hk pmmehko ik ATI tj}p rmm`t i qirhmtx ga

`gkphdmrithgkp# hk`c}dhko i dmphrm tg iqghd bmhko cmat g}t ga tjm omkmric

trmkd ga ATIp# tg pm`}rm i``mpp tg agrmhok firemtp ikd i`jhmqm tjm

ptith` ikd dxkifh` bmkmtp ga tridm chbmrich|ithgk# tg mkjik`m Egrmip

ocgbic gf~mththqmkmpp# ikd tg ptrmkotjmk Egrmip ~gchthìc ikd ptritmoh`

icchik`mp+

9+ Pmm Cmm ikd Cmm *2>>=# 444=( ikd P`jgtt# Bridagrd# ikd Fgcc *2>>1#0( agr ik mcibgrithgk ga Egrmik ikd ]+P+ f}t}ic gblm`thqmp hk pmmehko i

Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+


11/72


12/72

=

2Chtmrit}rm Rmqhmw ga ^rmqhg}p

Pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI

I k}fbmr ga pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI jiqm bmmk ìrrhmd g}t ~rmqh&

g}pcx+2 Tjmpm pt}dhmp rmchmd gk gf~}tithgkic omkmric my}hchbrh}f *@OM(

fgdmcp# wjh`j ~rgqhdm ik m`gkgfxwhdm arifmwgre agr ikicxphp tjit

tiemp hktg i``g}kt tjm hktmrdm~mkdmk`hmp tjit mzhpt bgtj whtjhk ikd

bmtwmmk `g}ktrhmp+ Tjm arifmwgre hp mppmkthiccx fh`rgm`gkgfh` hk

`jiri`tmr+ _jmk tjm @OM fgdmcp hk`gr~gritm diti `gqmrhko tjm pm`tgric

~rgd}`thgk# tridm# ikd mf~cgxfmkt ga tjm gf~gkmkt g}ktrhmp tgomtjmr

whtj fmip}rmp ga hf~grt tirhaap ikd gtjmr agrfp ga tridm birrhmrp# ht hp

~gpphbcm tg phf}citm tjm m`gkgfh` maam`tp ga qirhg}p ~ittmrkp ga tridm

chbmrich|ithgk+ Tjm `gf~}tithgkic rmp}ctp bipmd gk tjm fgdmc phf}ci&

thgkp whcc tjmk ~rgqhdm mpthfitmp ga tjm maam`tp ga tridm chbmrich|ithgk gk

ioormoitm m`gkgfh` wmcairm agr hkdhqhd}ic `g}ktrhmp tgomtjmr whtj tjmhf~i`tp gk ~rgd}`thgk# tridm# ikd mf~cgxfmkt it tjm pm`tgric cmqmcp+

Ht hp hf~grtikt tg }kdmrptikd tjit tjm @OM fgdmchko phf}cithgk

rmp}ctp ~rgqhdm hkdhìthgkp ga tjm ~gtmkthic m`gkgfh` jikomp hkqgcqmd+

Hk tjhp rmp~m`t# tjmx irm kgt fmikt tg bm mf~hrhìc agrmìptp gr ~rmdh`thgkp

ga tjm jikomp bmì}pm tjmx irm kgt dmrhqmd argf m`gkgfmtrh` fmtjgdp

tjit ìk xhmcd ptithpthìccx bipmd mpthfithgkp+ A}rtjmr# bmì}pm tjmx irm

fh`rgm`gkgfh` hk `jiri`tmr# @OM fgdmcp ga km`mpphtx ibptri`t argf

tjm fi`rgm`gkgfh` agr`mp it wgre it tjm ioormoitm cmqmc hk hkdhqhd}ic`g}ktrhmp+ Ip i `gkpmy}mk`m# ht fix bm qmrx dha`}ct tg `gf~irm @OM

+ Pmm Birmcd *2>>0# =9=: ikd 141?( agr i dhp`}pphgk ga tjm maam`tp ga

~rg~gpmd bhcitmric ikd rmohgkic ATIp hkqgcqhko Egrmi qhp&&qhp Li~ik# tjm]khtmd Ptitmp# tjm Ippg`hithgk ga Pg}tjmipt Iphik Kithgkp *IPMIK(# Iphi&

î`h` M`gkgfh` @gg~mrithgk *I^M@(# ikd gtjmr pmcm`tmd rmohgkp+


13/72

1 M`gkgfh` Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

fgdmchko rmp}ctp whtj tjm i`t}ic `jikomp tjit g``}r hk tjm m`gkgfh`

irhibcmp gqmr ohqmk ~mrhgdp ga thfm+ I a}rtjmr hf~grtikt gkphdmrithgk

hp tjit @OM fgdmcp }pmd tg ikicx|m tjm maam`tp ga tridm chbmrich|ithgk

fix dhaamr bmì}pm ga tjm ipp}f~thgkp tjit jiri`tmrh|m tjmhr arifmwgre+

Hk ikx mqmkt# @OM fgdmchko rmp}ctp irm tjmrmagrm tg bm hktmr~rmtmd ip

jm ~gtmkthic maam`tp ga tridm chbmrich|ithgk it tjm fh`rgm`gkgfh` cmqmc#

jgcdhko fi`rgm`gkgfh` hk}mk`mp gkptikt+ Tjm fiokht}dmp ikd dhrm`&

hgkp ga `jikom hkdhìtmd bx tjm @OM fgdmcp irm tj}p qmrx }pma}c hk

jmhr gwk rhojt# p}blm`t tg tjm ìqmitp l}pt fmkthgkmd+

Hk tjm rmqhmw tjit agccgwp# tjm mzhpthko pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI

g bm kgtmd jiqm rmchmd gk wjit hp `gffgkcx rmamrrmd tg ip i OTI^

*Ocgbic Tridm Ikicxphp ^rglm`t( fgdmc# }phko dhaamrmkt qmrphgkp ga tjm

OTI^ ditibipm ikd dhaamrmkt bipm xmirp+ Tx~hìc OTI^ fgdmcp rmcx gk i

ptr}`t}rm ga ~mram`t gf~mththgk whtj gkptikt rmt}rkp tg pìcm# ikd tjmx

ipp}fm tjit ~rgd}`tp ik bm dhpthko}hpjmd bx kithgkic grhohk+ Tjhp cittmr

ipp}f~thgk hp gatmk iccmd tjm Irfhkotgk ipp}f~thgk# ikd# gk`m~t}iccx#

ht iaagrdp g}ktrhmp mcmfmktp ga fgkg~gcx ~gwmr tjit irm rmm`tmd hk tjmhr

irhaa ritmp+ Ip i rmp}ct# wjmk tirhaap irm rmd}`md hk tjhp arifmwgre# tjmrm

fix bm cirom tmrfp&ga&tridm maam`tp ip tjm ipp}fmd fgkg~gcx ~gwmr hp

mrgdmd+ Hk g}r l}dofmkt# OTI^ fgdmcp fix tjmrmagrm xhmcd rmp}ctp tjitirm kgt ictgomtjmr ~ci}phbcm bmì}pm ga tjmhr rmchik`m gk tjm Irfhkotgk

ipp}f~thgk ga kithgkic ~rgd}`t dhaamrmkthithgk+ Ip wm kgtm bmcgw# tjm

h`jhoik Fgdmc# wjh`j wm whcc }pm agr g}r `gf~}tithgkic ikicxphp

hk @ji~tmr 0# `gktihkp amit}rmp ga hf~mram`t `gf~mththgk ikd ~rgd}`t

dhaamrmkthithgk it tjm rf cmqmc tjit irm kgt ì~t}rmd bx tx~hìc OTI^&

bipmd fgdmcp+ Tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc tj}p dgmp kgt mzjhbht tjm gatmk cirom

mrfp&ga&tridm maam`tp ippg`hitmd whtj OTI^&bipmd fgdmcp+

@jmgko ikd _iko *9888(

@jmgko ikd _iko *9888( }pm i OTI^&tx~m fgdmc whtj 99 rmohgkp ikd 94

pm`tgrp# whtj i~~irmktcx qmrphgk 4 ga tjm OTI^ ditibipm ikd i bipm xmir

ga 988=+ Tjmx ìrrx g}t `gf~}tithgkic p`mkirhgp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI

whtj 9>> ~mr`mkt ikd => ~mr`mkt tirhaa rmfgqic agr iorh`}ct}rm ~rgd}`tp

ikd fik}ai`t}rmp ip wmcc ip agr i Egrmi&Li~ik ATI ikd i pht}ithgk hk

wjh`j Egrmi wg}cd lghk KIATI+ Agr `gf~cmtm tirhaa rmfgqic agr io&

rh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp ikd fik}ai`t}rmp# @jmgko ikd _iko mpthfitm tjit

grmip wmcairm wg}cd hk`rmipm bx $4+: bhcchgk *9+? ~mr`mkt ga OD^(

ikd ]+P+ wmcairm wg}cd hk`rmipm bx $0+? bhcchgk *>+? ~mr`mkt(+


14/72

Chtmrit}rm Rmqhmw ga ^rmqhg}p Pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI ?

F`Dikhmc ikd Agz *2>>9(

Tjhp `gf~rmjmkphqm hkqmpthoithgk ga i ]+P+&Egrmi ATI wip fikditmd

bx tjm ]+P+ Pmkitm @gffhttmm gk Ahkik`m ikd wip ìrrhmd g}t bx ptiaa

fmfbmrp ga tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp Hktmrkithgkic Tridm @gffhpphgk# Ga`mga M`gkgfh`p ikd Ga`m ga Hkd}ptrhmp+ Tjm hkqmpthoithgk `gktihkp ik

gqmrqhmw ga tjm Egrmik m`gkgfx# i dmp`rh~thgk ga bhcitmric tridm ikd

hkqmptfmkt rmcithgkp# ik ippmppfmkt ga tridhko ~ittmrkp ikd gf~irithqm

idqiktiomp# dmtihcmd pm`tgric ikicxpmp# i rmqhmw ga mi`j kithgkp birrh&

mrp tg tridm# ikd ikicxpmp ga tjm maam`tp ga mchfhkithko mzhpthko bhcitmric

birrhmrp+ Tjm Egrmik birrhmrp ga ormitmpt `gk`mrk tg tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp

hk`c}dm dgfmpth` tizmp# `}ptgfp ~rg`md}rmp# ikd kgktirhaa birrhmrp

*KTBp(5 pm`tgric rmo}cithgkp hkqgcqhko iorh`}ct}ric ikd aggd ~rgd}`tp#~jirfi`m}thìcp ikd fmdhìc my}h~fmkt# `gpfmth`p# i}tgfgbhcmp# ~rg&

ampphgkic ikd kik`hic pmrqh`mp# brgidìpt idqmrthphko# ikd cibmchko5

ikd hktmccm`t}ic ~rg~mrtx rhojtp ~rgtm`thgk+ Tjm ]+P+ birrhmrp ga ormit&

mpt `gk`mrk tg Egrmi rmcitm tg tridm rmfmdx ciwp *ikthd}f~hko ikd

`g}ktmrqihchko d}thmp(# cibmchko ikd firhthfm rmo}cithgkp# qhpip# ikd

ogqmrkfmkt ~rg`}rmfmkt+

Tjm maam`tp ga mchfhkithko bhcitmric birrhmrp irm ikicx|md }phko i

OTI^&tx~m fgdmc# i ~irthic my}hchbrh}f ikicxphp i~~chmd tg tridm hkpmcm`tmd iorh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp# ikd i y}ichtithqm ippmppfmkt ga rmfgq&

hko mrtihk KTBp ikd rmo}cithgkp+ G}r hktmrmpt hp hk tjm @OM fgdmchko+

Tjm ]PHT@ ptiaa `gkptr}`tmd i @OM fgdmc `gf~rhphko = rmohgkp ikd

9> pm`tgrp# }phko tjm OTI^ qmrphgk 4 ditibipm ikd i bipm xmir ga 988=+

Tg ì~t}rm pgfm ga tjm dxkifh` ip~m`tp ga tjm ATI# tjmx ipp}fmd tjit

tjm rmfgqic ga birrhmrp wg}cd gffmk`m hk 2>>9+ Tjm fgdmc wip tjmk

pgcqmd pmy}mkthiccx tjrg}oj 2>>8+ Ip ga 2>>=# ht wip mpthfitmd tjit

]+P+ m`gkgfh` wmcairm wg}cd hk`rmipm bx $98+1 bhcchgk *>+20 ~mr`mkt

ga OD^( ikd Egrmik m`gkgfh` wmcairm wg}cd hk`rmipm bx $0+8 bhcchgk

*>+18 ~mr`mkt ga OD^(+ Dmtihcmd rmp}ctp irm ~rgqhdmd agr tjm jikomp hk

tgtic ikd bhcitmric tridm agr tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp ikd Egrmi# jikomp hk pm`&

tgric tridm ikd g}t~}t# jikomp hk wiomp ikd ~rh`mp# jikomp hk pmcm`tmd

iorh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp tridm# ikd tjm y}ichtithqm `jikomp ga rmfgqhko

pmcm`tmd Egrmik KTBp ikd rmo}cithgkp+

@jgh ikd P`jgtt *2>>9# 2>>4(

Tjmpm pt}dhmp mz~cgrm tjm hpp}mp ikd ~gtmkthic m`gkgfh` bmkmtp ikd

`gptp ga ik ATI bmtwmmk Egrmi ikd tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp+ Tjm i}tjgrp rmqhmw

tjm jhptgrhìc bièorg}kd ga Egrmi&]+P+ hktmrkithgkic m`gkgfh` rmci&

thgkp ikd maagrtp tg dmqmcg~ i bhcitmric tridm iormmfmkt+ Tjmx mzifhkm


15/72

: M`gkgfh` Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

bhcitmric tridm ikd hkqmptfmkt gwp ikd jgw arh`thgkp hk tjm bhcitmric

rmcithgkpjh~ fhojt bm rmpgcqmd whtj ik ATI+ Tjm jhma ]+P+ gf~cihktp

ioihkpt Egrmi rmcitm tg hf~grt ~gch`hmp# hk`c}dhko ptikdirdp# tmpthko# ci&

bmchko# ikd `mrthìthgk5 ogqmrkfmkt ~rg`}rmfmkt5 hktmccm`t}ic ~rg~mrtx

rhojtp5 pmrqh`mp birrhmrp5 hkqmptfmkt birrhmrp5 ikth`gf~mththqm ~ri`th`mp5

ikd mcm`trgkh` gffmr`m+ Tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp jip phkocmd g}t i k}fbmr ga

pm`tgric ~rgbcmfp ga firemt i``mpp whtj Egrmi mp~m`hiccx hk iorh`}ct}ric

~rgd}`tp# i}tgfgbhcmp# tmcm`gff}khìthgkp# ~jirfi`m}thìcp# ptmmc# ikd

`gpfmth` ~rgd}`tp+ Egrmip fihk `gf~cihktp ioihkpt tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp

