economic benefits of trees & greenspace plnrs.green... · 2016-08-10 · economic benefits of...
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Economic Benefits of Trees & Greenspace
Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D.Research Social Scientist
University of Washington (Seattle)School of Environmental and Forest Sciences
2016 Western Planner & Montana Association of Planners Joint ConferenceGreat Falls :: August 2016
Landscape
Community
Gardencredit: Ignacio Bunster-Ossa
Landscape
Community
Gardencredit: Ignacio Bunster-Ossa
SYSTEMS THINKING
AIRQUALITYSTORMWATER
WASTEWATER
SOLIDWASTE
CULTURALHERITAGE
BIOTA
EXERCISE&FITNESS
ACTIVEMOBILITY
CARBON
ENERGY
HEATISLAND
CONNECTVITY
SOCIALCAPITALALLERGENS
BMP’S
COMMUNITYIDENTITY
PUBLICART
NOISE
credit: American Planning Association
OutlineCommunity Economics
trees, landscape & property valueretail behavior & spendinghuman health economics
Forest/Resource Economics 101
Economic Value of Metro NatureMethods Challenges
Forest Products = market goodsexcludableidentifiable ownershipexpenses-revenues= profits
Trees/Green in Cities= public goodsnon-excludablemultiple “owners”expenses-returns?
-profits?
OutlineCommunity Economics
trees, landscape & property valueretail behavior & spendinghuman health economics
Yard & Street Trees
Value Increase Condition2% mature yard trees (greater than 9-inch dbh)3% larger street trees (up to 100’ away)3-5% trees in front yard landscaping 6-9% good tree cover in a neighborhood10-15% mature trees in high-income
neighborhoods
multiple studies: Green Cities: Good Health > Local Economics
Tree Retention In Development
Value Increase Condition18% building lots with substantial mature tree
cover22% tree-covered undeveloped acreage19-35% lots bordering suburban wooded
preserves37% open land that is two-thirds wooded
Parks & Open Spaceproximate principle
Value Increase Condition10% inner city home located within 1/4 mile of
a park17% home near cleaned-up vacant lot20% home adjacent to or fronting a passive
park area32% residential development adjacent to
greenbelts
Local Government Benefits
Civic Investment – Public Goodslike schools, emergency response, roads
l street trees average positive effect on house valuesl added up across Portland, Oregonl yields a total value of $1.35 billionl potentially increasing annual property tax revenues
$15.3 millionDonovan & Butry. 2010Landscape and Urban Planning
OutlineCommunity Economics
trees, landscape & property valueretail behavior & spendinghuman health economics
Trees & Retail Environments Research
Wolf, K.L. 2005. Business District Streetscapes, Trees, and Consumer Response. Journal of Forestry 103, 8: 396-400.
• Research Questions •trees and visual quality?trees and consumer behavior?trees and product pricing?
• Methods:mail out/in surveysnational or local sampleresidents/nearby city residents
partners: U of Washington, NGOs, business organizationsfunded by USDA Forest Service
Trees & Shopper Environments Research
Image Categories (sorted by ratings)
Full Canopymean 3.63
Pocket Parksmean 3.72(highest)
Scale : 1=not at all, 5=like very much, 26
images
IntermittentTrees2.78
EnclosedSidewalk3.32
No Treesmean 1.65(lowest)
(high - 3.72)
Place Marketing
Relationship Marketing3. Product Pricing
• higher willingness to pay for all types of goods
• higher in districts with trees – 9-12%
1. Place Perceptions• Place Character• Interaction with Merchants• Quality of Products
2. Patronage Behavior• travel time, travel distance• duration & frequency of visits• willingness to pay for parking
social science of consumer behavior
‘atmospherics’
retail & place marketing
“Companies stage an experience when
they engage customers in a
memorable way.”
summary
urban forests = human habitat
studies of trees in business districtsperception, preference & behaviordesign & place messaging/identitycustomer relationships
deeproot.com
Trees as Place-Makers
the Chenoggye freeway in Seoul~ 1970-2005
Chenoggyeon – 8.4 km, $900 M
initial public criticism!
The High Line :: June 2009
l between 2003 and 2011l nearby property values increased 103%
(despite the deep recession)l $2 billion was invested in
nearby properties development
ALPHA Awaji Landscape Planning & Horticulture Academy
typical retail street
in urban Japan
Namba Parks, Osaka
view from nearby hotel
interior retail space
ground level
small plazasretail entry
up-close nature experiences
place ofrespite
Namba Parksretail success & nature experience benefits
lessons learned?
social spacessmall rooms
variety within unity
Bainbridge Island, WA“main street”
outdoor roomssocial spacessense of welcoming
Austin, TX
South Congress Avenue
redevelopment district
public xeriscape
shared design & management
identity
affordable materials
message of renewal
OutlineCommunity Economics
trees, landscape & property valueretail behavior & spendinghuman health economics
WHO Health DefinitionA state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absenceof disease or infirmity (1946)
Role of city trees and forests?Science and evidence re: environmentNot a panacea, but important!