rmcitm tg ]+P+ ikthd}f~hko ikd `g}ktmrqihchko d}thmp+

Tjm i}tjgrp }pm i oriqhtx fgdmc i~~rgi`j tg mpthfitm tjm ~gtmkthic

agr ormitmr f}t}ic tridm ikd icpg i @OM fgdmchko i~~rgi`j tg ippmpp tjm

wmcairm ikd rmcitmd hf~chìthgkp ga i bhcitmric ATI+0 Tjm @OM fgdmchko

wip dgkm bx Lgjk Ohcbmrt# bipmd gk i OTI^&tx~m fgdmc `gkphpthko ga

9> rmohgkp ikd 9> pm`tgrp# }phko qmrphgk 4 ga tjm OTI^ ditibipm ikd i

bipm xmir ga 988=+ Twg `gf~}tithgkic p`mkirhgp wmrm r}k< i `gf~iri&

hqm ptith` p`mkirhg *fmdh}f r}k( hk wjh`j ~rgd}`t ikd ai`tgr firemtp

`cmir5 ikd i p`mkirhg *cgko r}k( hk wjh`j tjm ì~htic ptgè hp ~mrfhttmd

g idl}pt tg rmm`t `jikomp hk tjm cmqmc ikd iccgìthgk ga tjm ì~htic

ptgè tjrg}oj hk`rmipmd hkqmptfmkt hk rmp~gkpm tg `jikomp hk tjm rmicritm ga hktmrmpt ì}pmd bx tridm chbmrich|ithgk+ Tjm ipp}fmd chbmrich|i&

hgk gqmrp tjm rmfgqic ga tridm birrhmrp iaam`thko iorh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp

ikd fik}ai`t}rmp ikd fik}ai`t}rmp gkcx+ Pmrqh`mp chbmrich|ithgk hp kgt

hk`c}dmd bmì}pm ga tjm ciè ga diti+

Tjm rmp}ctp irm p}ffirh|md hk Tibcm 9+ Ht ìk bm pmmk tjit Egrmip

m`gkgfh` wmcairm wg}cd rhpm bx $4+9 bhcchgk *>+89 ~mr`mkt ga OD^( gr

9>+8 bhcchgk *2+49 ~mr`mkt ga OD^( hk tjm twg p`mkirhgp+ Tjm rmp}ctp irm

`gkphdmribcx pficcmr wjmk iorh`}ct}ric chbmrich|ithgk hp mz`c}dmd+ ]+P+m`gkgfh` wmcairm wg}cd rhpm bx $0+: bhcchgk *>+>0 ~mr`mkt ga OD^( gr

:+8 bhcchgk *>+90 ~mr`mkt ga OD^(+ Tjmrm hp mqhdmk`m ga tridm dhqmrphgk

agr icc ga tjm gtjmr `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp pjgwk+ Tjm wmcairm maam`tp irm

dm`gf~gpmd hk Tibcm 2+ Ht ìk bm pmmk tjit tjm `gf~irithqm ptith` *fm&

dh}f r}k( rmp}ctp rmm`t ph|ibcm `jikomp hk tjm tmrfp ga tridm# wjh`j#

ip fmkthgkmd ibgqm# irm `jiri`tmrhpth` ga OTI^ fgdmcp tjit rmcx gk tjm

Irfhkotgk ipp}f~thgk ga kithgkic ~rgd}`t dhaamrmkthithgk+ Tjm cgko&r}k

0+ I oriqhtx fgdmc pmmep tg mz~cihk tjm dmtmrfhkiktp ga bhcitmric tridm it tjmioormoitm cmqmc hk tmrfp ga qirhibcmp fmip}rhko orgpp kithgkic ~rgd}`t# ~g~}&

cithgk# ikd gtjmr agr`mp tjit drhqm bhcitmric tridm ikd qirhibcmp p}`j ip trikp&

~grt `gptp# tridm birrhmrp# ikd `}ct}ric ikd ciko}iom dhaamrmk`mp tjit hkjhbhtridm+ Oriqhtx fgdmcp tj}p dg kgt ~rgqhdm dmtihcmd mpthfitmp ga tjm maam`tp ga

ridm chbmrich|ithgk it tjm pm`tgric cmqmc ip hp tjm ìpm agr @OM fgdmcp+


16/72

Chtmrit}rm Rmqhmw ga ^rmqhg}p Pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI 8

rmp}ctp rmm`t mp~m`hiccx tjm orgwtj maam`t ì}pmd bx tjm hk`c}phgk ga

ì~htic i``}f}cithgk+4

Tibcm 9< Mpthfitmd _mcairm Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm

Iormmfmkt# bx @g}ktrx gr Rmohgk

g}ktrx grrmohgk

A} h mri h|ithgk z` }dhko iorh`} t}rm

Fmdh}f r}k Cgko r}k Fmdh}f r}k Cgko r}k

I}ptrichi ikdKmw \micikd

&281+0 &4>8+: &9?+1 9>+1

*&>+>?( *&>+9>( >+>>( *>+>>(

Li~ik &2#209+? &0#=:9+8 &9#9?>+? &9#849+2

*&>+>4( *&>+>?( *&>+>2( *&>+>4(

Egrmi 4#>88+1 9>#:1>+? 9#?92+2 4#820+4

>+89( 2+49( >+0:( *9+>8(

@jhki ikdJgko Egko

&4:1+= &82?+: &42?+0 &111+>

*&>+>1( *&>+99( *&>+>=( *&>+>:(

IPMIK &=98+: &:=>+4 &2?:+? &=>8+0

*&>+>:( *&>+94( *&>+>=( *&>+>:(

Tihwik &21?+0 &41?+1 &:0+8 &9=?+>

*&>+9>( *&>+9?( *&>+>0( *&>+>1(

]khtmd Ptitmp 0#?:0+4 :#804+1 9#=02+4 4#9:1+9

>+>=( >+90( >+>2( *>+>1(

@ikidi &280+4 &024+0 &980+0 &2=0+?

&>+>= &>+>1 &>+>0 &>+>4

Fmz g &90:+? &0?8+? &84+9 &0>1+9

*&>+>=( *&>+94( *&>+>0( *&>+99(

Rmpt ga wgrcd &2#220+9 &0#:90+8 &9#918+2 &9#1:8+?

*&>+>2( *&>+>0( *&>+>9( *&>+>9(

P}f ga wgrcd 9#421+2 8#>0>+8 &98>+0 0#=8?+0

>+>9( >+>0( >+>>( *>+>9(

Pg}r`m< @jgh ikd P`jgtt *2>>9# =1(+

IPMIK 6 Ippg`hithgk ga Pg}tjmipt Iphik Kithgkp

Kgtmp< Fmik my}hqicmkt qirhithgk hk fhcchgkp ga 988= dgccirp+ ^mr`mktiom ga OD^ hk

~irmktjmpmp+

4+ Tg `cirhax tjm trmitfmkt ga ì~htic i``}f}cithgk hk tjm OTI^ arifmwgre# ijx~gtjmthìc ocgbic bike hp hktrgd}`md tg hk`gr~gritm hktmrkithgkic ì~htic

gwp+ Bmì}pm ga tjm chfhtmd iqihcibhchtx ga ptithpth`p gk tjm bhcitmric ADHgwp i`rgpp `g}ktrhmp# hktmrkithgkic ì~htic gwp irm rpt ~ggcmd hk tjm

jx~gtjmthìc ocgbic bike hk tjm OTI^ arifmwgre+ Tjm ~ggcmd ì~htic hp tjmkrmdhptrhb}tmd argf tjm ocgbic bike tg mi`j `g}ktrx# i``grdhko tg tjm rmktic

ritm+ Bmì}pm tjm ocgbic bike dgmp kgt fizhfh|m ikxtjhko# tjm hktmrkithgkic

ì~htic fgbhchtx hk tjm OTI^ arifmwgre hp my}hqicmkt tg hktrgd}`hko i jx~g&tjmthìc hktmrkithgkic ì~htic firemt+ Tjhp hk t}rk fmikp tjit tjm OTI^ fgdmc

dgmp kgt ì~t}rm tjm bhcitmric ADH gwp+ Hk gtjmr wgrdp# tjm hktmrkithgkic ì~&htic fgbhchtx hk tjm OTI^ fgdmc phf~cx fmikp tjit tjm hkqmptfmkt&piqhkop

bicik`m hp mkdgomkg}pcx dmtmrfhkmd *tjrg}oj tjm jx~gtjmthìc ocgbic bike(+

Tjmrmagrm# agr hkptik`m# mqmk tjg}oj tjm ì~htic ptgè ga Egrmi hk`rmipmp iatmrtjm hf~cmfmktithgk ga tjm Egrmi&]+P+ ATI hk tjm OTI^ arifmwgre# tjhp dgmp

kgt km`mppirhcx rmp}ct hk ADH gwp argf tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp tg Egrmi+ Tjit hp#tjmrm hp i ~gpphbhchtx tjit ADH fix gw# agr mzif~cm# argf @jhki tg Egrmi hk


17/72

9> M`gkgfh` Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

Tjmrm irm ~gphthqm g}t~}t maam`tp agr Egrmi *@jgh ikd P`jgtt 2>>9#991(# mp~m`hiccx hk tjm fmdh}f r}k agr ~rg`mppmd aggd# tmzthcmp ikd

i~~irmc# `jmfhìcp# r}bbmr# ikd ~cipth`p# ikd kmoithqm g}t~}t maam`tp hk

iorh`}ct}rm# agrmptrx ikd pjmrhmp# ikd d}ribcm fik}ai`t}rmp+ Agr tjm

]khtmd Ptitmp *@jgh ikd P`jgtt 2>>9# 99?(# tjm cirompt g}t~}t hk`rmipmp

irm hk iorh`}ct}rm# agrmptrx ikd pjmrhmp# ikd ~rg`mppmd aggd# ikd kmoi&

hqm g}t~}t maam`tp mp~m`hiccx hk tmzthcmp ikd i~~irmc+ Bmì}pm pmrqh`mp

chbmrich|ithgk hp kgt hk`c}dmd# tjm rmp}ctp kgtmd ìk bm hktmr~rmtmd ip i

cgwmr bg}kd agr tjm maam`tp ga chbmrich|ithgk+ Tjm i}tjgrp icpg kgtm tjitjmrm fix bm gtjmr ~gtmkthic bmkmtp ga ik ATI gwhko tg hk`rmiphko

rmt}rkp tg pìcm# ormitmr pm`}rhtx ga firemt i``mpp# rmfgqic ga kgktridm

rmo}citgrx birrhmrp# ikd tjm ptrmkotjmkhko ga hktmrkithgkic pm`}rhtx rmci&

hgkp+ Tjm i}tjgrp gk`c}dm tjit tjmrm fhojt bm ormitmr ~gtmkthic bmkmtp

argf i brgidmr dmormm ga tridm chbmrich|ithgk gk tjm biphp ga tjm g~mk

rmohgkichpf ga tjm Iphi î`h` M`gkgfh` @gg~mrithgk *I^M@( agr}f

ikd argf f}cthcitmric chbmrich|ithgk }kdmrtiemk }kdmr _grcd Tridm Gr&

oikh|ithgk *_TG( i}p~h`mp+

jm `gktmzt ga tjm Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+ Jmk`m# ictjg}oj tjm OTI^ fgdmc gptmkph&

bcx hktrgd}`mp hktmrkithgkic ì~htic fgbhchtx# ht dgmp kgt pix *gr ìkkgt pix(ikxtjhko ibg}t bhcitmric ADH gwp+

Tibcm 2< Dm`gf~gphthgk ga _mcairm Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm

ridm Iormmfmkt

Pg}r`m

A} h mri h|ithgk z` }dhko iorh`} t}rm

Fmdh}f r}k Cgko r}k Fmdh}f r}k Cgko r}k

]khtmd Ptitmp

Iccgìthqmma`hmk`x

9+: =>9+8 84+2 010+=

Tmrfp ga tridm 0#?:9+4 2#??2+1 9#40:+2 :11+1

Firohkic}thchtx gak`gfm

>+2 >+= >+> >+>

Orgwtj maam`t >+> =#1=:+1 >+> 2#8=1+>

Tgtic 0#?:0+4 :#804+1 9#=02+4 4#9:1+9

Egrmi

Iccgìthqm

ma`hmk`x

2#104+9 0#8>2+0 211+= :?8+8

Tmrfp ga tridm 9#=>8+= &92>+9 9#44=+8 141+4

Firohkic}thchtx gak`gfm

&44+> &:=+: &>+2 &9+4

Orgwtj maam`t >+> ?#914+0 >+> 0#08:+=

Tgtic 4#>88+1 9>#:1>+? 9#?92+2 4#820+4

Pg}r`m< @jgh ikd P`jgtt *2>>9# =?(+

gtm< Fmik my}hqicmkt qirhithgk hk fhcchgkp ga 988= dgccirp+


18/72


Hk @jgh ikd P`jgtt *2>>4(# tjm ~gtmkthic agr i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI hp

rmmqic}itmd hk i fgrm aiqgribcm chojt hk tjm gktmzt ga tjm ~rgbcmfp tjit

jiqm bmmk mk`g}ktmrmd hk fgqhko ijmid whtj tjm _TG Dgji Dmqmc&

g~fmkt Iomkdi kmogthithgkp+ Hk tjm i~~mkdhz bx DmRgpi ikd Ohcbmrt

*2>>4( hk P`jgtt *2>>4(# Ohcbmrt jip }kdmrtiemk gf~}tithgkic ikicxpmp

ga tjm ~gtmkthic m`gkgfh` maam`tp ga 94 ~rgp~m`thqm bhcitmric ATIp# whtj

i fgdmchko arifmwgre `gkphpthko ga 20 `g}ktrhmp ikd 98 pm`tgrp+ Jm

}pmd qmrphgk = ga tjm OTI^ ditibipm ikd i bipm xmir ga 988?+ Agr tjm

fmdh}f r}k# Egrmip m`gkgfh` wmcairm hp mpthfitmd tg hk`rmipm bx $9+1

bhcchgk *>+0? ~mr`mkt ga OD^( ikd ]+P+ wmcairm tg hk`rmipm bx $2+? bhc&

chgk *>+>0 ~mr`mkt ga OD^(+ Tjmpm rmp}ctp irm pficcmr tjik tjgpm kgtmd

ibgqm hk @jgh ikd P`jgtt *2>>9(# ikd tjmrm hp i ph|ibcm tmrfp&ga&tridm

hf~rgqmfmkt agr tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp+

I kic ~ghkt ga hktmrmpt hp tjit Ohcbmrt *DmRgpi ikd Ohcbmrt 2>>4#

4>2( jip irrhmd g}t i p`mkirhg agr f}cthcitmric armm tridm agr iorh`}ct}rm

ikd fik}ai`t}rmp hk wjh`j tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp hp pjgwk tg mz~mrhmk`m i

dm`chkm hk m`gkgfh` wmcairm ga $2=4 fhcchgk *>+> ~mr`mkt ga OD^( gf&

~irmd whtj ik hk`rmipm hk Egrmip m`gkgfh` wmcairm ga $8+1 bhcchgk *2+91

~mr`mkt ga OD^(+ Tjhp hp i ritjmr p}r~rhphko rmp}ct# wjh`j fix bm d}m hk

cirom fmip}rm tg `jikomp hk tmrfp ga tridm# ictjg}oj kg hkagrfithgk hp~rgqhdmd hk tjm tmzt ibg}t p}`j `jikomp+ Hk `gktript# hk @ji~tmr 4# wm

pjgw tjit f}cthcitmric armm tridm# hk`c}dhko iorh`}ct}rm# fix hk`rmipm ]+P+

m`gkgfh` wmcairm bx $124+= bhcchgk *0+= ~mr`mkt ga OD^( ikd Egrmip

m`gkgfh` wmcairm bx $84+2 bhcchgk *92+: ~mr`mkt ga OD^(+

Cmm ikd Cmm *2>>=(

Tjhp hp i `gf~rmjmkphqm pt}dx argf i Egrmik ~mrp~m`thqm ga tjm hpp}mp

ikd ~gtmkthic m`gkgfh` ikd kgkm`gkgfh` bmkmtp tjit fix bm dmrhqmd

argf i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+ Tjm i}tjgrp ikicx|m tjm ]+P+ tridm kmogthithko

ptritmox ikd ~rg`mpp agr ATI kmogthithgkp# tjm `jiri`tmrhpth`p ga ]+P+

ATIp# ikd Egrmip ATI ptritmox+ Tjmx icpg dhp`}pp hpp}mp ga bhcitmric

Egrmi&]+P+ m`gkgfh` rmcithgkp ikd gf~mththqmkmpp ikd tjm hktmrkithgkic

~gchth`ic m`gkgfx ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+ A}rtjmr# ikd ga dhrm`t `gk`mrk

agr g}r pt}dx# tjmx }pm i qmrphgk ga tjm OTI^ @OM fgdmc tg `ic`}citm

tjm wmcairm maam`tp ikd i ~irthic my}hchbrh}f fgdmc tg dmtmrfhkm tjm

tridm maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+

Tjm i}tjgrp `gkptr}`t i OTI^ @OM fgdmc tjit `gkphptp ga 90 pm`&

tgrp ikd = `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp ~c}p tjm rmpt ga wgrcd *RG_(+ Tjmx }pm

tjm OTI^ ditibipm# qmrphgk 1# wjh`j rmamrp tg 2>>9+ Agr ~}r~gpmp ga

ikicx|hko i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI# hk i `gf~irithqm ptith` arifmwgre# tjmx


19/72


ipp}fm :> ~mr`mkt chbmrich|ithgk hk iorh`}ct}rm# a}cc chbmrich|ithgk hk

fik}ai`t}rmd oggdp# ikd rmd}`thgk hk pmrqh`mp birrhmrp bx 2> ~mr`mkt

*p`mkirhg 9( ikd icpg i => ~mr`mkt rmd}`thgk hk pmrqh`mp birrhmrp *p`mkirhg

(+ Tjmx iccgw agr ì~htic i``}f}cithgk hk ik maagrt tg ì~t}rm pgfm

dxkifh` maam`tp+

Tjm rmp}ctp agr tjm ~mr`mktiom `jikomp hk OD^ ikd `gkp}f~thgk

ikd tjm ibpgc}tm jikomp hk m`gkgfh` wmcairm irm p}ffirh|md hk Tibcm

+ Hk tjm ptith` fgdmc# tjmrm hp i >+42>+=8 ~mr`mkt hk`rmipm hk OD^ ikd

ik hk`rmipm ga $2+42+? bhcchgk hk m`gkgfh` wmcairm+ Tiehko i~htic i`&

`}f}cithgk hktg i``g}kt# tjmrm hp i 9+882+2? ~mr`mkt hk`rmipm hk ODîkd ik hk`rmipm ga $1+:?+? bhcchgk hk m`gkgfh` wmcairm+ Tjm `jikomp

hk pm`tgric ~rgd}`thgk ikd mf~cgxfmkt hk fik}ai`t}rhko i}pmd bx tjm

TI irm kgtmd hk Tibcm 4 ikd Tibcm =+ Tjm fgpt kgtibcm hk`rmipmp hk

~rgd}`thgk irm hk oirfmktp ikd cmitjmr# tmzthcmp# i}tgfgbhcmp ikd ~irtp#

ikd jmfhìcp# ikd tjmrm irm dm`chkmp hk gtjmr trikp~grt my}h~fmkt# mcm`&

rgkh`p# ikd fi`jhkmrx+ Tjm jikomp hk pm`tgric mf~cgxfmkt fhrrgr tjm

`jikomp hk ~rgd}`thgk+ Tgtic fik}ai`t}rhko mf~cgxfmkt hp mpthfitmd tg

hk`rmipm bx 2:#>>>9?9#>>> wgremrp# wjh`j `grrmp~gkdp tg >+:8=+01~mr`mkt ga tjm tgtic fik}ai`t}rhko cibgr agr`m+ Ht hp }k`cmir# jgwmqmr#

wjit tjm biphp hp agr tjm hk`rmipm hk mf~cgxfmkt kgtmd bmì}pm# `gk&

`m~t}iccx hk tjm OTI^ fgdmc bmhko }pmd# ai`tgr p}~~chmp irm ipp}fmd

g rmfihk }k`jikomd+

mrqh`mp chbmrich|ithgk hp fgdmcmd }phko tjm o}mppthfitmp ga pmrqh`mp

birrhmrp `gkptr}`tmd bx Jgmefik *988=(+ Ipp}fhko tjm birrhmrp irm

rmd}`md bx => ~mr`mkt# ht hp mpthfitmd tjit pmrqh`mp g}t~}t wg}cd rhpm bx

>+09 ~mr`mkt hk tjm pjgrt r}k ikd bx 0+0 ~mr`mkt hk tjm cgko tmrf+ Tgticpmrqh`mp mf~cgxfmkt hp mpthfitmd tg rhpm bx =>#>>>?:#>>> wgremrp#

wjh`j grrmp~gkdp tg >+4=&>+18 ~mr`mkt ga tjm tgtic pmrqh`mp cibgr agr`m+

Ioihk# tjm `gk`m~t}ic biphp agr tjm hk`rmipm hk pmrqh`mp mf~cgxfmkt

rmfihkp }k`cmir# ikd ht hp icpg kgt `cmir jgw rmchibcm tjm o}mppthfitmp

ga tjm pmrqh`mp birrhmrp fix bm+

Tibcm 0< Maam`tp gk Egrmi ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

Maam`tp

tith` fgdm Dxkifh` fgdm

P`mkirhg 9 P`mkirhg 2 P`mkirhg 9 P`mkirhg 2

OD^ *-( >+42 +=8 9+88 2+2?

@gkp}f~t gkmz~mkdht}rm *-(

>+=? +1= 9+14 9+:=

_mcairmfhcchgkp ga

dgccirp(

2#0?4 2#?9? 1#:9= ?#18:

Pg}r`m< Cmm ikd Cmm *2>>=# :1(+


20/72


Tjm i}tjgrp dhp`}pp it cmkotj tjm kgkm`gkgfh` hpp}mp tjit hk tjmhr

qhmw rmhkagr`m tjm ìpm agr i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+ Tjmpm hpp}mp hk`c}dm

y}mpthgkp ga hktmrkithgkic pm`}rhtx tjit irm hf~grtikt agr tjm twg ki&

thgkp hk Mipt Iphi ikd tjm fgfmkt}f ikd mzif~cm tjit ik ATI fhojt

~rgqhdm agr ormitmr m`gkgfh` g~mkkmpp ikd hktmorithgk hk tjm rmohgk

ikd f}cthcitmriccx+ I Egrmi&]+P+ ATI hp icpg iro}md tg bm hf~grtikt tg

pthf}citm Egrmip hktmrkithgkic gf~mththqmkmpp ikd htp m`gkgfh` orgwtjikd tg mkp}rm tjit Egrmi hp kgt cmat bmjhkd qhp&&qhp gtjmr ~rmamrmkthic

irrikomfmktp tjit tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp fix kmogthitm+

P`jgtt# Bridagrd# ikd Fgcc *2>>1(

Tjhp ~gch`x brhma b}hcdp }~gk tjm ~rmqhg}p ikicxpmp ga @jgh ikd P`jgtt

*2>>9# 2>>4( kgtmd ibgqm ikd iddrmppmp tjm hpp}mp hkqgcqmd hk i Eg&

rmi&]+P+ ATI+ Tjm i}tjgrp rmqhmw tjm gblm`thqmp ga tjm ]khtmd Ptitmpikd Egrmi hk ~}rp}hko ik ATI# dg`}fmkt rm`mkt dmqmcg~fmktp hk tjmhr

bhcitmric tridm hk oggdp ikd pmrqh`mp ikd ADH# ikd rmqhmw tjm bhcitmric

dhp~}tmp hk tjm _TG+ Tjmx tjmk rm~grt tjm rmp}ctp ga i @OM fgdmchko

ikicxphp ga tjm ATI+ Agr tjhp ~}r~gpm# tjmx jiqm }~ditmd tjmhr mirchmr

fgdmchko maagrt whtj `gkptr}`thgk ga i kmw OTI^ fgdmc# whtj ~mram`t

`gf~mththgk ikd gkptikt rmt}rkp# ikd whtj 22 pm`tgrp# 4 rmohgkp *Egrmi#

]khtmd Ptitmp# Li~ik# ikd RG_(# ikd = ai`tgrp ga ~rgd}`thgk *}kpehccmd

cibgr# pehccmd cibgr# i~htic# cikd# ikd kit}ric rmpg}r`mp(+ Tjm ai`tgr p}~&~chmp irm ipp}fmd tg rmfihk zmd hk tjm biph` qmrphgk ga tjm fgdmc# ikd

orgwtj hk tjm ì~htic ptgè hp ~mrfhttmd hk i pm`gkd qmrphgk+

Twg p`mkirhgp irm r}k# tjm rpt ipp}fhko `gf~cmtm bhcitmric armm

tridm hk iorh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp ikd fik}ai`t}rmp ikd gf~cmtm armm tridm#

mz`c}dhko rh`m+ Pmrqh`mp chbmrich|ithgk hp kgt hk`c}dmd+ Tjm gf~irithqm

Tibcm 4< @jikomp hk Pm`tgric ^rgd}`thgk hk Egrmi

Hkd}ptrx

Maam`t ga armm tridm iormmfmkt

grt tmrf - gko tmrf -

Tgtic fik}ai`t}rhko &>+9 9+1

^rg`mppmd aggd &>+8 &>+94

P}oir 2+2 2+8

Tmzthcmp 1+? :+2

Oirfmktp ikd cmitjmr 90+9 90+8

^mtrg`jmfhptrx >+0 9+?

Fmticp &9+0 >+=1

I}tgfgbhcmp ikd ~irtp 2+: 4+9

Gtjmr trikp~grt my}h~fmkt &4+2 &2+2

Mcm`trgkh`p &2+= >+>2

Fi`jhkmrx &2+2 >+>8

Gtjmr fik}ai`t}rm &>+>= 9+00

Pg}r`m< Cmm ikd Cmm *2>>=# :8(+


21/72


ptith` rmp}ctp agr m`gkgfh` wmcairm irm kgtmd hk Tibcm 1+ Agr tjm ~}rmTI# Egrmip wmcairm hp pjgwk tg hk`rmipm bx $2?+1 bhcchgk *0+= ~mr`mkt

ga OD^( ikd bx $2>+2 bhcchgk *2+1 ~mr`mkt ga OD^( whtj rh`m mz`c}dmd+

iehko iccgwik`m agr ik hk`rmipm hk tjm ì~htic ptgè# Egrmip wmcairm

hk`rmipmp bx $=9+: bhcchgk *1+1 ~mr`mkt ga OD^( agr tjm ~}rm ATI ikd bx

4>+8 bhcchgk *=+2 ~mr`mkt ga OD^( whtj rh`m mz`c}dmd+ Agr tjm ]khtmd

titmp# wmcairm hp hk`rmipmd bx $>+: bhcchgk *>+>9 ~mr`mkt ga OD^( agr

jm ~}rm ATI ikd bx $1+0 bhcchgk *>+>= ~mr`mkt ga OD^( whtj rh`m mz&

`c}dmd+ _htj tjm hk`rmipm hk tjm i~htic ptgè# ]+P+ wmcairm hp hk`rmipmdg $:+: bhcchgk *>+>? ~mr`mkt ga OD^( agr tjm ~}rm ATI ikd bx $90+?

bhcchgk *>+9> ~mr`mkt ga OD^( whtj rh`m mz`c}dmd+ Tjm pficcmr wmcairm

maam`tp agr tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp agr tjm ~}rm ATI tjit hk`c}dmp chbmrich|hko

ridm hk rh`m irm ittrhb}tmd tg tjm fgdmchko ipp}f~thgk fidm ibg}t ]+P+

p}bphdhmp tg htp rh`m ~rgd}`mrp+ Li~ikp wmcairm hp pjgwk tg hk`rmipm

Tibcm =< @jikomp hk Pm`tgric Mf~cgxfmkt hk Egrmi# Bmagrm ikd

Iatmr i Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

Hkd}ptrx

Bmagrm ATI

Iatmr ATI

Pjgrt&r}k maam`tp Cgko&r}k maam`tp

K}fbmr gamf~cgxmd

}fbmr gamf~cgxmd

K}fbmr gak`rmipm*orgwtj

ritmp# -(K}fbmr gamf~cgxmd

K}fbmr gak`rmipm*orgwtj

ritmp# -(

Tgticfik}ai`t}rhko

0#89=#9>> 0#220#=19 2:#419 0#011#41> 9?9#01>

>+:8( *=+01(

^rg`mppmdaggd

2:9#?9: 212#2=1 &98#412 2?:#:98 &2#:88

&1+8( &9+>0(

P}oir 9#4?0 9#=4: ?= 9#=?> 8?