Determinants of Health
Green Cities: Good Health
Sponsors: USDA Forest Service, U&CF ProgramUniversity of WashingtonNGO partners
Thanks! to U of WA students:Katrina FloraMary Ann RozanceSarah Krueger
www.greenhealth.washington.edu
Research Reviews & Summaries
48
Discovery: Human Health Benefits Across the Life Cycle
Urban Forests and NewbornsNatural environment may affect pregnancy outcomes . . .
10% increase in tree-canopy coverwithin 50m of a house
= Lower number of low weight births (1.42 per 1000 births)
Donovan et al., Health & Place, 2011
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
% of U.S. Population Using Mental Health Medications
2001 vs 2010
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
Prevalence of Adult Antidepressant Use
2010
Green Streets for Walkability
52
Aspinall et al. 2013. The Urban Brain: Analysing Outdoor Physical Activity with Mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine
evidence of lower frustration and higher meditation when moving into the greener streets
Improving Depression20 adults with major depression walk in a park setting and an urban settingl 50-minute walks one week apartl before-after testing:
l Mood: Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS)l Cognition: Backward Digit Span (BDS)
Berman et al. 2012. Journal of Affective Disorders
cognitive and affective improvements after walking in a nature setting
Alzheimer’s Disease & DementiaProvide wander gardens & horticulture therapy
l 10.5% reduction in amount of medications used in dementia facility
l 30% fewer falls, accompanied by a reduction in fall severity
Detweiler et al. 2009. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
www.rph.org/eden.html
Tim Lynch Associates
What is the Value?
• What are the benefits?• Who experiences nature and gets benefits?• What is the green condition or situation that
provides benefits?• Scale of value question (i.e., community,
province/state, nation)• What are the costs/income gained/lost
associated with these benefits?
Elements of Economic ValuationStep 1: Screen Benefits Research
• factor income• avoided or replacement cost• burden of illness• hedonic pricing• stated preference/contingent valuation• revealed preference (e.g., travel cost)• quality adjusted life years• benefit/cost
Valuation StrategiesStep 2: Benefits Transfer and Value
Valuation SourcesStep 3: Benefits Focus for Valuation
Potential Annual Cost Savings and Increased Income Associated with Human Health and Well-being Benefits Derived from Metro Nature
Millions of U.S. Dollars (2012)
Wolf, K.L., M.K. Measells, S.C. Grado, A.S.T. Robbins. 2015. Economic values of metro nature health benefits: A life course approach. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
Change in % Population on ADHD Treatments
2001 - 2010
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
% of Americans Ages 20-44 on ADHD Meds
2001 - 2010
ADHD and nature contact
l 17 children aged 7-12 with diagnosed ADHD
l 20-minute guided walksl Parkl Neighborhoodl Downtown
l Pre-walk puzzlesl Post-walk cognitive test
Faber Taylor & Kuo. 2009. Journal of Attention Disorders
ADHD and nature contactl 96 children aged 7-12
diagnosed ADD or ADHDl Parents gave postactivity
attentional functioning ratings (PAAF) –4 measures:l Can’t stay focused on unappealing
tasks (homework or chores)l Can’t complete tasksl Can’t listen and follow directionsl Easily distracted
Faber Taylor. 2001. Environment & Behavior
another therapy?another economic benefit?
and improved lives!
Military Families & Veterans Action Summits (Islandwood, Bainbridge Island, WA)
l Military service to civilian transition issuesl Prevalence of Stress Responsel Service carry-overs
l Purposel High commitment & exertionl Advanced skill setsl Social cohesion/comraderie
Restorative NatureBeyond the City
Lindland, Fond, et al. 2015.
"Nature Doesn't Pay My Bills:" Mapping the Gaps Between Expert and Public Understandings of Urban Nature and Health.
A FrameWorksResearch Report on behalf of the TKF Foundation. Washington D.C.: FrameWorks
Institute, 42 pp.
Veterans Outdoor Therapy
Les Winkeler/The Southern Illinoisan World-Herald News Service
Outward BoundHope for the Warriors
Community-basedNearby Nature Benefits(Islandwood, Bainbridge Island, WA)
l Activity supporting social cohesion :: self, family, community
l Re-integration with partner, children, neighbors, etc.
l Sense of purpose, self-worthl Physical activity, with skill developmentl Community recognition & acknowledgment
urban forest restoration
urban forest plantings
parkspublic gardensstreet treesneighborhood
American Forests
Tree People, Los Angeles
community gardens
local foodfood securitychild educationnutritionfood donations
Keep Oakland Beautiful
The Heights Community Garden, Dayton OH
Summary• Urban forest, landscape, parks, metro
nature
• property values improved
• improved retail, business district vitality
• reduced health costs
• economic values – market & non-market methods
• = return on community investment
www.naturewithin.info