=+9( *1+=8(

Tmzthcmp 201#1:? 21:#=28 09#:42 2?=#118 0:#8:290+=( *91+=(

Oirfmktp ikdcmitjmr

2?4#>:2 00?#::> 10#?8: 049#?00 1?#1=9

20+0( *24+?(

^mtrg&`jmfhptrx

049#82: 044#::> 2#8=2 0=:#8=9 9?#>20

>+:1( =+>(

Fmticp 00?#>:? 021#94> &9>#84? 049#?09 4#144

&0+0( 9+4(

I}tgfgbhcmpikd ~irtp

292#4?0 20:#9>9 2=#12: 248#1=2 0?#9?8

92+9( *9?+=(

Gtjmrtrikp~grtmy}h~fmkt

8:#41= ::#84? &8#081 80#049 &=#>>2&8+1( &=+9(

Mcm`trgkh`p ==8#41= =20#>88 &01#011 ==8#==9 8>

&1+=( *>+>=(

Fi`jhkmrx 0?2#?:> 0=0#=82 &98#9:: 0?0#==9 ??9

&=+2( *>+29(

Gtjmrfik}ai`t}rm

4?8#>14 4?:#=:8 &4?= 489#1:: 92#124

&>+9( 2+1(

Pg}r`m< Cmm ikd Cmm *2>>=# 8>(+


22/72

Chtmrit}rm Rmqhmw ga ^rmqhg}p Pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI 9=

gkcx firohkiccx# ikd tjmrm irm wmcairm rmd}`thgkp agr RG_# ~rmp}fibcx

ì}pmd bx tridm dhqmrphgk+

Tjm ~mr`mktiom rmt}rkp tg cibgr ikd ì~htic irm pmmk tg hk`rmipm

`gkphdmribcx agr Egrmi hk Tibcm ?# wjhcm tjm rmt}rkp tg cikd ikd kit}ric

rmpg}r`mp aicc+ Agr tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp# tjmrm irm kmochohbcm maam`tp gk

tjm rmt}rkp tg ì~htic ikd cibgr ikd hk`rmipmp hk tjm rmt}rkp tg cikd ikd

kit}ric rmpg}r`mp+ @jikomp hk pm`tgric g}t~}t irm kgtmd hk Tibcm :+ Agr

tjm ~}rm ATI# hk Egrmi# tjmrm irm rmd}`thgkp hk g}t~}t hk rh`m# gtjmr

~rhfirx ~rgd}`tp# d}ribcm fik}ai`t}rmp# ikd b}phkmpp pmrqh`mp+ Agr

tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp# whtj tjm ~}rm ATI# tjmrm hp i qmrx cirom ~mr`mktiom

hk`rmipm hk rh`m g}t~}t ikd dm`chkmp hk fgpt gtjmr pm`tgrp# ip rmpg}r`mp

irm i~~irmktcx pjhatmd tg ~rgd}`hko iddhthgkic rh`m+ _htj rh`m mz`c}dmd#

tjm g}t~}t maam`tp agr Egrmi dg kgt `jikom qmrx f}`j wjhcm tjmrm irm

pficc ~mr`mktiom rmd}`thgkp hk g}t~}t hk fgpt ]+P+ pm`tgrp+ Tjm k}fbmrp

ga Egrmik lgbp oihkmd gr cgpt bx pm`tgr irm rm`grdmd hk Tibcm 8+ Ht i~&

~mirp tjit# whtj tjm ~}rm ATI# Egrmip rh`m mf~cgxfmkt hp pjgwk tg bm

dm`hfitmd# whtj tjm dm`chkm hk mf~cgxfmkt hkdhìtmd tg bm ciromr tjik

tjm hkhthic mf~cgxfmkt+ Bx tjm pifm tgemk# pmqmric ga tjm mf~cgxfmkt

`jikomp hk gtjmr pm`tgrp icpg i~~mir tg bm qmrx p}bptikthic+= Tiemk it

Tibcm 1< Gqmricc _mcairm Rmp}ctp *@jikom hk My}hqicmkt

Qirhithgk(

g}ktrx

mdh}f r}k 2?+=:2 4>+::? =9+?88

mr`mktiom gaOD^

2+=: 0+=9 =+29 1+1>

]khtmd Ptitmp Bhcchgkp gadgccirp

1+02= >+?11 90+180 :+:0=

mr`mktiom gaOD^

>+>= >+>9 >+9> >+>?

Li~ik Bhcchgkp gadgccirp >+4?: 9+1?1 +?>2 9+812

mr`mktiom gaOD^

>+>9 >+>0 >+>9 >+>4

Rmpt ga wgrcd Bhcchgkp gadgccirp

&=+=92 &4+9=0 &8+08> &?+4:0

mr`mktiom gaOD^

&>+>2 &>+>2 &>+>4 &>+>0

Pg}r`m< P`jgtt# Bridagrd# ikd Fgcc *2>>1# 21(+

=+ Tjmrm hp i~~irmktcx i rg}kdhko mrrgr hk Tibcm 8# wjh`j pjgwp kmt `jikomp

hk gqmricc mf~cgxfmkt+ P}`j kmt `jikomp irm r}cmd g}t bmì}pm tjm cibgr

firemt hp p}~~gpmd tg `cmir hk tjm fgdmc+


23/72


ai`m qic}m# tjm ic`}cithgkp p}oompt tjit Egrmi wg}cd mz~mrhmk`m filgr

dhpr}~thgkp hk htp cibgr firemt whtj i ~}rm ATI+

gccgwhko tjmhr gf~}tithgkic ikicxphp rmp}ctp# tjm i}tjgrp pmme tg

hdmkthax tjm emx hpp}mp hk tjm ATI kmogthithgkp+ Agr tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp#

jm emx hpp}mp hk`c}dm Egrmip ~gch`hmp rmoirdhko firemt i``mpp agr i}&

gfgbhcmp ikd bmma# ~jirfi`m}thìc ~rh`hko# ikd hkp}rik`m rmo}cithgkp

agr rmhfb}rpmfmktp+ Emx hpp}mp agr Egrmi hk`c}dm tjm ]+P+ rmpgc}thgk ga

ptmmc ikthd}f~hko ~rgbcmfp# i``mpp tg tjm ]+P+ qhpi wihqmr ~rgorif# ikd

d}tx&armm gqmriom ga cibgr&hktmkphqm ~rgd}`tp ~rgd}`md hk tjm Eimpgko

hkd}ptrhic gf~cmz tjit hkqgcqmp ~irth`h~ithgk whtj Kgrtj Egrmi+ I kic

`gk`mrk tjit hp rihpmd hp wjmtjmr i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI wg}cd p~}r a}rtjmrmaagrtp tg agrom gtjmr bhcitmric ikd rmohgkic tridhko irrikomfmktp hk Mipt

ikd Pg}tjmipt Iphi# mp~m`hiccx ikd fgrm brgidcx hk I^M@# ikd icpg

~rgqhdm ik hf~mt}p f}cthcitmriccx tg rmqhqm tjm _TG Dgji Dmqmcg~fmkt

Iomkdi kmogthithgkp+

@gk`c}phgkp

Hk tjhp `ji~tmr# wm jiqm rmqhmwmd i k}fbmr ga pt}dhmp ga tjm m`gkgfh`

hpp}mp ikd ~gtmkthic maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+ Tjm m`gkgfh` hpp}mp

jiqm bmmk iddrmppmd }phko i ptikdird OTI^ fgdmc tjit ipp}fmp ~mram`t

`gf~mththgk# `gkptikt rmt}rkp tg pìcm# ikd ~rgd}`tp dhpthko}hpjmd bx

~ci`m ga ~rgd}`thgk+ Tjhp cittmr *Irfhkotgk( ipp}f~thgk ohqmp `g}k&

rhmp pgfm dmormm ga fgkg~gcx ~gwmr hk tjmhr tridm# whtj tjm maam`t tjit

Tibcm ?< @jikom hk Rmic Ai`tgr ^rh`mp

Ai`tgr ga~rgd}`thgk

Fmdh}f r}k< @i~htic ptgè zmd gko r}k< i~hti orgwp

h`m mz` }dmd*-(

}rm armmridm

iormmfmkt-(

h`m mz` }dmd-(

}rm armmtridm

iormmfmkt-(

Egrmi

]kpehccmd cibgr 99+4 99+4 91+: 91+2

Pehccmd cibgr 92+: 90+9 9?+> 9?+8

@i~htic 99+8 92+4 ?+> 1+?

Cikd &99+4 &4=+0 &=+9 &4>+8

Kit}ricmpg}r`mp

&?4+> &=?+: &?0+1 &=?+9

]khtmd Ptitmp

]kpehccmd cibgr >+> >+9 +> +9

Pehccmd cibgr &>+9 &>+9 +> +>

@i~htic >+> >+> &>+9 &>+9

Cikd =+: 92+? 1+0 90+1

Kit}ricmpg r`mp

:+? :+1 8+2 8+0



24/72

Chtmrit}rm Rmqhmw ga ^rmqhg}p Pt}dhmp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI 9?

tridm chbmrich|ithgk fix rmp}ct hk p}bptikthic tmrfp&ga&tridm maam`tp tjit

fix kgt bm ictgomtjmr ~ci}phbcm+ Tjm pt}dhmp }pm dhaamrmkt qmrphgkp ga

tjm OTI^ ditibipm# whtj qirxhko `gqmriom ga tjm k}fbmrp ga `g}ktrhmp

gr rmohgkp ikd pm`tgrp+ _jhcm tjm ptikdird OTI^ fgdmc ipp}fmp tjit

mkdgwfmktp ga cibgr ikd ì~htic irm zmd# ht wip kgtmd tjit gkm ga tjm

OTI^ pt}dhmp ~rgqhdmp mpthfitmp ga gqmricc jikomp hk mf~cgxfmkt+ Tjhp

hp kgt ictgomtjmr ~ci}phbcm hk tjm gf~irithqm ptith` arifmwgre+ Ahkiccx#

pmqmric OTI^ pt}dhmp fiem iccgwik`m agr hk`rmipmp hk ì~htic ptgèp hk

grdmr tg i~t}rm ~rmp}fibcx pgfm ga tjm cgko&r}k# dxkifh` jikomp tjit

fix g``}r+ Jgwmqmr# tjm fm`jikhpf agr hktrgd}`hko hk`rmipmd ì~htic

ptgèp dgmp kgt hdmkthax tjm pg}r`mp ikd dmpthkithgkp ga tjm i~htic gwp

tjit irm omkmritmd whtjhk tjm OTI^ arifmwgre+

Tjm fgdmchko rmp}ctp agr `jikomp hk m`gkgfh` wmcairm argf tjm

OTI^ pt}dhmp rmqhmwmd irm p}ffirh|md hk Tibcm 9>+ Tjm ~gphthqm

Tibcm :< @jikom hk G}t~}t

@itmogrx

Pjirm ga g}t~}t

Fmdh}f tmrf gko tmrf

Rh`m

mz`c}dmd

^}rm armm

ridm

ormmfmkt

Rh`m

mz`c}dmd

^}rm armm

tridm

iormmfmkt

Egrmi-(

]khtmdPtitmp*-(

Egrmi*-(

]khtmdPtitmp

-(Egrmi

-(

]khtmdPtitmp*-(

Egrmi*-(

]khtmdPtitmp*-(

Egrmi-(

]khtmdPtitmp

-(

îddx rh`m >+>>?: >+>>>9 &>+? &0+9 &8:+= 49+: 9+8 &0+> &8:+? ?0+0

_ mit >+>>90 >+>>>4 29+? & +9 =?+9 &92+> 24+4 &=+8 2+8 &94+9

Qmomti cmp ikd ar}htp >+>>89 >+>>9= >+0 &>+8 04+= &2+: 90+= &>+8 08+= &2+:

Gtjmr ~rhfirx~rgd}`tp

>+>948 >+>91: &?=+4 1+= &=2+9 += &?1+> 1+8 &=2+? +8

Bmma >+>>2> >+>>4: 99>+4 &>+ 99>+9 &>+: 2>+8 &>+ 929+8 &>+:

Gt mr fmit >+>>44 >+>>08 8=+0 &>+? 8=+ &9+> >=+2 &>+? 9> += &9+>

Dihrx >+>>02 >+>>4? 20+8 &>+9 22+? &>+2 02+= >+> 02+0 &>+9

^rg`mppmd rh`m >+>>1? >+>>>9 :+2 >+> 010+9 &29+9 92+> >+9 0:1+> &2>+8Gtjmr aggd ~rgd}`tp >+>2:0 > +>2:> 8+0 >+0 24+1 >+9 21+> >+4 02+= >+0

Tmzthcmp >+>201 >+>>:9 2+4 &9+4 90+: &9+4 91+? &9+0 :+8 &9+4

_mirhko i~~irmc >+>>:2 >+>>19 2?+1 &>+: 2:+8 &9+> 0>+9 &>+? 09+: &>+:

Cmitjmr ~rgd}`tp >+>>42 >+>>>8 12+9 &9+0 14+1 &9+= 19+= &9+2 14+2 &9+4

@jmfhìcp# r}bbmr#ikd ~cipth` ~rgd}`tp

>+>118 >+>088 &>+4 &>+4 >+= &>+4 4+= &>+4 1+9 &>+4

Hrgk# ptmmc# ikdkgkamrrg}p fmticp

>+>421 >+>949 :+8 &>+8 8+8 &9+> 9=+0 &>+8 ?+4 &9+9

Fgtgr qmjh`cmp >+>444 >+>21> &0+2 &>+0 &2+1 &>+4 &>+: &>+4 >+> &>+4

Gtjmr trikp~grt >+>92: >+>9>: &9=+= &>+= &94+9 &>+? &90+4 &>+1 &99+= &>+?

Mcm`trgkh`my}h~fmkt

>+>?9= > +>981 &9=+? &>+= &9=+2 &>+? &9>+4 &>+? &8+= &>+8

Gt mr fi` hkmrx ikdmy}h~fmkt

>+>??0 >+>408 &90+ &>+= &92+: &>+= &:+? &>+= &?+2 &>+

Gt mr fik}ai`t}rmdoggdp

>+>:>> >+> 84 04+0 &>+? 0=+ &>+? 08+0 &>+? 49+4 &>+?

Tridm ikd trikp~grtpmrqh`mp

>+9942 >+9?49 >+1 >+> +8 >+> =+8 >+> :+> >+>

B}phkmpp pmrqh`mp >+92:2 >+2900 &2+4 >+> &2+4 >+> 2+4 >+> 0+9 >+>

Gtjmr pmrqh`mp >+24:= >+090? >+? >+> >+? >+> 4+0 >+9 4+: >+9

Pg}r`m< P`jgtt# Bridagrd# ikd Fgcc *2>>1# 2?(+


25/72

9: M`gkgfh` Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

wmcairm oihkp agr Egrmi rikom argf >+4 ~mr`mkt tg 0+= ~mr`mkt ga OD^

hk tjm dhaamrmkt pt}dhmp ipp}fhko gf~cmtm bhcitmric tirhaa rmfgqic+ Tjmrmp}ctp irm ciromr ha iccgwik`m hp fidm agr hk`rmipmp hk tjm i~htic ptgè#

whtj hk`rmipmp qirxhko argf 9+88 ~mr`mkt tg 1+1 ~mr`mkt ga OD^ hk tjm

dhaamrmkt pt}dhmp+ _jit ptikdp g}t hk Tibcm 9> hp tjit tjm rmp}ctp gbtihkmd

bx P`jgtt# Bridagrd# ikd Fgcc *2>>1( irm pmqmric thfmp ciromr tjik icc

ga tjm gtjmr pt}dhmp kgtmd+ Ht hp dha`}ct tg }kdmrptikd wjit tjm pg}r`mp

ga tjm dhaamrmk`mp fix bm bmì}pm icc ga tjm pt}dhmp jiqm }pmd tjm pifm

OTI^ fgdmchko arifmwgre ikd i `gffgk ditibipm+

Hk icc pt}dhmp# tjm wmcairm maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI gk tjm ]khtmdtitmp irm qmrx pficc# rikohko argf >+>9 ~mr`mkt ga OD^ tg >+20 ~mr`mkt

ga OD^ agr `gf~cmtm bhcitmric tirhaa rmfgqic ikd argf >+>? ~mr`mkt tg

>+90 ~mr`mkt ga OD^ whtj iccgwik`m agr ik hk`rmipm hk tjm ì~htic ptgè+

z`m~t agr Cmm ikd Cmm *2>>=(# kgkm ga tjm gtjmr pt}dhmp `htmd hk`c}dm

Tibcm 8< K}fbmr ga Egrmik Lgbp Oihkmd gr Cgpt hk tjm Fmdh}f&

mrf P`mkirhg

@itmogrx khthic mf~cgxfmkt Rh`m mz`c}dmd}rm armm tridmiormmfmkt

îddx rh`m 29=#::> &2?#100 &290#?29

_jmit 29#>>> 9#489 9#020

Qmomtibcmp ikd ar}htp 298#81> &1#:98 &2>#>91

Gtjmr ~rhfirx~rgd}`tp

9??#01> &944#=4: &991#?>0

Bmma 4#>:> 4#=>> 4#=19

Gtjmr fmit 9=#24> 94#410 94#?:0

Di rx 22#:>> =#4>4 =#0:9

^rg`mppmd rh`m 2#91> 9?0 ?#80:

Gtjmr aggd ~rgd}`tp 949#:4> 21#8=> 01#>2?

Tmzthcmp 201#91> 2:#:92 04#240_mirhko i~~irmc 9>0#1:> 2:#?98 0>#=:1

Cmitjmr ~rgd}`tp =1#2:> 04#:0? 01#18=

@jmfhìc# r}bbmr# ikd~cipth` ~rgd}`tp

4>?#14> &2#441 4#:82

Hrgk# ptmmc# ikdkgkamrrg}p fmticp

291#81> 9:#442 22#88:

Fgtgr qmjh`cmp 044#4>> &99#>29 &1#=44

Gtjmr trikp~grt 9=2#2:> &20#?=1 &2>#?9>

Mcm`trgkh` my}h~fmkt 098#:>> &=9#4:: &41#189

Gtjmr fi`jhkmrx ikdmy}h~fmkt

111#?2> &89#049 &:>#1?0

Gtjmr fik}ai`t}rmdoggdp

108#>>> 29?#:88 200#20=

Tridm ikd trikp~grtpmrqh`mp

2#>24#>4> 9>#92> =>#1>9

B}p kmpp pmrq mp 2#94=#92> &=0#12: &04#022n

Gtjmr pmrqh`mp 0#:1?#01> 20#2>4 =4#940

Tgtic kmt jikom 2#00= &9#8?=



26/72


chbmrich|ithgk ga pmrqh`mp birrhmrp# iccgwik`m agr tjm maam`tp ga hf~mram`t

`gf~mththgk# ikd i `cmir dmtmrfhkithgk ga tjm mf~cgxfmkt pjhatp tjit iEgrmi&]+P+ ATI fix mkomkdmr+ Ht hp hk tjhp chojt tjit wm kgw t}rk tg g}r

ikicxphp }phko tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc ga _grcd ^rgd}`thgk ikd Tridm tjit

fiemp iccgwik`m agr i k}fbmr ga hf~grtikt rmcithgkpjh~p tjit irm kgt

hk`c}dmd hk tjm pt}dhmp bipmd gk tjm OTI^ arifmwgre+ Ht hp jg~md tjhp

fgdmc whcc mz~ikd tjm }kdmrptikdhko ga tjm m`gkgfh` agr`mp it ~cix hk

mqic}ithko tjm maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI+

Tibcm 9>< @gf~irhpgk ga OTI^ Fgdmchko Rmp}ctp agr M`gkgfh`

_mcairm hk tjm Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt *bhcchgkp ga

dgccirp ikd ~mr`mktiom ga OD^(

mpmir`@gf~irithqm ptith` rmp}ctp

Kg ADH@gf~irithqm ptith` rmp}ctp

Hk` }dhko ADH

@jmgko ikd _iko *9888(

Egrmi $4+: bhcchgk*9+? - ga OD^(

]khtmd Ptitmp $0+? bhcchgk*>+?- ga OD^

F`Dikhmc ikd Agz *2>>9(

Egrmi $0+8 bhcchgk*>+18- ga OD^(

]khtmd Ptitmp $98+1 bhcchgk*>+20- ga OD^(

@jgh ikd P`jgtt *2>>9(

Egrmi $4+9 bhcchgk*>+89- ga OD^(

$9>+8 bhcchgk2+49- ga OD^(

]khtmd Ptitmp $0+: bhcchgk*>+>0- ga OD^(

$:+8 bhcchgk>+90- ga OD^(

@jgh ikd P`jgtt *2>>4(

Egrmi $9+1 bhcchgk*>+0?- ga OD^(

]khtmd Ptitmp $2+? bhcchgk*>+>0- ga OD^(

Cmm ikd Cmm *2>>=(

Egrmi $2+4 bhcchgk*>+42- ga OD^( $1+: bhcchgk9+88- ga OD^(

P`jgtt# Bridagrd# ikd Fgcc *2>>1(

Egrmi $2?+1 bhcchgk*0+=- ga OD^(

$=9+: bhcchgk1+1- ga OD^(

]khtmd Ptitmp $>+: bhcchgk*>+>9- ga OD^(

$:+: bhcchgk>+>?- ga OD^(

Pg}r`m< I}tjgrp diti+

ADH 6 agrmhok dhrm`t hkqmptfmkt


27/72


28/72

29

0@gf~irithqm Ptith` ikd Dxkifh`

Ikicxphp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI

_m rpt dhp`}pp tjm fihk amit}rmp ga tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc ga _grcd

^rgd}`thgk ikd Tridm tjit jip bmmk }pmd agr `gf~}tithgkic ~}r~gpmp+

_m tjmk dhp`}pp tjm bmk`jfire diti }pmd hk tjm fgdmc ikd tjmrmiatmr

~rmpmkt tjm rmp}ctp ga g}r gf~irithqm ptith` ikd dxkifh` gf~}tithgkic

p`mkirhgp+

Gqmrqhmw ga tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc

ga _grcd ^rgd}`thgk ikd Tridm

Tjm qmrphgk ga tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc tjit wm }pm hk tjhp pt}dx `gqmrp 2?

m`gkgfh` pm`tgrp# hk`c}dhko iorh`}ct}rm# fik}ai`t}rmp# ikd pmrqh`mp#

hk mi`j ga 0> `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp+ Tjm dhpthko}hpjhko amit}rm ga tjm

Fh`jhoik Fgdmc hp tjit ht hk`gr~gritmp pgfm ip~m`tp ga tridm whtj hf&~mram`t gf~mththgk# hk`c}dhko hk`rmiphko rmt}rkp tg pìcm# fgkg~gchpth`

`gf~mththgk# ikd ~rgd}`t qirhmtx+ Pgfm dmtihcp agccgw+1 I fgrm gf~cmtm

dmp`rh~thgk ga tjm agrfic ptr}`t}rm ikd my}ithgkp ga tjm fgdmc ìk bm

ag}kd gkchkm+?

1+ Pmm icpg Dmirdgraa ikd Ptmrk *988># 841( ikd Brgwk ikd Ptmrk *98:8i#98:8b(+ Pgfm rmidmrp fix whpj tg peh~ tjm tm`jkhìc dhp`}pphgk ikd fgqmdhrm`tcx tg tjm pm`thgk gk hktmr~rmthko tjm fgdmc rmp}ctp+

?+ Pmm tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc ga _grcd ^rgd}`thgk ikd Tridm# ]khqmr&

phtx ga Fh`jhoik# P`jggc ga ^}bch` ^gch`x# Dm~irtfmkt ga M`gkgfh`p#www+Agrdp`jggc+}fh`j+md}'rphm'fgdmc'+


29/72


Pm`tgrp ikd Firemt Ptr}`t}rm

Ip fmkthgkmd# tjm qmrphgk ga tjm fgdmc tg bm }pmd hk tjhp pt}dx gkphptp

ga 2? ~rgd}`thgk pm`tgrp ikd 0> `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp *~c}p RG_(+ Tjm

pm`tgric ikd g}ktrx gr rmohgk `gqmriom irm hkdhìtmd hk tjm tibcmp bmcgw+Iorh`}ct}rm hp fgdmcmd ip ~mram`tcx gf~mththqm whtj ~rgd}`t dhaamrmkthi&

hgk bx `g}ktrx ga grhohk# ikd icc gtjmr pm`tgrp `gqmrhko fik}ai`t}rmp

ikd pmrqh`mp irm fgdmcmd ip fgkg~gchpthìccx `gf~mththqm+ Mi`j fg&

kg~gchpthìccx `gf~mththqm rf ~rgd}`mp i dhaamrmkthitmd ~rgd}`t ikd

pmtp ~rh`m ip i ~rgt&fizhfh|hko fire}~ ga ~rh`m gqmr firohkic `gpt+

rmm mktrx ikd mzht ga rfp tjmk o}iriktmmp |mrg ~rgtp+

Mz~mkdht}rm

@gkp}fmrp ikd ~rgd}`mrp irm ipp}fmd tg }pm i twg&ptiom ~rg`md}rm tg

iccgìtm mz~mkdht}rm i`rgpp dhaamrmkthitmd ~rgd}`tp+ Hk tjm rpt ptiom#

mz~mkdht}rm hp iccgìtmd i`rgpp oggdp whtjg}t rmoird tg tjm `g}ktrx

ga grhohk gr ~rgd}`hko rf+ It tjhp ptiom# tjm }thchtx a}k`thgk hp @gbb&

g}ocip# ikd tjm ~rgd}`thgk a}k`thgk rmy}hrmp hktmrfmdhitm hk~}tp hk

zmd ~rg~grthgkp+ Hk tjm pm`gkd ptiom# mz~mkdht}rm gk fgkg~gchpthìccx

`gf~mththqm oggdp hp iccgìtmd i`rgpp tjm `gf~mthko qirhmthmp p}~~chmdbx mi`j rf argf icc g}ktrhmp+ Hk tjm ~mram`tcx gf~mththqm iorh`}ct}ric

pm`tgr# bmì}pm hkdhqhd}ic&rf p}~~cx hp hkdmtmrfhkitm# mz~mkdht}rm hp

iccgìtmd gqmr mi`j g}ktrxp pm`tgr ip i wjgcm# whtj hf~mram`t p}bptht}&

hgk bmtwmmk ~rgd}`tp ga dhaamrmkt `g}ktrhmp+

Tjm ioormoithgk a}k`thgk hk tjm pm`gkd ptiom hp i gkptikt mcipth`htx

ga p}bptht}thgk *@MP( a}k`thgk+ ]pm ga tjm @MP a}k`thgk ikd ~rgd}`t

dhaamrmkthithgk bx rf hf~cx tjit gkp}fmr wmcairm hp hk}mk`md bx ikx

rmd}`thgk hk rmic ~rh`mp brg}ojt ibg}t bx tridm chbmrich|ithgk ip wmcc ip bxhk`rmipmd ~rgd}`t qirhmtx+ Tjm mcipth`htx ga p}bptht}thgk ifgko dhaamrmkt

irhmthmp ga i oggd hp ipp}fmd tg bm 0# i qic}m tjit hp brgidcx `gkphptmkt

whtj iqihcibcm mf~hrhìc mpthfitmp+ Tjm ~irifmtmr agr tjm pmkphthqhtx ga

`gkp}fmrp tg tjm k}fbmr ga ~rgd}`t qirhmthmp hp pmt it >+=+:

+ Ha tjm qirhmtx ~irifmtmr hp ormitmr tjik >+=# ht fmikp tjit `gkp}fmrp qic}m

qirhmtx fgrm+ Ha tjm ~irifmtmr hp |mrg# `gkp}fmrp jiqm kg ~rmamrmk`m agr

qirhmtx+ Tjhp hp tjm pifm ip tjm Irfhkotgk ipp}f~thgk# i``grdhko tg wjh`j`gkp}fmrp qhmw ~rgd}`tp ip dhpthko}hpjmd bx `g}ktrx ga ~rgd}`thgk+ Pmkphthq&

htx tmptp ga ictmrkithqm ~irifmtmr qic}mp irm hk`c}dmd hk tjm I~~mkdhz+


30/72

@gf~irithqm Ptith` ikd Dxkifh` Ikicxphp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI 20

^rgd}`thgk

Tjm ~rgd}`thgk a}k`thgk hp pm~iritmd hktg twg ptiomp+ Hk tjm rpt ptiom#

hktmrfmdhitm hk~}tp ikd i ~rhfirx gf~gphtm ga i~htic ikd cibgr irm }pmd

hk zmd ~rg~grthgk tg g}t~}t+8 Hk tjm pm`gkd ptiom# i~htic ikd cibgr irm`gfbhkmd tjrg}oj i @MP a}k`thgk tg agrf tjm ~rhfirx gf~gphtm+ Hk tjm

fgkg~gchpthìccx gf~mththqm pm`tgrp# iddhthgkic zmd hk~}tp ga i~htic

ikd cibgr irm rmy}hrmd+ Ht hp ipp}fmd tjit zmd ì~htic ikd zmd cibgr

irm }pmd hk tjm pifm ~rg~grthgk ip qirhibcm i~htic ikd qirhibcm cibgr pg

tjit ~rgd}`thgk a}k`thgkp irm jgfgtjmth`+ Tjm mcipth`hthmp ga p}bptht}thgk

bmtwmmk ì~htic ikd cibgr qirx i`rgpp pm`tgrp ikd wmrm dmrhqmd argf i

chtmrit}rm pmir`j ga mf~hrhìc mpthfitmp ga pm`tgric p}~~cx mcipth`hthmp+

`gkgfhmp ga pìcm irm dmtmrfhkmd mkdgomkg}pcx hk tjm fgdmc+

P}~~cx rh`mp

Tg dmtmrfhkm my}hchbrh}f ~rh`mp# ~mram`tcx `gf~mththqm rfp g~mritm

p}`j tjit ~rh`m hp my}ic tg firohkic `gpt# wjhcm fgkg~gchpthìccx `gf&

~mththqm rfp fizhfh|m ~rgtp bx pmtthko ~rh`m ip ik g~thfic fire}~

gqmr firohkic gpt+ Tjm k}fbmrp ga rfp hk pm`tgrp }kdmr fgkg~gchpth`

`gf~mththgk irm dmtmrfhkmd bx tjm |mrg ~rgtp gkdhthgk+ Tjm armm mktrx`gkdhthgk hk tjhp gktmzt hp icpg tjm biph` fm`jikhpf tjrg}oj wjh`j kmw

~rgd}`t qirhmthmp irm `rmitmd *gr mchfhkitmd(+ Mi`j ga tjm kmw mktriktp

irrhqmp whtj i dhpthk`tcx dhaamrmkt ~rgd}`t# mz~ikdhko tjm irrix ga oggdp

iqihcibcm tg `gkp}fmrp+

Armm mktrx ikd mzht irm icpg tjm fmikp tjrg}oj wjh`j g}ktrhmp irm

ibcm tg rmich|m tjm p~m`hich|ithgk oihkp argf tridm+ Hk tjhp `gkkm`thgk#

ht ìk bm kgtmd tjit hk i fgdmc whtj kithgkiccx dhaamrmkthitmd ~rgd}`tp#

wjh`j rmchmp gk tjm Irfhkotgk ipp}f~thgk# ~rgd}`thgk ga i ~irth`}cirqirhmtx ga i oggd ìkkgt fgqm argf gkm `g}ktrx tg ikgtjmr+ Hk p}`j i

fgdmc# tjmrm irm oihkp argf mz`jikom b}t kg oihkp argf p~m`hich|ithgk+

Jgwmqmr# hk tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc# whtj dhaamrmkthitmd ~rgd}`tp p}~~chmd

bx fgkg~gchpthìccx gf~mththqm rfp# ~rgd}`thgk ga i ~irth`}cir qirhmtx

hp hktmrkithgkiccx fgbhcm+ I dm`chkm hk tjm k}fbmr ga rfp hk gkm g}ktrx

~ihrmd whtj ik mz~ikphgk hk ikgtjmr mppmkthiccx hf~chmp tjit ~rgd}`thgk

ga gkm qirhmtx ga i oggd hp bmhko rmcgìtmd argf tjm g}ktrx hk wjh`j tjm

k}fbmr ga rfp hp dm`chkhko tg tjm g}ktrx hk wjh`j tjm k}fbmr ga rfp

8+ Hktmrfmdhitm hk~}tp hk`c}dm bgtj dgfmpth` ikd hf~grtmd qirhmthmp+


31/72


hp mz~ikdhko+ Tj}p# wm jiqm bgtj ik mz`jikom oihk ikd i p~m`hich|ithgk

oihk argf hktmrkithgkic tridm+9>

i~htic ikd Cibgr Firemtp

@i~htic ikd cibgr irm ipp}fmd tg bm ~mram`tcx fgbhcm i`rgpp pm`tgrp

whtjhk mi`j `g}ktrx+ Rmt}rkp tg ì~htic ikd cibgr irm dmtmrfhkmd pg ip

g my}itm ai`tgr dmfikd tg ik mzgomkg}p p}~~cx ga mi`j ai`tgr+ Tjm

ioormoitm p}~~chmp ga ì~htic ikd cibgr hk mi`j `g}ktrx irm ipp}fmd tg

rmfihk zmd pg ip tg ibptri`t argf fi`rgm`gkgfh` gkphdmrithgkp *agr

mzif~cm# tjm dmtmrfhkithgk ga hkqmptfmkt(# bmì}pm g}r fh`rgm`gkgfh`

ag`}p hp gk tjm hktmrpm`tgric iccgìthgk ga rmpg}r`mp+

_grcd Firemt ikd Tridm Bicik`m

Tjm wgrcd firemt dmtmrfhkmp my}hchbrh}f ~rh`mp p}`j tjit icc firemtp

`cmir+ Tgtic dmfikd agr mi`j rfp gr pm`tgrp ~rgd}`t f}pt my}ic tgtic

p}~~cx ga tjit ~rgd}`t+ Ht hp icpg ipp}fmd tjit tridm rmfihkp bicik`md

agr mi`j `g}ktrx gr rmohgk# tjit hp# ikx hkhthic tridm hfbicik`m rmfihkp

`gkptikt ip tridm birrhmrp irm `jikomd+ Tjhp hp i``gf~chpjmd bx ~mrfht&

hko ioormoitm mz~mkdht}rm tg idl}pt tg fihktihk i gkptikt tridm bicik`m+Tj}p# wm ibptri`t iwix argf tjm fi`rgm`gkgfh` agr`mp ikd ~gch`hmp

jit irm tjm fihk dmtmrfhkiktp ga tridm hfbicik`mp+ A}rtjmr# ht pjg}cd bm

kgtmd tjit tjmrm irm kg kgfhkic rhohdhthmp hk tjm fgdmc+ Ip i gkpmy}mk`m#

jmrm hp kg rgcm agr i rmic mz`jikom ritm fm`jikhpf+

Tridm ^gch`hmp ikd Rmkt gr Rmqmk}mp

m jiqm hk`gr~gritmd hktg tjm fgdmc tjm hf~grt tirhaa ritmp ikd mz~grtizmp gr p}bphdhmp ip ~gch`x hk~}tp tjit irm i~~chìbcm tg tjm bhcitmric

ridm ga tjm qirhg}p g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp whtj rmp~m`t tg mi`j gtjmr+ Tjmpm

jiqm bmmk `gf~}tmd }phko tjm OTI^&1+> 2>>9 Ditibipm ~rgqhdmd hk

hfirikik ikd F`Dg}oicc *2>>=(+ Tjm mz~grt birrhmrp jiqm bmmk mp&

hfitmd ip mz~grt&tiz my}hqicmktp+ _m ipp}fm tjit rmqmk}mp argf bgtj

9>+ Tjm hktmrkithgkic rmcgìthgk ga i ~irth`}cir qirhmtx ga i oggd ìk bm

}kdmrptggd hk tjm `gktmzt ga tjm gkoghko g}tpg}r`hko dmbitm+ Dgfmpth` rfprmy}hrm hktmrfmdhitm hk~}tp hk iddhthgk tg ì~htic ikd cibgr+ Tg tjm mztmkt

jit tirhaa rmd}`thgk cmidp i rf tg p}bptht}tm tgwird tridmd hktmrfmdhitmhk~}tp# dgfmpth` rfp ìk bm tjg}ojt ga ip g}tpg}r`hko pgfm `gf~gkmkt ga

~rgd}`thgk+ Tjhp hp ~irth`}circx tjm ìpm ha tjmrm hp i dm`chkm hk tjm k}fbmr gadgfmpth` rfp hk tjm pm`tgr argf wjh`j hktmrfmdhitm hk~}tp irm ~}r`jipmd

ikd ik mz~ikphgk hk tjm p}~~chmr `g}ktrx+


32/72

@gf~irithqm Ptith` ikd Dxkifh` Ikicxphp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI 2=

hf~grt tirhaap ikd mz~grt tizmp# ip wmcc ip rmktp argf KTBp gk mz~grtp#

irm rmdhptrhb}tmd tg `gkp}fmrp hk tjm tirhaa& gr tiz&cmqxhko `g}ktrx ikd

irm p~mkt chem ikx gtjmr hk`gfm+

Tirhaa chbmrich|ithgk ìk iaam`t m`gkgfh` ma`hmk`x tjrg}oj tjrmm

fihk `jikkmcp+ Ahrpt# hk tjm `gktmzt ga ptikdird tridm tjmgrx# tirhaa rm&

d}`thgkp rmd}`m tjm `gpt ga hf~grtp agr `gkp}fmrp ikd agr ~rgd}`mrp

~}r`jiphko tridmd hktmrfmdhitm hk~}tp# tj}p ~rgd}`hko ik mz`jikom oihk+

m`gkd# tirhaa rmfgqic cmidp rfp tg dhrm`t rmpg}r`mp tgwird tjgpm pm`tgrp

tjit jiqm tjm ormitmpt qic}m gk tjm wgrcd firemt+ Tjit hp# wm jiqm tjm

ptikdird p~m`hich|ithgk oihk+ Tjhrd# tirhaa rmd}`thgkp jiqm i ~rg&`gf~mth&

thqm maam`t gk pmccmrp+ Hk`rmipmd ~rh`m ~rmpp}rm argf hf~grtmd qirhmthmp

agr`mp hk`}fbmkt rfp tg `}t ~rh`m+ P}rqhqhko rfp rmfihk qhibcm bx

mz~ikdhko g}t~}t# tjmrmbx fgqhko dgwk tjmhr iqmriom tgtic gpt *IT@(

`}rqm+ Tjm gkpmy}mkt cgwmr IT@ ga ~rgd}`thgk rmitmp oihkp argf tjm

rmich|ithgk ga m`gkgfhmp ga pìcm+

Fgdmc @cgp}rm ikd Hf~cmfmktithgk

_m ipp}fm hk tjm fgdmc tjit ioormoitm mz~mkdht}rm qirhmp mkdgomkg}pcx

tg jgcd ioormoitm mf~cgxfmkt gkptikt+ Tjhp cgp}rm hp ikicgog}p tg tjm

gjikpmk cgp}rm r}cm *Dmirdgraa ikd Ptmrk 988># 2?28(+ Tjm Lgjikpmk

`cgp}rm r}cm `gkphptp ga emm~hko tjm rmy}hrmfmkt ga a}cc mf~cgxfmkt

wjhcm drg~~hko tjm gkp}f~thgk a}k`thgk+ Tjhp fmikp tjit gkp}f~thgk

ìk bm tjg}ojt ga ip idl}pthko mkdgomkg}pcx tg mkp}rm a}cc mf~cgxfmkt+

Jgwmqmr# hk tjm ~rmpmkt fgdmc# wm dg kgt dhpthko}hpj gkp}f~thgk argf

gtjmr pg}r`mp ga kic dmfikd+ Tjit hp# wm ipp}fm hkptmid tjit tgtic

mz~mkdht}rm idl}ptp tg fihktihk a}cc mf~cgxfmkt+

Tjm fgdmc hp pgcqmd }phko OMFÎ@E *Jirrhpgk ikd ^mirpgk

9881(+ _jmk ~gch`x jikomp irm hktrgd}`md hktg tjm fgdmc# tjm fmtjgd

ga pgc}thgk xhmcdp ~mr`mktiom `jikomp hk pm`tgric mf~cgxfmkt ikd `mr&

tihk gtjmr qirhibcmp ga hktmrmpt+ F}cth~cxhko tjm ~mr`mktiom `jikomp bx

tjm ibpgc}tm cmqmcp ga tjm ~mrthkmkt qirhibcmp hk tjm ditibipm xhmcdp tjm

ibpgc}tm jikomp# ~gphthqm gr kmoithqm# tjit fhojt rmp}ct argf tjm qirhg}p

chbmrich|ithgk p`mkirhgp+

Hktmr~rmthko tjm Fgdmchko Rmp}ctpTg jmc~ tjm rmidmr hktmr~rmt tjm fgdmchko rmp}ctp# ht hp }pma}c tg rmqhmw tjm

amit}rmp ga tjm fgdmc tjit pmrqm tg hdmkthax tjm qirhg}p m`gkgfh` maam`tp

tg bm rmm`tmd hk tjm dhaamrmkt i~~chìthgkp ga tjm fgdmc+ Ictjg}oj tjm

fgdmc hk`c}dmp tjm iagrmfmkthgkmd amit}rmp ga hf~mram`t `gf~mththgk#


33/72


ht rmfihkp tjm ipm tjit firemtp rmp~gkd tg tridm chbmrich|ithgk hk f}`j

jm pifm wix tjit tjmx wg}cd whtj ~mram`t `gf~mththgk+ Tjit hp# wjmk

irhaap gr gtjmr tridm birrhmrp irm rmd}`md hk i pm`tgr# dgfmpth` b}xmrp

*bgtj kic ikd hktmrfmdhitm( p}bptht}tm tgwird hf~grtp# ikd tjm dgfmpth`

`gf~mthko hkd}ptrx gktri`tp ~rgd}`thgk wjhcm agrmhok mz~grtmrp mz~ikd+

Tj}p# hk tjm ìpm ga f}cthcitmric chbmrich|ithgk tjit rmd}`mp tirhaap ikd

gtjmr tridm birrhmrp phf}ctikmg}pcx hk fgpt pm`tgrp ikd `g}ktrhmp# mi`j

`g}ktrxp hkd}ptrhmp pjirm hk bgtj ga tjmpm maam`tp# mz~ikdhko gr gktri`t&

hko dm~mkdhko ~rhfirhcx gk wjmtjmr tjmhr ~rgtm`thgk hp rmd}`md fgrm gr

cmpp tjik hk gtjmr pm`tgrp ikd `g}ktrhmp+

grcdwhdm# tjmpm `jikomp ì}pm hk`rmipmd hktmrkithgkic dmfikd

agr icc pm`tgrp+ _grcd ~rh`mp hk`rmipm fgpt agr tjgpm pm`tgrp wjmrm tridm

birrhmrp aicc tjm fgpt+99 Tjhp hk t}rk ì}pmp `jikomp hk `g}ktrhmp tmrfp

ga tridm tjit ìk bm ~gphthqm gr kmoithqm+ Tjgpm `g}ktrhmp tjit irm kmt

mz~grtmrp ga oggdp whtj tjm ormitmpt dmormm ga chbmrich|ithgk whcc mz~mrh&

mk`m hk`rmipmp hk tjmhr tmrfp ga tridm# ip tjm wgrcd ~rh`mp ga tjmhr mz~grtp

rhpm rmcithqm tg tjmhr hf~grtp+ Tjm rmqmrpm g``}rp agr kmt mz~grtmrp hk

hkd}ptrhmp wjmrm chbmrich|ithgk hp pchojt# ~mrji~p bmì}pm ht fix icrmidx

jiqm tiemk ~ci`m hk ~rmqhg}p tridm rg}kdp+

Tjm maam`tp gk tjm wmcairm ga `g}ktrhmp irhpm argf i fhzt}rm gajmpm tmrfp&ga&tridm maam`tp# tgomtjmr whtj tjm ptikdird ma`hmk`x oihkp

argf tridm ikd icpg argf iddhthgkic bmkmtp gwhko tg tjm rmich|ithgk

ga m`gkgfhmp ga pìcm+ Tj}p# wm mz~m`t gk iqmriom tjit tjm wgrcd whcc

oihk argf f}cthcitmric chbmrich|ithgk# ip rmpg}r`mp irm rmiccgìtmd tg

jgpm pm`tgrp hk mi`j `g}ktrx wjmrm tjmrm hp i `gf~irithqm idqiktiom+

Hk tjm ibpmk`m ga tmrfp&ga&tridm maam`tp# tjmpm ma`hmk`x oihkp pjg}cd

rihpm kithgkic wmcairm fmip}rmd bx tjm my}hqicmkt qirhithgk agr mqmrx

`g}ktrx#92

ictjg}oj pgfm ai`tgr gwkmrp whtjhk i `g}ktrx fix cgpm# ipwhcc bm kgtmd bmcgw+ Jgwmqmr# ht hp ~gpphbcm agr i ~irth`}cir `g}ktrx

wjgpm kmt hf~grtp irm `gk`mktritmd hk pm`tgrp whtj tjm ormitmpt chbmr&

ich|ithgk tg cgpm gqmricc# ha tjm wgrpmkhko ga htp tmrfp ga tridm pwif~p

jmpm ma`hmk`x oihkp+

99+ Tjm ~rh`m ga iorh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp p}~~chmd bx tjm rmpt ga tjm wgrcd hpiemk ip tjm k}fmrihrm hk tjm fgdmc# ikd tjmrm hp i RG_ ioihkpt wjh`j icc

gtjmr ~rh`mp ìk rhpm+

92+ Tjm my}hqicmkt qirhithgk hp i fmip}rm ga tjm ifg}kt ga hk`gfm tjit

wg}cd jiqm tg bm ohqmk gr tiemk iwix argf ik m`gkgfx bmagrm i `jikom

hk ~gch`x hk grdmr tg cmiqm tjm m`gkgfx ip wmcc gaa ip ht wg}cd bm iatmr tjm~gch`x `jikom jip tiemk ~ci`m+ Ha tjm my}hqicmkt qirhithgk hp ~gphthqm# ht hp

hkdhìthqm ga ik hf~rgqmfmkt hk m`gkgfh` wmcairm rmp}cthko argf tjm ~gch`x`jikom+


34/72

@gf~irithqm Ptith` ikd Dxkifh` Ikicxphp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ ATI 2?

Hk `gktript# ictjg}oj tridm whtj hf~mram`t `gf~mththgk hp ~mrji~p

bmpt ekgwk agr hktrgd}`hko rmipgkp wjx `g}ktrhmp fix cgpm argf tridm#

i`t}iccx htp ormitmpt gktrhb}thgk hp tg mz~ikd tjm chpt ga rmipgkp agr oihkp

argf tridm+ Tj}p# hk tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc# tridm chbmrich|ithgk ~mrfhtp icc

`g}ktrhmp tg mz~ikd tjmhr mz~grt pm`tgrp it tjm pifm thfm tjit icc pm`tgrp

`gf~mtm fgrm cgpmcx whtj i ciromr k}fbmr ga gf~mthko qirhmthmp argf

ibrgid+ Ip i rmp}ct# g}ktrhmp ip i wjgcm oihk argf cgwmr gptp gwhko tg

hk`rmiphko rmt}rkp tg pìcm# cgwmr fgkg~gcx dhptgrthgkp gwhko tg ormitmr

`gf~mththgk# ikd rmd}`md `gptp gr hk`rmipmd }thchtx *gr bgtj( gwhko tg

ormitmr ~rgd}`t qirhmtx+ Icc ga tjmpm maam`tp fiem ht fgrm chemcx tjit

`g}ktrhmp whcc oihk argf chbmrich|ithgk hk wixp tjit irm pjirmd i`rgpp

tjm mkthrm ~g~}cithgk+90

Tjm qirhg}p maam`tp l}pt dmp`rhbmd hk tjm `gktmzt ga f}cthcitmric

tridm chbmrich|ithgk whcc icpg tiem ~ci`m wjmk tjmrm hp }khcitmric tridm

chbmrich|ithgk# ictjg}oj tjmpm maam`tp whcc dm~mkd gk tjm fiokht}dmp ga

tjm chbmrich|ithgk hk rmcithgk tg tjm ~ittmrkp ga tridm ikd tjm ~rh`m ikd

g}t~}t rmp~gkpmp hkqgcqmd bmtwmmk tjm chbmrich|hko g}ktrx ikd htp trid&

hko ~irtkmrp+ Phfhcircx# fikx ga tjm maam`tp dmp`rhbmd whcc tiem ~ci`m whtj

tjm agrfithgk ga bhcitmric gr rmohgkic ATIp+ B}t hk tjmpm ìpmp# tjmrm

fix bm tridm `rmithgk ikd ~gphthqm maam`tp gk tjm m`gkgfh` wmcairm gaATI fmfbmr g}ktrhmp tgomtjmr whtj tridm dhqmrphgk ikd kmoithqm maam`tp

gk tjm m`gkgfh` wmcairm ga kgkfmfbmr `g}ktrhmp+ Tjm kmt maam`tp gk

m`gkgfh` wmcairm agr hkdhqhd}ic g}ktrhmp ikd ocgbiccx whcc tj}p dm~mkd

gk tjm m`gkgfh` `hr`}fptik`mp ikd ~gch`x `jikomp hf~cmfmktmd+94

90+ Hk ~mram`tcx `gf~mththqm tridm fgdmcp p}`j ip tjm Jmèp`jmr&Gjchk

Fgdmc# gkm mz~m`tp `g}ktrhmp ip i wjgcm tg oihk argf tridm# b}t tjm gwkmrp ga

gkm ai`tgrtjm pìr`m ai`tgrirm mz~m`tmd tg cgpm tjrg}oj tjm fm`ji&khpf rpt mz~cgrmd bx Ptgc~mr ikd Pif}mcpgk *9849(+ Tjm iddhthgkic pg}r`mp

ga oihk argf tridm ì}pmd bx hk`rmiphko rmt}rkp tg pìcm# `gf~mththgk# ikd~rgd}`t qirhmtx# jgwmqmr# irm pjirmd i`rgpp ai`tgrp# ikd wm rg}thkmcx kd hk

g}r @OM fgdmchko tjit bgtj cibgr ikd ì~htic oihk argf f}cthcitmric tridm

chbmrich|ithgk+

94+ Ht fix bm kgtmd tjit# hk i fgdmc ga ~mram`t `gf~mththgk# bhcitmric tridm

chbmrich|ithgk pjg}cd jiqm tjm maam`t ga `gktri`thko tridm whtj tjm mz`c}dmd`g}ktrhmp# tjmrmbx hf~rgqhko tjm tmrfp ga tridm agr tjm ATI fmfbmrp qhp&

&qhp tjm RG_+ B}t hk i fgdmc whtj pìcm m`gkgfhmp# tjm ~rg&`gf~mththqmmaam`t ga tridm chbmrich|ithgk ìk omkmritm i `}t hk ~rh`m ikd hk`rmipm hk p}~~cx

tg mz`c}dmd `g}ktrhmp+ Tjm tmrfp ga tridm ga ATI fmfbmrp fix tjmrmagrm

dmtmrhgritm hk tjhp mqmkt+ Ht pjg}cd icpg bm fmkthgkmd tjit r}cmp ga grhohk fixgaapmt pgfm ga tjm ~gtmkthic wmcairm bmkmtp ga ATIp hkpgair ip tjmx fix cmid

tg jhojmr hk~}t `gptp ikd `gkpmy}mkt rmd}`thgk ga ATI ~rmamrmk`m firohkp*Erhpjki 2>>1(+


35/72

2: M`gkgfh` Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

Hk tjm rmic wgrcd# icc ga tjm qirhg}p maam`tp g``}r gqmr thfm# pgfm

ga tjmf fgrm y}hècx tjik gtjmrp+ Jgwmqmr# tjm Fh`jhoik Fgdmc hp

ptith` hk tjm pmkpm tjit ht hp bipmd }~gk i phkocm pmt ga my}hchbrh}f gkdh&

hgkp ritjmr tjik rmcithgkpjh~p tjit qirx gqmr thfm+9= Tjm fgdmc rmp}ctp

jmrmagrm rmamr tg i thfm jgrh|gk tjit dm~mkdp gk tjm ipp}f~thgkp fidm

ibg}t wjh`j qirhibcmp dg ikd dg kgt idl}pt tg `jikohko firemt `gkdh&

hgkp# ikd gk tjm pjgrt& gr cgko&r}k kit}rm ga tjmpm idl}ptfmktp+ Bmì}pm

jm p}~~cx ikd dmfikd mcipth`hthmp }pmd hk tjm fgdmc rmm`t rmcithqmcx

cgko&r}k idl}ptfmktp ikd ht hp ipp}fmd tjit firemtp agr bgtj cibgr ikd

ì~htic `cmir whtjhk `g}ktrhmp#91 tjm fgdmchko rmp}ctp irm i~~rg~rhitm agr

i rmcithqmcx cgko thfm jgrh|gk ga pmqmric xmirp~mrji~p twg gr tjrmm it

i fhkhf}f+ Gk tjm gtjmr jikd# tjm fgdmc dgmp kgt iccgw agr tjm qmrx

cgko&r}k idl}ptfmktp tjit `g}cd g``}r tjrg}oj ì~htic i``}f}cithgk#

~g~}cithgk orgwtj# ikd tm`jkgcgohìc `jikom+ Tjm fgdmchko rmp}ctp

pjg}cd tjmrmagrm bm hktmr~rmtmd ip bmhko p}~mrhf~gpmd }~gk cgkomr&r}k

orgwtj ~itjp ga tjm m`gkgfhmp hkqgcqmd+ Tg tjm mztmkt tjit tjmpm orgwtj

~itjp tjmfpmcqmp fix bm hk}mk`md bx tridm chbmrich|ithgk# tjmrmagrm#

jm fgdmc dgmp kgt ì~t}rm p}`j maam`tp+

Bmk`jfire Ditimmdcmpp tg pix# tjm diti kmmdp ga tjhp fgdmc irm hffmkpm+ I~irt argf

k}fmrg}p pjirm ~irifmtmrp# tjm fgdmc rmy}hrmp qirhg}p tx~mp ga mcipth`&

htx fmip}rmp+ Ip agr gtjmr @OM fgdmcp# fgpt ga g}r diti `gfm argf

~}bchpjmd pg}r`mp+

9=+ Ip kgtmd ibgqm# fi`rgm`gkgfh` cgp}rm hk tjm fgdmc hkqgcqmp tjm my}hq&icmkt ga jiqhko mz~mkdht}rm my}ic tg tjm p}f ga mirkmd hk`gfmp ~c}p rmdhptrhb&}tmd kmt tiz rmqmk}mp+ Jgwmqmr# tjm i`t}ic pgc}thgk hp ittihkmd hkdhrm`tcx# b}t

my}hqicmktcx# bx hf~gphko i |mrg `jikom hk tjm tridm bicik`m+ Bmì}pm tjm

fgdmc iccgwp agr icc kmt tiz ikd tirhaa rmqmk}mp tg bm rmdhptrhb}tmd tg `gkp}f&mrp# wjmk tirhaap irm rmd}`md whtj tridm chbmrich|ithgk# tjm fgdmc hf~ch`htcx

hf~gpmp i kgkdhptgrthko tiz tg rm`g}~ tjm cgpp hk tirhaa rmqmk}mp+

91+ Tjm ikicxphp hk tjm fgdmc ipp}fmp tjrg}ojg}t tjit tjm ioormoitm# m`gkg&

fx&whdm cmqmc ga mf~cgxfmkt hp jmcd `gkptikt hk mi`j `g}ktrx+ Tjm maam tp ga

ridm chbmrich|ithgk irm tjmrmagrm kgt ~mrfhttmd tg `jikom ikx `g}ktrxp gqmr&icc ritmp ga mf~cgxfmkt gr }kmf~cgxfmkt+ Tjhp ipp}f~thgk hp fidm bmì}pm

gqmricc mf~cgxfmkt hp dmtmrfhkmd bx fi`rgm`gkgfh` agr`mp ikd ~gch`hmpjit irm kgt `gktihkmd hk tjm fgdmc ikd wg}cd kgt tjmfpmcqmp bm hk`c}dmd

hk i kmogthitmd tridm iormmfmkt+ Tjm ag`}p hkptmid hp gk tjm `gf~gphthgk gamf~cgxfmkt i`rgpp pm`tgrp ip dmtmrfhkmd bx tjm fh`rgm`gkgfh` hktmri`thgkp

ga p}~~cx ikd dmfikd rmp}cthko argf tjm chbmrich|ithgk ga tridm+


36/72


Tjm fihk diti pg}r`m }pmd hk tjm fgdmc hp tjm OTI^&1+> Ditibipm

ga tjm ^}rd}m ]khqmrphtx @mktmr agr Ocgbic Tridm Ikicxphp ^rglm`t

*Dhfirikik ikd F`Dg}oicc 2>>=(+ Tjm rmamrmk`m xmir agr tjhp OTI^

ditibipm hp 2>>9+ Argf tjhp pg}r`m# wm jiqm mztri`tmd tjm agccgwhko

diti# ioormoitmd tg g}r pm`tgrp ikd `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp# dm`gf~gpmd

hktg 2? pm`tgrp+ Tridm whtj RG_ hp hk`c}dmd tg `cgpm tjm fgdmc5

Hk~}t&g}t~}t tibcmp agr tjm 0> `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp# mz`c}dhko

RG_5

@gf~gkmktp ga kic dmfikd icgko whtj pm`tgric `gktrhb}thgkp

agr tjm 0> `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp# mz`c}dhko RG_5

Orgpp qic}m ga g}t~}t ikd qic}m iddmd it tjm pm`tgric cmqmc agr tjm

0> `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp# mz`c}dhko RG_5

Bhcitmric hf~grt tirhaap bx pm`tgr ifgko tjm 0> `g}ktrhmp gr

rmohgkp5

cipth`htx ga p}bptht}thgk bmtwmmk `i~htic ikd cibgr bx pm`tgr5 ikd

Bhcitmric mz~grt&tiz my}hqicmktp ifgko tjm 0> `g}ktrhmp gr rm&ohgkp# dm`gf~gpmd hktg 2? pm`tgrp+

Tjm fgkg~gchpth`iccx `gf~mththqm firemt ptr}`t}rm hk tjm kgkio&

rh`}ct}ric pm`tgrp ga tjm fgdmc hf~gpmp ik iddhthgkic diti rmy}hrmfmkt

ga mf~cgxfmkt ikd tjm k}fbmrp ga rfp it tjm pm`tgric cmqmc+ Tjmpm

diti jiqm bmmk idi~tmd argf i qirhmtx ga ~}bchpjmd pg}r`mp# ip whcc bm

kgtmd bmcgw+

Tjm OTI^&1+> 2>>9 ditibipm jip bmmk ~rglm`tmd tg tjm xmir 2>2>#

wjh`j hp wjmk wm ipp}fm tjit tjm Dgji Rg}kd `}rrmktcx }kdmr wix

whcc jiqm bmmk gf~cmtmd ikd a}ccx hf~cmfmktmd+ Hk tjhp gkkm`thgk# wm

mztri~gcitmd tjm cibgr iqihcibhchtx hk dhaamrmkt g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp bx ik

ikk}ic iqmriom wmhojtmd ~g~}cithgk orgwtj ritm tjit qirhmp bx g}ktrx gr

rmohgk+9? Icc gtjmr filgr qirhibcmp jiqm bmmk ~rglm`tmd# }phko ik iqmr&

iom wmhojtmd orgwtj ritm ga OD^ ga 0+9 ~mr`mkt+ Hk tjm `gf~}tithgkic

p`mkirhgp tg bm ~rmpmktmd bmcgw# wm }pm tjmpm mztri~gcitmd diti ip tjm

9? Tjm orgwtj ~rglm`thgk ga cibgr agr`m argf 2>>9 tg 2>2> hp gbtihkmd argf

]+P+ @mkp}p B}rmi}# Hktmrkithgkic Diti Bipm P}ffirx Dmfgori~jh` Ditiagr Tihwik ikd ]khtmd Kithgkp5 ikd _grcd ^g~}cithgk ^rgp~m`tp *tjm 2>>4 rm&

qhphgk# fmdh}f qirhikt# jtt~


37/72

0> M`gkgfh` Maam`tp ga i Egrmi&]+P+ Armm Tridm Iormmfmkt

ptirthko ~ghkt tg ìrrx g}t g}r chbmrich|ithgk p`mkirhgp agr tjm bhcitmric

grmi&]+P+ ATI ikd agr tjm i``gf~ikxhko }khcitmric ikd ocgbic armm

ridm p`mkirhgp+

Hk tjm OTI^&1+> 2>>9 ditibipm# tjm birrhmrp gk iorh`}ct}ric ~rgd}`tp

`gkphpt ga hf~grt tirhaap# mz~grt p}bphdhmp gr tizmp# ikd dgfmpth` p}~~grt+

Tirhaap gk aggd ikd iorh`}ct}rm `gfm argf tjm _TG Iorh`}ct}ric Tridm

gch`x Ditibipm# wjh`j hp bipmd gk tjm Iorh`}ct}ric Firemt I``mpp

itibipm+ Dgfmpth` p}~~grt diti irm bipmd gk tjm ~rgd}`mr p}~~grt

mpthfitmp agr Groikh|ithgk agr M`gkgfh` @gg~mrithgk ikd Dmqmcg~fmkt

*GM@D( `g}ktrhmp ikd hk~}t&g}t~}t tibcmp agr kgk&GM@D `g}ktrhmp ha

diti irm iqihcibcm+ Tirhaap gk fmr`jikdhpm `gfm argf tjm _grcd Hktm&

oritmd Tridm Pgc}thgkp pxptmf ga tjm _grcd Bike ikd ]khtmd Kithgkp

@gkamrmk`m gk Tridm ikd Dmqmcg~fmkt *]K@TID(+ Tg hk`gr~gritm tjm

hf~cmfmktithgk ga tjm Dgji Rg}kd# tjm OTI^&1+> 2>>9 ditibipm jip

bmmk idl}ptmd }phko tjm tirhaa&`}tthko p`mkirhg ~rgqhdmd bx OTI +9: Tjm

hf~cmfmktithgk ga tjm Dgji Rg}kd fmikp tjit dmqmcg~md g}ktrhmp }t

iorh`}ct}ric ~rgtm`thgk bx tjm ~mr`mktiomp p~m`hmd hk tjm Dgji Dmqmcg~&

fmkt Iomkdi# ikd icc `g}ktrhmp irm ipp}fmd tg idg~t => ~mr`mkt tirhaa

`}tp agr kgkiorh`}ct}ric oggdp ikd fik}ai`t}rmp+

Tjm pmrqh`mp birrhmrp irm bipmd gk kik`hic diti gk iqmriom orgpp*~rh`m&`gpt( firohkp `gkptr}`tmd hkhthiccx bx Jgmefik *2>>>( ikd

idi~tmd agr fgdmchko ~}r~gpmp hk Brgwk# Dmirdgraa# ikd Ptmrk *2>>2#

>>0(+ Tjm orgpp g~mrithko firohkp irm ìc`}citmd ip tjm dhaamrmk`mp

bmtwmmk tgtic rmqmk}mp ikd tgtic g~mrithko `gptp ikd irm ~rmp}fmd tg

rmm`t tjm birrhmrp gk tjm qirhg}p fgdmp ga pmrqh`mp trikpi`thgkp+ Pgfm

ga tjmpm dhaamrmk`mp irm ~rmp}fibcx ittrhb}tibcm tg zmd `gptp+ Ohqmk

jit tjm orgpp g~mrithko firohkp qirx i`rgpp `g}ktrhmp# i ~grthgk ga tjm

firohk ik bm ittrhb}tmd hk ~irth`}cir tg birrhmrp tg ADH+ Agr tjhp ~}r~gpm#i bmk`jfire hp pmt agr mi`j pm`tgr hk rmcithgk tg tjm `g}ktrx whtj tjm

pficcmpt orgpp g~mrithko firohk# gk tjm ipp}f~thgk tjit g~mrithgkp hk

jm bmk`jfire `g}ktrx ìk bm `gkphdmrmd tg bm armmcx g~mk tg agrmhok

rfp+ Tjm mz`mpp hk ikx gtjmr `g}ktrx ibgqm tjhp cgwmpt bmk`jfire hp

jmk tiemk tg bm d}m tg birrhmrp tg mptibchpjfmkt bx agrmhok rfp+

Tjit hp# tjm birrhmr hp fgdmcmd ip tjm `gpt hk`rmipm ittrhb}tibcm tg

ik hk`rmipm hk zmd `gpt bgrkm bx f}cthkithgkic `gr~grithgkp ittmf~t&

hko tg mptibchpj ik mktmr~rhpm cgìccx hk i jgpt `g}ktrx+ Tjhp ibptri`tpargf tjm ~gpphbhchtx tjit zmd gptp fix dhaamr ifgko rfp bmì}pm ga

9:+ Agr fgrm dmtihc# pmm OTI^ 1 Diti Bipm whtj Dgji P`mkirhgp Diti#

}rd}m ]khqmrphtx# OTI^# jtt~p


38/72


qirhithgkp hk firemt ph|m# dhptik`m argf jmidy}irtmrp# ikd gtjmr ai`tgrp+

Ht hp a}rtjmr ipp}fmd tjit tjhp `gpt hk`rmipm ìk bm hktmr~rmtmd ip ik id

qicgrmf my}hqicmkt tirhaa gk pmrqh`mp trikpi`thgkp omkmriccx+ Tjm pmrqh`mp

birrhmrp bipmd gk Jgmefik *2>>>( irm `gkphdmribcx jhojmr tjik tjm

hf~grt birrhmrp gk fik}ai`t}rmp ikd rmm`t tjm ai`t tjit fikx pmrqh`mp

pm`tgrp irm jhojcx rmo}citmd ikd tjmrmagrm fix rmptrihk hktmrkithgkic

pmrqh`mp trikpi`thgkp `gkphdmribcx+ Kgkmtjmcmpp# ip kgtmd# bmì}pm ga

tjm qirhithgkp tjit mzhpt hk zmd `gptp# ht hp ~gpphbcm tjit tjm Jgmefik

pmrqh`mp birrhmrp fix bm gqmrptitmd+ _m jiqm i``grdhkocx rmd}`md tjmpm

birrhmrp bx => ~mr`mkt agr fgdmchko ~}r~gpmp+ Tjmpm pmrqh`mp birrhmrp agr

tjm ]khtmd Ptitmp ikd Egrmi irm pjgwk hk Tibcm 99 ikd Tibcm 92+

f~cgxfmkt diti# dmkmd ip cibgr agr`m *CAh(# wmrm gbtihkmd argf

Fhkhptrx ga Jgfm Iaaihrp *2>>0( agr Hkdhi# @g}k`hc agr M`gkgfh` cik&

khko ikd Dmqmcg~fmkt *2>>1( agr Tihwik# ikd _grcd Bike *2>>1( agr

gtjmr `g}ktrhmp gr rmohgkp+ Bmì}pm mf~cgxfmkt diti irm kgt iqihcibcm

it tjm pm`tgric cmqmc# wm mpthfitmd tjm pm`tgric mf~cgxfmkt pjirm# }phko

tjm citmpt iqihcibcm diti argf ]KHDG *2>>1( agr fik}ai`t}rhko ikd argf

HCG *2>>1( agr kgkfik}ai`t}rhko pm`tgrp+ F}cth~cxhko tjm pjirm bx tjm

tgtic cibgr agr`m *tjit hp#CAhp (# wm mpthfitmd tjm pm`tgric mf~cgxfmkt

diti+ Mf~cgxfmkt hk tjm iorh`}ct}ric pm`tgr wip a}rtjmr dm`gf~gpmd hktg9> dmtihcmd iorh`}ct}ric pm`tgrp# }phko tjm cibgr mkdgwfmkt diti hk tjm

OTI^&1+> 2>>9 ditibipm *tjit hp# tjm mf~cgxfmkt wip dm`gf~gpmd bx

tjm cibgr mkdgwfmkt pjirmp(+

Diti gk tjm k}fbmr ga rfp wmrm gbtihkmd argf ]KHDG *2>>1(+ Ha

tjm k}fbmr ga rfp wip kgt iqihcibcm# wm }pmd tjm diti agr tjm k}fbmr

ga mptibchpjfmktp+ Bmì}pm tjm citmpt iqihcibcm xmirp irm dhaamrmkt ifgko

`g}ktrhmp ikd rmohgkp# wm idl}ptmd tjm k}fbmr ga rfp# }phko tjm ~mr

ì~hti OD^ orgwtj ritm+ Agr hkptik`m# ha tjm citmpt iqihcibcm xmir wip>>># wm f}cth~chmd tjm ~mr i~hti OD^ orgwtj ritm argf 2>>> tg 2>>9

bx tjm k}fbmr ga rfp+ Agr Tihwik# Bri|hc# ikd ]r}o}ix# tjm k}fbmr

ga rfp wip kgt iqihcibcm+ _m tj}p rpt mpthfitmd tjm tgtic k}fbmr ga

rfp hk tjm fik}ai`t}rhko pm`tgrp ikd tjmk dm`gf~gpmd tjhp tgtic tg tjm

pm`tgric cmqmc# }phko tjm pm`tgric mf~cgxfmkt pjirmp+ Agr Tihwik# tjm

tgtic k}fbmr ga rfp wip mpthfitmd argf tjm k}fbmr ga rfp hk Li~ik

f}cth~chmd bx tjm rmcithqm ~mr ì~hti OD^ bmtwmmk Li~ik ikd Tihwik+

hfhcircx# agr Bri|hc ikd ]r}o}ix# tjm tgtic k}fbmr ga rfp wip mpth&fitmd argf tjm k}fbmr ga rfp hk Iromkthki f}cth~chmd bx tjm rmcithqm

~mr ì~hti OD^ bmtwmmk Iromkthki ikd Bri|hc *gr ]r}o}ix(+

Tjm qic}m ikd pjirmp ga ]+P+ mz~grtp ikd hf~grtp ga oggdp ikd pmr&

qh`mp agr 2>>9 hk tgtic ikd qhp&&qhp Egrmi irm brgemk dgwk bx pm`tgr hk

Tibcm 99+ ]+P+ tgtic mz~grtp wmrm $:::+: bhcchgk hk 2>>9 ikd mz~grtp tg


39/72


Tibcm99

>+>

2:1

4

>+>

>+>

0=

>

>+>

>+>

>+>

04#800

_jmit

>+9

>+>

0#:2:

224

>+4

>+:

002

>

>+>

>+>

>+9

94=#=20

Gtmrorihkp

>+>

9+4

=#??8

2:4

>+?

9+>

=>8

9

>+>

>+>

>+0

088#=?=

Qmomticmpikdar}htp

>+4

>+4

=#>89

::

>+

>+0

?#=48

2

>+

>+9

>+4

=4=#02

Ghcpmmd

9+?

>+>

=#:9>

22?

>+?

>+:

2?=

>

>+>

>+>

>+2

04=#:??

P}oir

>+0

>+>

2

>

>+>

>+>

1

>

>+>

>+>

>+>

19#192

^cikt&bipmdbmrp

>+:

>+>

2#2=8

91?

>+0

>+1

81

>

>+>

>+>

>+9

92?#:21

Gtjmr`rg~p

2+2

>+?

0#>:=

902

>+0

>+4

1#=44

22

>+=

>+9

>+1

:?=#18:

Chqmptg`e

>+9

>+1

0#:40

1:8

>+4

2+0

0#14?

9

>+0

>+>

>+=

:9>#=01

Gtjmrkit}ricrmpg}r`mp

>+9

>+>

9#=>=

11

>+2

>+2

9#1=9

0

>+9

>+>

>+2

21=#0=:

Fhkhko

>+>

>+>

4#2>

944

>+=

>+=

??#=0>

2

+>

>+>

>+4

2=#>>8

Aggd#mqmriomp#ikdtgi`

`g

2+9

0+>

28#9>?

9#9=>

0+0

0+8

04#?8>

24=

2+?

>+

9+

2#004#8>>

Tmzthcmp

4+=

+2

92#2=

9=

9+4

>+

0>#89

9#>?

2+4

4+2

>+=

?8:#989

_mirhkoi~~irmc

=+?

:+?

=#991

04

>+1

>+9

=>#?::

9#:>=

0+8

4+?

>+4

=00#>:2

Cmitjmr~rgd}`tpikdaggtw

mir

?+>

1+0

9#80>

8=

>+2

>+0

22#4:>

299

9+?

>+=

>+9

:=#198

_ggdikdwggd~rgd}`tp

>+9

>+0

2:#>?=

=1>

0+2

9+8

10#012

=91

4+8

9+0

9+1

2#092#2=>

@jmfh`icp

>+8

9+=

9>4#48=

2#:09

99+:

8+1

99?#221

2#420

8+>

1+0

9+8

2#:9>#81>

Kgkfmticch`fhkmric~rgd}`tp

2+>

9+9

90#:8>

419

9+1

9+1

2>#>=4

989

9+=

>+=

>+=

?0:#494

Fmtic~rgd}`tp

>+?

9+2

00#48>

9#>90

0+:

0+4

4#?:9

2#90:

=+>

=+=

2+9

0#9>0#4:9

Trikp~grtithgkmy}h~fmkt

>+

9

economic effects of a korea-u.s. free trade agreement by kozo kiyota and robert m. stern

Documents